TNG HP

KIN THC HA THPT

2016

Gv: H Thnh Trung

1

Bi 1: HA I CNG

A. CU TO NGUYN T

I. Thnh phn nguyn t:

-Nguyn t l ht trung ha v in c cu to 2 phn:

+ Nhn nguyn t: proton (P) mang in dng , notron (N) khng mang in

+ V nguyn t: cc electron (e) mang in m.

- Khi lng nguyn t chnh l khi lng ht nhn (khi lng cc ht proton v notron)

Cu to nguyn t V nguyn t Ht nhn

Electron Proton Notron

in tch 1- 1+ Khng mang in

Khi lng 9,1.10-31

(kg) 1,6727.10-27

(kg) 1,6748.10-27

(kg)

- S Avorgaro l s nguyn t hay phn t c trong 1 mol cht, bng 6,023.1023

- n v Cacbon (n v khi lng nguyn t), k hiu u bng 1

12khi lng Cacbon

271 1,6605.10u kg

II.Ht nhn nguyn t:

- K hiu Z cho bit:

+S proton.

+S electron

+in tch ht nhn l Z+.

+S n v in tch ht nhn Z

+S hiu nguyn t S n v in tch ht nhn = S proton = S electron

-S khi k hiu A A = p + n = Z + N

III.Nguyn t ha hc:

- Nguyn t ha hc l tp hp nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn nn c tnh cht ha hc

ging nhau

- K hiu nguyn t

Gv: H Thnh Trung

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Z: s hiu nguyn t

A: s khi

X: k hiu tn nguyn t

IV.ng v:

- Cc ng v ca cng mt nguyn t ha hc l nhng nguyn t cng s proton, khc nhau

s notron, do khc nhau s khi A

- Cc ng v c electron bng nhau nn tnh cht ha hc ging nhau.

- Cc ng v c notron khc nn khi lng khc nn tnh cht vt l khc.

Nguyn t khi trung bnh:

-Ta c 1A

z X ( a%) v 2A

z X (b%)..

-Nguyn t khi trung bnh l: 1 2. . ....

.....

hh

hh

a A b A mM

a b n

iu kin t l ca N : Z l: 1 1,5N

Z

V.V nguyn t

1. Obitan nguyn t:

a. nh ngha: Obitan nguyn t: l khu vc khng gian xung quanh ht nhn m kh

nng c mt electron l ln nht (khu vc c mt m my electron ln nht).

b. S v dng obitan: ph thuc c im mi phn lp electron.

Phn lp s c 1 obitan dng hnh cu.

Phn lp p c 3 obitan dng hnh s 8 ni.

Phn lp d c 5 obitan, phn lp f c 7 obitan. Obitan d v f c dng phc tp hn.

Mi obitan ch cha ti a 2 electron c spin(chiu) ngc nhau. Mi obitan c k hiu bng

1 vung , (cn gi l lng t), trong nu ch c 1 electron ta gi l electron

c thn, nu 2 electron ta gi cc electron ghp i. Obitan khng c electron gi l

obitan trng.

A

Z X

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2.Lp v phn lp electron:

-Cc e xp vo cc lp xung quanh nhn ; lp trong c nng lng thp hn lp ngoi.

a. Trong mt lp

Cc electron c nng lng gn bng nhau.

K hiu ca lp: Lp K (n=1) ; lp L (n=2)

b. Trong phn lp

Cc electron c nng lng bng nhau.

K hiu ca phn lp s, p, d, f,.

Lp (n=) K (n=1) L (n=2) M (n=3) N (n=4) O (n=5) P (n=6) Q (n=7)

Mc nng

lng

Phn lp s s , p s, p, d s, p, d , f

3.S obitan trong mt lp v phn lp.

Phn lp S P d f

S obitan 1 3 5 7

Lp 1 2 3 4

Phn lp S s , p s, p, d s, p, d , f

S obitan 1 4 9 16

- S obitan trong mt lp l n2

VI. Cu hnh electron

1. Cc nguyn l v quy tc phn b electron

1s

2s 2p

3s 3p 3d

4s 4p 4d 4f

5s 5p 5d 5f

6s 6p 6d 6f

7s 7p 7d 7f

Cu hnh e theo mc nng lng ca obitan l:

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d

Cu hnh e theo mc s phn b lp l:

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s

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2.Nguyn tc phn b electron:

a.Nguyn l Pauli:

-Trn 1 obitan ch c th c nhiu nht 2 electron v 2 electron ny chuyn ng t quay khc

chiu nhau xung quanh trc ring mi e.

H qu:

Phn lp S P d F

S e ti a 2 6 10 14

K hiu s2 p6 d10 f14

Lp 1 2 3 4

S e ti a 2 8 18 32

- S e ti a trong 1 lp l 2n2 (n l s lp e)

b.Nguyn l vng bn:

- trng thi c bn, trong nguyn t, cc electron chim ln lt nhng obitan c mc nng

lng t thp n cao.

c.Quy tc Hund:

-Trong cng 1 phn lp, cc electron s phn b trn cc obitan sao cho s electron c thn l

ti a

3.Cu hnh electron:

**11Na

-Cu hnh e theo mc nng lng: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

-S phn b e vo cc obitan:

*35Br

-Cu hnh e theo mc nng lng: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5

-Cu hnh e (theo th t lp): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p5

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* Fe (Z = 26).

-Cu hnh e theo mc nng lng: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6

-Cu hnh e (theo th t lp): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2

Trn c s cu hnh electron ca nguyn t, ta d dng vit cu hnh electron ca cation

hoc anion to ra t nguyn t ca nguyn t :

Fe2+

: 1s2 2s

2 2p

6 3s

2 3p

6 3d

6

Fe3+

: 1s2 2s

2 2p

6 3s

2 3p

6 3d

5.

i vi anion th thm vo lp ngoi cng s electron m nguyn t nhn.

S(Z = 16) : 1s2 2s

2 2p

6 3s

2 3p

4.

S2-

: 1s2 2s

2 2p

6 3s

2 3p

6

Cn hiu rng :electron lp ngoi cng theo cu hnh electron ch khng theo mc nng lng.

4.c im e lp ngoi cng:

Nguyn t c 1, 2, 3e lp ngoi cng l kim loi

Nguyn t c 5, 6, 7e lp ngoi cng l phi kim

Nguyn t c 4e lp ngoi cng l kim loi hoc phi kim

Nguyn t c 8e lp ngoi cng l kh him

Cc cng thc lm bi tp :

Dng 1 : Ton v kch thc ,bn knh ,th tch nguyn t

Phng php :

p dng cng thc 34

3V r

271 1,6605.10u kg

0

10 8

9 7

1 10 10

1 10 10

A m cm

nm m cm

- S Avorgaro l s nguyn t hay phn t c trong 1 mol cht, bng 6,023.1023

- n v Cacbon (n v khi lng nguyn t), k hiu u bng 1

12khi lng Cacbon

VII. Phn ng ht nhn:

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Phn ng ht nhn l qu trnh lm bin i nhng ht nhn ca nguyn t ny thnh ht nhn

ca nhng nguyn t khc.

Trong phn ng ht nhn, tng s proton v tng s khi lun c bo ton.

V d:

VIII. Nng lng ion ho, i lc vi electron, m in.

1) Nng lng ion ho (I)

Nng lng ion ho l nng lng cn tiu th tch 1e ra khi nguyn t v bin nguyn t

thnh ion dng. Nguyn t cng d nhng e (tnh kim loi cng mnh) th I c tr s cng

nh.

2) i lc vi electron (E)

i lc vi electron l nng lng gii phng khi kt hp 1e vo nguyn t, bin nguyn t thnh

ion m. Nguyn t c kh nng thu e cng mnh (tnh phi kim cng mnh) th E c tr s cng

ln.

3) m in ():

m in l i lng c trng cho kh nng ht cp electron lin kt ca mt nguyn t

trong phn t.

m in c tnh t I v E theo cng thc:

Nguyn t c cng ln th nguyn t ca n c kh nng ht cp e lin kt cng mnh.

m in thng dng tin on mc phn cc ca lin kt v xt cc hiu ng dch

chuyn electron trong phn t.

Nu hai nguyn t c bng nhau s to thnh lin kt cng ho tr thun tu.

. Nu m in khc nhau nhiu (> 1,7) s to thnh lin kt ion.

. Nu m in khc nhau khng nhiu (0

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B. H THNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC

I. nh lut tun hon:

Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t cng nh thnh phn, tnh cht ca cc n cht v hp cht ca

chng bin thin tun hon theo chiu tng in tch ht nhn.

II. Bng h thng tun hon

Ngi ta sp xp 109 nguyn t ho hc ( tm c) theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht

nhn Z thnh mt bng gi l bng h thng tun hon.

C 2 dng bng thng gp.

1. Dng bng di:

C 7 chu k (mi chu k l 1 hng), 16 nhm. Cc nhm c chia thnh 2 loi: Nhm A (gm

cc nguyn t s v p) v nhm B (gm nhng nguyn t d v f). Nhng nguyn t nhm B u

l kim loi.

2. Dng bng ngn:

C 7 chu k (chu k 1, 2, 3 c 1 hng, chu k 4, 5, 6 c 2 hng, chu k 7 ang xy dng mi c

1 hng); 8 nhm. Mi nhm c 2 phn nhm: Phn nhm chnh (gm cc nguyn t s v p - ng

vi nhm A trong bng di) v phn nhm ph (gm cc nguyn t d v f - ng vi nhm B

trong bng di). Hai h nguyn t f (h lantan v h actini) c xp thnh 2 hng ring.

Trong chng trnh PTTH v trong cun sch ny s dng dng bng ngn.

III. Chu k

Chu k gm nhng nguyn t m nguyn t ca chng c cng s lp electron.

Mi chu k u m u bng kim loi kim, kt thc bng kh him.

Trong mt chu k, i t tri sang phi theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn.

- S electron lp ngoi cng tng dn.

- Lc ht gia ht nhn v electron ho tr lp ngoi cng tng dn, lm bn knh nguyn t

gim dn. Do :

+ m in ca cc nguyn t tng dn.

+ Tnh kim loi gim dn, tnh phi kim tng dn.

+ Tnh baz ca cc oxit, hiroxit gim dn, tnh axit ca chng tng dn.

- Ho tr cao nht i vi oxi tng t I n VII. Ho tr i vi hiro gim t IV (nhm IV) n I

(nhm VII).

Gv: H Thnh Trung

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IV. Nhm v phn nhm

Trong mt phn nhm chnh (nhm A) khi i t trn xung di theo chiu tng in tch ht

nhn.

- Bn knh nguyn t tng (do s lp e tng) nn lc ht gia ht nhn v cc electron lp

ngoi cng yu dn, tc l kh nng nhng electron ca nguyn t tng dn. Do :

+ Tnh kim loi tng dn, tnh phi kim gim dn.

+ Tnh baz ca cc oxit, hiroxit tng dn, tnh axit ca chng gim dn.

- Ho tr cao nht vi oxi (ho tr dng) ca cc nguyn t bng s th t ca nhm cha

nguyn t .

NHM IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA

Hp cht oxi cao nht R2O RO R2O3 RO2 R2O5 RO3 R2O7

Hp cht vi hidro RH4 RH3 RH2 RH

C. LIN KT HA HC

I. Lin kt ion:

1.nh ngha: c hnh thnh bi lc ht tnh in gia cc ion mang in tch tri du

2. c im: thng to bi kl in hnh v phi kim in hnh ( > 1,7 ) : NaCl, KF

3. Hp cht ion:

-Cht rn, dng tinh th, nhit nng chy cao

-a s tan trong nc, kh tan trong dung mi hu c t phn cc

-Dn in trng thi nng chy v dung dch

II. Lin kt cng ha tr:

1. nh ngha: c to nn gia hai nguyn t bng mt hay nhiu cp electron dng chung

2. Phn loi:

a. Lin kt cng ha tr khng cc: cp e dng chung khng b ht lch v pha nguyn t no

(0

Gv: H Thnh Trung

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+ -

3.Hp cht cng ha tr:

-Cht kh, lng hoc rn, nhit nng chy thp, d thng hoa (vi cht rn)

-a s khng tan trong nc (tr khi c th to lin kt hidro), tan d trong dung mi hu c

-Khng dn in khi nng chy hoc ha tan

III. Lin kt cho nhn:

1. nh ngha: L lin kt cng ha tr c bit trong cp electron chung ch do mt nguyn

t gp

2. c im:

-Nguyn t cho: t c cu bn m vn cn d 1 i in t

-Nguyn t nhn: ch t c cu bn khi c thm 2 in t

3. Kt qu

-To thnh hp cht phi tr

-Nhiu hp cht cha cng 1 nguyn t vi ha tr khc nhau

IV. Lin kt kim loi:

1. nh ngha: l lin kt c hnh thnh gia cation, nguyn t v cc electron t do

2. Mng tinh th kim loi:

a. Lp phng tm khi

b. Lp phng tm din

c. Lc phng

V. Lin kt hidro:

1. nh ngha:

Lin kt hiro l mt loi lin kt ha hc yu, c thc hin gia hiro linh ng [H linh

ng l H c mang mt phn in tch dng, H ny c lin kt cng ha tr phn cc (c

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cc) vi mt nguyn t c m in ln gm O, N, F ] vi mt ngun giu in t (cng

thng l cc nguyn t c m in ln gm O, N, F).

