How to conduct an effective Literature Review - IIT
Transcript of How to conduct an effective Literature Review - IIT
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How to conduct an effective Literature Review
TEQIP Short Term Course on Research Skills and Methods
19th - 21st February 2016
Ashish Garg IIT Kanpur
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Bibliography • “A Gentle Guide to Research Methods” by
Gordon Rugg and Marian Petre, McGraw Hill
• Many other on-line articles
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What is “Literature Review”? • C. Hart (1998) “Doing a literature review:
Releasing the social science research imagination”, London, UK, Sage Publications. – Theuseofknowledge/ideas/approachesintheliterature
• Tocorrectlyiden8fytheproblem(ifvaguelyknownbeforehand)
• Tojus8fythepar8cularapproachtakentothetopic• Toassesstheselec8onofmethodsused,and• Tounderstandthattheresearchtobedonecontributessomethingnew
– Qualityofthereviewmeansappropriatebreadthanddepth,rigorandconsistency,clarityandbrevity,andeffec8veanalysisandsynthesis
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What is “Literature Review”? • J. Shaw, System, 23(3), 325-335 (1995).
– Processofthereviewshould“explainhowonepieceofresearchbuildsonanother”.
• Webster and Watson, MIS Quarterly, 26 (2), 13-23 (2002) – Aneffec8veliteraturereviewcreatesafirmfounda8onforadvancingknowledge.Itfacilitatestheorydevelopment,closesareaswhereaplethoraofresearchexists,anduncoversareaswhereresearchisneeded.
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Literature Review • An effective literature review should include
the following characteristics: a) Methodologicallyanalyzeandsynthesizequality
literature,b) Provideafirmfounda8ontoaresearchtopicc) Provideafirmfounda8ontotheselec8onofresearch
methodologyd) Demonstratethattheproposedresearchcontributes
somethingnewtotheoverallbodyofknowledgeoradvancestheresearchfield’sknowledge-base.
• Helps you to create a good impression on the supervisor that you do understand the state of the art in your chosen field J
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Stages of Literature Review
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1.INPUT
2.PROCESSING
3.OUTPUT
i.KnowledgeoftheLiterature
ii.UnderstandingoftheLiterature
iii.Applica8on
iv.Analysis
v.Synthesis
vi.Evalua8onQualityofinput(SourceandSearchtools)
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Knowing and Understanding the Literature
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Example:Oneisdoingaliteraturereviewon“CO2emissionandglobalwarming”
Case-IIthasbeenshowedinvariousstudiesthatCO2emissionleadstoincreaseintheglobalmeanearthtemperature(ABCetal,DEFetal…).
Case-IIIthasbeenshowedinvariousstudiesthatCO2emissionleadstoincreaseintheglobalmeanearthtemperature.Forexample,ABCetal.conductedadetailedstudyandfoundthatCO2emissionsleadtoanincreasedof2-5degreesinthemeantemperaturesdependingontheloca8onandlevelofpollu8on.Inanotherstudy,BEFetal.showedthattheincreaseinthemeantemperaturewasbetween1-2degreesandthedevia8onwasalsodependentonthelocalmeantemperaturesataspecificloca8on.
BETTER
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Application • Typically a two step two-step process
– Iden8fythemajorconceptsortopicsorsubtopicsrelevanttothesubjectunderconsidera8on,and
– Placethecita8oninthecorrectcategoryofconcept.
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Concept1 Concept2 Concept3 ConceptM
ArKcle1 X
ArKcle2 X X
ArKcle3 X
ArKcleN X X
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Analysis • Analyze the data
– Understandhypotheses– Understandmodelsusedorexperimentalcondi8onsused– Makeconnec8ons– Compareandcontrast– Findoutstrongpointsandloopholes– …..
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Analysis: An Example
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Case–IDataminingistheanalyzingandinterpreta8onoflargeamountsofinforma8on.Throughanalyzingvastamountsofdataitispossibletofindpaeerns,rela8onshipsandfromthesediscoveriesitispossibletomakecorrela8ons(Chen&Liu,2005).
CaseIIDataminingisaprocessofdiscoveringnewknowledgebyusingsta8s8calanalysistoiden8fypreviouslyunsuspectedpaeernsandclusteringinlargedatasets(Chen&Liu,2005).
