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城市文化city culture

香港不同于世界上和中国大陆很多城市，在150年的殖民

历史中，大部分时间注重经济发展，城市规划有所忽略。经过

多年发展，香港成为了世界人口最稠密的城市之一。

香港的自然风景优美，1108平方公里的土地上有四分之三

为乡野，44,004亩的自然公园涵盖了从海平面的沙滩岩滨到千米

山头，覆盖了从林地、草地到红树林等共742平方公里的保护

区，在如此玲珑的土地上具有多样地形，实在罕见。

香港行政长官也多次在报告中指出需要“树立亚洲绿色模

范”，“全面绿化政策”以及“市区可持续绿化方案”等。香

港绿化总纲图计划应时而生，香港政府的土木工程拓展署已完

成五个绿化总纲图研究，其中三个由傲林国际负责，傲林的母

公司安诚工程顾问公司在其中两个项目中作为项目管理并提供

工程支持。香港绿化总纲图是目前世界此类项目中最大的一

个。

《住》就此与土木工程拓展署的高级园境师伍芷筠（Kathy

T.K . NG）女士，安诚工程顾问的项目经理黎大卫（Dav id

K n ig ht）先生，以及傲林国际的董事、园境建筑师薛勇恒

（Johannes Spies）先生对话。

ABITARE 住: 该项目如何组织架构？

David Knight: 新加坡早以绿色城市为目标，它的优势是

有一个专门部门实施并维护绿化，而在香港却牵涉好几个职能

部门。土木工程拓展署受委托把香港建成绿色城市，而所涉及

以绿色的名义 — 香港绿化总纲图（简称GMP）报告

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Hong Kong is very different from many cities in the world and China, with a surprisingly short history of town planning. For 150 years Hong Kong was a colony of Britain. The focus has always been on economic development. Urban development comprises only 23.6% of Hong Kong’s land area, making it one of the densest developed urban centres of the world. Hong Kong is a dramatic scenic destination with outstanding urban and natural environments. Out of a total 1,108 km2 of land, three-quarters is countryside. Country parks are designated conservation areas covering 44,004 hectares and include landscapes rising from sandy beaches and rocky foreshores to heights of almost 1,000 metres. It also includes woodlands, shrubland, grassland and mangroves, covering 742km2 and a variety of scenic vistas rarely, if ever, matched in so small a territory.The Chief Executive of Hong Kong addressed, that we need “a green model

for Asia”, “comprehensive greening policy” and “sustainable greening programme for the urban areas”. Greening Master Plans (GMPs) address this vision. The Director of Civil Engineering has undertaken the task of developing GMPs in Hong Kong. With him, the Civil Engineering and Development Department (CEDD) has so far commissioned 5 GMP assignments of which 3 were awarded to ACLA. Hyder Consulting has acted as Project Manager and Engineer on 2 of these. ACLA is a member of Hyder Consulting. To our knowledge, the GMP Programme is the largest project of its kind in dense urban areas in the world. Abitare speaks with Kathy T.K. NG, Senior Landscape Architect of CEDD, David Knight, Project Manager of Hyder Consulting, and his colleague, Johannes Spies, Technical Director of lead consultant ACLA and a landscape architect, about the project.

