Hongos y Micotoxinas en Tapones de Corcho

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    SKJ^C_\JHAH ASXIK@A HC OA_LCMIKANALSMXAH HC LJCKLJA\

    HCVA_XA@CKXI HC GCKXJLA Z @JL_IOJIMIGA

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    SKJ^C_\JHAH ASXIK@A HC OA_LCMIKA

    NALSMXAH HC LJCKLJA\HCVA_XA@CKXI HC GCKXJLA Z @JL_IOJIMIGA

    BIKGI\ Z @JLIXIRJKA\ CK XAVIKC\ HCLI_LBI+ V_IVSC\XA HC M@JXC\

    @JLIMGJLI\ ALCVXAOMC\

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    @argarjha Vj j Likxamm

    ^j|xi oscki hc ma Hjrclxira hc ma Xc|j|

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    AG_AJ@CKX\4

    A ma `c~a hjrclxira hc xc|j4 Hra+ @ kgcm| Lam~i- vcrqs |ck|c cm |cs |aocr-valjklja j kj`| `aj basrja vigsx rcamjxtar aqsc|xa xc|j|+

    ^smm ncr ska `cklj xa`o a ck Larmc| Ahcmakxahi hc ^cxcrjkrja vcr ma |c~aadsha a ma varx njkam hc ma xc|j+

    A ck Diak Vsjg- ck @jqscm @a|lirx- ma @arxa @ikxamok j ma @arxa @imjkcr hcm

    Jk|xjxsx Laxam hcm |sri qsc c` ~ak adshar `imx am vrjkljvj j hsrakx ma varxvrlxjla hc ma xc|j+ J xa`o a mc| c`vrc|c| |srcrc| laxamakc| qsc c` ~akvrivirljikar xav| vcr vihcr rcamjxtar cm| a||adi|+

    A ma \ra+ Akka \crra j am \r+ _iocrx \crra hc @AKSCM \C__A- \A vcrvcr`cxrc` li`vagjkar ma `c~a ncjka a ma c`vrc|a a`o ma cmaoiralj hc ma xc|j+

    A mc| `c~c| a`jgsc| _i|a- A||s`vlj j @crc vcr c|limxar`c

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    KHJLC

    _C\S@CK

    1+ JKX_IHSLLJK+++ 1

    1+1+ LA_ALXC_\XJLA\ HCM LI_LBI + 1

    1+?+ CMAOI_ALJK HC XAVIKC\ HC LI_LBI ?1+?+1+ Xavikc| hc lirlbi kaxsram vara ~jki| xrakqsjmi|+ >1+?+?+ Arakhcma| i hj|li| hc lirlbi kaxsram+ :1+?+

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    1+2 KI_@A\ HCM \CLXI_ LI_LBC_I CK ^JGI_ QSCLIKXC@VMAK MA @JL_IOJIMIGA HC MI\ HJNC_CKXC\XJVI\ HC XAVIKC\+ ?7

    ?+ IODCXJ^I\ Z VMAK HC Z X_AOADI ++

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    + 36

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    8+3+ HCXC_@JKALJIKC\ HC vB HC MI\ HJ^C_\I\ XAVIKC\JK^C\XJGAHI\+ 7:

    8+>+ _C\SMXAHI\ LI__C\VIKHJCKXC\ AM V_ILC\I HCC\XC_JMJTALJK HC XAVIKC\ 26

    8+7+ _C\SMXAHI\ LI__C\VIKHJCKXC\ A MA JKILSMALJKCRVC_J@CKXAM HC LCVA\ NKGJLA\ CK MI\ XAVIKC\ HCLI_LBI++ 21

    8+2 _C\SMXAHI\ LI__C\VIKHJCKXC\ A MA _CLSVC_ALJKHC MA\ @CTLMA HC LCVA\ NKGJLA\ CRVC_J@CKXAM@CKXCJKILSMAHA\+ 23

    8+: _C\SMXAHI\ IOXCKJHI\ CK CM C\XSHJI HC MA HCXCLLJKHC @JLIXIRJKA\ CK MI\ XAVIKC\ JKILSMAHI\CRVC_J@CKXAM@CKXC LIK LCVA\ V_IHSLXI_A\++ 27

    8+:+1 _c|smxahi| ioxckjhi| ck cm c|xshji hc ma hcxclljkhc Anmaxijka| ck mi| xavikc| jkilsmahi| cvcrj`ckxam`ckxclikA|vcrgjmms| nma~s| 22

    8+:+?+ _c|smxahi| ioxckjhi| ck cm c|xshji hc ma hcxclljkhc Anmaxijka| ck mi| xavikc| jkilsmahi| cvcrj`ckxam`ckxclikVckjljmmjs` ljxrjks` :6

    8+:+

    8+:+>+ _c|smxahi| ioxckjhi| ck cm c|xshji hc ma hcxclljk hc Ns`ikj|jka|ck mi| xavikc| jkilsmahi| cvcrj`ckxam`ckxclikNs|arjs` `ikjmjnir`c+ :2

    8+:+7+ _c|smxahi| ioxckjhi| ck cm c|xshji hc ma hcxclljk hc Tcaramckikack mi| xavikc| jkilsmahi| cvcrj`ckxam`ckxclikNs|arjs` `ikjmjnir`c+ 166

    8+:+2+ _c|smxahi| ioxckjhi| ck cm c|xshji hc ma hcxclljk hc Ilraxijka Ack mi| xavikc| jkilsmahi| cvcrj`ckxam`ckxclikA|vcrgjmms| ilbralcs| 16?

    8+:+:+ _c|smxahi| ioxckjhi| ck cm c|xshji hc ma hcxclljk hc Ilraxijka Ack mi| xavikc| jkilsmahi| cvcrj`ckxam`ckxclikA|vcrgjmms| kjgcr++++ 168

    8+16 _C\SMXAHI\ LI__C\VIKHJCKXC\ AM C\XSHJI HC

    MA\ VI\JOMC\ @JG_ALJIKC\ HC MA\ @JLIXIRJKA\JKILSMAHA\++ 16>

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    8+11+ _C\SMXAHI\ LI__C\VIKHJCKXC\ A MA HCXCLLJK HC

    @JLIXIRJKA\ CK XAVIKC\ HC @C_LAHI+ + 11?

    3+ HJ\LS\JK

    3+1+ HJ\LS\JK HC MI\ _C\SMXAHI\ LI__C\VIKHJCKXC\ AMAJ\MA@JCKXI C JHCKXJNJLALJK HC BIKGI\ NJMA@CKXI\I\Z MC^AHS_A\ A VA_XJ_ HC XAVIKC\ HC LI_LBI 117

    3+?+ HJ\LS\JK HC MI\ _C\SMXAHI\ LI__C\VIKHJCKXC\ A MAALXJ^JHAH JKBJOJXI_JA HC MA\ LCVA\ BAOJXSAM@CKXCAJ\MAHA\ HC XAVIKC\ HC LI_LBI 1?6

    3++ HJ\LS\JK HC MI\ _C\SMXAHI\ IOXCKJHI\ CK MA\HCXC_@JKALJIKC\ HCM vB HC MI\ HJ^C_\I\ XAVIKC\JK^C\XJGAHI\+ 1?8

    3+7+ HJ\LS\JK HC MI\ _C\SMXAHI\ LI__C\VIKHJCKXC\ A MA_CLSVC_ALJK HC LCVA\ NKGJLA\ CRVC_J@CKXAM@CKXCJKILSMAHA\ 1?8

    3+2 HJ\LS\JK HC MI\ _C\SMXAHI\ IOXCKJHI\ CK CM C\XSHJIHC MA HCXCLLJK HC @JLIXIRJKA\ CK MI\ XAVIKC\JKILSMAHI\ CRVC_J@CKXAM@CKXC LIK LCVA\V_IHSLXI_A\+ 1?3