Lin kt hiro c biu din nh sau: A < H.... B

Trong :

A < H: lin kt cng ha tr phn cc gia H vi nguyn t c m in ln A

H.... B: (B l O, N, F): i in t gp chung b ko v pha A c m in ln hn so vi H.

lin kt hiro gia H vi ngun giu in t B (B cng thng l cc nguyn t

c m in ln gm O, N, F hay ngun in , nhn thm)

(H c m in 2,20. Cn O c m in 3,44 ; N c m in 3,04 ; F c m in

3,98)

2. Kt qu:

-Lm nhit si ca cht cao bt thng

-Lm tng kh nng ha tan vi dung mi

- Gii thch tnh tan v nhit si ca cc hp cht c lin kt hidro

3. c im:

Bn cht ca lin kt hiro l do lc ht tnh in gia H linh ng c mang mt phn in tch

dng vi ngun giu in t B c mang mt phn in tch m. Do yu t no lm cho H

cng linh ng, tc H cng mang nhiu in tch dng, v ngun giu in t B cng giu in

t, tc B cng mang nhiu in tch m, th lin kt hiro gia H v B cng mnh.

Ch nhng phn t no cha H linh ng, tc c cha nhm OH, NH, FH, mi to c

lin kt hiro gia cc phn t ca chng vi nhau.

VD: Nc (H-OH), Ru n chc (R-OH), Ru a chc (R(OH)n), Phenol (Ar-OH),

Axit hu c (R-COOH ), Amoniac (NH3), Amin bc 1 (R-NH2), Amin bc 2 (R-NH-R),

Amino axit (H2N-R-COOH)... to c lin kt H gia cc phn t vi nhau.

- Hai hp cht cng ha tr c khi lng phn t xp x nhau, hp cht no to c lin kt

hiro gia cc phn t vi nhau th s c nhit nng chy, nhit si cao hn (do phi cn

Gv: H Thnh Trung

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cung cp thm nng lng nhit ph v lin kt hiro, sau phn nng lng cn d mi

cung cp cho ng nng cc phn t bay hi).

Th d: : CH3Cl (240C, M = 50,5) < : C2H5OH (780C, M = 46)

Hp cht hu c no to c lin kt hiro vi nc v c khi lng phn t khng ln s

ha tan nhiu trong nc.

Cc ru cha 1C, 2C, 3C trong phn t ( CH3OH, C2H5OH, C3H7OH ) tan mi t l (tan v

hn) trong nc.

Cc axit cha 1C, 2C, 3C trong phn t (HCOOH, CH3COOH, CH3CH2COOH) tan v hn

trong nc. Nhng axit panmitic (acid palmitic, C15H31COOH), axit stearic (C17H35COOH)

khng tan trong nc.

VI. Lin kt xch-ma ()

-L lin kt cng ha tr, do s xen ph theo hng ng trc gia 2 obitan

-Bn

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VII. Lin kt pi ()

-L lin kt cng ha tr, do s xen ph bn gia 2 obitan

-Km bn

D. TC PHN NG CN BNG HA HC

I.Tc phn ng

-Tc phn ng l bin thin nng ca mt trong cc cht phn ng hoc sn phm

trong mt n v thi gian.

-Biu thc vn tc phn ng: vn tc phn ng t l thun vi tch s nng ca cc cht tham

gia phn ng, vi s m l h s hp thc cc cht tng ng trong phng trnh phn ng ha

hc.

Vi phn ng: mA + nB pC + qD

Biu thc vn tc: V = k.[A]m.[B]n =

k: h s t l (hng s vn tc) [A], [B]: nng mol/l ca A, B.

Th d: Br2 + HCOOH 2HBr + CO2

Lc u nng Br2 l 0,0120 mol/l, sau 50 giy nng l 0,0101 mol/l

Vy tc trung bnh ca phn ng trong khong thi gian 50 giy tnh theo Br2 l:

= 3,8.10

-4 mol / l.s

II.Cn bng ha hc

1. Phn ng thun nghch: L phn ng xy ra theo 2 chiu ngc nhau trong cng iu kin,

v d: H2 + I2 2HI

2. Cn bng ha hc trong phn ng thun nghch:

a. nh ngha: L trng thi ca phn ng thun nghch m ti vn tc phn ng thun bng

vn tc phn ng nghch (cn bng ng)

b. Nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng Le Chatelier

Cn bng ca phn ng thun nghch s chuyn di theo chiu chng li s thay i cc iu

kin bn ngoi (v nng , nhit , p sut)

Thay i : Chiu chuyn di

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Nng : Tng Gim ; Gim Tng

p sut: Tng Gim s phn t kh ; Gim Tng s phn t kh

Nhit : Tng Gim nhit (thu nhit) ; Gim Tng nhit (ta nhit)

Lu :

Xc tc ch lm tng tc phn ng ch khng lm nh hng n chuyn dch cn

bng.

c. Hng s cn bng vi phn ng thun nghch:

mA + nB pC + qD

-Vn tc phn ng thun: Vt = kt.[A]m

.[B]n

-Vn tc phn ng nghch: Vn = kn.[C]p.[D]

q

-Khi cn bng: Vt = Vn kt.[A]m.[B]

n = kn.[C]

p.[D]

q

-Hng s cn bng:

E. IN LY

I. S in ly:

L qu trnh phn ly cc cht trong nc hoc nng chy ton ion ( ion dng ,ion m)

S in ly c biu din bng phng trnh in ly.

II.PHN LOI CC CHT IN LY

1.nh ngha

in li anpha ca mt cht in ly l t s ca s phn t phn li ra ion (n) v tng s phn t

ha tan (no)

o

n

n

2. Phn loi:

a. Cht in li mnh : l cht khi tan trong nc ,cc phn t u phn li ra ion.

b. Cht in li yu : l cht khi tan trong nc, ch c mt phn s phn t ha tan phn li ra

ion, phn cn li vn tn ti di dng phn t trong dung dch.

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III.AXIT- BAZO- MUI

1.Axit bazo theo Arenius:

a. Axit l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation H+

Vd: HCl, H2SO4

b. Bazo l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra anion OH-

Vd: NaOH, Ba(OH)2

2.Axit nhiu nc l axit m mt phn t phn li nhiu nc ra ion H+

Vd: H2S, H3PO4

3.Bazo nhiu nc l baazo m mt phn t phn li ra nhiu ion OH-

Vd: Mg(OH)2

4.Hidroxit lng tnh : l nhng cht khi tan trong nc va c th phn li nh axit, va

c th phn li nh bazo.

Vd: Al(OH)3/ HAlO2.H2O; Zn(OH)2/ H2ZnO2

5.Axit- bazo theo Brontstet

a. Axit l cht nhng proton (H+): NH4+, H2O, Fe

3+

b. Bazo l cht nhn proton: NH3, H2O, HCO3-

6.Hng s phn li axit

a

HA H A

H AK

HA

Ka l hng s phn li axit: ph thuc vo nhit , bn cht axit. Ka cng nh th lc axit

cng yu.

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7.Hng s phn li bazo

b

ROH R OH

R OHK

ROH

Kb l hng s phn li bazo, ph thuc vo bn cht bazo v nhit , Kb cng nh th lc

bazo cng yu .

8. Mui: l hp cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation kim loi ( hoc NH4+) v anion gc

axit.

C 2 loi : mui trung ha v mui axit .

IV.Cng thc tnh pH :

[H+].[OH

-]=10

-14 tch s ion ca nc

pH + pOH = 14 pH = -lg [H+] pOH = -log[OH-]

pH < 7 : mi trng axit

pH = 7 : mi trng trung tnh

pH > 7 : mi trng Baz

AXIT TRUNG TNH KIM

QU TM TM XANH

PHENOLPHTALEIN KHNG MU KHNG MU HNG

Ch : c th trn mt s cht ch th c khong pH i mu k tip nhau, ta c hn hp cht

ch th-bazo vn nng .

V. Phn ng trao i trong dung dch:

1. iu kin xy ra phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li ch xy ra khi cc

ion kt hp vi nhau tao ra t nht mt trong cc cht: kt ta, in li yu, cht kh.

pt ion rt gn cho bit bn cht ca phn ng trong cc dd cht in li.

Trong pt ion rt gn: loi b nhng ion khng tham gia phn ng, cn nhng cht kt

ta, in li yu, cht kh c gi nguyn di dng phn t.

Gv: H Thnh Trung

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2. V d:

a. Phn ng to thnh cht kt ta .

Na2SO4 + BaCl2 2NaCl + BaSO4

Pt ion thu gn :Ba2+ + SO42-

BaSO4

b. Phn ng to thnh cht in ly yu :

NaOH + HCl NaCl ++ H2O

PT ion thu gn : H+ + OH- H2O

c. Phn ng to thnh ion phc :

AgCl + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)]2Cl

d.Phn ng to thnh axit yu :

Phng trnh phn t: Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2

Phng trnh ion y : 2Na+ + CO32-

+ 2H+ + 2Cl

- 2Na+ + 2Cl- + H2O + CO2

Phng trnh ion rt gn: CO32-

+ 2H+ H2O + CO2

Lu :

Tnh tan ca mt s mui:

+ Tt c cc mui nitrat (NO3-) u tan: v d NaNO3, Ca(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2.

+ Hu ht cc mui clorua(Cl-) u tan tr AgCl, PbCl2

+ Hu ht cc mui sunfat(SO42-

) u tan tr BaSO4, CaSO4,PbSO4

+ Hu ht cc mui sunfua(S2-) u khng tan tr cc mui sunfua ca kim loi Kim: Na2S,

K2S, Li2S v( NH4)2S

+ Hu ht cc mui cacbonat (CO32-

) u khng tan tr cc mui cacbonat ca kim loi Kim:

Na2CO3, Li2CO3, K2CO3 v (NH4)2CO3.

+ Hu ht cc mui Photphat (PO43-

)v hidrophotphat(HPO42-) u khng tan tr mui Photphat

v hidrophotphat ca kim loi Kim (Na, K) v NH4+

. Li3PO4 khng tan.

Tnh tan ca cc Baz:

Bazo tan gm: LiOH. NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2 Ca(OH)2

Bazo khng tan gm : Fe(OH)3 mu nu , Cu(OH)2 mu xanh lam, Fe(OH)2 c mu trng

xanh

Gv: H Thnh Trung

17

VI.KHI NIM S THY PHN CA MUI

Phn ng trao i ion gia cc dd mui ha tan v nc lm cho pH bin i gi l phn

ng thy phn ca mui

iu kin thy phn ca mui :

1.Mui to bi gc bazo mnh v gc axit yu : khi tan, gc axit yu b thy phn, dd c mi

trng kim (pH > 7): Na2CO3, K2S

2.Mui to bi gc bazo yu v gc axit mnh : khi tan ,gc bazo yu b thy phn ,dd c tnh

axit (pH

Gv: H Thnh Trung

1

Bi 2: HALOGEN V HP CHT

A. X2

I. c im cu to

-Nguyn t c 7e lp ngoi cng ns2np5, bn knh nguyn t nh v tng dn , m in ln,

d nhn e, c tnh oxi ha mnh, l phi kim in hnh, nhm VII.A

-Ion X- c mc oxi ha thp nht nn ch th hin tnh kh. T F n I tnh oxi ha gim dn,

tnh kh ca ion X- tng dn.

II. L tnh

Halogen F2 Cl2 Br2 I2

Trng thi Kh Kh Lng Rn

Mu sc Lc nht

Rt c

Vng lc

Mi xc, c

Nu

D bay hi

en tm

B thng hoa khi

dun nng

m in 3.98 3.16 2.96 2.66

S oxi ha trong hp cht -1 -1, +1, +3, +5, +7 -1, +1, +3, +5, +7 -1, +1, +3, +5, +7

Nhn xt: trng thi tp hp: tng dn; mu sc m dn, tnc/ ts tng dn

III. Ha tnh: Nhn xt: C tnh oxi ha mnh

1. Tc dng vi Kim loi:

2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3

2Na + F2 2NaF

Lu : Fe + I2 FeI2

2. Tc dng vi H2:

H2 + F2 2HF H2 + Cl2

2HCl (t l 1:1 gy n)

H2 + Br2 2HBr H2 + I2

2HI

M + X2 Mui ha tr cao nht

Gv: H Thnh Trung

2

=> tnh oxi ha Cl2 > Br2 > I2

3. Tc dng vi Phi Kim:

2P + 3Cl2 2PCl3

2P + 5Cl2 2PCl5

Si + 2F2 SiF4

Lu : Halogen (Cl2, Br2, I2) khng tc dng trc tip vi O2, N2 v C

4. Tc dng vi H2O:

F2 phn hy nc: 2F2 + 2H2O 4HF + O2

Cl2, Br2, I2 tc dng vi nc theo th t gim dn:

Cl2 + H2O HCl + HClO

2HClO 2HCl + O2

5. Tc dng vi bazo:

F2 phn hy nc nn khng tc dung trc tip vi dd bazo

Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2O

3Cl2 + 6KOH

5KCl + KClO3 + 3H2O

Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 bt

CaOCl2 + H2O

2F2 + 2NaOH long, lnh 2NaF + H2O + OF2

6. Tc dng vi dd mui:

Cl2 + 2NaBr 2NaCl + Br2

Br2 + 2KI 2KBr + I2

2FeCl2 + Cl2 2FeCl3

Na2S2O3 + 4Cl2 + 5H2O 2NaHSO4 + 8HCl

Na2SO3 + Br2 + H2O Na2SO4 + HBr

2Na2S2O3 + I2 Na2S4O6 + 2NaI

2F2 + SiO2 SiF4 + O2

Gv: H Thnh Trung

3

7. Tc dng vi Axit c tnh kh:

H2S kh + Cl2 kh S + 2HCl

2HI + Cl2 2HCl + I2

SO2 + 2H2O + Br2 2HBr + H2SO4

H2S + 4H2O + 4Cl2 8HCl + H2SO4

8. Tc dng vi cht kh:

3Cl2 kh + 2NH3 kh N2 + 6HCl

Br2 + 5Cl2 + 6H2O 10HCl + 2HBrO3

IV. iu ch halogen

1.Cl2:

a. Trong phng th nghim: oxi ha Cl- bng MnO2 ( cn un n ng) hoc KMnO4, K2Cr2O7,

KClO3 trong mi trng axt

MnO2 + 4HClc MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O

2KMnO4 + 16HCl 2MnCl2 + 2KCl + 5Cl2 + 8H2O

K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl 2CrCl3 + 2KCl + 3Cl2 + 7H2O

b. Trong cng nghim:

