Hormones 1готовый new
-
Upload
kamara-saidu-paul -
Category
Technology
-
view
509 -
download
0
Transcript of Hormones 1готовый new
![Page 1: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ThemeTheme: : Hormones as Hormones as biological regulators. biological regulators. General mechanismsGeneral mechanismsof hormones action.of hormones action.
![Page 2: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Highest level – nervous system
Intermediate -hormonal regulation
Intracellular(enzymes)
Levels of the homeostasis regulation
![Page 3: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Hormones – organic biologically active compounds of different chemical nature that are produced by the endocrine glands, enter directly into blood and accomplish humoral regulation of the metabolism of compounds and functions on the organism level.
Hormonoids (tissue hormones) – compounds that are produced not in glands but in different tissues and regulate metabolic processes on the local level, but some of them (serotonin, acetylcholine) enters blood and regulate processes on the organism level.
![Page 4: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
1. Hypothalamus2. Pituitary3. Epiphysis4. Thymus5. Thyroid gland6. Parathyroid glands7. Langergans’ islands of pancreas8. Epinephrine glands9. Sex glands
Endocrine glands:
![Page 5: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Functions of hormones.
Hormones regulate the following processes: 1. Metabolic pathways Metabolic regulation
requires rapidly acting mechanisms. Many of the hormones involved therefore regulate interconversion of enzymes (glycogen, fat).
2. Digestive processes Digestive processes are usually regulated by locally acting peptides (paracrine).
3. Maintenance of ion concentrations (homeostasis). Concentrations of Na+, K+, and Cl– in body fluids, and the physiological variables dependent on these (e. g. blood pressure), are subject to strict regulation.
![Page 6: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Classification of hormones
hormones of protein structure: all hormones of anterior pituitary (except ACTH), insulin, parathyroid hormone;
hormones of peptide structure: ACTH, calcitonin, glucagon,hormones of posterior pituitary, factors of hypothalamus, thymozin;
steroid hormones: adrenal cortical steroids, sex hormones;
hormones - derivatives of amino acid: thyroid hormones, adrenal medulla hormones, epiphysis hormones;
hormones derivatives of unsaturated fatty acid: prostaglandins.
![Page 7: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Transport of hormones in blood
Protein and peptide nature – in free state
Steroid hormones and hormones of thyroid gland – bound with alpha-globulins or albumins
Catecholamines – in free state or bound with albumins, sulphates or glucuronic acid
Reach the target organs
Cells have the specific receptors to certain hormone
![Page 8: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Receptors of hormonesTwo groups:-placed on the surface of membrane – peptide and protein hormones, prostaglandins;-placed inside the cells (cytoplasm, nucleus) – steroid and thyroid hormonesProstaglandins, peptides Vitamin D, steroids Thyroid hormones
Second messenger
Activated protein kinase
Phosphorilated proteins
Biological action
Protein synthesis
NUCLEUS
m-RNA
![Page 9: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Mechanism of water soluble hormones action (not permeating into the cells):
Hormone (epinephrine, glucagon, ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin) arriving at the surface of the cell becomes bound to the specific receptor sites on the outer surface of the cell membranes. Its binding is believed to cause a local conformational change in the membrane resulting in the activation of adenylate cyclase, located on the inner surface of the cell membrane. The active form of adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cyclic AMP. The cyclic AMP so formed then binds to the regulatory subunit of protein kinase, releasing its catalytic subunit in an active form.
![Page 11: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Mechanism of steroid hormones action (permeating into the cells):
• In difference to hormones of protein and peptide nature, receptors for steroid hormones are located within the cells - in the cytoplasm. From cytoplasm the hormone-receptor complexes is translocated into the nucleus where they interact with DNA of nuclear chromatin causing the activation of genes for respective enzyme proteins.
• So, if hormones of the first group cause the activation of existing enzyme molecules, the acting on the target cells of steroids and thyroid hormones results in the biosynthesis of new enzyme molecules.
![Page 16: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Hypothalamus
3 peptides are synthesized and migrate along axons into posterior lobe of pituitary
1) Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
2) Oxytocin3) Neurophysin (promotes
transport of vasopressin and oxytocin into pituitary gland)
Two groups of hormones are produced by hypothalamus corresponding to the anterior and posterior pituitary.