Whyitwouldbeofanyinterestorvaluetofindpaeernsandrela8onshipsinordertomakecorrela8ons?
InformingScienceJournal,9,181(2006)
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Synthesis and Evaluation • Bringing out something new out of the
literature review – Iden8fica8onofunsolvedproblemsorissues– Problemsinthemodelsorexperimentaldesignsusedinpast
– Anewidea– Providerecommenda8onsandconclusions
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Synthesis: Example
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ExampleCO2emissionisbelievedtoberesponsibleforincreaseintheglobalmeantemperatures.Theproblemisassociatedwithemissionsduetocoalburning,biomassburning,vehicularpollu8onandotherhumanac8vi8es.Howevertherearestudieswhichcontradictthisviewandsuggestthatglobalwarminghasnorela8ontotheatmosphericCO2levels.
ExampleVarioushumanac8vi8esrelatedtoburningofhydrocarbonsleadtoCO2emissionsintheatmospherewhicharewidelybelievedtoberesponsibleforincreaseintheglobalmeantemperatures.Atthesame8me,therearestudieswhichcontradictthisviewandsuggestthatglobalwarminghasnorela8ontotheatmosphericCO2levels.Itwouldthusbeinteres8ngtoexaminethisindetailbymodelingthedataaswellasbycarryingoutexperimentsaswellasdatacollec8oninareaswhichhaveexperiencedlargeincreaseintheCO2levelsduetoindustrializa8onandfindoutwhythesediscrepanciesoccur.
√Beeer
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How do you actually do it? • Exploit the power of web in a positive way
• Rely on refereed articles published in scholarly journals, not just on some news items or random articles
• There is a method to it.
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Method • Specify your research question.
– Itistricky,shouldnotbetoonarrowortoobroad– Learnbyexperience– Example:Howtosearchforinforma8onrelatedtoglobalwarmingbyusingkeywords
• Globalwarming• Globalwarmingandpollu8on• Globalwarmingandairpollu8on• Globalwarmingandairpollu8onandcarbondi-oxide• ……………
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Use of Bibliographic Databases • Identify ones which are of your use
– WebofScience(orISIwebofknowledge)– Scopus– GoogleScholar
• Build a tentative list of terms that you would use for search
• Narrow your search
• Refine your search
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Further work • Thorough reading of the papers/articles
– Forwardandbackwardsearch
• Read critically, make observations of the salient points and create summaries
• Compile the information, compare and contrast
• Go back to step-1 if needed
• Determine what is done, what is the relevance and the importance of the work done, what are the missing links and the remaining challenges on the topic you have chosen.
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Important aspects • An effective and quality literature review is
based upon a concept-centric approach rather than chronological or author-centric approach – J.Webster&R.T.Watson,MISQuarterly,26(2),13-23,2002.
• Authors of literature reviews are at risk for producing mind-numbing lists of citations and findings that resemble a phone book – impressive case, lots of numbers, but not much plot. – D.J.Bem,PsychologicalBulle8n,118(2),172-177,1995. 17
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Output of a literature review
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Hart,C.(1998).Doingaliteraturereview:Releasingthesocialscienceresearchimagina5on.London,UK:SagePublica8ons.
Structureofanargument
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Key points • Literature review is not a one time thing.
– Itisacon8nuousandcyclicprocessthatonemayneedtogobackandforth8lltheend.
• Important to comment upon the comparisons between numerical and experimental studies.
• Reasons/arguments must be constructed to explain the disagreements/discrepancies like some of the assumptions made in numerical/theoretical studies are not at all only partly met in experiments.
• Conversely, experimental error analysis must be performed to ascertain whether the differences are significant or well within the error band.
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Writing a literature review • A difficult task to write a good review
• Unlike an introductory chapter in a thesis or report, a literature review is usually more comprehensive and elaborate and is well-supported by the evidence.