以绿色的名义 — 香港绿化总纲图（简称GMP）报告 In the name of green Hong Kong gMP Report

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的土地大多是行人道及道路中央分割带，过程中需要做大量的

咨询，包括听取公众及维修部门的意见。

A: 请介绍一下香港绿化总纲图。

DK: 香港绿化总纲图确立绿化框架，选定适合的种植地

点、主题与植物品种，在城市肌理中增加绿色走廊。土木工程

拓展署至今已完成以下五个绿化总纲图研究：尖沙咀

（2004），中环（2004），旺角及油麻地（2007），上环、湾

仔及铜锣湾（2007），以及市区余下地区（2009）的绿化总纲

图。

2007年，在中环绿化总纲推行初见成效之时，土木工程拓

展署依既定遴选程序委任傲林国际制定上环、湾仔及铜锣湾以

及市区余下地区的绿化总纲图，傲林国际的母公司安诚工程顾

问负责项目管理和工程设计，Townland Consultants处理都市计划

层面问题，Arbor Global则是树木顾问。

A: 绿化总纲确定了怎样的时间范围？

DK: 绿化总纲是由短、中、长三期规划组成，短期措施依

循现有地区格局，在现有空间内充分推行绿化，这通常需要一

到两年。中期措施需要同其他发展项目协同展开，还包括需要

私人参与的措施。长期措施是超越现存限制的革新的方案，譬

如大范围连通绿色走廊，重点绿化区域等。中长期工作也许会

在20年后才能达到，政府会用绿化总纲图的原则来指导其他 团

体和相关政府部门，以期达到整体绿化效果。

A: 在如此深远的项目上如何着手工作？

Johannes Spies: 我们大体分两个阶段工作：第一阶段是

在各项调查基础上进行概念设计，可行性研究，收集公共意

见，最终制定总纲；第二阶段进行详细设计，监督管理施工进

程，以及之后的培植工作。

背景调查涵盖广泛，如地下建构、土质和水资源状况、交

通指示系统和交通情况、街道及人行道分布、商店窗户及商业

标志所在，城市热岛效应，以及风、阳光、背阴状况，空气中

是否带有盐粒或颗粒物等等。制定总纲图时，我们寻找机会，

对照背景调查检验可行性。可行的话，我们还要参考政府和民

众多方意见，才能落实。

A: 可以聚焦一个地点看看你们如何具体工作？

JS: 来看上环、湾仔及铜锣湾 这一地区：在背景阶段我们

把城区按特点分成数片区域，如“榕树海滨区”、“历史之

心”、“绿洲”等等，依据此划定重点绿化区域，制订植被种

类方案。这片区域中心是香港最早的发展区，人口十分稠密；

临海区域则是后来填海造地形成的，自然马路宽阔许多，有不

少绿化机会。在这中间还点缀有公园，不仅使人心情愉悦，在

热岛效应图像上显示它们可以比周边环境凉爽5度以上。

我们在上环、湾仔及铜锣湾地区希望改善缺少绿化的状

况，其他地区则寻求绿化升级。园境建筑师根据主题特色选择

备用种植种类的方案，首先要考虑的当然是空间大小，然后看

主题是否相符，风、阳光、土壤、遮荫、灌溉条件是否适宜。

另外还要考虑港人对使用本地植物的需求。我们的总纲图里计

划有约30%的种类为本地植物。质量也很重要。我们不断尝

试，不断改进。

城市的每一角落我们都找到主题构架，再配有相应的绿化

措施。在详细计划阶段我们再引入合适的灌木和地衣等。我们

也记录土地的未来归属，以便推动 中、长期方案。

A: 讲讲你们采用的信息系统。

JS: 从调研到制订总纲图阶段，我们都引入了地理信息系

统(GIS)，它在澳大利亚和英国已经广泛采用。GIS整合了硬

件、软件和信息，能够采集，管理，分析并呈现各类地理相关

信息。基础信息（如地形图，航拍照片）存入GIS，而新收集的

信息（如交通标志，植树地点，地下设施）可以叠加在基础信

息之上，并都以高质量数字信息存储。

有预置信息的GIS在手，我们的设计师会到现场核对街道和

绿化措施情况，他们即时便可以寻找合适种植的地点。我们从

现场收集逾十万张照片又是一个海量数据库。设计师从现场回

来后，便可详细研究各种可行方案，经讨论后再将设计定案。

这在GIS中都有体现，甚至树的大小范围都会显示出来。与相关

人士及客户沟通地点和不同时期方案问题用GIS直截了当。

A: 讲讲辉煌的“香港2030”——请说明你们的绿化策略。

DK: 连通性是要点。香港连续的绿色地带不多，我们要尝

试创造连接，即以绿化带连接现有的、零星的绿化点。我们争

取在每一区域开辟绿色走廊，营造林荫大道的感觉。

ACLA

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ABITARECHINA: How is the project structured in terms of politics?David Knight: For a long time Singapore has had the objective of being a green city. One advantage is that it appears to have one department dealing with the planning, implementing , and maintaining the greenery. In Hong Kong, we have multiple departments. CEDD has been tasked with the objective of greening up Hong Kong, The Consultants are designing greening works on land under the administration of the Highways Department and Transport Department. The proposals will also be subject to approval by the maintenance authorities. It’s quite difficult in terms of ownership. And the public always has a lot to say, which we have to take into consideration.A: Can you give a brief overview of the Hong Kong GMP programme?DK: A GMP defines the overall greening framework of a district, identifies suitable planting locations, identifies desirable themes and species and enhances green corridors in urban fabric.CEDD has finished the study stages 5 projects to date: GMP for Tsim Sha Tsui (2004), GMP for Central (2004), GMPs for Sheung Wan to Causeway Bay (2007), GMPs for Mong KoK to Yau Ma Tei (2007), and GMPs for Remaining Urban Areas (2009).After the successful completion of the GMP for Central in 2004, CEDD commissioned ACLA again in 2007 to prepare the GMPs for Sheung Wan to Causeway Bay and the GMPs for Remaining Urban Areas. ACLA appointed Hyder Consulting as Project Manager and Engineer, Townland Consultants as Planner and Arbor Global as Arborist. A: What kind of timeframe does GMP define? DK: GMPs are implemented in three stages. Short-term measures conform to the existing