    3+2+1+ Hj|ls|jk hc mi| rc|smxahi| ioxckjhi| ck cm c|xshji hc ma hcxclljk hcAnmaxijka| ck mi| xavikc| jkilsmahi| cvcrj`ckxam`ckxclikA|vcrgjmms| nma~s|++ 1?3

    3+2+?+ Hj|ls|jk hc mi| rc|smxahi| ioxckjhi| ck cm c|xshji hc ma hcxclljk hcAnmaxijka| ck mi| xavikc| jkilsmahi| cvcrj`ckxam`ckxclikVckjljmmjs` lrjxrjks` ++ 1?>

    3+2+< Hj|ls|jk hc mi| rc|smxahi| ioxckjhi| ck cm c|xshji hc ma hcxclljk hcAnmaxijka| ck mi| xavikc| jkilsmahi| cvcrj`ckxam`ckxclikVckjljmmjs` nrcqsckxak| 1?>

    3+2+8+ Hj|ls|jk hc mi| rc|smxahi| ioxckjhi| ck cm c|xshji hc ma hcxclljk hcIlraxijka A ck mi| xavikc| jkilsmahi| cvcrj`ckxam`ckxc

    likVckjljmmjs` vsrvsrc|lck| 1?>

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    3+2+3+ Hj|ls|jk hc mi| rc|smxahi| ioxckjhi| ck cm c|xshji hc ma hcxclljk hc

    HIK ck mi| xavikc| jkilsmahi| cvcrj`ckxam`ckxclikNs|arjs` `ikjmjnir`c 1?7

    3+2+>+ Hj|ls|jk hc mi| rc|smxahi| ioxckjhi| ck cm c|xshji hc ma hcxclljk hc

    Ns`ikj|jka| ck mi| xavikc| jkilsmahi| cvcrj`ckxam`ckxclikNs|arjs` `ikjmjnir c 1?73+2+7+ Hj|ls|jk hc mi| rc|smxahi| ioxckjhi| ck cm c|xshji hc ma hcxclljk hc

    Tcaramckika ck mi| xavikc| jkilsmahi| cvcrj`ckxam`ckxclikNs|arjs` `ikjmjnir c ++ 1?2

    3+2+2 Hj|ls|jk hc mi| rc|smxahi| ioxckjhi| ck cm c|xshji hc ma hcxclljk hcIlraxijka A ck mi| xavikc| jkilsmahi| cvcrj`ckxam`ckxclikA|vcrgjmms| ilbralcs|+ +++ 1?2

    3+2+: Hj|ls|jk hc mi| rc|smxahi| ioxckjhi| ck cm c|xshji hc ma hcxclljk hcIlraxijka A ck mi| xavikc| jkilsmahi| cvcrj`ckxam`ckxclikA|vcrgjmms| kjgcr 1?:

    3+:+ HJ\LS\JK HC MI\ _C\SMXAHI\ LI__C\VIKHJCKXC\ AMC\XSHJI HC MA\ VI\JOMC\ @JG_ALJIKC\ HC MA\@JLIXIRJKA\ JKILSMAHA\+ 1?:

    3+:+1+ Hj|ls|jk hc mi| rc|smxahi| ioxckjhi| ck ma| `jgraljikc|hc Anmaxijka|+ 1?:

    3+:+?+ Hj|ls|jk hc mi| rc|smxahi| ioxckjhi| ck ma| `jgraljikc|hc HIK++++++ 1

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    YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY_C\S@CK

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    _C\S@CK

    Mi| xavikc| hc lirlbi |c sxjmjtak hc|hc balc `slbi| ai| vara lcrrar oixcmma| qsclikxjckck hjncrckxc| xjvi| hc ~jki|+ Vir c|xc `ixj~i- mi| xavikc| hc lirlbi hcock |crlik|jhcrahi| vrihslxi| ck likxalxi lik ocojha| hc lik|s`i bs`aki z cklik|clscklja hcocrak c|xar mcgj|mahi| mi| m`jxc| `jlriojimgjli| alcvxaomc| varals`vmjr lik ma \cgsrjhah Amj`ckxarja+

    Ma| kir`axj~a| cj|xckxc|- vara xavikc| hc lirlbi- ba|xa biz- ck cm `ojxi`jlriojimgjli |imi cjgck rclsckxi| xixamc| hc bikgi| njma`ckxi|i| z mc~ahsra| z hcoalxcrja| acrioja| `c|njma|+

    Cm vrjkljvam iodcxj~i hc c|xc xraoadi c| hcxcr`jkar |j mi| bikgi| vrc|ckxc| ck mi| xavikc|hc lirlbi |ik lavalc| hc cmaoirar z als`smar `jlixijka| qsc hjnskhak a mi| ~jki| zck lik|clscklja vrivikcr |j c| vrclj|i- mi| m`jxc| xakxi hc rclsckxi| nkgjli| li`i hcc|vcljc| nkgjla| z hc |s| `jlixijka| ck c|xi| vrihslxi|

    Vara hc|arrimmar c|xc iodcxj~i |c ba rcamjtahi ska jhckxjnjlaljk hc ma| lcva| hc bikgi|cj|xckxc| ck mi| xavikc| hc lirlbi z |c bak |cvarahi ma| qsc a kj~cm ojomjigrnjli |cljxak li`i lavalc| hc cmaoirar ma| `jlixijka| mcgj|maha|+

    A varxjr hc lsmxj~i| c|vclnjli| |c bak rcamjtahi rclsckxi| z cxralljikc| a mi| 7- 18 z

    ?1 ha| lik cm njk hc mmc~ar a laoi lri`axigrana| ck lava njka z vihcr ~crjnjlar |j ma|lcva| |cmclljikaha| |ik vrihslxira| hc `jlixijka|+

    A|j`j|`i |c ba c|xshjahi ma alxj~jhah jkbjojxirja hc ma| lcva| nkgjla|-`azirjxarja`ckxc aj|maha|+ \c io|cr~ qsc c|xa| c|vcljc| |ik lavalc| hc jkbjojr cmhc|arrimmi hc@ikjmja |jxivbjma- bikgi vrivji hcm |s|xraxi ck c|xshji+

    Varamcma`ckxc |c ba c~amsahi ma alxj~jhah cktj`xjla hc c|xa| lcva|- vshjkhi|cio|cr~ar qsc ma| qsc vrc|ckxak `azir alxj~jhah |ik4 @ikjmja |jxivbjma- A|vcrgjmms|kjgcr- Vckjljmmjs` nrcqsckxak|+ Vckjljmmjs` vsrvsrc|lck| z A|vcgjmms| ilbralcs|+

    Vi|xcrjir`ckxc |c ba c|xcrjmjtahi hjncrckxc| xjvi| hc xavikc| hc lirlbi z |c bali`vrioahi |j |c bak `ihjnjlahi |s| laralxcr|xjla|+ Xra| ma c|xcrjmjtaljk- |c vrilchja jkilsmar ma| ilbi lcva| hc bikgi| vrihslxira| hc `jlixijka|- iodcxi hc c|xc c|xshji+