• Topics are usually covered in substantial detail and supported by references to research
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Structure of a literature review • Various methods of writing a literature
review
• One can either go by the authors or by the topic – Usually,secondapproachisbeeerthanthefirst
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Process of writing the literature review • Read and understand the articles
– Understandthepurpose,assump8ons&hypothesesmadeandtheclaimsmadeintheformofresultsandanalysis
• Organization of the topics – Synthesizetheinforma8onintheformofnotes,takereferences
• Createasetoftopicsandsub-topics• Iden8fykeyreferencesforeachtopic
– Createastoryinthemind
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Process of writing the literature review • Jot down a framework in the document
– Forexample,makealistofvarioussec8ons• Introduc8onofthearea• Statementoftheproblem• Topicandsub-topicwiselistofsec8ons• Provideadiscussion• Provideanaccountofwhatneedstobedone• Summaryandoutlook• References
• Fill in the details • Read it thoroughly and get rid of the mistakes
– Payspecialaeen8ontofactualmistakes,spellingmistakes,assump8onsandclaims
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Reading the articles
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How to read a scientific article • A complex task • Try not to read it like a text book • Identify its structure and features • Look for author’s main points • Ask questions before, during and after
reading the article • Draw inferences based on your own
knowledge and experience
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Structure of an article • Most article follow a conventional structure:
– Abstract– Introduc8on/LiteratureReview– Methods/ExperimentalDesign/Calcula8onDetails– Results– Discussion– Summary/Conclusions– AcknowledgementandReferences
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Abstract • Purpose of the study • Very brief account of Methodology • Key results • Most important message(s)
27Whatnext:Youmaymovetofigurestogetafeelofthecontents!
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Introduction Section • What is the purpose of introduction section?
– ProvidebackgroundInforma8on
– Exposethelacunasorgapsintheexis8ngbodyofknowledgeandstatetheproblemundertaken
– Showmo8va8onofthestudy
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Introduction
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Royetal.,Am.J.Phys.758,August2007
Introducingthetopic
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Introduction
30Royetal.,Am.J.Phys.758,August2007
Builduptotheproblemwithexamplesofworksdoneinpast
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Introduction
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Royetal.,Am.J.Phys.758,August2007
Highligh8ngtheproblem
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Introduction
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AnalyzingtheProblem
Royetal.,Am.J.Phys.758,August2007
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Introduction
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Howtheauthorshavetackledtheproblemexis8ngintheliterature
Analysisoftheproblem
Royetal.,Am.J.Phys.758,August2007
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Experimental/Calculation Details • Experimental Details:
– DesignofExperiments– Explana8onofthetypeofexperimentsconductedandtheirdetailsforonetobeabletoreproducetheresults
• Explain the calculation approach – Whatkindofsoqwaresoralgorithmswereused,whatweretheassump8onsmadeetc
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Details of the Experiment
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NeedtobeenoughtoallowrepeKKonofthework
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Results and Discussion • Results
– Repor8ngofvariouskindsofdataintheformoffigures/graphsandtables
– Observa8onsmadewithappropriatereferencestothefiguresandtables
• Discussion – Comparisonofthefindingswiththeliterature– Explana8onofanynewfindingandproposepossiblereasonsbymeansofeitherorallofanaly8cal/schema8c/textualmethods
– Inferencesdrawninabroadercontext– Answerstotheques8onsposedintheintroduc8on
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Results and Discussion
37Royetal.,Am.J.Phys.758,August2007
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Results and Discussion
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Sourceoferror
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Results
39Royetal.,Am.J.Phys.758,August2007
Analysisofthedata
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Results
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AnalysisandNovelty
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Discussion
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HighlighKngtheimportantfeaturesLimitaKonsPossibilityoffurtherstudies
Royetal.,Am.J.Phys.758,August2007
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What are your critical observations? • On Page 1, why should the drag force consist
of a damping like behaviour? • How correct is the assumption about
dependence of damping coefficient k on permeability of vacuum, magnetic moment, conductivity and inner radius?
• What will this happen if the magnet was not a good metal?
• What if the magnet is not cylindrical? • What is magnet gets titled? • What if the gap between magnet and the tube
wall is tiny? 42
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What else? • Extension of this idea to some other problem
– Forexamplehowdoshockabsorberswork?– Cantherebeanyapplica8onofthisexperimentorLenz’sLaw?
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Summary • Have some idea of the topic in mind. • Choose right sources and be methodical. • Get enough literature relevant to your
problem. • Read thoroughly and be critical. • Ask questions at every stage. • Make notes. • Remember it is a continuous process even you
have found your problem and have started experiments/calculations/modelling.
• Have fun while doing all this J 44