![Page 19: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
Bound with anterior pituitary by the capillary net – hypothalamic portal system
Releasing factors and statins rich the anterior pituitary via this system
![Page 20: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
•somatoliberin,•thyroliberin,•corticoliberin,•foliliberin,•prolactoliberin,•luteinising-hormone liberin, •melanoliberin
•somatostatin, •prolactostatin, •melanostatin
Secretion of liberins and statins by hypothalamus is carried out under the effect of nervous impulses and as result of the change of concentrations of certain hormones in blood (feedback regulation).
Releasing factors (liberins) stimulate secretion of pituitary hormones; statins - inhibit.
![Page 21: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
TROPIC HORMONES OF PITUITARY Somatotropic hormone (growth
hormone)Chemical nature – simple protein
It is secreted continuously during the whole life
Secretion is stimulated by somatoliberin, is inhibited by somatostatin
Main function – stimulates somatic growth of organs and tissues, particularly bones, cartilages, muscles.
![Page 22: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Acts both directly and through the stimulation of the formation of polypeptides somatomedins (insulin-like growth factors).
ILGF are synthesized in liver
![Page 23: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The effect of STH on the protein metabolism
• Promotes the entrance of AA into cells, • Inhibits catabolism of proteins and AA• Activates the synthesis of proteins, DNA, RNA.
The effect of STH on the carbohydrate metabolism
Antiinsulin hormone – activates insulinase of liver
Activates the exit of glucose from liver
Inhibits the conversion of glucose into fatThe effect of STH on lipid
metabolism Stimulates the decomposition of
lipids (lipolisis) Stimulates the oxidation of fatty
acids.
![Page 24: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
In the inherited hypoplasia of pituatary gland dwarfism is developed.
For the treatment GH is used.
![Page 25: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Hyperproduction of GH before puberty and before the completion of ossification results in gigantism
Yao Defen, the tallest women in the
life, 2.36 м
![Page 26: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Hyperfunction of pituitary inadults results in acromegaly – unproportionally intensive growth of particular body parts (fingers, nose, lower jaw, tongue, inner organs).
Cause – tumor of anterior pituitary
![Page 27: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (АCTH)
Chemical nature – polipeptide
Secretion is stimulated by corticoliberin Feedback regulation of the speed of secretion depending on the cortisol level
Controls the cortex of epinephrine gland where cortisol is produced:-promotes the increase of cholesterol content in epinephrine glands cortex and its conversion into corticosteroids;-activates the passing of glucose into epinephrine glands and pentose phosphate cycle (NADPH synthesis) -has melanocyte stimulating activity
![Page 28: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Cushing’s diseaseCushing's disease – hyperproduction of ACTH (adenoma in a pituitary gland) which in turn elevates cortisol.Obesity, particularly of the trunk and face (“moon face“) with sparing of the limbs; striae (stretches of the skin)Proximal muscle weaknessHirsutism (facial male-pattern hair growth)Insomnia, impotence, amenorrhoea, infertilityHeart diseases, hypertensionPolyuria, hypokalemia hyperglycemia, glucosuria (steroid diabetes) Kidney bonesDepression, anxietyHyperpigmentation
![Page 29: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Thyrotropic hormone (ТТH)
Chemical structure – protein (glycoprotein)
Secretion is stimulated by thyroliberin The speed of secretion is regulated according to the feedback regulation by thyroid hormones
It is necessary for the normal functioning of thyroid gland:-promotes the accumulation of iodine in thyroid gland and its insertion into tyrosine;-stimulates the synthesis of try- and tetraiodthyronin
![Page 30: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Gonadotropic hormones
Chemical nature – protein (glycoprotein)
Secretion is stimulated by foliliberin Function: stimulates the function of follicles in women and spermatogenesis in men
Follicle-stimulating гормон
Luteinizing hormone
Chemical nature – protein (glycoprotein)Secretion is stimulated by luliberin Function: stimulates the follicular growth and conversion of the follicle into a corpus luteum n women and secretion of testosterone in men
![Page 31: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
ProlactinChemical nature – protein Secretion is stimulated by prolactoliberin