layout of the districts, make full use of the existing space for greening, and can usually be implemented within 1 to 2 years. Medium-term measures are to be implemented in association with other developments, requiring private participation. Long-term measures represent the ultimate greening vision setting aside existing constraints, with ambitious and innovative approaches, e.g. green corridors that link up with Hong Kong’s countryside, develop focal points, greening of footbridges etc. Medium and long term works will take probably some years to implement, when the government will use GMP guidelines to direct other parties follow the basic structure.A: Given this is such a massive project, how do you work?Johannes Spies: It comes in two stages. One is to produce a master plan, which is based on background studies, conceptual designs, feasibility studies, public consultation and final recommendations. The second stage

involves detail designs, and the supervision and administration of construction and maintenance works.Background studies are comprehensive, expansive and detailed and cover aspects of underground utilities, soil conditions, water availability, traffic flow and traffic aids, streets and pedestrian routes, the location of commercial signage and display windows of shops, the urban heat island effect, climate conditions including wind, sun and shadow effects condition, the presence of air borne articles like salt spray and pollution, existing vegetation and financial considerations. When starting with master planning, we look at opportunities, test the feasibility, and review against analysis in the background studies. When we opine the implementation of greening measures is possible, we recommend them to government and eventually the public until we secure agreement from all.A: Can we zoom in to one area and see how your detailed design comes about?JS: The GMP for Sheung Wan to Causeway Bay illustrates how we work, for example. In the background study stage, we classified the city into different character areas, namely Dynamic Banyan Harbourfront, Historic Heart, Green Oases etc., to give identity to the different areas with unique focal points and species selection. The area is very densely built up. It advances towards the harbour on reclaimed land with wider streets, therefore it provides better opportunities for greening; within that there are parks, providing an immediately pleasant presence to the city and can cool the area down by as much as 5 degrees in a study of urban heat island. For Sheung Wan to Causeway Bay, we are looking to improve the environment in the older area where there isn’t much greening, and to upgrade the greening elsewhere. Landscape architects draw up planting pallets to choose species from, to reflect the character and themes we’ve developed before. When we make a selection of plants, first we see if there’s enough space. We shortlist a number of plants that may work for the place, then we look at the theme, then at aspects like wind, sunlight, soil, shade, irrigation, to see if all these things work. We choose the right tree for the right place. Taken into consideration also is the demand for using native species, we are attempting to use approximately 30% native species in the planting designs. It is important to check the quality of plants. Through test and trials we continue to explore. For the entire city, we describe a framework, we go to the thematic presentations, for each theme area we have specific vegetation that fits the theme, in the detail design, we elaborate on it, introducing shrubs and groundcovers that fit the characteristics. We take note of future