    \c ba lamlsmahi cm virlckxadc hc rclsvcraljk hc mi| bikgi| jkilsmahi| z |c bakrcamjtahi cxralljikc| vara ~crjnjlar- vir `chji hc ma lri`axigrana ck lava njka- mavrihslljk hc `jlixijka|+

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    A likxjksaljk- |c ba vrilchjhi a ahavxar ska xlkjla CMJ\A vara hcxcr`jkar zlsakxjnjlar ma| `jlixijka| mcgj|maha| "anmaxijka|- ilraxijka|- ns`ikj|jka|- HIK-tcaramckika z xijka X?* ck c|xi| xavikc| hc lirlbi jkilsmahi| lik ma| lcva| hc

    bikgi| vrihslxirc|+

    Vara rcnmcdar ma rcamjhah hcm |clxir lirlbcri |c bak |cmclljikahi xavikc| hc `crlahi qscbak |jhi |i`cxjhi| a sk vrilc|i hc cxralljk z vi|xcrjir c~amsaljk vir ma xlkjlaCMJ\A vara lsakxjnjlar ma| vi|jomc| `jlixijka| cj|xckxc|+

    Njkam`ckxc |c bak rcamjtahi jkilsmaljikc| hc `jlixijka| ck hjncrckxc| xjvi| hc xavikc|hc lirlbi z |c bak jkxrihsljhi ck oixcmma| hc ~jki- vara vihcr hcxcr`jkar cm grahi hc`jgraljk hc c|xa| `jlixijka| am ~jki+

    A varxjr hc mi| rc|smxahi| ioxckjhi| |c vrivikck ~amirc| m`jxc hc vrc|cklja ck mi|

    hjncrckxc| xjvi| hc xavikc| hc lirlbi hc ma| lcva| hc bikgi| vrihslxirc| hc`jlixijka| z hc ma| `jlixijka| mcgj|maha|+

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    YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYJKX_IHSLLJK

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    1

    1+- JKX_IHSLLJK

    1+1+ LA_ALXC_\XJLA\ HCM LI_LBI

    Cm lirlbi |c cxrac hcm amlirkiqsc "Qscrls| |socr*+ Ma hj|xrjosljk hc mi| oi|qsc| hcamlirkilamc| |c ha ck lmj`a `chjxcrrkci z vrjkljvam`ckxc |iorc |scmi| |jmjlji|+ Mi|

    vrjkljvamc| va|c| vrihslxirc| |ik4 Virxsgam- C|vaa- @arrscli|- Amgcrja- Xkct-Nraklja c Jxamja+

    Cm lirlbi c| ma lava cxcrka hc ma lirxcta hcm roim "Qscrls| |socr* z |c nir`a axra~| hc ska lava gckcrahira "hcki`jkaha ncmgcki i la`ojs` |socrgcki* qsc c|

    varxc hc mi| xcdjhi| `crj|xc`xjli| qsc vcr`jxck cm lrclj`jckxi ck gri|ir hc ma vmakxa+Ma alxj~jhah hcm ncmgcki ki c| likxjksa |jki qsc |jgsc ~arjaljikc| c|xaljikamc| cknskljk hc mi| la`oji| hc bs`chah z hc xc`vcraxsra+

    Ma| lmsma| nir`aha| ck ma vrj`a~cra z a vrjkljvji| hc ~craki- vcrihi hc lrclj`jckxirvjhi- |ik `| marga| z hc varchc| `| hcmgaha| `jckxra| qsc ma| lmsma| hc ixii|ik `| lirxa| z hc varchc| `| grsc|a|+ Ma amxcrkaklja hc c|xa| vcqsca| hjncrcklja|c|xaljikamc| hcmj`jxa ma| mkca| i ~cka| qsc lirrc|vikhck am lrclj`jckxi aksam hcm|ocr+ Cm gri|ir hc ma| ~cka| ~ara |cgk ma chah- cm c|xahi nj|jimgjli hc ma vmakxa zma| likhjljikc| lmj`xjla|+ Ck gckcram c|x li`vrckhjhi ckxrc ? z > ``+

    Cj|xck ks`cri|i| viri| lsza nskljk c| li`skjlar mi| xcdjhi| ~j~i| hcm roim lik cmcxcrjir vara naljmjxar ma rc|vjraljk+ \c hcock a ma vrc|cklja ck cm ncmgcki hcmckxjlcma| ska| vcqsca| rca| hc hc 6-? a 2 `` hc hj`cxri- ck ma| qsc ma| lmsma|gckcraxrjlc|- ck msgar hc |socr irjgjkak ma| lmsma| li`vmc`ckxarja|- vilij`vrcgkaha| hc |socrjka z lik aoskhakxc| c|valji| jkxcrlcmsmarc| vara naljmjxar cmjkxcrla`oji hc ga|c|+

    Ma| mckxjlcma| |ik alxj~a| hsrakxc ~arji| ai| z |s ra|xri c| ~j|jomc ck nir`a hclakamc| mckxjlcmarc| i viri| qsc axra~jc|ak rahjam`ckxc cm xcdjhi+ Laha lckx`cxrilojli hc lirlbi likxjckc hc xrcjkxa a lsarckxa `jmmikc| hc vcqsca| lmsma|

    |socri|a| kxj`a`ckxc skjha| vir |s| varchc| |jk hcdar c|valji| jkxcrlcmsmarc|+Lsakhi ma| lmsma| bak li`vmcxahi |s `ahsraljk cm likxckjhi hcm ljxivma|`ahc|avarclc qschakhi kjla`ckxc ma| varchc| j`vrcgkaha| hc |socrjka+

    Cm xcdjhi |socr qscha nir`ahi vir vcqsca| lcmha| j`vcr`caomc| hc

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    Cm lirlbi- ki |c ioxjckc ba|xa qsc cm roim amlakta mi|

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    A varxjr hc aqs c`vjctak hjncrckxc| vrilc|i| |cgk |c hc|cc naorjlar4

    - Xavikc| hc lirlbi kaxsram vara ~jki| xrakqsjmi|+- Arakhcma| hc lirlbi kaxsram

    - Xavikc| i `akgi| agmi`crahi|+ Xavikc| vara ~jki c|vs`i|i

    1+?+1+ Xavikc| hc lirlbi kaxsram vara ~jki| xrakqsjmi|

    Vara ma naorjlaljk hc xavikc| hc lirlbi kaxsram vara ~jki xrakqsjmi |c vrilchc hc ma|jgsjckxc akcra4

    \c |alak mi| narhi| hc ma oihcga z |c hc|cknarhak- |cmclljikakhi vmaklba a vmaklba zrcoakakhi am gri|ir ahclsahi vara vihcr naorjlar xavikc| hc ma| |jgsjckxc|mikgjxshc|4 38 ``- 8: ``+ 88 ``+ z

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    7

    Vir mxj`i z ck mi| xavikc| vara oixcmma| hc ~jki xrakqsjmi- |c avmjla ska lava hc|jmjlika i varanjka vara qsc ma ivcraljk hc jkxrihsljrmi| z vi|xcrjir hc|lirlbahils`vma ma Kir`axj~a hcm |clxir+

    Mi| xavikc| za c|xk a vskxi vara |s cvchjljk- vir mi qsc |c vrilchc a |s rclsckxi-

    |c ck~a|ak ck oim|a| hc vimjcxjmcki- a ma| qsc |c ahjljika \I?- |c |scmhak ma| oim|a| z|c hcvi|jxak ck lada| hc larxk vara vihcr |cr ck~jaha| a mi| hjncrckxc| lmjckxc|+