2NaCl + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2

Gv: H Thnh Trung

4

2. Br2: oxi ha Br- bng MnO2 trong mi trng axt

MnO2 + 2KBr + 2H2SO4 MnSO4 + K2SO4 + Br2 + 2H2O

MnO2 + 4HBr MnBr2 + Br2 + 2H2O

H2SO4 + 2HBr SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O

2NaBr + 2H2SO4 Na2SO4 + Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O

3. I2: oxi ha I- bng MnO2 trong mi trng axt

MnO2 + 2KI + 2H2SO4 MnSO4 + K2SO4 + I2 + 2H2O

2FeCl3 + 2HI 2FeCl2 + 2HCl + I2

2NaI + 2H2SO4 Na2SO4 + I2 + SO2 + 2H2O

2NaI + 2NaNO2 + 2H2SO4 I2 + SO2 + Na2SO4 + 2H2O

2KI + O3 + H2O 2KOH + O2 + I2

4. F2: in phn nng chy hn hp dd HF,KF vi anot than ch, catot thp

B. Hp cht HX:

I. Hidro halogenua HX: khng th hin tnh axit

HF: cht lng, xc, rt c, tan nhiu torng nc, lm phng nng

HCl :kh khng mu, mi xc, c, tan nhiu trong nc

HBr: kh khng mu, mi kh th, bc khi trong khng kh m, d tan trong nc

HI: Kh khng mu, km bn vi nhit:

4HI + O2 2I2 + 2H2O 2HI

H2 + I2

Nhn xt:

1. Kh HCl v H2O ln trong qu trnh iu ch v dd HCl dng l dd m c, d bay hi nn

tch ra khi dd to kh HCl ln vo sn phm. Khi un n ng, H2O bay hi mt phn to hi H2O,

nn sn phm ngoi Cl2 cn c HCl v H2O

2. Ti sao bnh 1 li dng dd NaCl bo ha m khng dng dd kh c: v h o nc ca HCl >

NaCl > Cl2. Khi dn hn hp sn phm vo dd NaCl bo ha th HCl ha tan lm tng nng

Cl- to kt tinh NaCl.xH2O, lm gim kh nng ha tan ca Cl2

3. Vai tr ca bng tm NaOH: ngn Cl2 thot ra ngoi (c th thay bng nc vi trong)

Gv: H Thnh Trung

5

II. Axit halogenhidric: HF, HCl, HBr, HI

Tnh axit tng

Tnh kh tng, tnh oxi ha gim

bn gim

1. Axit floric HF:

Axit c tnh oxi ha mnh nht, tnh kh yu nht v tnh axi yu nht, bn nht

4HF + SiO2 SiF4 + 2H2O (c c axit kh c khng c p ny)

CaF2 + H2SO4 c CaSO4 + 2HF

2. Axit clohidric HCl:

a. L tnh: Cht lng khng mu, xc, bc khi trong khng kh m; (C% 37%)

b. Ha tnh: L axit mnh v c tnh kh

+ Qu tm ha

+ bazo, oxit bazo

+ Mui ca axit yu ( CO32-

; SO32-

; S2-

; CH3COO-...)

+ KL trc H trong dy hot ng ha hc

+ Cht oxi ha (KMnO4, MnO2, K2Cr2O7, KClO3)

c. iu ch:

NaCl rn + H2SO4 c

NaHSO4 + HCl

2NaCl rn + H2SO4 c

Na2SO4 + 2HCl

H2 + Cl2 2HCl

3. Axit Bromic HBr:

HBr c tnh axit tng t HCl nhng mnh hn

4HBr + O2 2Br2 + 2H2O (HF, HCl khng c p ny)

2HBr + H2SO4 c Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O

Br2 + H2O + K2SO3 2HBr + K2SO4

PBr3 + 3H2O H3PO3 + 3HBr

2P + 3Br2 + 6H2O 2H3PO3 + 6HBr (thc t hay dng)

Nhn xt:

Vai tr ca bng tm NaOH/Ca(OH)2:

ngn kh HCl thot ra ngoi

Gv: H Thnh Trung

6

4. Axit iodic HI:

HI c tnh axit mnh nht, tnh oxi ha yu nht v km bn nht

4HI + O2 2I2 + 2H2O

6HI + KBrO3 KBr + 3I2 + 3H2O

2FeCl3 + 2KI FeCl2 + I2 + 2KCl

8HI + H2SO4 c 4I2 + H2S + 4H2O

Lu : Hn hp 3V.HCl c: 1V.HNO3 c gi l nc cng toan (cng thy), c th ha tan

Au v Pt:

3HCl + HNO3 2Cl + NOCl + 2H2O

NOCl NO + Cl

Au + 3Cl AuCl3

C. Mui halogennua:

AgF tan, AgCl ta trng, AgBr ta vng nht, AgI ta vng: 2AgX 2Ag + X2

PbCl2, PbBr2 ta trng, PbI2 ta vng

HgI2 ta , Cu2I2 ta trng

D. Axit c oxi ca clo:

HClO: Axit hipocloro; HClO2: Axit cloro; HClO3: Axit cloric; HClO4: Axit pecloric

I. Tnh axit: HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4

[Tng O (khng tham gia lk H-O) lm tng phn cc ca lin kt H-O]

Thng xt trong mi trng dung mi l nc. Ph thuc vo bn lin kt H-O (kh nng

phn ly H+), c biu th qua ch s pKa (Hng s phn ly axit).

.HCl < H2SO4 (Tng O lm tng phn cc lk H-O => kh nng phn ly H+ tng)

.H2SO4 < HClO4 (Do bn knh nguyn t S > bn knh nguyn t Cl, S O khng tham gia lk H-

O trong HClO4 > trong H2SO4).

Cn em ghp HCl vo khong no th hi kh so snh, v 2 loi axit khc nhau, 1 loi c O,

1 loi khng O.

Gv: H Thnh Trung

7

-1 + 1

II. Tnh oxi ha:

HCl khng c kh nng oxi ha (V Clo ang c s oxi ha thp nht).

Dy cht cn li, tnh oxi ha ph thuc vo bn phn t, cht no cng km bn th kh

nng oxi ha tng: HClO > HClO2 > HClO3 > HClO4

[s O tng lm bn tng (do bi lin kt tng), tnh oxi ha gim]

2HClO 2HCl + O2

NaClO + CO2 + H2O NaHCO3 + HClO

3HClO2 2HClO3 + HCl

- HClO3: mnh, km bn >50oC :

3HClO3

HClO4 + 2ClO2 + H2O

- HClO4: mnh nht trong cc axt v c, km bn khi nung vi P2O5

2HClO4 Cl2O7 + H2O

E. Hp cht cha oxi ca clo:

I. Nc javen: dng ty trng si, vi giy, st trng, kh mi do gc ClO- gy ra

Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2O

NaCl + H2O NaClO + H2

NaClO + CO2 +H2O NaHCO3 + HClO

II. Clorua vi: cht bt, mu trng, mi xc, tnh oxi ha mnh, ng dng tng t nh nc

Javel nhng c dng rng ri hn (r tin hn : do gc ClO- gy ra

Cl2 + Ca(OH)2

CaOCl2 + H2O

2CaOCl2 + CO2 +H2O CaCO3 + CaCl2 + 2HClO

CaOCl2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + Cl2 + H2O

Lu : CaOCl2 = CaCl2.Ca(ClO)2: c gi l mui hn tp

(Mui hn tp: mui ca mt kim loi vi nhiu gc axit khc nhau

Mui kp: mui ca nhiu cation khc nhau vi mt gc axit)

Gv: H Thnh Trung

8

III. Kaliclorat: cht rn, kt tinh, khng mu, dng lm thuc n, iu ch Oxi

3Cl2 + 6KOH

5KCl + KClO3 + 3H2O

2KClO3 + 3S

2KCl + 3SO2

2KClO3 + 3C

2KCl + 3CO2

5KClO3 + 6P

5KCl + 3P2O5

KClO3 + Br2 KBrO3 + Cl2

KClO3 + 6HCl c KCl + 3Cl2 + 3H2O

2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2

4KClO3

KCl + 3KClO4

3KClO

2KCl + KClO3

F. Trng thi t nhin, ng dng:

I. Trng thi t nhin:

Mui m: NaCl

Cacnalit: KCl. MgCl2.6H2O

Xinvinit: NaCl. KCl

II. ng dng:

- Flo: NaF long: thuc chng su rng

Teflon (CF2-CF2): cht nhit do trong cho chng dnh

Freon (CFCl3, CF2Cl2, gi chung l CFC): dng trong t lnh, my lnh nhng gy lng

tng ozon nn cm dng

- Clo: ty trng nc sinh hot, ty trng si vi, giy

- KClO3: ch to thuc n, pho hoa, ngi n, sx dim (u dim cha 50% KClO3)

- AgBr: cht nhy cm vi nh sng, dng trng ln phim

- Iot: Cn iot (dd iot 5% trong C2H5OH)

Mui Iot: NaCl + lng nh KI/KIO3

Gv: H Thnh Trung

1

Bi 3: OXI - LU HUNH

A. Oxi: 1s22s22p4

C 2 dng th hnh: O2, O3

I. O2

CTCT: O=O

1. L tnh: kh khng mu khng mi, nng hn khng kh, tan t trong nc, ha lng c mu

xanh da tri. C tnh thun t. m in 3,44

Lun c soh l -2 tr cc peoxit H2O2, Na2O2 c soh l -1 v +1, +2 trong OF2, O2F2

C 3 ng v: 16 17 188 8 8, ,O O O

2. Ha tnh:

L phi kim hot ng, c tnh oxi ha mnh

Mc d c m in ln hn Clo (3,16), ng l phi c tnh oxi ha mnh hn, tuy nhin, do

nng lng ph v 2 lk i trong phn t ln hn Clo, nn tnh oxi ha km Clo

a. Tc dng vi Kim loi: tr Au, Pt, Ag

4Na + 2O2 2Na2O 3Fe + 2O2

Fe3O4

b. Tc dng vi phi kim:

C + O2 CO2

S + O2 SO2

4P + 5O2 2P2O5

N2 + O2

2NO

2H2 + O2 2H2O

c. Tc dng vi hp cht cht kh:

2NO + O2 2NO2

2SO2 + O2

2SO3

2H2S + O2 2S + 2H2O

2H2S + 3O2 2SO2 + 2H2O

4FeS2 + 11O2 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2

Gv: H Thnh Trung

2

2FeCuS2 + 4O2 2FeO + Cu2S + 3SO2

2CO + O2 ot 2CO2

2Cu2O + O2 ot 4CuO

2Fe(OH)2 + O2 ot Fe2O3 + 2H2O

CH4 + 2O2 ot CO2 + 2H2O

3. iu ch:

Nguyn tc: Nhit phn mui giu oxi v km bn nhit

2KMnO4 K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2

2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2

2H2O2 H2O + O2

II. O3 (Ozon):

CTCT: O

O O

1. L tnh:

Cht kh, mi dc trng, mu xanh nht

Ha lng c mu xanh m

Nhn xt:

1. O2 khng tan trong nc nn ta thu kh bng phng php di nc

2. ng nghim ng ha cht rn tham gia p c lp sao cho ming ng hi chc xung v:

ha cht rn trong khng kh t nhiu cng ht m, khi un nng lm hi nc bay ln bm

trn thnh ng nghim ri ngng t chy xung ming ng v b ming bng ht li. Nu

ming ng hng ln, hi nc ngng t s chy ngc xung y ng lm nt v ng

3. Vai tr ming bng: ht nc, ngn cn ha cht rn thng hoa bay sang ng dn

Gv: H Thnh Trung

3

2. Ha tnh:

3O2 2O3

Tc dng hu ht cc kim loi tr Au, Pt

Ag + O3 Ag2O + O2 2KI + O3 + H2O 2KOH + I2 + O2

3. ng dng:

- Lng nh ozone trong khng kh c tc dng lm khng kh trong lnh, vi lng ln gy hi

- Ty trng tinh bt, du n

- Dng cha su rng, st trng nc sinh hot

III. Hidro peoxit H2O2 CTCT :

H2O2 + KNO2 KNO3 + H2O

H2O2 + 2KI 2KOH + I2

H2O2 + Ag2O 2Ag + H2O + O2

5H2O2 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 K2SO4 + MnSO4 + 5O2 + 8H2O

ng dng:

- Ty trng bt giy, t si, bng, len, vi; nguyn liu ty trng trong bt git

- Lm cht bo v mi trng, khai thc m

- Dng trong cng ngh ha cht, kh trng ht ging, cht bo qun nc gii kht, cht st

trng

B. Lu hunh:

I. Lu hunh S : [Ne] 3s23p4

1. L tnh:

C 2 dng th hnh:

Gv: H Thnh Trung

4

Phn t gm 8 nguyn t lk CHT to mch vng => Cu to tinh th phn t S8

2. Ha tnh: Va c tnh oxi ha, va c tnh kh

a. Lu hunh tc dng vi hidro:

S + H2 H2S (hidro sunfua )

b. Lu hunh tc dng vi kim loi:

S + Na Na2S (natri sunfua)

S + Fe FeS (st sunfua)

S + Hg HgS (thy ngn sunfua): p xy ra iu kin thng

c. Tc dng vi phi kim : tr N2, I2

S + O2 SO2 S + 3F2

SF6

d. Tc dng vi hp cht:

3S + 2KClO3 3SO2 + 2KCl S + 2H2SO4

SO2 + 2H2O

S + 2HNO3 H2SO4 + 2NO S + 2HNO3

H2SO4 + NO2 + H2O

S + KL mui sunfua

Gv: H Thnh Trung

5

3. iu ch:

a. Khai thc lu hunh t nhin t qung: bng pp Frasch

b. T hp cht: iu ch lu hunh t cc kh thi c hi: SO2 v H2S

. t H2S trong iu kin thiu khng kh:

2H2S + O2 2S + 2H2O

. Dng H2S kh SO2

2H2S + SO2 3S + 2H2O

II. H2S: hidrosunfua axit sunfuhidric

1. Cu to phn t: tng t phn t H2O

2. Tnh cht:

a.Tnh cht vt l:

Kh khng mu, mi trng thi, nng hn khng kh (34

1,1729

d ), rt c

Tan trong nc ( tan S=0,38g/100g H2O)

b.Tnh cht ha hc:

+ Tnh axit yu:

H2S tan trong nc to dd c tnh axit yu tn l axit sunfuhidric

Tc dng vi kim

H2S + OH- HS- + H2O (mui axit)

H2S + 2OH- S2- + 2H2O (mui trung ha)

T l: :

- T 1 : to mui HS-.