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中环及尖沙嘴的绿化工程已完成。未来将在其它市区种植

15，700棵树木（项目范围54.5km2）；五年后，它们每年制造

412，000千克氧气（数据基于美国林业司及加州林业及防火署

开发的树木碳数CUFR计算系统），而二十年后每年造氧量更是

达到1,388,000千克（每人平均一年消耗约260千克氧气）；五年

后树木可封存碳元素4 1 4，0 0 0千克，二十年后将能达到

六百万千克（从香港到伦敦单程航行制造约1，100千克二氧化

碳）。在此之外，还有改善城市环境质量，连接城市肌理等无

法量化的益处，以及心理、文化及商业价值。

Kathy T.K. NG: 比如在尖沙咀区，曾经有一片不够兴旺的

商铺。我们希望在那里的公共用地上执行绿化计划，有关管理

公司表示忧虑，说租户已经很少了，绿化可能影响将来营业。

我们必须告诉他们，绿化能营造更好的环境和气氛。终于在劝

说下，那些管理公司允许我们先进行一小部分，后来才全面在

该地点推行。不出我们预料，很快那里就成了一个户外用餐地

点。

A: 园境设计中有没有“戏剧”成分呢？是否致力于营造一

种类似公园的公共归属感？

JS: 这让我们充分反映香港特色。我们尊重地貌，以期贯

彻每个区域的不同主体。例如，我们建议在黄大仙祠附近种植

有中国传统特色的植物品种，像龙柏和菩提树。

KN: 我们希望能用有流动和音乐感的“编舞”概念来形容

我们的工作。目前我们是在既存的条件下工作，但通过植物种

类、色调和季节的变化，以及植被空间营造一些韵律。好设计

应让人产生愉悦的感觉。至少我们让一般民众感受到大量的绿

化及其助益。

A: 公众反响如何？

KN: 短期措施已经大受欢迎，也得到不少媒体关注。正因

为政府察觉到群众反应热烈，需求迫切，才决定加快制定绿化

总纲图。

另外，土木工程拓展署与顾问在每个相关地区展开公共论

坛，听取公众对本地区环境建设的意见，让他们真切感受到自

己“拥有”此设计。

DK: 我们首先向区议会介绍设计绿化总纲图计划，他们成

立社区参与小组，并合办社区论坛，邀请公众来了解我们的方

案。同时我们也请大学教授和环保团体的成员来参与讨论，

他们有时甚至会提出质疑论点。在介绍之后，公众便各抒己

见，有人希望树木更五彩缤纷，有人希望有更多活动空间。

对于个人的花木偏爱，我们会解释为什么这些花木好，对当

地环境适应性如何。我们与公众是互相学习的关系，也深得

他们的肯定。

A: 论坛之外，绿化总纲图对公众在多大程度上公开、透明？

KN: 绿化总纲图的信息在土木工程拓展署网站上公开，公

众也可以通过网站提意见或建议，我们按规定对他们在两周内

作出反馈。街一边的居民建议多植树而另一边的居民反对的情

况时有发生，我们必须详细并专业地一一解释什么是对社区最

好的方案。

土木工程拓展署对学校也开展教育项目。有一次，我们

建议一所学校在外墙植树，校长以“植物会招来鸟类，鸟类

会招致禽流感”为由反对。我们认为这问题很严重，有必要

清除校长和学生的迷思。于是我们向学校领导解释种植与禽

流感间没有必然联系。我们进一步让他们体会绿化的重要，

并为全校师生作了城市绿化的讲座，很受欢迎。我们也请学

生和公众参与植树，更令他们对树木产生归属感。

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development of the land so we can ask the developers to consider our plan. A: We see a high tech information system used in the project. JS: We utilized a project-tailored Geographic Information System (GIS) throughout our data recording, design and investigation, study and planning phases. Widely used in Australia and the UK, a GIS integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information. Base information (such as topographic maps, aerial photos) is stored in GIS, collected information (such as traffic aids, tree locations, underground utilities) can be overlaid on top of base information. All digital data can be stored at high quality. We send designers to the site with a tablet computer with all the information we have stored. When they visit the site, they verify the street conditions, the existing trees and vegetation, on the site and they record space for new trees and new planting areas. We also collect photographic records for each place, building yet another huge database with over 100,000 photographs of planting opportunities and urban areas. The designers come back to the office and we can finalize the plan. In our GIS database, all existing and proposed trees of different sizes are marked out accordingly. It is a valuable communication tool for stakeholders and clients, so that they know the site and the greening strategies of different stages they may want to adapt.A: Tell us about about your greening strategy. DK: Connectivity is an issue, because there’s very little continuous greenery in the city. We are trying to create green corridors that link the existing greenery. In every district, we would like to have a green corridor, creating a typical promenade feel. Short term works for Central and Tsim Sha Tsui have been implemented. The GMPs for the Remaining Urban Areas of Hong Kong Island and Kowloon area propose the planting of 15,700 trees (in a project area of 54.5km2). Assuming the trees are planted at an average age of 5 years, an estimated 412,000 kg of oxygen will be produced annually (Calculations herein are based on CUFR Carbon Tree Calculator (CCTC), developed by the US Forest Service and the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection). When the trees reach 20 years, an estimated 1,388,000 kg of oxygen will be produced per year. For comparison, the average person breathes approximately 260 kg of oxygen per year. The GMP trees at an average age of 5 years have already stored approximately 414,000 kg of carbon. When the GMP trees are 20 years old, they stored a total of almost 6 million kg of CO2. For comparison, one flight from Hong Kong to London produces approximately 1,100kg of CO2. Thus, the benefits are immeasurable. Not only do the GMPs enhance the quality of the urban environment and serve as a connecting element in the urban fabric, but they also have positive value for climate change, public health, culture and the economy.Kathy T.K.NG: Yes, in a property in Tsim Sha Tsui East, there used to be an area with a number of empty shops. Regardless that it was government land, the property owner was not supportive of the GMP planting proposals at that location, claiming that they didn’t have enough tenants already, and that we would further block the views of their shops. We had to tell them that trees create a nice atmosphere and setting. The planting in the adjacent area had also created a pleasant setting for alfresco dining. We finally got the agreement to implement the planting and later expanded into a larger area of greenery. Not to our surprise, we found that later it became a favorite dining out area.A: Is there anything “theatrical” in your planning? Do you aim at creating a public sphere similar to a park? JS: This is a unique opportunity to reflect Hong Kong’s character. We consider topography and the urban outlook when developing themes and select plants to suit these. For Example, similar institutes have similar