    Xavk hc lirlbi vara ~jki xrakqsjmi Xavk hc lirlbi vara ~jki c|vs`i|i

    Cm vrilc|i hc cmaoiraljk hc xavikc| vara ~jki| xrakqsjmi| |c rc|s`c ck cm C|qsc`ak`+ 1+ "?1- :8- :7- :2- 166*

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    _COAKAHI

    VC_NI_ALJK

    C\@C_JMAHI

    VSMJHI

    MA^AHI

    LMA\JNJLALJK^J\JK A_XJNJLJAM

    LMA\JNJLALJK^J\JK @AKSAM

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    @AXC_JAV_J@C_A

    C\QSC@A k`+ 1

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    :

    1+?+?+ Arakhcma| i hj|li| hc lirlbi kaxsramVara ma naorjlaljk hc arakhcma| hc lirlbi kaxsram |c vrilchc hc ma |jgsjckxc `akcra4

    \c ioxjckck hc vmaklba| hc lirlbi kaxsram qsc vrc|ckxak sk lamjorc jkncrjir a 11 mkca|lirlbcra| "rclirha`i| qsc ska mkca lirlbcra |ik ?-?3 ``+* z ahc`| xjckck skalma|c ~j|sam li`vrckhjha ckxrc ma Vrj`cra z ma Qsjkxa+

    \cmclljikaha| ma| vmaklba| |c rcoaka cm lirlbi- cmj`jkkhi|c cm ~jckxrc z ma c|vamhaz |c lirxak ska| m`jka| hc ski| > ``+ hc gri|ir "hc laha rcoakaha |c ioxjckck hc ``*+

    C|xa| m`jka| |c jkxrihslck ck ma `qsjka vcrnirahira- hikhc a xra~| hc goja| |cvcrnirak mc| m`jka| ioxckjckhi ma| arakhcma| i hj|li| hc lirlbi kaxsram+ Cm rc|xi hc

    lirlbi z hc m`jka| hcnclxsi|a| |c hj|vikck vara xrjxsrar+

    Ma| arakhcma| |c lma|jnjlak z |c cmj`jkak ma| qsc ki c|xk ojck naorjlaha| i mc| namxask xriti+

    Hc|vs|- ma| arakhcma| |c c|`crjmak vara ioxckcr ska| lara| vmaka| z varamcma| a mi|hj|li|- lik cm njk hc naljmjxar mi| vrilc|i| vi|xcrjirc|+

    Baz jkhs|xrja| qsc ma~ak ma| arakhcma|- |jgsjckhi mi| `j|`i| `xihi| qsc mi|sxjmjtahi| vara ma~ar mi| xavikc| kaxsramc| vara ~jki| xrakqsjmi|+

    Vi|xcrjir`ckxc |c rcamjta ma lma|jnjlaljk hc mi| hj|li| "kir`am`ckxc |c |cmclljikak 3lma|c| i laxcgira|*+

    Mi| hj|li| hc ma vrj`cra z |cgskha lma|c |ik mi| qsc |c |jxak ck ma lara cxcrjir hcmxavk hc ~jki c|vs`i|i z |crk ma| qsc c|xark ck likxalxi lik cm ~jki c|vs`i|i-~jki c|vs`i|i i lba`vaa+ Ck mi| hj|li| la|j |jc`vrc |c hjncrckljak ma| hi| lara|+Ska `qsjka asxi`xjla hcxclxa ma lara oscka z `arla ma lara `ama lik sk `cxamlamjckxc- c|xc vrilc|i ki| vcr`jxc vi|xcrjir`ckxc ahbcrjr lirrclxa`ckxc ma| arakhcma|a mi| `akgi| hc agmi`crahi|+

    Cm vrilc|i hc cmaoiraljk hc arakhcma| |c rc|s`c ck cm C|qsc`a k`+ ?+ "?1- :7- :2*

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    OIHCGA

    _COAKAHI

    VC_NI_AHI

    V_J@C_ALMA\JNJLALJK

    C\@C_JMAHI

    MA^AHI

    \CGSKHALMA\JNJLALJK

    C@OAMAHI

    ? BC_^JHI

    @AXC_JAV_J@C_A

    C\QSC@A k`+ ?

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    1+?+

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    V_J@C_A@AXC_JA

    X_JXS_ALJK

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    C\@C_JMAHI

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    @A_LAHI

    X_AXA@JCKXI HC\SVC_NJLJC

    C@OAMAHI

    HJ\X_JOSLJK

    C\QSC@A k`+

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    Xaoma k`+ 1+- _cmaljk hc bikgi| njma`ckxi|i|- mc~ahsra| z oalxcrja| qsc |c bakjhckxjnjlahi ck cm lirlbi+

    BIKGI\ NJMA@CKXI\I\

    Amxcrkarja amxcrkaxa Vckjljmmjs` orc~j-li`valxs`

    Ar`jmmarja `cmmca Vckjljmmjs` ljxrjks`

    A|vcrgjmms| likjls| Vckjljmmjs` ljxri-~jrjhc

    A|vcrgjmms| nma~s| Vckjljmmjs` lirzmivbjms`

    A|vcrgjmms| ns`jgaxs| Vckjljmmjs` lbrz|igcks`

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    MC^AHS_A\

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    _bihixirsma lakhjha \allbari`zlc| risjj

    _bihixirsma gmsxjkj| \allbari`zlc| mshwjgjj

    \virihjioims| dibk|ikjj Xrjlbi|virs` vsmmsmak|

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    OALXC_JA\

    Oaljmms| lcrcs| Oaljmms| vakxixbckxjls|

    Oaljmms| ljrlsmak| Kilarhja |vv+Oaljmms| mckxs| Agrioalxcrjs` |vv+

    Oaljmms| njr`s| @jlrilills| mzmacOaljmms| |chckxarjs| @jlrilills| msxcs|

    Albri`ioalxcr|vv+ Lirzkcoalxcrjs` |vv+Acri`ika| |v Nma~ioalxcrjs` |vv+Crwjkja bcrojlima Esrxbja |vv+Aljkcxioalxcr mwinnjj V|cshi`aka| |vv+\xrcvxi`zlc| |vv+ Mj|xcrja |vv+

    ":- 16- - 38- 33- >6- 78- 72- :?- 16>- 167- 111- 11?- 112*+

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    O* Ilraxijka|- |ik cxaoimjxi| |clskharji| hc mi|gkcri|A|vcrgjmms| z Vckjljmmjs` vrc|ckxc| ck mi|

    lcrcamc|- ck cm lan- ck cm vak z ck xihi xjvi hcvrihslxi| amj`ckxarji| hc irjgck akj`am+ Ma `|nrclsckxc c| ma Ilraxijka A- qsc c| ma `| xjla+\c ba li`vrioahi qsc c| lavat hc hc|cklahckar

    vrilc|i| kcnrixjli|- j``ski|svrc|irc|- larljkigkjli| z xcraxigkjli| ck xihi| mi| akj`amc| hccvcrj`ckxaljk c|xshjahi| ba|xa cm `i`ckxi "6- 78- 72- :?- 16>- 167- 111- 11?- 112*+Mailraxijka A- |c lik|jhcra ma rcvrc|ckxaxj~a hcm grsviz |s hcxclljk |c lik|jhcra li`i jkhjlahira hcm`j|`i+