- T 2 : to mui S2-.

- 1

Gv: H Thnh Trung

6

H2S + Cl2 kh S + 2HCl 2H2S + SO2 3S + 2H2O

H2S + CuO 3Cu + SO2 + H2O H2S + 2FeCl3 2FeCl2 + S + 2HCl

H2S + 8HNO3 H2SO4 + 8NO2 + 4H2O H2S + 3H2SO4

4SO2 + 4H2O

5H2S + 2KMnO4 +3H2SO4 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 5S + 8H2O

3H2S + K2Cr2O7 +4H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 3S + 7H2O

3. Mui sufua:

- Trt t khng tan ca mui sunfua trong nc v axit:

Na,K,Ca,Ba... Mn, Zn,Fe... Cd,Co,Ni,Pb,Cu,Hg,Ag.....

- Mt s mui c mu c trng: CdS mu vng, HgS mu , MnS mu hng

CuS, FeS, Ag2S, PbS... mu en, ZnS mu trng

Mt s mui khng tn ti trong dd: Al2S3 + 6H2O Al(OH)3 + H2S

III. LU HUNH IOXIT (SO2)

1. Cu to phn t:

2. Tnh cht:

a. Tnh cht vt l:

- Cht kh, khng mu, mi hc, nng hn khng kh, kh c

- Tan nhiu trong nc

b. Tnh cht ha hoc:

.Tnh cht ca 1 oxit axit: SO2 + H2O H2SO3 (khng bn)

SO2 + OH- HSO3

- (mui axit)

SO2 + 2OH- SO3

2- + H2O (mui trung ha)

Tan trong

nc v axit

Khng tan trong nc,

tan trong axit

Khng tan trong nc v

axit

Gv: H Thnh Trung

7

T l:

- T 1 : to mui axit (mui hidrosunfit).

- T 2 : to mui trung ha (mui sunfit).

- 1< T

Gv: H Thnh Trung

8

. Trong CN:

S + O2 SO2

4FeS2 + 11O2 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2

b. ng dng:

- Sn xut axit sunfuric

- Ty trng giy, bt giy

- Chng nm mc cho lng thc thc phm

IV. LU HUNH TRIOXIT (SO3)

1. Cu to phn t:

2.Tnh cht ha hc:

a. Oxit axit: SO3 + H2O H2SO4

SO3 tan trong nc ta nhiu nhit

SO3 + CaO CaSO4

SO3 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O

b. Tnh oxi ha:

SO3 + 2KI K2SO3 + I2 3SO3 + 2NH3 3SO2 + N2 + 3H2O

3. iu ch:

2SO2 + O2 2SO3 (xc tc: V2O5, un nng 450oC)

V. AXIT SUNFURIC (H2SO4)

1. Cu to phn t:

2. Tnh cht:

a. Tnh cht vt l:

Gv: H Thnh Trung

9

- Cht lng snh nh du, khng mu, khng bay hi

- H2SO4 c d ht m lm kh kh m khng c tnh bazo v tnh kh

- Axit H2SO4 c tan trong nc v ta nhit ln pha long H2SO4 c bng cch rt t t

axit vo nc khng lm ngc li

b. Tnh cht ha hc:

.Tnh cht ca H2SO4 long: c tnh oxi ha do gc H+ gy nn

- C y tnh cht ca 1 axit:

. Qu tm ha

. Td vs KL trc H trong dy hot ng

. Td vs bazo, oxit bazo

. Td vs mui ca axit yu

. Tnh cht ca H2SO4 c:

Th hin tnh oxi ha mnh (do gc SO42-

gy ra)

oxi ha mi kim loi (tr Au,Pt), nhiu phi kim v hp cht

H2SO4 c

Tc dng

vi kim loi

M + H2SO4 mui sunfat (ha tr cao nht) + (SO2; S; H2S) + H2O

Cu + 2H2SO4 CuSO4 + SO2 + H2O

2Fe + 6H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O

Zn + 2H2SO4 ZnSO4 + SO2 + H2O

Cc kim loi yu v trung bnh th H2SO4 thng b kh thnh SO2

Cc kim loi hot ng mnh (Mg,Al,Zn) th c th kh H2SO4 thnh S hoc H2S

3Mg + 4H2SO4 3ZnSO4 + S + 4H2O

4Zn + 5H2SO4 4ZnSO4 + H2S + 4H2O

Lu : H2SO4 c ngui khng tc dng vi Al, Cr, Fe.

Tc dng C + 2H2SO4 CO2 + 2SO2 + H2O

Gv: H Thnh Trung

10

vi phi kim S + 2H2SO4 3SO2 + 2H2O

2P + 5H2SO4 2H3PO4 + 5SO2 + 2H2O

Tc dng

vi bazo,

oxit bazo

4H2SO4 + 2Fe(OH)2 Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 6H2O

4H2SO4 + 2FeO Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 4H2O

Tc dng

vi mui

H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2HCl

H2SO4 + Na2SO3 Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2

Tnh ho

nc

H2SO4 tip xc vi cht hu c (gluxit...) cc cht b than ha

C12H22O11 2 4dH SO 12C + 11H2O

CuSO4.5H2O 2 4dH SO CuSO4 + 5H2O

(mu xanh) (mu trng)

Tc dng

vi cc hp

cht c tnh

kh

H2SO4 + 2HBr SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O

2NaI + 2H2SO4 Na2SO4 + I2 + SO2 + 2H2O

H2SO4 + H2S SO2 + S + 2H2O

3. iu ch - ng dng:

a. iu ch: bng phng php tip xc. Gm 3 giai on v sn xut theo s sau:

.Giai on 1 :

S + O2 SO2 4FeS2 + 11O2

2Fe2O3 + 8SO2

. Giai on 2: giai on kh khn nht

2SO2 + O2 2SO3 (xc tc: V2O5, un nng 450oC)

S

FeS2

SO2 Xt: V2O5

SO3 H2SO4

Gv: H Thnh Trung

11

. Giai on 3: dng H2SO4 98% hp th SO3, c oleum

H2SO4 + nSO3 H2SO4.nSO3: oleum

H2SO4.nSO3 + nH2O (n+1)H2SO4

b. ng dng:

- H2SO4 c ng dng rng ri trong nhiu ngnh sn xut: phm nhum,luyn kim, cht ty

ra tng hp, phn bn, thuc tr su, t si ha hc, cht do, sn mu, dc phm.....

4. Mui sunfat: c 2 loi

- Mui axit (mui hidrosunfat: HSO4- ): tt c u tan

- Mui trung ha (mui sunfat: SO42-

): a s u tan tr BaSO4, PbSO4, SrSO4, Ag2SO4,

CaSO4 khng tan hoc t tan

Gv: H Thnh Trung

1

Bi 4: NIT-PHOTPHO V HP CHT

TM TT L THUYT : c im cu to ca nit v photpho

-Thuc phn nhm VA, c 5e lp ngoi cng, d gp chung 3e to lin kt cng ha tr.

-C th kt hp thm 3e to ion N3- (Li3N, Mg3N2)

-Ngoi 3 lin kt cng ha tr, N c th to 1 lin kt cho nhn, vy cng ha tr cao nht ca N

l IV (HNO3)

-Vi P c phn lp 3d trng, cc e c th di chuyn t phn lp 3s ln to ti a 5 e c thn, do

P c th to 3 hoc 5 lin kt cng ha tr (PCl3, PCl5).

A. Nito v hp cht ca nito:

I. Nito:

1. Cu to phn t

- Cu hnh electron : 1s22s22p3

- CTCT : N N CTPT : N2

2. Tnh cht vt l

- L cht kh khng mu , khng mi , khng v, hi nh hn khng kh ( d = 28/29) , ha lng

-196oC.

- Nit t tan trong nc, ho lng v ho rn nhit rt thp. Khng duy tr s chy v s h

hp .

3. Tnh cht ho hc

a. Tnh oxi ho : Phn t nit c lin kt ba rt bn, nn nit kh tr v mt ha hc nhit

thng.

. Tc dng vi hidr : N2 + 3H2 2NH3 H = -92KJ

. Tc dng vi kim loi

- nhit thng nit ch tc dng vi liti to liti nitrua : 6Li + N2 2Li3N

- nhit cao, N2 tc dng vi nhiu kim loi : 3Mg + N2

Mg3N2 (magie nitrua)

Nit th hin tnh oxi ho khi tc dng vi nguyn t c m in nh hn .

b. Tnh kh:

0 3

0 3

+2 0

Gv: H Thnh Trung

2

N2 + O2 2NO ( khng mu )

- iu kin thng

2NO + O2 2NO2

Nit th hin tnh kh khi tc dng vi nguyn t c m in ln hn.

- Cc oxit khc ca nit :N2O , N2O3, N2O5 khng iu ch c trc tip t ni v oxi

4. IU CH :

a) Trong cng nghip: N2 c sn xut bng cch chng ct phn on khng kh lng

b) Trong phng th nghim : Nhit phn mui nitrit

NH4NO2

N2 + 2H2O NH4Cl + NaNO2

N2 + NaCl +2H2O

(NH4)2Cr2O7

N2 + Cr2O3 + 4H2O

II. AMONIAC :

Trong phn t NH3 , N lin kt vi ba nguyn t hidro bng ba lin kt cng ha tr c cc. NH3

c cu to hnh chp vi nguyn t Nit nh. Nit cn mt cp electron ha tr l nguyn

nhn tnh baz ca NH3.

1.Tnh cht vt l:

- L cht kh khng mu, c mi khai xc, nh hn khng kh.

- Tan rt nhiu trong nc ( 1 lt nc ha tan c 800 lt kh NH3)

- Amoniac ha tan vo nc thu c dung dch amoniac.

2. Tnh cht ha hc:

a. Tnh bazo yu

. Tc dng vi nc: NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH

-

+2 +4

Gv: H Thnh Trung

3

. Tc dng vi dung dch mui :

- iu kin p: 1. Mui tham gia p phi tan

2. Sau p phi to kt ta hidroxit.

AlCl3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl ;

Al3+

+ 3NH3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3NH4+

. Tc dng vi axit: mui amoni:

NH3 + HCl NH4Cl (amoni clorua) : xut hin khi trng l nhng tinh th NH4Cl to thnh

2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 ( amoni sunfat)

NH3 + CO2 + H2O NH4HCO3

NH3 lng + CO2 (NH2)2CO + H2O

Phn ure

. Kh nng to phc ca NH3:

4NH3 + Cu(OH)2 [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2

2NH3 + AgCl [Ag(NH3)2]Cl

b. Tnh kh:

4NH3 + 3O2 ot

2N2 + 6H2O 4NH3 + 5O2 4 NO + 6H2O

2NH3 + 3Cl2 N2 + 6HCl: ta dng p ny loi b Cl2 thot ra

2NH3 + 3CuO

N2 + 3Cu + 3H2O 2NH3 + 3SO3 N2 + 3SO2 + 3H2O

2NH3 + 3NaClO

N2 + 3NaCl + 3H2O

3. ieu che:

a. Trong phong th nghiem:

2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 ot

CaCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O: thng dng

Ca3N2 + 6H2O 3Ca(OH)2 + 2NH3

KNO3 + 7KOH + 4Zn NH3 + 4K2ZnO2 + 2H2O

Gv: H Thnh Trung

4

b. Trong cong nghiep:

Tong hp t nit va hiro: N2(k) + 3H2(k)

2NH3(k) H < O

o Nhiet o: 450 5000C

o Ap suat cao t 200 300 atm

o Chat xuc tac: sat kim loai c tron them Al2O3, K2O,...

Lm lnh hn hp kh bay ra, NH3 ha lng c tch ring.

4. Muoi amoni: La tinh the ion gom cation NH4+ va anion goc axit.

a. Tnh chat vat l: Tan nhieu trong nc, ien li hoan toan thanh cac ion, ion NH4+

khong

mau.

b. Tnh chat hoa hoc:

. Tac dung vi dung dch kiem: (e nhan biet ion amoni, ieu che amoniac trong phong th

nghiem)

(NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH ot

2NH3 + 2H2O + Na2SO4 ;

NH4+ + OH

- NH3 + H2O

. Tc dng vi dd axit v mui khc:

(NH4)2CO3 + 2HCl 2NH4Cl + CO2 + H2O

(NH4)2CO3 + CaCl2 2NH4Cl + CaCO3

. Phan ng nhiet phan: cc mui amoni u km bn vi nhit

- Muoi amoni cha goc cua axit khong co tnh oxi hoa khi un nong b phan huy thanh NH3

NH4Cl(r) ot

NH3(k) + HCl(k)

(NH4)2CO3(r) ot

NH3(k) + NH4HCO3(r)

NH4HCO3 ot

NH3 + CO2 + H2O NH4HCO3 c dng lm xp bnh.