plants - we have trees with red flowers near all fire stations, and for schools we use plants of more educational value, e.g. fruit trees or natives. We wouldn’t plant trees in front of a place of historical significance, but if there’s an opportunity in the opposite side of the road, we will plant something that reflects a “Chinese character” when such a building relates to the Chinese culture. It is important to know where the interesting buildings are located in the city and how they contribute to local characteristics as we take account of these when forming themes.KN: We’d like to think of our work in terms of “choreography,” with a movement and music sense. Right now we are physically trying to link up the greeneries, work on the selection of plants, their colors, and seasonal changes. We’re also working on the spatial aspects that come out in the design and the rhythm. Good design should appeal to you in all five or six senses. At the very least we let ordinary people feel the volume of green that we can bring to them and the benefits.A: How is the public appreciating it?KN: The public enjoyed the implementation of the short-term plans, and we’ve received a great deal of public exposure. The following commissions came because the government observed public appreciation and the demand for more. CEDD and the Consultants conduct community forums in each concerned district, asking how the residents want their environment improved. This gives them a sense that they own the design. DK: We started off presenting initial designs to the district council members, they set up what they call the District Participation Group. We then show them our proposals and introduce the themes. We also invite university professors or people from environmental groups to join the community forums, they may even have different ideas about the project. After some introductory talks, we invite the public to join such discussions as what kind of trees and plants they would like to see. In the feedback some want more colour, others want to keep areas free, with more space for other activities. Sometimes they have personal preference of trees and flowers. We use the forum to explain to them why certain trees are better and will or not suit the location. We learn a lot from each other. Over all, the GMP was met with enthusiasm.A: Other than the forums, how much access to the project can the public gain?KN: The public can access information of the GMP programme through the CEDD website. They can also give feedback, or file a complaint and receive a response within two weeks. There are cases, for example, where people from one side of the street claim they want more trees and people on the other side claim the opposite. We give our professional feedback and explain what is more beneficial for everyone. CEDD has an education programme, mainly for schools. One time, we propose to plant street trees outside a school. Initially, the principal did not agree due to the misunderstanding that trees would bring birds and birds would bring bird flu. We considered that it was very important to correct the misconception as it would have a major impact to the school children. We then talked with the school officials, explaining there was no direct relation between bird flu and trees, and we advised them how to manage their trees on campus. Then we convinced the school of the benefit of tree planting and also arranged a talk on urban greening for the whole school, which was very well received. We involve school children and the public in tree planting. The public develops a sense of ownership for the trees.