    L* Tcaramckika cmaoiraha z als`smaha-vrjkljvam`ckxc virNs|arjs` gra`jkcars` z c|vcljc|anjkc|- nskha`ckxam`ckxc ck xrjgi z `at- vcrixa`ojk ck |irgi- a~cka- z vjck|i| li`vsc|xi|+ Matcaramckika z |s| hcrj~ahi| xjckck cnclxi|c|xrigkjli| ck ~arja| c|vcljc| akj`amc| "jkncrxjmjhah-chc`a ~sm~ar- vrimav|i ~agjkam c bjvcrxrinja `a`arja

    ck bc`ora| z nc`jkjtaljk ck ~arikc| lik axrinja xc|xjlsmar z as`ckxi hcmxa`ai hc ma| `a`a|* "38- 33- 3>- >6- 78- :?- 16>- 167- 111- 11?- 112*+

    H* Xrjlixclcki|- |ik `jlixijka| vrihsljha| virbikgi| hcm gkcri Ns|arjs` askqsc xa`ojk mi||jkxcxjtak bikgi| hc ixri| gkcri| li`iXrjlbihcr`a Xrjlbixbcljs` @zrixbcljs` z\xalbzoixrz|+ \c ba lik|cgsjhi aj|mar 182xrjlixclcki|+ Mi| `| c|xshjahi| z c~amsahi| |ik4hc|ijkj~amckim "HIK* likiljhi xa`ojk li`i~i`jxijka- kj~amckim "KJ^*- hjalcxij|ljrvckim"HA\* z ma xijka X? qsc c| `cki| li`k+

    Ma| `akjnc|xaljikc| baojxsamc| hc ma jkxijlaljk vir xrjlixclcki| lik|j|xck ck

    jk`skihcvrc|jk z kas|ca| lik ~`jxi| "38- 33- 3>- >6- 78- 72- :?- 16>- 167- 111-11?- 112*+

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    C* Ns`ikj|jka|- |ik `jlixijka|vrihsljha| ck xihi cm `skhi virNs|arjs` `ikjmjnir`c z c|vcljc|anjkc| lsakhi lrclc ck cm `at+Xjckck j`virxaklja xijlimgjlama| ns`ikj|jka| O1 j O?- za qscma| hc`| O*+

    Ck ma Xaoma k`+ ?- |c rcmaljikak ma| `jlixijka| lik mi| vrjkljvamc| bikgi|vrihslxirc| z ma| c|vcljc| hc c|xi| bikgi| aj|mahi| ck cm lirlbi "8- ?3- 32- 168- 111-1?6*+

    Xaoma k`+ ?+- _cmaljk hc `jlixijka| mcgj|maha| vara amgk vrihslxi- bikgi qscma| vrihslc z bikgi| aj|mahi| hcm lirlbi+

    @JLIXIRJKA BIKGI V_IHSLXI_ BIKGI AJ\MAHI HCMLI_LBI

    Anmaxijka| A|vcrgjmms| nma~s|A|vcrgjmms| vara|jxjls|

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    Vckjljmmjs` ~arjaojmc

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    Ns|arjs` |virixrjlbjijhc|

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    `jlriirgakj|`i|+ C| ma rcmaljk cj|xckxc ckxrc ma xck|jk hc ~avir hc agsa hcm|so|xraxi z ma hcm agsa vsra+ Amgski| cdc`vmi| hc ~amirc| hc aw qsc kclc|jxakma| hj~cr|a| c|vcljc| nkgjla| z ma| qsc kclc|jxak vara vrihsljr `jlixijka||c rc|s`ck ck ma Xaoma k`+

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    \cgk Lbaxikkcx "17*- cm lirlbi vrc|ckxa ski| ~amirc| ckxrc cm > z cm 2# hc bs`chahrcmaxj~a z ck lik|clscklja |s aw |c |jxa ckxrc 6-36 z 6->6+

    Laoc rc`arlar qsc ck ska hc mc| na|c| hcm vrilc|i hc naorjlaljk hc mi| xavikc| hc

    lirlbi- cm lirlbi |c bjcr~c z |c am`alcka ck msgarc| lcrrahi| z gckcram`ckxc i|lsri|-ck mi| qsc ma bs`chah a`ojckxam vschc |cr |svcrjir a 26# z ma xc`vcraxsra |svcrjir a?3L- ck c|xa| likhjljikc| ma aw hcm lirlbi |cr |svcrjir a mi| ~amirc| ljxahi| qscna~irclck ma nir`aljk hc `jlixijka|+

    1+8+1+?+ Xc`vcraxsra+

    Ma xc`vcraxsra vxj`a vara cm hc|arrimmi hc ma `azira hc mi| bikgi|njma`ckxi|i| i|ljma ckxrc mi| ?3 L z mi| 1*+

    1+8+?+ Nalxirc| qs`jli|

    1+8+?+1+vB+

    Mi| bikgi| |c hc|arrimmak ck likhjljikc| vxj`a| ck gckcram ck jkxcr~ami| hc vB hcm?+3 am 7+3- vir mi qsc lrclcr ahclsa`ckxc a vB ljhi- ck cm qsc |ik lavalc| hccmaoirar z als`smar `jlixijka| "11- 38- >1*+

    1+8+?+?+ Li`vi|jljk hcm |so|xraxi+

    Mi| bikgi| ki |ik cjgckxc| hc|hc cm vskxi hc ~j|xa ksxrjljikam z |c hc|arrimmakvcrnclxa`ckxc a cvck|a| hc mi| cmc`ckxi| vrc|ckxc| ck cm |so|xraxi- vcri mavrihslljk hc `jlixijka| |c na~irclc vir ma vrc|cklja hc mvjhi| z alcjxc| a| li`ihc hcxcr`jkaha| |amc| `jkcramc| ckxrc ma| qsc hc|xalak- ma| hc Nc- Tk- Ls z @g+ Ma

    vrihslljk hc anmaxijka| c| hcvckhjckxc hc |so|xraxi| rjli| ck Tk z hc ljcrxi|a`jkiljhi|+ Ck cm la|i hc ma| IL_AXIRJKA A |ik nskha`ckxamc| vara |s

    vrihslljk ma| |amc| hc Tk z hc Ls "11- >1- :7*+

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    ?+ CM V_IOMC@A HC MI\ \AOI_C\ A LI_LBI CK MI\ ^JKI\C@OIXCMMAHI\

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    lmiriakj|imc| "?- - 22- 16?- 163*+

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    1+ 7+ A\VCLXI\ MCGAMC\

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    ?>

    Anmaxijka|4O1 % O? % G1 % G?

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    16:

    Xaoma k`+ 82+ _c|smxahi| hc mi| ~amirc| ioxckjhi| xra| ma jkilsmaljk hcNs`ikj|jka| ck xavikc| vara ~jki xrakqsjmi i c|vs`i|i| z ma vi|jomc `jgraljk ck cm~jki xrakqsjmi i c|vs`i|i ck likxalxi+

    Jhckxjnjlaljk `sc|xra Ns`ikj|jka| "vv`*hcxclxaha| ck xavikc|

    Ns`ikj|jka| "vv`*hcxclxaha| ck ~jki

    xrakqsjmi i c|vs`i|iXavk hc ~jki xrakqsjmi 1 6+6 6+6Xavk hc ~jki xrakqsjmi ? 6+6 6+6Xavk hc ~jki xrakqsjmi < 6+6 6+6Xavk hc ~jki xrakqsjmi 8 6+6 6+6Xavk hc ~jki xrakqsjmi 3 6+6 6+6Xavk hc ~jki xrakqsjmi > 6+6 6+6Xavk hc ~jki xrakqsjmi 7 6+6 6+6Xavk hc ~jki xrakqsjmi 2 6+6 6+6Xavk hc ~jki xrakqsjmi : 6+6 6+6Xavk hc ~jki xrakqsjmi 16 6+6 6+6Xavk hc ~jki c|vs`i|i 1 6+6 6+6Xavk hc ~jki c|vs`i|i ? 6+6 6+6Xavk hc ~jki c|vs`i|i < 6+6 6+6