Gv: H Thnh Trung

5

- Muoi amoni cha goc cua axit co tnh oxi hoa nh axit nitr, axit nitric khi b nhiet phan cho

ra N2, N2O ( init oxit)

NH4NO2 ot

N2 + 2H2O NH4NO3 ot

N2O + 2H2O

2NH4NO3 2 N2 + O2 + 4H2O

5. ng dng:

- Cc mui amoni c dng lm phm m

- Ch to lu n khi t NH4Cl: 2NH4Cl + 3CuO ot

N2 + 3Cu + 2HCl + 3H2O

- iu ch thuc n t NH4NO3

III. Cc oxit ca Nito:

1. N2O : nito (I) oxit/ inito oxit

a. L tnh: kh khng mu, c mi, v hi ngt, tan trong nc, gy tai v bt tnh nu ht

phi. Hn hp c t l th tch gia N2O v khng kh l 1:4 gy hn m

b. Ha tnh: N2O khng phi oxit axit nn khng to mui

2N2O 2N2 + O2 N2O + H2

ot N2 + H2O

3N2O + 2NH3 ot

4N2 + 3H2O 2N2O + O2 ot

4NO

N2O + SO2 ot

2NO + SO2

c. iu ch:

NH4NO3 N2O + H2O

2. NO: nito (II) oxit / nito oxit

a. L tnh: kh khng mu, t tan trong nc, kh ha lng, kh ha rn, ;

b. Ha tnh: NO khng phi oxit axit nn khng to mui

2NO + O2 ot

2NO2 2NO + O3 N2O5

2NO + O3 N2O5 3NO + 3NO2 3N2O3

2NO + SO2 SO3 + N2O 2NO + 2H2S N2 + 2S + 2H2O

10NO + 6KMnO4 + 9H2SO4 10HNO3 + 3K2SO4 + 6MnSO4 + 4H2O

Gv: H Thnh Trung

6

c. iu ch:

4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O

2KNO2 + 2KI + 2H2SO4 I2 + 2NO + 2K2SO4 + 2H2O

3Cu + 2NO3- + 8H

+ 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O

3. NO2: Nito (IV) oxit/ nito ioxit:

a. L tnh: kh mu nu , mi hc, c, ha lng 210C (mu vng nht), ha rn -110C

b. Ha tnh:

2NO2 N2O4

nhit thng lun c mt hn hp 2 kh NO2, N2O4 trng thi cn bng

2NO2 + H2O HNO3 + HNO2

3NO2 + H2O 2HNO3 + NO

4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O 4HNO3

2NO2 + 2NaOH NaNO3 + NaNO2

NO2 + SO2 NO + SO3

NO2 + CO NO + CO2

4. N2O5: Nito (V) oxit/ anhidric nitric

a. L tnh: l cht rn, mu trng, d phn hy n

b. Ha tnh:

2N2O5 4NO2 + O2

N2O5 + H2O 2HNO3

N2O5 + 2NaOH 2NaNO3 + H2O

c. iu ch:

2NO2 + O3 N2O5 + O2

2HNO3 N2O5 + H2O

2HNO3 + P2O5 N2O5 + 2HPO3

Gv: H Thnh Trung

7

IV. AXIT NITRIC: HNO3

1. Cau tao phan t :

CTCT: Nit co so oxi hoa cao nht la +5

2. Tnh chat vat ly

- La chat long khong mau, boc khoi manh trong khong kh am ;

- Axit nitric khong ben, khi co anh sang , phan huy 1 phan:

4HNO3 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O

Do o axit HNO3 cat gi lau ngay co mau vang do NO2 phan huy tan vao axit.

Can cat gi trong bnh sam mau/ boc bang giay en

- Axit nitric tan vo han trong nc (HNO3 ac co nong okhong 68%, D = 1,40 g/cm3 ).

3. Tnh chat hoa hoc

a. Tnh axit:

L mt trong s cc axit mnh nht, trong dung dch: HNO3 H + + NO3

- Dd axit HNO3 c y tnh cht ca mt dung dch axit :

.Lm qu tm

. Tc dng vi oxit baz

baz,

mui ca axit yu hn.

CuO + 2HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + H2O

Ba(OH)2 + 2HNO3 Ba(NO3)2 + 2H2O

CaCO3 + 2HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O

b. Tnh oxi hoa: Tuy vao nong o cua axit va ban chat cua chat kh ma HNO3 co the b kh

en: NO, NO2, N2O, N2, NH4NO3.

. Vi kim loai:

( tr Au, Pt ) khong giai phong kh H2, do ion NO3- co kha nang oxi hoa manh hn H

+.

Kl + HNO3 Mui ha tr cao nht + spk (N2, N2O, NO, NO2, NH4NO3) + H2O

Gv: H Thnh Trung

8

Lu :

- HNO3 ac b kh en NO2 ; HNO3 loang b kh en NO

- Khi td vi kim loai co tnh kh manh (Mg, Zn, Al...)c th b kh n N2O , N2 hoc

NH4NO3.

- Fe, Al, Cr b thu ong hoa trong dung dch HNO3 ac nguoi.

Cu + 4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

3Cu + 8HNO3long 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O.

Fe + 6HNO3

Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O

5Zn + 12HNO3 5Zn(NO3)2 + N2 + 6H2O

4Mg + 10HNO3 4Mg(NO3)2 + N2O + 5H2O

8Al + 30HNO3 8Al(NO3)3 + 3NH4NO3 + 9H2O

. Vi phi kim: Khi un nong HNO3 ac co the tac dung c vi C, P, S

C + 4HNO3()

CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O

P + 5HNO3()

H3PO4 + 5NO2 + H2O

S + 6HNO3()

H2SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2O

. Vi hp chat:

- H2S, Hl, SO2, hp cht st (II) c th tc dng vi HNO3 to sp oxi ho cao hn.

3FeO + 10HNO3(d) 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O

3H2S + 2HNO3(d) 3S + 2NO + 4H2O

- Nhiu hp cht hu c nh giy, vi, du thng bc chy khi tip xc vi HNO3 c.

4. ieu che

a. Trong phong th nghiem: NaNO3 rn + H2SO4

HNO3 + NaHSO4

2NaNO3 rn + H2SO4

2HNO3 + Na2SO4

Gv: H Thnh Trung

9

b. Trong cong nghiep:

- c san xuat t amoniac: NH3 NO NO2 HNO3

- t0 = 850-900

oC, xt : Pt : 4NH3 +5O2 4NO +6H2O ; H = 907kJ

- Oxi hoa NO thanh NO2 : 2NO + O2 2NO2

- Chuyen hoa NO2 thanh HNO3: 4NO2 +2H2O +O2 4HNO3 .

Dung dch HNO3 thu c co nong o 60 62%. Chng cat vi H2SO4 am ac thu c

dung dch HNO3 92 95% .

5. Muoi nitrat

a. Tnh chat vat ly: De tan trong nc , la chat ien li manh trong dung dch, chung phan li

hoan toan thanh cac ion

- Ion NO3- khong mu, mau cua mot so muoi nitrat la do mau cua cation kim loai. Mot so

muoi nitrat de b chay ra nh NaNO3, NH4NO3

b. Tnh chat hoa hoc:

+ Cac muoi nitrat de b phan huy khi un nong

. Muoi nitrat cua cac kim loai hoat ong (trc Mg) Nitrat

Nitrit + O2

2KNO3

2KNO2 + O2

Nhn xt:

1. HNO3 b H2SO4 c y ra

dng kh. P chng t tnh

axit ca H2SO4 c mnh hn

HNO3

2. Vai tr nc : lm kh

HNO3 ngng t

Gv: H Thnh Trung

10

. Muoi nitrat cua cac kim loai t Mg Cu: Nitrat

Oxit kim loi + NO2 + O2

2Cu(NO3)2

2CuO + 4NO2 + O2

. Muoi cua nhng kim loai kem hoat ong ( sau Cu ) : Nitrat

kim loi + NO2 + O2

2AgNO3

2Ag + 2NO2 + O2

+ Tnh oxi ha ca ion nitrat (NO3)

. Trong mi trng axit , ion NO3 th hin tinh oxi ha ging nh HNO3. Do thuc th

dng nhn bit ion NO3 l hn hp vn ng v dung dch H+ long, un nng.

Hin tng : dung dch c mu xanh, kh khng mu ha nu trong khng kh.

3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3

3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O

2NO + O2 2NO2

. Trong mi trng bazo, ch tc dng vi Al, Zn to NH3

KNO3 + 7KOH + 4Zn NH3 + 4K2ZnO2 + 2H2O

3KNO3 + 5KOH + 8Al + 2H2O 3NH3 + 8KAlO2

B. Photpho:

I. Photpho:

Cu to: 1s22s22p63s23p3

C 2 dng th hnh: P trng v P

1. Photpho trng: km bn, rt c

- P4 (tinh th phn t) , c cu trc mng tinh th lp phng khng bn, nn d nng chy

(440C), mm

- Rn ging sp, pht quang trong bng ti, t bc chy trong khng kh (nn phi bo qun

trong nc)

- Khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong dung mi hu c (CS2, ete, benzen)

P trng P

Gv: H Thnh Trung

11

2. Photpho : bn, khng pht quang, khng c

-Pn (tinh th polime): bt

- Kh nng chy, khng tan trong nc v dung mi CS2

- Bc chy nhit > 2400C

3. Ha tnh:

P hot ng ha hc mnh hn N v P (2,19) c m in nh hn N (3,04) nhng lin kt

P P km bn hn so vi N N

4P trng + 3O2

2P2O3 ln quang 4P trng + 5O2

2P2O5

2P trng + 3Cl2

2PCl3 2P trng + 5Cl2

2PCl5

P2O3 + H2O H3PO3 P2O5 + H2O 2H3PO4

PCl3 + H2O HCl + H3PO3 PCl5 + 4H2O 5HCl + H3PO4

3P + 3HNO3 + 2H2O 3H3PO4 + 5NO

P + 5HNO3

H3PO4 + 5NO2 + H2O

6P + 5KClO3

3P2O5 + 5KCl

u que dim thuc hp dim

P trng + 5K2Cr2O7

5K2O + 5 Cr2O3 + P2O5

2P trng + 3Zn

Zn3P2 Zn3P2 + 6H2O 3Zn(OH)2 + 2PH3

2P trng + 3Ca

Ca3P2 Ca3P2 + 6H2O 3Ca(OH)2 + 2PH3

2P trng + 3Mg

Mg3P2 Mg3P2 + 6H2O 3Mg(OH)2 + 2PH3

2P trng + 3H2 2PH3

PH3 (Photphin/ photphohidrua): mi c thi, rt c, t bc chy trong khng kh 1500C, km

bn, phn cc yu

2PH3 + 4O2

P2O5 + 3H2O

Gv: H Thnh Trung

12

4. iu ch:

Trong cng nghip: iu ch bng pp nhit in

Ca3(PO4)2 + 3SiO2 + 5C

2P trng + 3CaSiO3 + 5CO

II. Hp cht:

1. P2O3 v H3PO3:

a. P2O3: anhidrit photphoro

. CTCT : O = P O P = O

. Tinh th rn, trng ging sp

. Tan trong nc to H3PO3 : P2O3 + H2O H3PO3

b. H3PO3: axit photphoro

. CTCT:

. L tnh: Tinh th khng mu, chy ra trong khng kh, d tan trong nc

. Ha tnh:

+ Tc dng vi dd bazo:

H3PO3 + OH- H2PO3

- + H2O H3PO3 + 2OH

- HPO3

2- + 2H2O

mui axit mui trung ha

+ L cht kh mnh:

2H3PO3 + O2 2H3PO4

4H3PO3 3H3PO4 + 2PH3

4H3PO3 + AgNO3 24H3PO4 + NO + Ag

H3PO3 + HgCl2 + H2O H3PO4 + 2HCl + Hg

2. P2O5 v H3PO4:

a. P2O5: anhidrit photphoric

Gv: H Thnh Trung

13

. CTCT:

. L tnh: bt trng, khng mi, rt ho nc, chy ra ngoi khng kh

. Ha tnh:

+ Tc dng vi H2O : P2O5 + H2O 2H3PO4

+ Tc dng vi dd bazo:

P2O5 + 2OH- + H2O 2H2PO4

-

P2O5 + 4OH- 2HPO4

2- + H2O

P2O5 + 6OH- 2PO4

3- + 3H2O

b. H3PO4: Axit photphoric

. CTCT:

. L tnh: tinh th trong sut, tan v hn trogn nc

. Ha tnh:

+ Tc dng vi dd bazo:

H3PO4 + OH- H2PO4

- + H2O

H3PO4 + 2OH- HPO4

2- + 2H2O

H3PO4 + 3OH- PO4

3- + 3H2O

. iu ch:

Trong cng nghip:

Qung photphoric: Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 2H3PO4 + 3CaSO4

Qung apatit: 3Ca3(PO4)2.CaF2 + 10H2SO4 6H3PO4 + 10CaSO4 + 2HF

. Mui photphat: a s khng tan tr Na+, K+, NH4+ , Ca(H2PO4)2 tan

Nhn bit PO43-

: 3Ag+ + PO4

3- Ag3PO4 ta vng

Gv: H Thnh Trung

1

Bi 5: CACBON SILIC

A. Cacbon:

I. Cacbon

1. Cu to nguyn t:

- Cu hnh e: 1s22s22p2

2. L tnh:

C cc dng th hnh sau

a. Kim cng:

Tinh th nguyn t c cng c bit, trong sut, khng mu, khng dn in, dn nhit km,

km hot ng

b. Than ch (graphit):

Tinh th nguyn t c cu trc lp, mu xm en, mm, c nh kim, dn in tt (km Kim

loi), kh nng chy.

c. Fulerene:

L nhng phn t cu thnh t cc nguyn t cacbon, chng c dng rng nh mt cu,

ellipsoid, hay ng. Cc fullerene hnh cu cn c gi l qu bng bucky (buckyballs), v

hnh tr trn rng c gi l ng nano cacbon hay ng bucky (buckytube). Fullerene c cu

trc tng t vi than ch, l t hp ca lp than ch dy mt nguyn t (cn gi l graphene)

lin kt vi nhau to thnh vng lc gic; nhng chng cng c th to thnh vng ng gic

hoc tht gic.

d. Cacbon v nh hnh: Than g, than xng, than mui, m hng, than cc

Cht bt mu en, khng dng tinh th, xp, c kh nng hp ph mnh cc kh v cht tan

trong dung dch

Gv: H Thnh Trung

2

a. Kim cng b. Than ch c. Cacbon trong thin thch d. Fulerene 60

e. Fulerene 540 f. Fulerene 70 g. Cacbon v nh hnh h. ng nanocacbon c vch n.