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认识自己，学会思考，以世上没有不言自明的东西作为

行事准则—即对世界感到惊诧。《住》带着这样一种有趣

的态度，深入到“绿色认知”的探讨。

我们邀请了香港中文大学中国城市住宅研究中心（Centre

for Housing Innovations）主任邹经宇教授（Prof. TSOU Jin

Yeu），他同时也是中大太空与地球信息科学研究所副所长，

合作建立了中大太空与地球信息科学研究所。原计划从高科

技领域入手聊聊绿化，因为他研究的模拟技术、太空所的卫

星遥感技术可以从宏观至微观探测绿化状况甚至树木的健康

程度，计算归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation

Index）等等，他却告诉我们这些都是“形而下”的，用到这

些发现问题的时候都是大问题。所以有了以下绿化的形而

上学。

绿色总纲图是复杂绿化体系中的一部分，它的最终目标

是什么？它也许需要非常长的时间才能做到最终目标，我们

也未必通过此评定它的好坏。在它之上，什么是城市绿化

(urban green)？绿色对国家和城市的意义是什么？怎样才是生

态城市？这些，和下文的问题，是当下重要的。

香港绿化总纲图（GMP）的例子让我们看到政府机构和

安诚工程顾问在没有总体绿化法规的情况下，贯彻绿化面对

种种限制。当然我们要看到这些努力之于城市的意义，广义

绿化的意义有一些是全球性的，如碳平衡，如对城市蔓延的

控制；具体到城市的特别语境，会有不同解读，最明显表现

在法律规定上，这些目标与大目标不尽相同—法律保证的

总是最基本的，若抬高其程度也许对民众讲就太过奢侈，而

不能强制性达到。有这些法律之后会有公众诉求，这时我们

看到从法律到期望怎样用空间语言呈现，也可以发问—马

路中央的、街道推进地方的绿色算不算绿色。

在此基础上我们再谈休闲、保养、可及性等等是如何处

理的。比如绿色空间和邻里的关系：日本的绿色同社区很

近，经常看到儿童游乐场就在其中，而中国楼盘中私人的绿

地通常是不对外的。比如北京、上海都自称有中央绿地，与

纽约中央公园、巴黎杜勒里花园( Jardin des Tuileries)相比却鲜

有人用。

以上这些关系还好跟从，因为它至少变化不大。若加上

生态和环境的本地的情况考虑（在弹丸之地香港已经可见一

般），思维系统就复杂化，增加了不少问题。例如水，决定

了南北方城市绿色的组成、强度、生态上的作用不同。南方

城市的屋顶绿化情况不错，但如果绿化都靠公共管理部门保

养，用净化水来浇灌就不够划算，不够可持续发展。

假设我们把以上系统梳理清晰了，再去考虑这些绿色对

城市贡献如何。我们的最终目标是什么？应该是生态系统中

从绿化总纲图到绿色认知

的生物多样性，这就更大、更错综的系统的问题了——在很

多地区已经很难把绿色元素连接起来。为此退回来做一些力

所能及的治理，也会牵扯一些开发商、业主的利益。这时我

们才意识到要限制开发密度，以及更重要的，发展强度。密

度和强度引发问题需要调整时有了整体规划，之后才能谈中

和了多少二氧化碳，而不是为了要中和二氧化碳而制订植树

计划（一个极端的例子是，若要在新疆中和二氧化碳，绝不

可能通过人工种多少树木，而要靠减排、利用太阳能和风

能）。同样如果只是为了代谢碳，树木植在地上和放在某人

的屋顶没什么区别，而且在条件不 允许前者的时候，评论界

就不要指摘绿色不可及、只有户主一个人独享 。

或许我们可以幻想在未来推行使用“碳券”，如果我的

屋顶能收集雨水，又有能力种花木，我每个月提交生长状况

的照片，或由政府从高层建筑检视，便可从政府换取“碳

券”。这种补贴是真正做出贡献后得到的好处。如此开展下

去，将来的发展商也许应居民对好空气的要求、又希望减低

物业费，会逐渐开发垂直绿化、绿色平台、社区果园等等，

形成有益循环。

由此可以逐步认识城市绿化的真正意义。这个认知过程

很重要，系统中的关系决定不同的控制点，有城市法规，城

市总体规划，经济形态，人口学，行为方式，全面了解了才

能真正掌控。每个城市衍生出认知的策略，不一定有标准模

式。广东省最近认识到了生态承载已到极限，提出控制城市

大小等措施。北京刺激发展公共交通做得不错，那么下一步

是否应该治理大大浪费资源的立交回路？

认知过程发展后，会自觉寻找认知目标之下的东西。绿

化是需要责任的。社会教育便重要了：试想让小学生从入学

到毕业培植一盆花，上课时放在学校里，暑假时移植到别

处，体会它的成长，培养绿化所需要责任，这责任感在将来

会收获更大成果。

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Know oneself, learn to think, and follow one’s code of conduct that self-evident things are nonexistent in the world — that is, be astonished by the world. ARBITARE, led by such an grand attitude, conducts an in-depth exploration on “Green Awareness”.Our guest today is Professor. TSOU Jin Yeu, director of the Centre for Housing Innovations at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. He is also the Vice director and Co-founder of the Institute of Space and Earth Information Science (affiliated with The Chinese University of Hong Kong). We thought he would talk about greening from the perspective of high technology, for he is an expert on Simulation Technology, Satellite Remote Sensing and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. For