    Xavk hc ~jki c|vs`i|i 8 6+6 6+6Xavk hc ~jki c|vs`i|i 3 6+6 6+6Xavk hc ~jki c|vs`i|i > 6+6 6+6Xavk hc ~jki c|vs`i|i 7 6+6 6+6Xavk hc ~jki c|vs`i|i 2 6+6 6+6Xavk hc ~jki c|vs`i|i : 6+6 6+6Xavk hc ~jki c|vs`i|i16 6+6 6+6

    Liklckxraljk hc Ns`ikj|jka| jkilsmaha ck laha xavk4

    Xavk hc ~jki c|vs`i|i ?3 M hc liklckxraljk > vv`Xavk hc ~jki xrakqsjmi 36 M hc liklckxraljk > vv`

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    Xaoma k`+ 8:+ _c|smxahi| hc mi| ~amirc| ioxckjhi| xra| ma jkilsmaljk hc IlraxijkaA ck xavikc| vara ~jki xrakqsjmi i c|vs`i|i| z ma vi|jomc `jgraljk ck cm ~jkixrakqsjmi i c|vs`i|i| ck likxalxi+

    Jhckxjnjlaljk `sc|xra Ilraxijka A "vvo*Jkilsmaha a xavikc|

    Ilraxijka A "vvo*hcxclxaha ck ~jki

    xrakqsjmi i c|vs`i|iXavk hc ~jki xrakqsjmi 1 2+6 6+6Xavk hc ~jki xrakqsjmi ? 7+6 6+6

    Xavk hc ~jki xrakqsjmi < 3+< 6+6Xavk hc ~jki xrakqsjmi 8 1?+? 6+6Xavk hc ~jki xrakqsjmi 3 32+3 6+6Xavk hc ~jki xrakqsjmi > 8+3 6+7Xavk hc ~jki xrakqsjmi 7 ?+2 6+6Xavk hc ~jki xrakqsjmi 2 1+6 6+6Xavk hc ~jki xrakqsjmi : 16+2 1+Xavk hc ~jki c|vs`i|i 1 6+8 6+6Xavk hc ~jki c|vs`i|i ? 1+7 6+6Xavk hc ~jki c|vs`i|i < ?+3 6+6

    Xavk hc ~jki c|vs`i|i 8 1+< 6+ 6+6Xavk hc ~jki c|vs`i|i > 1+< 6+1Xavk hc ~jki c|vs`i|i 7 1+8 1+>Xavk hc ~jki c|vs`i|i 2 1+> 6+6Xavk hc ~jki c|vs`i|i : 1+8 1+ 6+6

    Liklckxraljk hc Ilraxijka A jkilsmaha ck laha xavk4

    Xavk hc ~jki c|vs`i|i ?3 M hc liklckxraljk ?3 vvoXavk hc ~jki xrakqsjmi 36 M hc liklckxraljk ?3 vvo

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    Xaoma k`+36+ _c|smxahi| hc mi| ~amirc| ioxckjhi| xra| ma jkilsmaljk hc X? ck

    xavikc| vara ~jki xrakqsjmi i c|vs`i|i| z ma vi|jomc `jgraljk ck cm ~jki xrakqsjmi ic|vs`i|i| ck likxalxi+

    Jhckxjnjlaljk `sc|xra X-? "vvo*Jkilsmaha a xavikc|

    X-? "vvo* hcxclxaha ck~jki xrakqsjmi i

    c|vs`i|iXavk hc ~jki xrakqsjmi 1 1?+> 8>-8Xavk hc ~jki xrakqsjmi ? >+7 6+6Xavk hc ~jki xrakqsjmi < ?+6 6+6Xavk hc ~jki xrakqsjmi > 1?+> 8>-8Xavk hc ~jki xrakqsjmi 7 >+7 6+6Xavk hc ~jki xrakqsjmi 2 ?+6 6+6Xavk hc ~jki c|vs`i|i 1 ?+3 ?+3

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    Ck ma Xaoma k`+ 31- |c rc|s`ck mi| rakgi| hc mi| virlckxadc| hc rclsvcraljk hc ma|`jlixijka| jkilsmaha| ck mi| xjvi| hc lirlbi jk~c|xjgahi|

    Xaoma k`+ 31+ _c|smxahi| hc mi| rakgi| hc virlckxadc| hc rclsvcraljk hc ma|`jlixijka| jkilsmaha| ck mi| hjncrckxc| xjvi| hc xavikc| hc lirlbi

    @jlixijka|Virlckxadc| hc

    rclsvcraljk ck xavikc|vara ~jki xrakqsjmi

    Virlckxadc| hcrclsvcraljk ck xavikc|

    vara ~jki c|vs`i|iAnmaxijka 73 166 #X-? ?>2 ?6> # 6

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    11Xavk 2 6+6 6+2 6+6 6+6 6+6

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    Mi| rc|smxahi| hc ma xaoma k`+ 3+8-6+6*

    6+8?"1+8-6+6*

    6+?>"1+

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    Ck rcmaljk lik ma Ilraxijka A z haha ma j`virxaklja ahqsjrjha vir c|xa `jlixijka|ck mi| mxj`i| ai| |c bak akamjtahi ~cjkxc `sc|xra| ahjljikamc| vara laha ski hc mi|xjvi| hc lirlbi akamjtahi|+

    Mi| rc|smxahi| |c rc|s`ck ck ma Xaoma| k`|+ 33 z 3> +

    Xaoma k`+ 33 _c|smxahi| hc ma hcxclljk hc Ilraxijka A ck xavikc| hc `crlahivara ~jki xrakqsjmi+

    Ilraxijka A"vvo*

    Xavk 1 1+2Xavk ? ?+1Xavk < 6+1

    Xavk 8 6+1Xavk 3 8+?Xavk > ?+

    Xaoma k`+3>+ _c|smxahi| hc ma hcxclljk hc Ilraxijka A ck ~cjkxc xavikc| hc`crlahi vara ~jki c|vs`i|i+

    Mi| ~amirc| `j`i| ioxckjhi| ck mi| ck|azi| rcamjtahi| vara ma hcxclljk c ma|`jlixijka| hc `azir jkxcr| ck \cgsrjhah amj`ckxarja -a| li`i mi| rcmaxj~i| a ma

    mcgj|maljk cj|xckxc vara laha ska hc cmma| |c rc|s`c ck ma Xaoma k`+ 37-

    Ilraxijka A"vvo*

    Xavk 1 1+8Xavk ? 6+6Xavk < 6+2Xavk 8 6+3Xavk 3 1+ 6+6

    Xavk 7 6+3Xavk 2 1+7Xavk : 1+2

    Xavk 16 6+2Xavk 11 6+:Xavk 1? 6+Xavk 13 8+6Xavk 1> 6+:

    Xavk 17 1+3Xavk 12 6+>->7 # hc ma| `sc|xra|akamjtaha|+ C|xa c|vcljc ba |jhi hc|lrjxa li`i vrihslxira hc `jlixijka|+

    Lckxcki- ?661 "13* |mi c~jhcklj c|xa c|vcljc ck vara ~jki c|vs`i|i+

    H* Xrjlbihcr`a ~jrjhc \c ba aj|mahi ck cm 166 # hc ma| `sc|xra| akamjtaha| hcxavikc| vara ~jki xrakqsjmi z agmi`crahi|- `jckxra| qsc ck mi| xavikc| vara~jki c|vs`i|i |c ba hcxclxahi |mi ck sk >>->7 # hc ma| `sc|xra| akamjtaha|+C|xa c|vcljc ki |c `ckljika li`i vrihslxira hc kjkgska hc ma| `jlixijka|mcgj|maha|+ Lckxcki- ?661 "13* hcxclx c|xa c|vcljc ck xavikc| vara ~jkixrakqsjmi z c|vs`i|i- ck |s c|xshj ki akamjt xavikc| hc lirlbi agmi`crahi+

    C*A|vcrgjmms| nma~s| ki |c ba hcxclxahi ck kjkgska hc ma| `sc|xra| hc xavikc|vara ~jki xrakqsjmi akamjtaha|- vcri |c c~jhcklj ck sk 36# hc mi| xavikc|

    agmi`crahi| z ck sk

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    "13*- ki ba aj|mahi lcva| hc c|xa c|vcljc ck kjkgski hc mi| xjvi| hc xavk hclirlbi qsc c~ams+

    E*@slir bjc`amj| |c ba hcxclxahi ck sk 36# hc ma| `sc|xra| akamjtaha| hc

    xavikc| hc ~jki xrakqsjmi z hc xavikc| agmi`crahi| z ck sk 1>->7 # hc ma|`sc|xra| hc xavikc| vara ~jki c|vs`i|i akamjtaha|+ Ki c| vrihslxir hckjkgska hc ma| `jlixijka| mcgj|maha|+ Lckxcki- ?661 "13* ki hcxclx c|xac|vcljc ck kjkgk xjvi hc xavk hc lirlbi+

    M*Asrcioa|jhjs` vsmmsmak| ki |c ba hcxclxaha ck mi| xavikc| agmi`crahi|-`jckxra| qsc |c c~jhcklj ck sk ?3# hc ma| `sc|xra| hc xavikc| hc ~jkixrakqsjmi z ck sk 1>->7 # hc ma| `sc|xra| hc xavikc| vara ~jki c|vs`i|iakamjtaha|+ Ki c| vrihslxir hc kjkgska hc ma| `jlixijka| mcgj|maha|+Lckxcki- ?661 "13* ki hcxclx c|xa c|vcljc ck kjkgski hc mi| xjvi| hc xavkhc lirlbi akamjtahi| ck |s c|xshji+

    @*_bihixirsma gmsxjkj|- |c ba hcxclxahi ck sk 36# hc ma| `sc|xra| hc xavikc|agmi`crahi| z ck sk 1>->7 # hc ma| `sc|xra| hc xavikc| vara ~jki c|vs`i|iakamjtaha|+ Ki |c ba hcxclxahi ck ma| `sc|xra| akamjtaha| vara xavikc| vara~jki xrakqsjmi+ Ki c| vrihslxir hc kjkgska hc ma| `jlixijka| mcgj|maha|+Lckxcki- ?661 "13* c~jhcklj c|xa mc~ahsra ck mi| xavikc| vara ~jki xrakqsjmiz ck mi| xavikc| vara ~jki c|vs`i|i+

    Ma as|cklja hc_bihixirsma gmsxjkj| ck xavikc| vara ~jki xrakqsjmi c|x hjrclxa`ckxcrcmaljikahi lik ma as|cklja hc arakhcma| ck ma cmaoiraljk hc c|xc xjvi hc xavikc|+A|j`j|`i |c io|cr~a qsc cj|xc ska lirrcmaljk ckxrc ma vrc|cklja i as|cklja hc c|xamc~ahsra lik ma vrc|cklja i as|cklja hc lcva| hc_bjtivs| arrbjts|+

    Lckxcki- ?661 "13* hcxclx a|j`j|`i A|vcrgjmms| kjgcr- hc|lrjxi li`i vrihslxir hc`jlixijka|- ck mi| xavikc| vara ~jki xrakqsjmi z ck mi| xavikc| vara ~jki c|vs`i|i+Ck mi| xavikc| vara ~jki c|vs`i|i- aj|m a|j`j|`i Vckjljmmjs` ~cmsxjks` @slir

    vms`ocs| zNs|arjs` |imakalcs` "c|vcljc hc|lrjxa li`i vrihslxira hc Xijka X?*+

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    3+?+ HJ\LS\JIK HC MI\ _C\SMXAHI\ LI__C\VIKHJCKXC\ A MAALXJ^JHAH JKBJOJXI_JA HC MA\ LCVA\ BAOJXSAM@CKXCAJ\MAHA\ HC XAVIKC\ HC LI_LBI

    Mi| rc|smxahi| ioxckjhi| am c~amsar ma vi|jomc lavaljhah jkbjojhira hc ma| lcva| hcbikgi| `jlcmjarc| baojxsam`ckxc aj|maha| hc xavikc| hc lirlbi ki| vcr`jxck avirxarqsc xihi| mi| bikgi| ck|azahi| |ik lavalc| hc jkbjojr cm hc|arrimmi hc @ikjmja

    |jxivbjma za qsc lrclck ck ma vmala |c`oraha lik c|xc bikgi- `jckxra| qsc |xc ki |chc|arrimma ck vrc|cklja hc hj|li| ioxckjhi| lik lsmxj~i| hc ma| rc|xakxc| lcva|- iodcxi

    hc c|xshji+

    Ma lavaljhah jkbjojhira hc ma| hj~cr|a| lcva| nkgjla| aj|maha| hc mi| xavikc| hclirlbi jk~c|xjgahi| nrckxc a @ikjmja |jxivbjma ki |c `akjnjc|xa ck likhjljikc| hcxraoadi baojxsamc| lik ma| vmaklba| hc lirlbi+ Ck mi| am`alckc| hc am`alcka`jckxihc ma| vmaklba| hc lirlbi hc|vs| hc vrilchcr|c am xraxa`jckxi hc bcr~jhi hc ma|`j|`a|- |c io|cr~a hc nir`a kaxsram sk hc|arrimmi `a|j~i hc @ikjmja |jxivbjma qscrclsorc ck vili| ha| xiha ma |svcrnjljc hc ma| vmaklba| hc lirlbi- `i`ckxi ck cm qsc|c lik|jhcra ck ma jkhs|xrja lirlbcra xrahjljikam qsc ma| vmaklba| c|xk vrcvaraha|ahclsaha`ckxc vara vrilchcr a |s lirxc z a ma ioxckljk hc mi| xavikc| hc lirlbi+

    3+

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    Laoc |camar ma hcxclljk hc ma| alxj~jhahc| cktj`xjla| qsc |c rc|s`ck alikxjksaljk ck ma| lcva| nkgjla| aj|maha| hc mi| xavikc| hc lirlbi jk~c|xjgahi|4

    A* Ni|naxa|a amlamjka4 hcxclxaha ck @ikjmja |jxivbjma zA|vcrgjmms| ilbralcs|

    O* Ni|naxa|a ljha4 hcxclxaha ck @ikjmja |jxivbjma Vckjljmmjs` nrcqsckxak|A|vcrgjmms|ilbralcs| zNs|arjs` `ikjmjnir`c

    L* Kanxim-A-\-OJ-ni|nibjhrima|a4 hcxclxaha ck @ikjmja |jxivbjma Vckjljmmjs`nrcqsckxak| zNs|arjs` `ikjmjnir`c+