Functions: -stimulates the function of mammary glands (lactation);-provides the body with sexual gratification after sexual acts-stimulates the function of corpus luteum (progesterone secretion);-stimulates the growth of tissue of prostatic gland in men;-responsible for the mother instinct
![Page 32: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Lipotropic hormonesChemical nature – simple proteins
Functions: -mobilization of lipids from depot;-melanocyte stimulating function;-decrease Ca in blood
![Page 33: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
THE INTERMEDIATE LOBE OF PITUITARY
Chemical nature – peptide
Functions: -stimulates melaninogenesis;-adaptation of vision in darkness
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (melanotropin)
![Page 34: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
POSTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY
Chemical nature – peptide
Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)
![Page 35: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Functions: -activates hyaluronidase which decomposes hyaluronic acid in the membranes of kidney canaliculi – increases the reabsorption of water in kidneys;-contractions arterioles and capillaries – increases blood pressure
Insufficiency – diabetes insipidus (polyuria, low density of urine, dehydratation)
![Page 36: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Oxytocin
Chemical nature – peptide
![Page 37: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Functions: -stimulates the contraction of smooth muscles (of uterus during labor)-stimulates milk secretion (contraction of muscle fibers around mammary alveoli)
Using: -for labor stimulation;-to stop after labor hemorrhage;-for stimulation of milk secretion
![Page 38: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
EPIPHYSIS (PINEAL GLAND) Produces:• Мelatonin from serotonin (regulates
the pigment metabolism) Adrenoglomerulotr
o-pin – stimulates secretion of mineralocorticoids in the epinephrine glands cortex.
Inhibitor of gonadotropin – inhibits the synthesis of prolactin, cholesterol
![Page 39: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
PANCREAS Exocrine and endocrine parts
Endocrine – Langerhans islets (alpha-, beta- and delta-cells)
![Page 40: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Alpha-cells: glucagonBeta-cells: insulinDelta-cells: somatostatinEpithelium of ducts: lipocain
![Page 41: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Insulin Nature – protein (51 АA) Is formed from proinsulin by proteolisis Contains zinc
![Page 42: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
• Regulation of the synthesis:- Glucose concentration in blood - Other hormones (somatostatin)- Sympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous system
It is destroyed by insulinase (enzyme of liver)
Target cells:• Hepatocytes• Myocytes• Adipocytes
In the unsufficiency – diabetes mellitus
![Page 43: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The effect on carbohydrate metabolism
•Increases the permeability of membranes for glucose•Activates glucokinase (hexokinase) in glycolysis•Activates TAC (citrate synthase)•Activates PPP (G-6-PDH)•Activates glycogen synthase•Activates pyruvate- and alpha-кetoglutarate dehydrogenase•Inhibits gluconeogenesis•Inhibits the decomposition of glycogen (glucose-6-phosphatase)
![Page 44: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Effect on the protein metabolism•Increases the permeability of membranes for AA•Activates synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids•Inhibits gluconeogenesis
Effect on the lipid metabolism•Activates of the lipids synthesis•Promotes the saving of fats activating the decomposition of carbohydrates•Inhibits gluconeogenesis
Effect on the mineral metabolism•Activates Na/K-АТP-аse
![Page 45: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Glucagon Nature – polypeptide Antagonist of insulin Synthesis is activated in fasting
![Page 46: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
FunctionsActivates the
decomposition of glycogen in liver
Activates gluconeogenesis
Inhibits glycolysis
Activates lipolysis
![Page 47: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
The eicosanoids are a group of signaling substances that arise from the C-20 fatty acidarachidonic acid and therefore usually contain20 C atoms (Greek eicosa = 20). As mediators,they influence a large number of physiologicalprocesses. Eicosanoid metabolismis therefore an important drug target. Asshort-lived substances, eicosanoids only actin the vicinity of their site of synthesis (paracrineeffect).
![Page 48: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Hormones 1готовый new](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052619/5562c171d8b42a13618b50e7/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)