instance, satellite remote sensing can monitor greening programs from macro and micro perspectives, and even detect how healthy a tree is. But, he refers to the above-mentioned technologies as “physical”. When it comes to problem discovery, questions in a broader sense crop up. That’s why he talks about the following metaphysical greening. Since the Greening Master Plan (GMP) is part of a complicated greening system, what is its ultimate goal? We needn’t evaluate GMP by the standards of whether its ultimate goal can be achieved, for there is a likelihood that the goal is beyond its reach. However, based on GMP, what is urban green? What significance does greening have on a country and its cities? What is an eco-city? Currently, questions such as the above-mentioned and the following are of great importance. The case of GMP in Hong Kong has shown that when it comes to greening, the governmental agencies and ACLA are confronted with a variety of limitations, given that there is no overarching regulations governing it. Of course, we should be aware of the fact that these efforts have made great difference to our city. Greening, in a broader sense, is somewhat global, such as carbon balance and the control of urban sprawl. However, when it narrows down to the specific context of a city, we may have various interpretations. The conspicuous difference lies in laws and regulations, for the objectives governed by those legal provisions are not always identical with the overarching goals— laws, in general, provide the fundamental guarantees. If elevated, they are such a luxury for citizens that mandatory enforcement is out of the question. Public aspirations are also followed by the laws. It shows us the shift from laws to how to present greening by means of space language, or the public pop-up questions such as whether green land in the middle of or along roadways should be regarded as greening. Then, on this basis, we touch upon recreational functions, maintenance, and accessibility of green land. For example, green space and its neighborly relationship: in Japan, green land is so close to communities where children play, while in China, green land among the blocks is private, so public entry is usually banned. Even though Beijing and Shanghai claim that they have central green land, it is not that accessible to public compared with Central Park in New York and Jardin des Tuileries in Paris. It seems pretty easy to follow the above-mentioned logic, for no big changes have taken place. However, if ecological elements and local environments have been factored in (as small place as it is, Hong Kong has shown the complexity that can’t be ignored), the system of logic will become more sophisticated, given the growing number of issues involved. For instance, water determines how different the urban green