    H* gamalxi|jha|a4 hcxclxaha ck Vckjljmms` nrcqsckxak|

    C* gmsli|jha|a 4 hcxclxaha ck Vckjljmms` nrcqsckxak| z A|vcrgjmms|ilbralcs|

    N* - gmsli|jha|a4 hcxclxaha ck @ikjmja |jxivbjma Vckjljmmjs` vsrvsrc|lck| zA|vcrgjmms| ilbralcs|+

    G* K- alcxjm-- gmsli|a`jkjha|a4 hcxclxaha ck Vckjljmmjs` nrcqsckxak|Vckjljmmjs` vsrvsrc|lck| zA|vcrgjmms| ilbralcs|+

    Ma| alxj~jhahc| cktj`xjla| vcr`jxck a ma| lcva| qsc ma| vrc|ckxak `ihjnjlar ma|laralxcr|xjla| hcm |s|xraxi |iorc cm qsc |c hc|arrimmak- ck c|xc la|i cm lirlbi+Hc|xalarc`i|- a likxjksaljk ma| alxj~jhahc| hcxclxaha| a| li`i ma vi|jomc rcmaljklik |s alxj~jhah |iorc cm lirlbi z |iorc |s `jlriojixa+

    Ma| c|xcra|a| |ik cktj`a| cxralcmsmarc| vrihsljhi| vir bikgi| njma`ckxi|i|-mc~ahsra| z oalxcrja|- qsc alxak ri`vjckhi mi| ckmalc| |xcrc|- axra~c|akhi

    vimj|alrjhi| hc ma varch lcmsmar z ma mjgkjka z hc c|xc `ihi vcr`jxck qsc ma varchlcmsmar hikhc alxak |ca `| allc|jomc a ma alljk hc ma| bjhrima|a|- qsc a |s ~ctalxak bjhrimjtakhi li`vsc|xi| hc amxi| vc|i| `imclsmarc| li`i laroibjhraxi| z

    vrixcka| "12-7: z 162*+

    Mi| cktj`a| c|xcra|a| vrivirljikak a mi| `jlriirgakj|`i| qsc ma| vi|cck malavaljhah hc vihcr alxsar |iorc mi| mvjhi|+ C|xc bclbi naljmjxa a mi| `jlriirgakj|`i|c|xcra|a| vi|jxj~i| ska lmara alxj~jhah |iorc oalxcrja| Gra` kcgaxj~a| a| li`i hc ma|

    ckhi|vira| hc oalxcrja| Gra` vi|jxj~a| hc ma| qsc mi| mvjhi| |ik sk li`vikckxcnskha`ckxam+

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    1? # "> 16< SNL*+

    n* Ck cm la|i hc Vckjljmmjs` nrcqsckxak| vara xavikc| hc ~jki c|vs`i|i- marclsvcraljk c| hcm irhck hcm 6-61 # "< 16< SNL* z vara xavikc| hc ~jkixrakqsjmi c| hcm irhck hcm

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    3+2+ HJ\LS\JK HC MI\ _C\SMXAHI\ IOXCKJHI\ CK CM C\XSHJI

    HC MA HCXCLLJK HC @JLIXIRJKA\ CK MI\ XAVIKC\JKILSMAHI\ CRVC_J@CKXAM@CKXC LIK LCVA\V_IHSLXI_A\+

    3+2+1+ Hj|ls|jk hc mi| rc|smxahi| ioxckjhi| ck cm c|xshji hc ma hcxclljk hcAnmaxijka| ck mi| xavikc| jkilsmahi| cvcrj`ckxam`ckxc lik

    A|vcrgjmms| nma~s|+

    Ck mi| xavikc| hc ~jki xrakqsjmi- mi| ~amirc| `| cmc~ahi| hc hcxclljk hcanmaxijka|- |c ioxjckck a mi| 7 ha| hc ma jkilsmaljk z lijkljhc lik ma `sc|xraxrjxsraha z ck ma qsc |c bak dskxahi ma| hi| agjxaljikc|- cm ~amir c| hc 1-? vvo- a mi| 18ha| hc ma jkilsmaljk ck ma `sc|xra xrjxsraha |c ioxjckc sk ~amir hc 1 vvo- `jckxra|qsc ck ma| `sc|xra| hc mi| ?1 ha| hc ma jkilsmaljk xihi| mi| ~amirc| |ik lcri- xakxihc ma `sc|xra ckxcra li`i ma xrjxsraha+

    Ck mi| xavikc| hc ~jki c|vs`i|i- la|j xihi| mi| ~amirc| ioxckjhi| |ik lcri-kjla`ckxc |c ioxjckc sk 6-< vvo ck ma `sc|xra ckxcra a mi| 18 ha| hc ma jkilsmaljkz 6-? vvo ck ma `sc|xra ckxcra a mi| ?1 ha| hc ma jkilsmaljk+

    3+2+?+ Hj|ls|jk hc mi| rc|smxahi| ioxckjhi| ck cm c|xshji hc ma hcxclljk hcAnmaxijka| ck mi| xavikc| jkilsmahi| cvcrj`ckxam`ckxc lik

    Vckjljmmjs` ljxrjks`+

    Ck mi| xavikc| hc ~jki xrakqsjmi- mi| ~amirc| `| amxi| hc hcxclljk hc anmaxijka|- avarxjr hc xavikc| jkilsmahi| cvcrj`ckxam`ckxc likVckjljmmjs` ljxrjks` |c ioxjckcka mi| ?1 ha| hc ma jkilsmaljk ck ma vrj`cra agjxaljk- |jckhi cm ~amir hc < vvo+ z cm

    ~amir `ckir c| hc 6-? vvo qsc |c ioxjckc a mi| 18 ha| hc ma jkilsmaljk ck ma |cgskhaagjxaljk++

    Ck mi| xavikc| hc ~jki c|vs`i|i cm ~amir `| amxi |c ioxjckc a mi| 18 ha| hc majkilsmaljk ck ma vrj`cra agjxaljk- |jckhi cm ~amir hc 6-2 vvo z cm ~amir `| oadi c|hc lcri qsc |c ioxjckc a mi| ?1 ha| hc ma jkilsmaljk ck ma |cgskha agjxaljk+

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    3+2+

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    Ck ma| lri`axigrana| ck lava njka rcamjtaha| a varxjr hc `sc|xra| akamjtaha| ck mi|ejx| hc Cmj|a |c liknjr`a ma cj|xcklja hc HIK ck ma| `sc|xra| lsakxjnjlaha| lik~amirc| hc 6-3 vv` z 6-< vv` ck mi| ejx| `jckxra| qsc ck ma| `sc|xra| ki hcxclxaha|

    vir mi| ejx| xa`vili |c hcxclxa HIK ck ma| lri`axigrana|+

    3+2+>+ Hj|ls|jk hc mi| rc|smxahi| ioxckjhi| ck cm c|xshji hc ma hcxclljk hcNs`ikj|jka| ck mi| xavikc| jkilsmahi| cvcrj`ckxam`ckxc likNs|arjs` ikjmjnir`c+

    Ck mi| xavikc| hc ~jki hc ~jki xrakqsjmi- |c ioxjckck ~amirc| hc hcxclljk hcNs`ikj|jka| ck mi| xavikc| jkilsmahi| cvcrj`ckxam`ckxc lik Ns|arjs``ikjmjnir`c hc 6-8 vv` a mi| 18 ha| hc ma jkilsmaljk ck ma vrj`cra z ck ma |cgskha

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