3. Ha tnh:

- nhit thng, Cacbon tr v mt ha hc, khi t nng bt u hot ng hn. Kh nng

hot ng ha hc: Kim Cng > Than ch > Cacbon v nh hnh

a. Tnh kh:

C + O2

CO2 2C + O2

2CO C + 2S

CS2

C khng tc dng trc tip vi halogen

C + CO2

2CO 3C + SiO2

SiC + 2CO

C + SiO2

CO2 + Si C + ZnO

Zn + CO

3C + CaO CaC2 + CO 3C + Fe2O3

2Fe + 3CO

9C + 2Al2O3

Al4C3 + 6CO C + 4KNO3

2K2O + CO2 + 4NO2

C + 2H2SO4 c

CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O C + 4HNO3 c

CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O

Gv: H Thnh Trung

3

C + H2O CO + H2

b. Tnh oxi ha:

C + 2H2 CH4 C + Si

SiC (cacborundum: cng gn bng kim cng)

2C + Ca CaC2 3C + 4Al

Al4C3 C + 3Fe

Fe3C

4. Trng thi t nhin, iu ch, ng dng:

a. Trng thi t nhin:

- Caxit CaCO3 ( vi, phn, hoa)

- Magiezit MgCO3

- lmit: CaCO3.MgCO3

b. iu ch:

- Kim cng c iu ch t than ch khi un 20000C, 50.000 100.000 atm, vi xc tc

Fe/Cr/Ni

- Than ch iu ch t than cc, nha v ct vi h quang in sau 24 -36 gi

- Than g to nn khi t chy g

- Than cc c iu ch bng cch nung than 1000 12000C trong l in (khng c

khng kh)

- Than mui to nn khi nhit phn CH4 : CH4

C + 2H2

c. ng dng:

- Kim cng: lm trang sc, mi khoan, dao ct thy tinh, bt mi

- Than ch: lm in cc, ni nu hp kim chu nhit, cht bi trn, rut ch

- Than cc: lm cht kh trong luyn kim t qung

- Than g: ch to thuc n en, thuc pho

- Than hoat tnh: dng trong mt n phng c v cng nghip ha cht

- Than mui: cht n cao su, sn xut mc in, xi nh giy

Gv: H Thnh Trung

4

II. Cacbon monooxit CO:

1. L tnh:

- Kh rt c, khng mu, khng mi, khng v, rt t tan trong nc

2. Ha tnh:

L oxit trung tnh khng to mui, nhit thng rt tr, hot mnh khi un nng

CO + O2 2CO2 chy vi ngn la mu lam nht

CO + Cl2 COCl2 : Photgen rt c

4CO + Ni Ni(CO)4 : CacbonilNiken

3CO + Cr Cr(CO)3

yCO + MxOy

xM + yCO2 : (vi M l kim loi sau Al trong dy hot ng)

CO + 2Na2O

Na2CO3 + 2Na

CO + H2O

HCOOH

CO + KOH

HCOOK

CO + CH3OH

CH3COOH

CO + PdCl2 + H2O Pd + 2HCl + CO2

3. iu ch:

a. Trong Cng nghip:

- iu ch kh than kh:

Khng kh + C

CO + CO2 + N2

- iu ch kh than t: cho hi nc qua than nng

C + O2

CO2

C + H2O

CO + H2

b. Trong phng th nghim:

HCOOH

CO + H2O

Gv: H Thnh Trung

5

III. Cacbon dioxit CO2: O=C=O

1. L tnh: - Kh khng mu, c mi, v hi chua, tan trong nc

2. Ha tnh:

CO2 + OH- HCO3-

CO2 + 2OH- CO32-

+ H2O

T l: :

- T 1 : to mui HCO3-.

- T 2 : to mui CO32-

.

- 1

Gv: H Thnh Trung

6

2. Ha tnh:

CaCO3

CaO + CO2 Ca(HCO3)2

CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O

2NaHCO3

Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O 2HCO3-

CO32-

+ CO2 + H2O

CO32-

+ H+ HCO3

- CO3

2- + 2H

+ CO3

2- + CO2 + H2O

HCO3- + H

+ CO2 + H2O HCO3

- + OH

- CO3

2- + H2O

Lu : Na2CO3 khng b nhit phn

Ag2CO3

Ag2O + CO2

B. Silic

I. Silic:

1. Cu to:

Cu hnh: 1s22s22p63s23p2

2. L tnh, trng thi t nhin:

Silic c 2 dng th hnh:

- Silic tinh th: cu trc ging kim cng, mu xm, c nh kim, tnh bn dn

- Silic v nh hnh: bt mu nu

3. Ha tnh:

Si + 2F2 SiF4 Si + 2Cl2

SiCl4

Si + O2

SiO2 Si + C

SiC

3Si + 2N2

Si3N4

Si + 2Mg

Mg2Si

Mg2Si + 4HCl 2MgCl2 + SiH4 (Silan bc chy trong khng kh)

SiF4 + 2O2 SiO2 + 2H2O

Si + 2KOH + H2O K2SiO3 +2H2

3Si + 18HF + 4HNO3 3H2SiF6 + 4NO + 8H2O

Gv: H Thnh Trung

7

4. iu ch:

a. Trong cng nghip:

SiO2 + 2C

2CO + Si

3SiO2 + 2CaC2

3Si + 2CaO + 4CO

SiCl4 + 2Zn

Si + 2ZnCl2

SiH4

Si + 2H2

b. Trong phng th nghim:

SiO2 + 2Mg

2MgO + Si

5. Trng thi t nhin, ng dng:

a. Trng thi t nhin:

Tn ti trong t nhin dng SiO2, Silicat, aluminosilicat (cao lanh, mica, fenspat, x vn,

thch anh.)

L nguyn t ph bin th 2 (sau Oxi)

b. ng dng:

Silic siu tinh khit l cht bn dn (dng trong k thut v tuyn, in t, t bo quang in,

pin mt tri)

Silic dng tch oxi ra khi kim loi nng chy, ch tao thp chu axit (ferosilic)

II. SiO2

1. Trng thai t nhin v l tnh:

SiO2 tn ti dng tinh th, cht rn, khng mu, kh nng chy, khng tan trong nc

Trong t nhin, tn ti dng thch anh v ct trng, ct trng l SiO2 gn nh nguyn cht

SiO2 l nguyn liu quan trng sn xut thy tinh v gm.

2. Ha tnh:

SiO2 + 2NaOH c

Na2SiO3 + H2O

SiO2 + 4HF SiF4 + 2H2O

SiO2 + Na2CO3 Na2SiO3 + CO2

Gv: H Thnh Trung

8

3. H2SiO3:

L axit rt yu, km bn, ta keo trong nc

H2SiO3

SiO2 + H2O

H2SiO3 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3 + H2O

Na2SiO3 + CO2 + H2O Na2CO3 + H2SiO3 keo trng

Na2SiO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2SiO3 keo trng

SiCl4 + 3H2O 4HCl + H2SiO3 keo trng

III. Thy tinh lng:

- Thy tinh lng l dd c hh Na2SiO3 v K2SiO3 (vi/ g tm thy tinh lng s kh chy), dng

lm keo dn thy tinh v s

- Thy tinh rn: CaSiO3

- Pha l: nu chy SiO2 vi KOH v PbO ta nhn c thy tinh nng gi l Pha l

Gv: H Thnh Trung

1

Bi 6: HA HC V CC VN X HI

A. Phn bn ha hc:

I. Phn m:

- Phn m cung cp N di dng NH4+ , NO3

-

- Tc dng: kch thch qu trnh sinh trng, tng t l ca protein thc vt, gip cy pht trin

nhanh, cho nhiu ht, c, qu

- nh gi d dinh dng: %N trong phn

1. Phm m amoni: NH4Cl, NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4

2. Phn m nitrat: NaNO3, Ca(NO3)2

3. Phn ure: cht rn mu trng c CT: (NH2)2CO cha khong 46%N, l loi phn m tt

nht

CO2 + NH3 (NH2)2CO + H2O

(NH2)2CO + H2O (NH4)2CO3

II. Phn ln:

- Phn ln cung cp P di dng PO43-

- Tc dng: thc y cc qu trnh sinh ha, trao i cht v trao i nng lng thi k sinh

trng ca cy

- nh gi d dinh dng: %P2O5 trong phn

1. Suppephotphat:

a. Supephotphat n: 14 20% P2O5

CT: Ca(H2PO4)2 v CaSO4. Cy trng ng ha mui d tan Ca(H2PO4)2, cn CaSO4 khng tan,

khng c ch, lm rn t.

b. Supephotphat kp: 40 50% P2O5

CT: Ca(H2PO4)2

Gv: H Thnh Trung

2

2. Phn ln nung chy: 12 14% P2O5

Ch dng cho t chua: l hn hp photphat v silicat ca canxi v magie

III. Phn kali:

- Phn kali cung cp K di dng K+

- Tc dng: thc y nhanh qu trnh to cht ng, bt, cht x, cht du, tng cng sc

chng rt, chng su bnh v chu hn cho cy

- nh gi d dinh dng: %K2O trong phn

CT: KCl, K2SO4, K2CO3 (tro thc vt)

IV. Phn hn hp v phn phc hp:

1. Phn hn hp: cha N, P, K, gi chung l phn NPK

Nitrophotka: (NH4)2HPO4 v KNO3

2. Phn phc hp:

Amophot: NH4H2PO4 v (NH4)2HPO4

V. Phn vi lng:

Cung cp Bo, Zn, Mn, Cu dng hp cht vi mt lng rt nh

Tc dng: tng kh nng kch thch qu trnh sinh trng v trao i cht, tng hiu lc quang

hp

B. Cng nghip silicat:

I. Thy tinh:

1. Thnh phn ha hc:

Nu chy ct trng, vi v soda 14000C ta thu c thy tinh c CT: Na2O.CaO.6SiO2

c im: khng c nhit nng chy xc nh

Gv: H Thnh Trung

3

2. Phn loi:

a. Thy tinh thng thng: Na2O.CaO.6SiO2

b. Thy tinh kali: thay soda bng K2CO3: K2O.CaO.6SiO2

u im: nhit ha mm v nhit nng chy cao hn. c dng lm dng c th nghim:

cc, ng nghim, bnh cu, thu knh, lng knh

c. Pha l: Thy tinh cha nhiu PbO d nng chy v trong sut

d. Thy tinh thch anh: nu chy SiO2 tinh khit.

u im: nhit ha mm cao, h s n nhit rt nh nn khng b nt khi thay i nhit

t ngt

Thy tinh c mu: cho thm oxit ca mt s kim loi vo ta to nn cc silicat c mu

Cr2O3: thy tinh mu lc

CoO: thy tinh mu xanh nc bin

II. gm:

L vt liu c ch to ch yu t t st v cao lanh

Phn loi:

1. Gm xy dng: gch, ngi

2. Gm k thut: s (vt liu cch in, t in, chn chu nhit, dng c th nghim)

3. Gm dn dng: snh, s (chn, bt)

Gch v ngi: t st v ct nho vi nc thnh khi do, to hnh ri sy kh, nung 900

10000C

Snh: t st c nung 1200 13000C, cng, g ku, mu xm hoc nu, thng c trng

lp men mng c bng v khng thm nc

S l vt liu cng xp, mu trng, g ku, c trn thm cao lanh, fenspat, thch anh v mt

s oxit kim loi. c nung 2 ln, ln u: 10000C ri trng men v trang tr, ln 2nung 1400

15000C.

Gv: H Thnh Trung

4

III. Xi mng:

1. nh ngha: Cht bt mn, mu lc xm: 3CaO.SiO2 + 2CaO.SiO2 + 3CaO.Al2O3

2. Cch sn xut:

Nghin nh vi, trn vi t st cha nhiu SiO2 v t qung st ri nung trong l 1400

16000C. Sn phm thu c l clanhke. Nghin clanhke vi thch cao (5%) v ph gia khc ta

c bt mn l xi mng

C. Ha hc vi vn kinh t v x hi

I. Nng lng, nhin liu v vt liu:

1. Cc ngun nng lng chnh: Mt tri, thc phm, g, gi, nc, du m+ kh t nhin+

than , phn ng ht nhn.