From greening Master Plan (gMP) to green Awareness

between south and north China are in terms of their components, intensity and ecological ramification. The practice of planting vegetation on rooftops in some cities of southern China is commendable. However, if it depends only on public maintenance and purified water, the practice is not that cost-effective or sustainable.Suppose we identify the above-mentioned system in a clear-cut way, and then consider what the green land contributes to the city. What is our ultimate goal? It should be bio-diversity in the eco-system, which is a bigger and more intricate issue on any system. In many places, it is difficult to link the green elements. Even if some viable counter-measures are adopted, they will usually involve interests of developers and property owners. At this point, we are aware of giving rein to development density, and what’s more important, development intensity. When the problems caused by density and intensity require some adjustment, it gives rise to GMP, and later the topic goes to how much CO2 has been transformed instead of mapping our tree planting plan for transforming CO2, (one of the extreme cases is that if CO2 has to been transformed in Xinjiang, it may be achieved by emissions reduction and utilizing solar and wind energy, rather than man-made forests). Likewise, if it is only for carbon metabolism, there is no difference between planting vegetation on the ground and on the roof. When the former lacks viable conditions, the critics shall not point fingers at the inaccessibility of greening and its exclusiveness to property owners. Perhaps we can imagine using “carbon coupons” in the future. If my rooftop can collect rainwater and grow vegetation, I can get “carbon coupons” from the government by monthly submitting photos of vegetation or being inspected by the government from tall buildings. This kind of subsidy shows that the benefits come after genuine contributions are made. If this practice continues, the future’s developers may develop vertical greening, green platforms, and community orchards in response to resident’s calls for better air quality and reduction of property maintenance fees. By doing so, a benign cycle will take shape.Thus, we become aware of the real meaning of urban green. This awareness process is very important, for the relations involved in the system determine the different controlling mechanisms. Only when we have comprehensive understanding about urban regulations, overall urban planning, economic forms, demographics and ways of behaviors can a real system of control be put in place. Every city can derive their awareness strategies, even if they may not be identical to the standardized model. Recently, Guangdong Province has proposed measures like urban-sized control after realizing the ecosystem is at its tipping point. Beijing has done a good job in promoting public transportation, but will the issue of resource-wasting. overpass detour [don’t understand this?] be tackled as its next step? The cognitive process will come in its next phase—— the initiative to identify what lies below the cognitive objectives. Greening requires responsibility. Thus, social education carries weight. Imagine primary school students are asked to plant a flower on the first day of school and take care of it until they graduate. The plant will stay at school when the pupils have classes and move elsewhere when they are on summer vacation. In this way, the growth of the plant can be deeply felt. During this process, the sense of responsibility required by greening will be nurtured, and it, in turn, will become assets for greater benefits in the future.