Du m+ kh t nhin+ than c gi chung l nhin liu ha thch (trong v Tri t)

2. Ngun nng lng mi (nng lng nhn to):

- iu ch CH4 trong hm/ b biogaz bng cch ln men cht thi hu c (phn gia xc, rc thi)

- Sn xut etanol t ng khoai sn thay th xng, ch bin du thc vt (da, c) tahy chi du

iezen trong cc ng c t trong

- Nng lng sn sinh t l ht nhn dng cho mc ch ha bnh, to ra vt liu c bit xy

l phn ng ht nhn, gip qu trnh lm sch nhin liu uranni dng cho nh my in

nguyn t

- Ch to pin mt tri

Lu : ngun nng lng sch: nng lng thy in, nng lng gi, nng lng mt tri,

nng lng a nhit, nng lng thy triu

3.Vt liu mi:

- Vt liu nano (nanomet): c to nn t nhng ht c kch thc c nanomet. c im:

rn siu cao, siu do

- Vt liu quang in t: c siu dn nhit cao, dng trong sinh hc, y hc, in t

- Vt liu compozit: tnh nng bn, chc, khng b axit/ kim v mt s ha cht ph hy

Gv: H Thnh Trung

5

II. Thc phm v dc phm:

1. Thc phm:

- Tng hp ha cht dit nm bnh: etirimol, benonyl, CuSO4

- Sn xut ha cht bo qun lng thc thc phm, lm chm s pht trin ca vi khun

- Ch bin thc n tng hp tng sn lng chn nui

- Thay th tinh bt bng hp cht hidrocacbon sn xut etanol, thay th vic sn xut x

phng git t cht bo bng sn xut bt git tng hp

- Sn xut glucozo t cht thi nh v bo, mn ca, rm r

- Tng hp cht bo nhn to (b magarin) t axit stearic v glixerol, chuyn ha du thnh b,

m

- Ch bin protein t protein t nhin

- To nhng ging cy trng mi c kh nng sinh trng tt cho nng sut cao, cht lng tt

hn (ng, khoai, sn)

- To nn thc phm cho ngi bo ph hoc ngi n king

- Sn xut cht ph gia: lm tng tnh thm m v hp dn cho thc phm

2. Dc phm:

- Sn xut thuc c tr c tc dng nhanh, mnh v hiu qu

- To ra nhng loi thuc b tng cng sc khe cho con ngi

Lu : Cht gy nghin, ma ty:

- Ma ty (thuc phin, cn sa, heroin, cocain, moocphin, seduxen): dng bt trng, vin nn,

dung dch. C tc dng lm thay i nhiu chc nng sinh l (c ch, gim au, gy o gic)

lm ri lon tm sinh l, ri lon tiu ha, chc nng thn kinh, ri lon tun hon v h hp,

gy try tim v t vong

- Nicotin (C10H14N2): c trong cy thuc l; l cht lng, snh nh du, khng mu, c mi

thuc l, tan trong nc, dung dch nicotin trong nc lm thuc tr su cho cy trng, vi

ngi v ng vt: l cht c mnh

- Cafein (C8H10N4O2): c nhiu trong ht c ph, l ch, l cht kt tinh khng mu, tan trong

nc v ru. C tc dng kch thch thn kinh, qu liu s gy nghin v mt ng

Gv: H Thnh Trung

6

- Moocphin: c torng cy thuc phin/ cy anh tc. C tc dng lm gim hoc mt cm gic

au n. T Moocphin tinh ch c Heroin, c tc dng mnh hn Moocphin nhiu ln, c

v d gy nghin

- Hassish: c trong cy cn sa/ cy b . C tc dng chng co git, chng nn ma, nhng

kch thch mnh v gy o gic

- Thuc an thn (seduxen, meprobamat): c tc dng cha bnh, gy ng, lm du cn au

nhng gy nghin

- Amphetamin: cht kch thch h thn kinh, d gy nghin, gy chong, dng thng xuyn s

gy ri lon thn kinh.

III. Mt s cht gy nhim mi trng:

1. nhim khng kh:

- Gy hiu ng nh knh: CO2, CH4

- Gy ma axit: SO2, NO2

- Gy lng tng ozon: CFC..

Ngoi ra, nhng kh gy nhim cn c: CO, H2S, hi Hg, hp cht ca Pb (Pb(C2H5)4 hoc

Pb(CH3)4)

2. nhim ngun nc:

- Cc anion: Cl-; SO4

2-; NO3

-, PO4

3-

- Cc cation ca kim loi nng: Pb2+; Hg2+; Cr3+; Cd2+; As3+; Mn2+

- Cc cht hu c: hp cht ca phenol, ha cht bo v thc phm, tanin, lignin, hidrocacbon

a vng ngng t

3. nhim t

- Kim loi nng thng c trong ph thi luyn kim, oto

- Phn bn ha hc v thuc bo v thc vt, thuc tr su

- Cht phng x pht ra t trung tm khai thc cht phng x, nghin cc nguyn t, nh my

in nguyn t, bnh vin

Gv: H Thnh Trung

1

Bi 7: I CNG KIM LOI

I. KIM LOI:

1- V tr ca kim loi trong bth

- Nhm IA (tr H), nhm IIA, nhm IIIA (tr Bo) v mt phn nhm IVA, VA, VIA

- Cc nhm B (t IB dn VIIIB)

- H lantan v h actini

2- Cu to ca kim loi

a. Cu to nguyn t

-Nguyn t ca hu ht kim loi c t 1,2,3 e lp ngoi cng, lun th hin soh dng trong

cc hp cht.

b. Cu to tinh th

- nhit d thung cc kim loi th rn vc cu to tinh th (ring Hg th lng)

- Mng tinh th kim loi gm c: + Nguyn t kim loi

+ Ion kim loi

+ Electron ha tr (hay e t do)

- Ba kiu mng tinh th kim loi ph bin

+ Mng tinh th lc phng c c kht 74% (Be, Mg, Zn)

+ Mng tinh th lp phng tm din c c kht 74% (Cu, Ag, Au, Al)

+ Mng tinh th lp phng tm khi c c kht 68% (Li, Na, K, V, Mo)

c. Lin kt kim loi

Lin kt kim loi l lin kt c hnh thnh gia cc nguyn t kim loi v ion kim loi trong

mng tinh th do s tham gia ca cc e t do

3- Tnh cht vt l ca kim l oi

. Tnh cht chung:

a. Tnh do: do cc e t do c lc ht tnh in vi cc cation kim loi trong mng tinh th

Nhng kim loi c tnh do cao: Au, Ag, Al, Cu, Sn

b. Tnh dn in: do cc e t do chuyn ng thnh dng c hng di tc dng ca in

trng. dn in gim dn: Ag, Cu, Au, Al, Fe

Lu : Nhit cng cao th dn in cng tng

Gv: H Thnh Trung

2

c. Tnh dn nhit: do nhng e t do vng nhit cao c ng nng ln hn ,chng chuyn

ng n vng c nhit thp v truyn cho cc ion dng y

Tnh dn nhit gim dn: Ag, Cu, Al, Fe

d. nh kim: do cc e t do phn x tt nhng tia sng c bc sng m mt ta khng nhn thy

cc tnh cht trn do e t do trong kim loi gy ra

. Tnh cht ring:

Kim loi c khi lng ring nh nht l Li, ln nht l Os

Kim loi c nhit nng chy thp nht l Hg, cao nht l W

Kim loi mm nht l Cs; cng nht l Cr

4- Tnh cht ha hc chung ca kim loi

Tnh cht ha hc c trng ca kim loi l tnh kh: M Mn+ + ne

a. Tc dng vi phi kim: Cl2, O2, S, N2, P, C

. Tc dng vi Clo: to mui clorua

2Fe + 3Cl2 ot 2FeCl3

. Tc dng vi oxi: to o it kim loi tr Au, t, Ag phn ng oC)

4Al + 3O2 ot 2Al2O3 3Fe + 2O2

ot Fe3O4

. Tc dng vi lu hunh: to mui sun ua g phn ng nhit thng

Fe + S ot FeS Hg + S HgS

b. Tc dng vi dd axit:

. Vi dd Axit loi 1 (khng c tnh oxi ha): HCl,H2SO4 long:

1 M 2

Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2

. Vi dd Axit loi 2 (c tnh oxi ha): HNO3, H2SO4 c

Kl (tr Au,Pt) + A2 Mu i ha tr cao nht + SPK + H2O

. HNO3 c NO2 nu )

. HNO3 long NO (khng mu, ha nu); NO/N2O/N2/NH4NO3 (khi tc dng vi Mg, Zn, Al)

. H2SO4 c SO2 (khng mu mi xc); SO2/H2S/S (khi tc dng vi Mg, Zn, Al)

Gv: H Thnh Trung

3

3Cu + 8HNO3 long ot 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O

Cu + 2H2SO4 c ot CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O

Lu : Al, Fe, Cr khng tc dng vi HNO3 c ngui, H2SO4 c ngui

c. Tc dng v n c:

. Kim loi nhm IA, IIA tr Be, Mg: M + n H2O M(OH)n + n/2 H2

2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2

.Cc kim loi c tnh kh trung bnh: Zn, Fe,... kh nc nhit cao

Mg+H2O(h) MgO+H2

3Fe+4H2O(h) Fe3O4+4H2 Fe+H2O(h) FeO+H2

.Cc kim loi c tnh kh yu: Cu, Ag, g khng kh c nc d nhit cao

d. Tc dng vi dd mu i: KL X + mu i KL Y

- iu kin kim loi M y c kim loi X ra khi dung dch mui ca n:

+ M ng trc X trong dy th in cc chun

+ C M v X u khng tc dng c vi nc iu kin thng

+ Mui tham gia phn ng v mui to thnh phi l mui tan:

xM (r) + nXx+

dd Mn+ (dd) + nX (r)

- Khi lng cht rn tng: m = mX to ra mM tan

- Khi lng cht rn gim: m = mM tan mX to ra

Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag

Lu : Hn hp cc kim loi phn ng vi hn hp dung dch mui theo th t u tin: kim loi

kh mnh nht tc dng vi cation oxi ha mnh nht to ra kim loi kh yu nht v cation

oxi ha yu nht

Gv: H Thnh Trung

4

5. HP KIM

a. nh ngha: l vt liu kim loi c cha mt kim loi c bn v mt kim loi hoc phi kim

khc

VD: thp l hp kim ca Fe vi C v 1 mt s nguyn t khc

b. Tnh cht: hp kim c nhiu tnh cht ha hc tng t ca cc n cht to thnh hp kim

nhng tnh cht vt l v tnh cht c hc li khc nhiu so vi tnh cht cc n cht

-Tnh dn in, dn nhit ca hp kim km hn so vi cc kim loi ban u

- Tnh cng v dn ca hp kim tr hn so ci cc n cht ban u

- Nhit nng chy ca hp kim h ng thp hn so vi cc KL ban u

Hp kim khng b n mn: Fe-Cr-Mn (thp inoc)

Hp kim siu cng: W-Co, Co-Cr-W-Fe

Hp kim nh, cng v bn: Al-Si, Al-Cu-Mn-Mg

II.

1 C i h h i l i uy c: /oxihoa kh . 3 2/ ; /Ag Ag Fe Fe

2 i h

Tnh oxi ha ca ion kim loi t g dn

K+ Na

+ Ca

2+ Mg

2+ Al

3+ Zn

2+ Cr

3+ Fe

2+ Ni

2+ Sn

2+ Pb

2+ 2H

+ Cu

2+ Fe

3+ Ag

+ Hg

2+ Au

3+

K Na Ca Mg Al Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H2 Cu Fe2+

Ag Hg Au

Tnh kh ca kim loi gim dn

3 gh d i h d on chiu ca phn ng xy ra gia 2 cp oxi ha-kh : theo

uy tc : cht kh mnh + cht oxi ha mnh ht kh yu + cht oxi ha yu

Fe + Cu2+

Cu + Fe2+

3Zn +2 Cr3+

2 Cr2+ + 3Zn2+

Tnh kh: Zn > Cr2+

Tnh oxi ha : Cr3+

> Zn2+

III. N MN KIM LOI:

1 h gh : l s ph hy kim loi do tc dng ha hc ca mi trng xung quanh

2. Phn loi:

Gv: H Thnh Trung

5

a. h hc b. i n ha

nh ngha

- L s ph hy kim loi do kim loi phn

ng vi cht kh/ hi nc nhit cao

- L s ph hy kim loi do kim loi tip xc vi dung

dch cht in ly v sinh ra dng in

u kin pht sinh

- Kim loi tip xc vi cht kh/ hi nc

nhit cao

- Cp in cc phi khc cht (kl-kl, kl pk)

- Cp in cc phi tip xc vi nhau

- Cp in cc cng tip xc vi dung dch in ly

m

- Khng pht sinh dng in

- Nhit cng cao, n mn cng nhanh

- C pht sinh dng in, bt H2 thot ra nhanh

- Th in cc cng khc nhau, m cng ln th n

mn cng nhanh

Bn cht

- L qu trnh oxi ha kh, kim loi

nhng e trc tip cho cc cht trong mi

trng xung quanh

- L qu trnh oxi ha kh, xy ra trn b mt in cc:

.Cc (-): s oxi ha kim loi

.Cc (+): s kh ion kim loi, H2O, O2

V d

- Thit b bng gang, thp tip xc vi hi

nc nhit cao

- Cc vt bng st trng thic b try su s xut hin

lp g nu

3 C h i n ha:

- Cc (-): kim loi c tnh kh mnh b oxi ha M Mn+ + ne

- Cc (+): kim loi kh yu/phi kim:

. Nu dd in ly l axit: 2H+ + 2e H2

. Nu dd in ly l khng kh m: 2H+ + 2e H2

O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OH-

. Nu dung dch in ly l trung tnh/ bazo: O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OH-

4. Ch g im loi:

- Bo v b mt: chng H2O v kh thm qua

Gv: H Thnh Trung

6

. Trng m bng kim loi

. Ph ln b mt: sn, du m, cht do

- Bo v in ha: ni kim loi cn bo v vi kim loi khc c tnh kh mnh hn; kim loi

mnh hn s b n mn trc

IV IN PHN:

1. h gh

S in phn l qu trnh oxi ha kh xy ra b mt cc in cc khi cho dng in mt chiu

i ua hp cht nng chy hoc dung dch in ly

2. Hot ng:

- Anot (+): qu trnh oxi ha

- Catot (-): qu trnh kh

3. Phn loi:

i n phn nng chy:

- Catot (-): M Mn+

+ ne

- Anot (+): 2X- X2 + 2e

4OH- O2 + 2H2O + 4e

O2-

O2 + 4e

Ghi ch: khng in phn nng chy mui gc CO32-

, NO3-, SO4

2-, PO4

3- v:

. Anion gc axit c oxi rt kh b oxi ha

. Mt s mui b nhit phn hy nhit cao

2NaCl 2Na + Cl2 CuCl2

Cu + Cl2 4NaOH

4Na + O2 + 2H2O

b i n phn dung dch:

- Catot(-): . Gc cation kim loi sau Al: M Mn+ + ne

. Gc cation kim loi trc Al: 2H2O + 4e H2 + 2OH-

- Anot (+): . Gc anion axit khng c oxi: 2X- X2 + 2e

. Gc anion axit c oxi: 2H2O O2 + 4H+

+ 4e

2CuSO4 + 2H2O 2Cu + 2H2SO4 + O2 CuCl2

Cu + Cl2

2NaCl + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2

nh lut Faraday:

I: (A) M: (g/mol)

t : (s) m: (g)

Gv: H Thnh Trung

7

V IU CH KIM LOI:

1. Nhm kim loi: Li, K, Ba, Ca, Na, Mg, Al

+Ph ng php: N PHN NNG CHY

. MCln M + Cl2

. M(OH)n M + O2 + H2O

. M2On M + O2

:

. Khng in phn nng chy AlCl3 v AlCl3 c lin kt CHT nn thng hoa nhit cao

. Khng in phn nng chy hidroxit ca kim loi kim th b hidroxit ca kim loi kim th b

phn hy nhit cao

2. Nhm kim loi: Mn, Zn, Cr, Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb

Ph ng php: T LUY N

. Kim loi + [C/CO/H2/Al]

M + [CO/CO2/H2O/Al2O3]

Ph ng php: N PHN DUNG DCH

. M2(SO4)2 + H2O M + H2SO4 + O2

. M(NO3)2 + H2O M + HNO3 + O2

. MCln M + Cl2

3. Nhm kim loi: Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au

Ph ng php: T Y LUY N

. Kim loi kh mnh + dd mui Kim loi kh yu + dd mui mi

(tr Na, K, Ba, Ca)

Ph ng php: T LUY N

. Kim loi + [C/CO/H2/Al]

M + [CO/CO2/H2O/Al2O3]

Gv: H Thnh Trung

8

Ph ng php: N PHN DUNG DCH

. M2(SO4)n + H2O M + H2SO4 + O2

. M(NO3)2 + H2O M + HNO3 + O2

. MCln M + Cl2

VD:

CaCl2 Ca + Cl2 2ZnSO4 + 2H2O

2Zn + 2H2SO4 + O2

4NaOH 4Na + O2 + 2H2O 4AgNO3 + 2H2O

4Ag + 4HNO3 + O2

2Al2O3 4Al + 3O2 CuCl2

Cu + Cl2

Fe2O3 + 3CO

2Fe + 3CO2 Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu

3Fe3O4 + 8Al

9Fe +4Al2O3 Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag

Gv: H Thnh Trung

1

Bi 8: KIM LOI IN HNH

A. Kim loi kim (IA)

I. n cht:

Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr: ns1

Cu to n cht: TINH TH LP PHNG TM KHI

1. L tnh:

Mu trng bc, c nh kim

Nh, mm, tnc v ts thp, d nh

2. Ha tnh:

a. Tc dng vi phi kim: D DNG

b. Tc dng vi H2O: MNH LIT

c. Tc dng vi Axit: N MNH

d. Tc dng vi dung dch mui: 2 giai on

. 2M + 2H2O 2MOH + H2

. MOH + mui

3. iu ch:

in phn nng chy mui clorua: 2MCl 2M + Cl2

in phn nng chy oxit/ hidroxit tng ng: 4MOH 4M + O2 + 2H2O

Kim loi kim c bo qun bng cch ngm chm trong du ha

Vi Li, c bo qun bng parafin

II. Cc hp cht:

1. Na2O: cht rn mu trng, tan nhiu trong nc

Na2O + 2H2O 2NaOH Na2O + CO2 Na2CO3

Na2O + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O

2. NaOH: cht rn, mu trng, tan nhiu trong nc

NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O

NaOH + SO2 NaHSO3

Gv: H Thnh Trung

2

2NaOH + SO2 Na2SO3 + H2O

2NaOH + CuSO4 Na2SO4 + Cu(OH)2

NaOH + 2KHSO3 Na2SO3 + K2SO3 + H2O

2NaOH + 2Cl2 NaCl + NaClO + H2O

2NaOH + 2NO2 NaNO3 + NaNO2 + H2O

iu ch trong cng nghip: 2NaCl + H2O 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2

3. NaHCO3: cht rn, mu trng, t tan trong nc, ng trong , ng ng

t , t o n g t

NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + CO2 + H2O

NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O

NaHCO3 + NaHSO4 Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O

2NaHCO3

Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O

Lu : NaOH, Na2CO3 khng b nhit phn

B. Kim loi kim th (IIA):

I. n cht:

Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra: ns2

Cu to n cht:

. Be, Mg: MNG TINH TH LC PHNG

. Ca, Sr: MNG TINH TH LP PHNG TM DIN

. Ba: MNG TINH TH LP PHNG TM KHI

1. L tnh:

Mu trng bc, cng hn kim loi kim, nh; ,

thp, d nh

2. Ha tnh:

. Td vi Phi kim: MNH LIT

. Td vi H2O: M + 2H2O M(OH)2 + H2

Lu :

Be khng phn ng vi nc;

Mg khng tan trong nc lnh, tan trong nc nng: Mg + H2O

MgO + H2

Gv: H Thnh Trung

3

. Td vi axit:

M + A1 Mui + H2

M + A2 Mui + SPK + H2O

. Td vi dd mui:

Be, Mg tc dng trc tip vs mui

Ca, Sr, Ba tc dng theo 2 giai on:

M + 2H2O M(OH)2 + H2

M(OH)2 + mui

. Td vi dd kim: ch Be mi c p ny

Be + 2NaOH Na2BeO2 + H2

3. iu ch:

in phn nng chy mui clorua: MCl2 M + Cl2

Khng pnc M(OH)2 v cc hidroxit ca kim loi kim th b phn hy nhit cao

II. Hp cht:

1. CaO: vi sng, cht rn mu trng, tan trong nc

CaO + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2

CaO + SO2 CaSO3

2. Ca(OH)2: vi ti, cht rn, t tan trong nc. ng tr n a n , ua t

tr ng, n ut orua t trng tr ng

Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O

Ca(OH)2 + 2CO2 Ca(HCO3)2

Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaOH

Ca(OH)2 + 2NaHCO3 CaCO3 + Na2CO3 + 2H2O

3Ca(OH)2 + 2FeCl3 3CaCl2 + 2Fe(OH)3

Ca(OH)2 + Cl2

CaOCl2 + H2O

Ca(OH)2

CaO + H2O

Gv: H Thnh Trung

4

3. CaCO3: , cht rn, mu trng, ng tan trong nc

CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2

CaCO3

CaO + CO2

Ca(HCO3)2

CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O

Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O

4. CaSO4: cht rn mu trng, rt t tan trong nc

CaSO4: thch cao khan

CaSO4.H2O hoc CaSO4.0,5H2O : thch cao nung

CaSO4.2H2O : thch cao sng

C. c c n :

1. Khi nim:

- Nc c cha nhiu ion Ca2+, Mg2+ gi l nc cng.

VD: Nc sng, sui, ao, h, ging,

- Nc c cha t hoc khng cha cc ion trn gi l nc mm.

VD: Nc ma, nc ct.

2.Phn loi n c c ng:

- Nc cng tm thi: l nc cng c cha anion HCO3-.

Vd: Nc c cha mui Ca(HCO3)2 , Mg(HCO3)2 .

- Nc cng vnh cu: l nc cng c cha cc ion Cl-, SO42-

hoc c 2.

Vd: Nc c cha mui CaCl2, CaSO4,...

- Nc cng ton phn: L nc cng cha c tnh cng tm thi v vnh cu

3. Cch lm mm n c c ng:

* Nguyn tc: lm gim nng ion Ca2+, Mg2+ trong nc cng bng cch chuyn 2

ion t do ny vo hp cht khng tan hoc thay th chng bng nhng cation khc.

Gv: H Thnh Trung

5

* Phng php lm mm:

+ Phng php kt ta:

a. i vi nc cng tm thi:

- un si trc khi dng:

M(HCO3)2 0t MCO3 + CO2 + H2O

l c b k t ta nc mm.

- Dng nc vi trong va :

M(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 MCO3 + CaCO3 + 2H2O

b. i vi nc cng vnh cu v ton phn:

dng cc dung dch Na2CO3, Na3PO4 lm mm nc.

M2+

+ CO32-

MCO3 . M2+

+ 2PO43-

M3(PO4)2

+ Phn php trao i ion:

Da trn kh nng trao i ion ca cc ht zeolit ( cc alumino silicat kt tinh, trong

tinh th cha nhng l trng nh) hoc nha trao i ion.

D. Nhm:

Cu hnh: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1

Cu to tinh th: LP PHNG TM DIN

I. n cht

1. L tnh:

Mu trng bc, mm, d ko si v dt mng

Dn in, dn nhit tt, nh ( d= 2,7 g/ml),

2. Ha tnh:

Al l kim loi c tnh kh mnh. (yu hn KLK, KLK th)

a. Tc dng vi phi kim: tc dng trc tip v mnh lit vi nhiu phi kim.

Vd: 4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3 ; 2 Al + 3Cl2 2AlCl3

b. Tc dng vi axit:

- Vi cc dung dch axit HCl, H2SO4long:

2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2; 2Al + 3 H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2

Pt ion thu gn : 2Al + 6H+ 2Al3+ + 3H2

Gv: H Thnh Trung

6

- Vi dung dch HNO3, H2SO4 c:

+ Al khn p v i HNO3 c ngui, H2SO4 c ngui.

+ Vi cc axit HNO3 c nng, HNO3 long, H2SO4 c nng: Al kh c 5

N v

6

S xung nhng mc oxi ho thp hn. ( NO2, NO, N2, N2O, NH4NO3; SO2, S, H2S)

Al + 6HNO3 0t Al(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O

c. Tc dng vi H2O:

Al khng p vi H2O v c lp Al2O3 bn bo v

2Alnguyn cht + 6H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2

phn ng dng li nhanh do c lp Al(OH)3 khng tan trong H2O bo v lp nhm

bn trong.

d. Tc dng vi oxit kim loi: (phn ng nhit nhm)

nhit cao, Al kh c nhiu ion kim loi km hot dng hn trong oxit ( FeO,

CuO, ...) thnh kim loi t do.

Fe2O3 + 2Al 0t Al2O3 + 2Fe

e. Tc dng vi baz: nhm tc dng vi dung dch baz mnh: NaOH, KOH,

Ca(OH)2....

. p xy ra theo 2 giai on:

2Al + 6H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2 Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O

. pt tng qut:

2Al +2NaOH +2H2O 2NaAlO2 +3H2 ( Nhm tan trong dung dch kim)

natri aluminat

i u ch

in ph n n ng chy: Al2O3 pnc 2Al + 3/2 O2.

Lu : khn in phn nng chy AlCl3 v AlCl3 ch a lin kt CHT phn cc

nn thn hoa khi un nn

II. Mt hp cht c a nhm

1/ Nhm oxit (Al2O3):

- L cht rn mu trng, khng tan v khng tc dng vi nc.

- , rt bn vi nhit

Gv: H Thnh Trung

7

- Trong v qu t, Al2O3 tn ti cc dng sau:

+ Tinh th Al2O3 khan l qu rt cng: corindon trong sut, khng mu.

+ rubi (hng ngc): mu

+ saphia: mu xanh.(C ln TiO2 v Fe3O4)

+ Emeri ( dng khan) cng cao lm mi

* Tnh cht ho hc:

- Al2O3 l hp cht rt b n: Al2O3 l hp cht ion, dng tinh th n rt bn v mt

ho hc.

- Al2O3 l cht lng tnh:

+ Tc dng vi axit mnh: HCl, HNO3,:

Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O

+ Tc dng vi cc dung dch baz mnh: NaOH, KOH

Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O

2/ Nhm hidroxit (Al(OH)3): K t ta keo mu trng

a. Km b n vi nhit: 2Al(OH)3 0t Al2O3 + 3 H2O

b. L hp cht lng tnh

. Tc dng vi axit mnh: HCl, HNO3,: 3HCl + Al(OH)3 AlCl3 + 3H2O

. Tc dng vi cc dung dch baz mnh : Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O

Lu : Al(OH)3 khng tan trong dd NH3

3/ Dung dch AlO2- :

AlO2-

+ CO2 + 2H2O Al(OH)3 + HCO3-

AlO2-

+ H+ + H2O Al(OH)3 AlO2

- + 2H

+ Al3+ + H2O

4/ Nhm sunfat Al2(SO4)3 :

- Phn CHUA: K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O hay KAl(SO4)2.12H2O

- Phn AMONI: (NH4)2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O hay NH4Al(SO4)2.12H2O

- Phn KP: Al2(SO4)3.18H2O

- ng dng: Phn chua c dng trong cng nghip thuc da, CN giy, cht cm

mu, lm trong nc ...

- dd Al2(SO4)3 c pH< 7, mi trng axit.

Gv: H Thnh Trung

1

Bi 9: KIM LOI CHUYN TIP

A. St:

I. n cht:

Cu hnh: [Ar] 3d6 4s2

Cu trc mng tinh th: LP PHNG TM KHI hoc LP PHNG TM DIN

1. L tnh:

Mu trng hi xm, do, d rn, dn in dn nhit tt, c tnh nhim t

; d = 7,9 g/ml, l kim loi nng

2. Ha tnh:

St l kim loi c tnh kh trung bnh. Khi tc dng vi cht oxi ha yu Fe b oxi ha

thnh Fe2+

, vi cht oxi ha mnh Fe b oxi ha thnh Fe3+.

Fe Fe2+ + 2e Fe

Fe3+ + 3e

a. Tc dng vi phi kim

Fe + S ot

FeS 3Fe + 2O2 ot

Fe3O4

2Fe + 3Cl2 ot

2FeCl3

b. Tc dng vi axit

. Vi axit HCl, H2SO4 long: