Gv: H Thnh Trung

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Bi 1: HA I CNG

A. CU TO NGUYN T

I. Thnh phn nguyn t:

-Nguyn t l ht trung ha v in c cu to 2 phn:

+ Nhn nguyn t: proton (P) mang in dng , notron (N) khng mang in

+ V nguyn t: cc electron (e) mang in m.

- Khi lng nguyn t chnh l khi lng ht nhn (khi lng cc ht proton v notron)

Cu to nguyn t V nguyn t Ht nhn

Electron Proton Notron

in tch 1- 1+ Khng mang in

Khi lng 9,1.10-31

(kg) 1,6727.10-27

(kg) 1,6748.10-27

(kg)

- S Avorgaro l s nguyn t hay phn t c trong 1 mol cht, bng 6,023.1023

- n v Cacbon (n v khi lng nguyn t), k hiu u bng 1

12khi lng Cacbon

271 1,6605.10u kg

II.Ht nhn nguyn t:

- K hiu Z cho bit:

+S proton.

+S electron

+in tch ht nhn l Z+.

+S n v in tch ht nhn Z

+S hiu nguyn t S n v in tch ht nhn = S proton = S electron

-S khi k hiu A A = p + n = Z + N

III.Nguyn t ha hc:

- Nguyn t ha hc l tp hp nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn nn c tnh cht ha hc

ging nhau

- K hiu nguyn t

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Z: s hiu nguyn t

A: s khi

X: k hiu tn nguyn t

IV.ng v:

- Cc ng v ca cng mt nguyn t ha hc l nhng nguyn t cng s proton, khc nhau

s notron, do khc nhau s khi A

- Cc ng v c electron bng nhau nn tnh cht ha hc ging nhau.

- Cc ng v c notron khc nn khi lng khc nn tnh cht vt l khc.

Nguyn t khi trung bnh:

-Ta c 1A

z X ( a%) v 2A

z X (b%)..

-Nguyn t khi trung bnh l: 1 2. . ....

.....

hh

hh

a A b A mM

a b n

iu kin t l ca N : Z l: 1 1,5N

Z

V.V nguyn t

1. Obitan nguyn t:

a. nh ngha: Obitan nguyn t: l khu vc khng gian xung quanh ht nhn m kh

nng c mt electron l ln nht (khu vc c mt m my electron ln nht).

b. S v dng obitan: ph thuc c im mi phn lp electron.

Phn lp s c 1 obitan dng hnh cu.

Phn lp p c 3 obitan dng hnh s 8 ni.

Phn lp d c 5 obitan, phn lp f c 7 obitan. Obitan d v f c dng phc tp hn.

Mi obitan ch cha ti a 2 electron c spin(chiu) ngc nhau. Mi obitan c k hiu bng

1 vung , (cn gi l lng t), trong nu ch c 1 electron ta gi l electron

c thn, nu 2 electron ta gi cc electron ghp i. Obitan khng c electron gi l

obitan trng.

A

Z X

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2.Lp v phn lp electron:

-Cc e xp vo cc lp xung quanh nhn ; lp trong c nng lng thp hn lp ngoi.

a. Trong mt lp

Cc electron c nng lng gn bng nhau.

K hiu ca lp: Lp K (n=1) ; lp L (n=2)

b. Trong phn lp

Cc electron c nng lng bng nhau.

K hiu ca phn lp s, p, d, f,.

Lp (n=) K (n=1) L (n=2) M (n=3) N (n=4) O (n=5) P (n=6) Q (n=7)

Mc nng

lng

Phn lp s s , p s, p, d s, p, d , f

3.S obitan trong mt lp v phn lp.

Phn lp S P d f

S obitan 1 3 5 7

Lp 1 2 3 4

Phn lp S s , p s, p, d s, p, d , f

S obitan 1 4 9 16

- S obitan trong mt lp l n2

VI. Cu hnh electron

1. Cc nguyn l v quy tc phn b electron

1s

2s 2p

3s 3p 3d

4s 4p 4d 4f

5s 5p 5d 5f

6s 6p 6d 6f

7s 7p 7d 7f

Cu hnh e theo mc nng lng ca obitan l:

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d

Cu hnh e theo mc s phn b lp l:

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s

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2.Nguyn tc phn b electron:

a.Nguyn l Pauli:

-Trn 1 obitan ch c th c nhiu nht 2 electron v 2 electron ny chuyn ng t quay khc

chiu nhau xung quanh trc ring mi e.

H qu:

Phn lp S P d F

S e ti a 2 6 10 14

K hiu s2 p6 d10 f14

Lp 1 2 3 4

S e ti a 2 8 18 32

- S e ti a trong 1 lp l 2n2 (n l s lp e)

b.Nguyn l vng bn:

- trng thi c bn, trong nguyn t, cc electron chim ln lt nhng obitan c mc nng

lng t thp n cao.

c.Quy tc Hund:

-Trong cng 1 phn lp, cc electron s phn b trn cc obitan sao cho s electron c thn l

ti a

3.Cu hnh electron:

**11Na

-Cu hnh e theo mc nng lng: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

-S phn b e vo cc obitan:

*35Br

-Cu hnh e theo mc nng lng: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5

-Cu hnh e (theo th t lp): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p5

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* Fe (Z = 26).

-Cu hnh e theo mc nng lng: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6

-Cu hnh e (theo th t lp): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2

Trn c s cu hnh electron ca nguyn t, ta d dng vit cu hnh electron ca cation

hoc anion to ra t nguyn t ca nguyn t :

Fe2+

: 1s2 2s

2 2p

6 3s

2 3p

6 3d

6

Fe3+

: 1s2 2s

2 2p

6 3s

2 3p

6 3d

5.

i vi anion th thm vo lp ngoi cng s electron m nguyn t nhn.

S(Z = 16) : 1s2 2s

2 2p

6 3s

2 3p

4.

S2-

: 1s2 2s

2 2p

6 3s

2 3p

6

Cn hiu rng :electron lp ngoi cng theo cu hnh electron ch khng theo mc nng lng.

4.c im e lp ngoi cng:

Nguyn t c 1, 2, 3e lp ngoi cng l kim loi

Nguyn t c 5, 6, 7e lp ngoi cng l phi kim

Nguyn t c 4e lp ngoi cng l kim loi hoc phi kim

Nguyn t c 8e lp ngoi cng l kh him

Cc cng thc lm bi tp :

Dng 1 : Ton v kch thc ,bn knh ,th tch nguyn t

Phng php :

p dng cng thc 34

3V r

271 1,6605.10u kg

0

10 8

9 7

1 10 10

1 10 10

A m cm

nm m cm

- S Avorgaro l s nguyn t hay phn t c trong 1 mol cht, bng 6,023.1023

- n v Cacbon (n v khi lng nguyn t), k hiu u bng 1

12khi lng Cacbon

VII. Phn ng ht nhn:

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Phn ng ht nhn l qu trnh lm bin i nhng ht nhn ca nguyn t ny thnh ht nhn

ca nhng nguyn t khc.

Trong phn ng ht nhn, tng s proton v tng s khi lun c bo ton.

V d:

VIII. Nng lng ion ho, i lc vi electron, m in.

1) Nng lng ion ho (I)

Nng lng ion ho l nng lng cn tiu th tch 1e ra khi nguyn t v bin nguyn t

thnh ion dng. Nguyn t cng d nhng e (tnh kim loi cng mnh) th I c tr s cng

nh.

2) i lc vi electron (E)

i lc vi electron l nng lng gii phng khi kt hp 1e vo nguyn t, bin nguyn t thnh

ion m. Nguyn t c kh nng thu e cng mnh (tnh phi kim cng mnh) th E c tr s cng

ln.

3) m in ():

m in l i lng c trng cho kh nng ht cp electron lin kt ca mt nguyn t

trong phn t.

m in c tnh t I v E theo cng thc:

Nguyn t c cng ln th nguyn t ca n c kh nng ht cp e lin kt cng mnh.

m in thng dng tin on mc phn cc ca lin kt v xt cc hiu ng dch

chuyn electron trong phn t.

Nu hai nguyn t c bng nhau s to thnh lin kt cng ho tr thun tu.

. Nu m in khc nhau nhiu (> 1,7) s to thnh lin kt ion.

. Nu m in khc nhau khng nhiu (0

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B. H THNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC

I. nh lut tun hon:

Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t cng nh thnh phn, tnh cht ca cc n cht v hp cht ca

chng bin thin tun hon theo chiu tng in tch ht nhn.

II. Bng h thng tun hon

Ngi ta sp xp 109 nguyn t ho hc ( tm c) theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht

nhn Z thnh mt bng gi l bng h thng tun hon.

C 2 dng bng thng gp.

1. Dng bng di:

C 7 chu k (mi chu k l 1 hng), 16 nhm. Cc nhm c chia thnh 2 loi: Nhm A (gm

cc nguyn t s v p) v nhm B (gm nhng nguyn t d v f). Nhng nguyn t nhm B u

l kim loi.

2. Dng bng ngn:

C 7 chu k (chu k 1, 2, 3 c 1 hng, chu k 4, 5, 6 c 2 hng, chu k 7 ang xy dng mi c

1 hng); 8 nhm. Mi nhm c 2 phn nhm: Phn nhm chnh (gm cc nguyn t s v p - ng

vi nhm A trong bng di) v phn nhm ph (gm cc nguyn t d v f - ng vi nhm B

trong bng di). Hai h nguyn t f (h lantan v h actini) c xp thnh 2 hng ring.

Trong chng trnh PTTH v trong cun sch ny s dng dng bng ngn.

III. Chu k

Chu k gm nhng nguyn t m nguyn t ca chng c cng s lp electron.

Mi chu k u m u bng kim loi kim, kt thc bng kh him.

Trong mt chu k, i t tri sang phi theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn.

- S electron lp ngoi cng tng dn.

- Lc ht gia ht nhn v electron ho tr lp ngoi cng tng dn, lm bn knh nguyn t

gim dn. Do :

+ m in ca cc nguyn t tng dn.

+ Tnh kim loi gim dn, tnh phi kim tng dn.

+ Tnh baz ca cc oxit, hiroxit gim dn, tnh axit ca chng tng dn.

- Ho tr cao nht i vi oxi tng t I n VII. Ho tr i vi hiro gim t IV (nhm IV) n I

(nhm VII).

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IV. Nhm v phn nhm

Trong mt phn nhm chnh (nhm A) khi i t trn xung di theo chiu tng in tch ht

nhn.

- Bn knh nguyn t tng (do s lp e tng) nn lc ht gia ht nhn v cc electron lp

ngoi cng yu dn, tc l kh nng nhng electron ca nguyn t tng dn. Do :

+ Tnh kim loi tng dn, tnh phi kim gim dn.

+ Tnh baz ca cc oxit, hiroxit tng dn, tnh axit ca chng gim dn.

- Ho tr cao nht vi oxi (ho tr dng) ca cc nguyn t bng s th t ca nhm cha

nguyn t .

NHM IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA

Hp cht oxi cao nht R2O RO R2O3 RO2 R2O5 RO3 R2O7

Hp cht vi hidro RH4 RH3 RH2 RH

C. LIN KT HA HC

I. Lin kt ion:

1.nh ngha: c hnh thnh bi lc ht tnh in gia cc ion mang in tch tri du

2. c im: thng to bi kl in hnh v phi kim in hnh ( > 1,7 ) : NaCl, KF

3. Hp cht ion:

-Cht rn, dng tinh th, nhit nng chy cao

-a s tan trong nc, kh tan trong dung mi hu c t phn cc

-Dn in trng thi nng chy v dung dch

II. Lin kt cng ha tr:

1. nh ngha: c to nn gia hai nguyn t bng mt hay nhiu cp electron dng chung

2. Phn loi:

a. Lin kt cng ha tr khng cc: cp e dng chung khng b ht lch v pha nguyn t no

(0

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+ -

3.Hp cht cng ha tr:

-Cht kh, lng hoc rn, nhit nng chy thp, d thng hoa (vi cht rn)

-a s khng tan trong nc (tr khi c th to lin kt hidro), tan d trong dung mi hu c

-Khng dn in khi nng chy hoc ha tan

III. Lin kt cho nhn:

1. nh ngha: L lin kt cng ha tr c bit trong cp electron chung ch do mt nguyn

t gp

2. c im:

-Nguyn t cho: t c cu bn m vn cn d 1 i in t

-Nguyn t nhn: ch t c cu bn khi c thm 2 in t

3. Kt qu

-To thnh hp cht phi tr

-Nhiu hp cht cha cng 1 nguyn t vi ha tr khc nhau

IV. Lin kt kim loi:

1. nh ngha: l lin kt c hnh thnh gia cation, nguyn t v cc electron t do

2. Mng tinh th kim loi:

a. Lp phng tm khi

b. Lp phng tm din

c. Lc phng

V. Lin kt hidro:

1. nh ngha:

Lin kt hiro l mt loi lin kt ha hc yu, c thc hin gia hiro linh ng [H linh

ng l H c mang mt phn in tch dng, H ny c lin kt cng ha tr phn cc (c

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cc) vi mt nguyn t c m in ln gm O, N, F ] vi mt ngun giu in t (cng

thng l cc nguyn t c m in ln gm O, N, F).

Lin kt hiro c biu din nh sau: A < H.... B

Trong :

A < H: lin kt cng ha tr phn cc gia H vi nguyn t c m in ln A

H.... B: (B l O, N, F): i in t gp chung b ko v pha A c m in ln hn so vi H.

lin kt hiro gia H vi ngun giu in t B (B cng thng l cc nguyn t

c m in ln gm O, N, F hay ngun in , nhn thm)

(H c m in 2,20. Cn O c m in 3,44 ; N c m in 3,04 ; F c m in

3,98)

2. Kt qu:

-Lm nhit si ca cht cao bt thng

-Lm tng kh nng ha tan vi dung mi

- Gii thch tnh tan v nhit si ca cc hp cht c lin kt hidro

3. c im:

Bn cht ca lin kt hiro l do lc ht tnh in gia H linh ng c mang mt phn in tch

dng vi ngun giu in t B c mang mt phn in tch m. Do yu t no lm cho H

cng linh ng, tc H cng mang nhiu in tch dng, v ngun giu in t B cng giu in

t, tc B cng mang nhiu in tch m, th lin kt hiro gia H v B cng mnh.

Ch nhng phn t no cha H linh ng, tc c cha nhm OH, NH, FH, mi to c

lin kt hiro gia cc phn t ca chng vi nhau.

VD: Nc (H-OH), Ru n chc (R-OH), Ru a chc (R(OH)n), Phenol (Ar-OH),

Axit hu c (R-COOH ), Amoniac (NH3), Amin bc 1 (R-NH2), Amin bc 2 (R-NH-R),

Amino axit (H2N-R-COOH)... to c lin kt H gia cc phn t vi nhau.

- Hai hp cht cng ha tr c khi lng phn t xp x nhau, hp cht no to c lin kt

hiro gia cc phn t vi nhau th s c nhit nng chy, nhit si cao hn (do phi cn

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cung cp thm nng lng nhit ph v lin kt hiro, sau phn nng lng cn d mi

cung cp cho ng nng cc phn t bay hi).

Th d: : CH3Cl (240C, M = 50,5) < : C2H5OH (780C, M = 46)

Hp cht hu c no to c lin kt hiro vi nc v c khi lng phn t khng ln s

ha tan nhiu trong nc.

Cc ru cha 1C, 2C, 3C trong phn t ( CH3OH, C2H5OH, C3H7OH ) tan mi t l (tan v

hn) trong nc.

Cc axit cha 1C, 2C, 3C trong phn t (HCOOH, CH3COOH, CH3CH2COOH) tan v hn

trong nc. Nhng axit panmitic (acid palmitic, C15H31COOH), axit stearic (C17H35COOH)

khng tan trong nc.

VI. Lin kt xch-ma ()

-L lin kt cng ha tr, do s xen ph theo hng ng trc gia 2 obitan

-Bn

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VII. Lin kt pi ()

-L lin kt cng ha tr, do s xen ph bn gia 2 obitan

-Km bn

D. TC PHN NG CN BNG HA HC

I.Tc phn ng

-Tc phn ng l bin thin nng ca mt trong cc cht phn ng hoc sn phm

trong mt n v thi gian.

-Biu thc vn tc phn ng: vn tc phn ng t l thun vi tch s nng ca cc cht tham

gia phn ng, vi s m l h s hp thc cc cht tng ng trong phng trnh phn ng ha

hc.

Vi phn ng: mA + nB pC + qD

Biu thc vn tc: V = k.[A]m.[B]n =

k: h s t l (hng s vn tc) [A], [B]: nng mol/l ca A, B.

Th d: Br2 + HCOOH 2HBr + CO2

Lc u nng Br2 l 0,0120 mol/l, sau 50 giy nng l 0,0101 mol/l

Vy tc trung bnh ca phn ng trong khong thi gian 50 giy tnh theo Br2 l:

= 3,8.10

-4 mol / l.s

II.Cn bng ha hc

1. Phn ng thun nghch: L phn ng xy ra theo 2 chiu ngc nhau trong cng iu kin,

v d: H2 + I2 2HI

2. Cn bng ha hc trong phn ng thun nghch:

a. nh ngha: L trng thi ca phn ng thun nghch m ti vn tc phn ng thun bng

vn tc phn ng nghch (cn bng ng)

b. Nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng Le Chatelier

Cn bng ca phn ng thun nghch s chuyn di theo chiu chng li s thay i cc iu

kin bn ngoi (v nng , nhit , p sut)

Thay i : Chiu chuyn di

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Nng : Tng Gim ; Gim Tng

p sut: Tng Gim s phn t kh ; Gim Tng s phn t kh

Nhit : Tng Gim nhit (thu nhit) ; Gim Tng nhit (ta nhit)

Lu :

Xc tc ch lm tng tc phn ng ch khng lm nh hng n chuyn dch cn

bng.

c. Hng s cn bng vi phn ng thun nghch:

mA + nB pC + qD

-Vn tc phn ng thun: Vt = kt.[A]m

.[B]n

-Vn tc phn ng nghch: Vn = kn.[C]p.[D]

q

-Khi cn bng: Vt = Vn kt.[A]m.[B]

n = kn.[C]

p.[D]

q

-Hng s cn bng:

E. IN LY

I. S in ly:

L qu trnh phn ly cc cht trong nc hoc nng chy ton ion ( ion dng ,ion m)

S in ly c biu din bng phng trnh in ly.

II.PHN LOI CC CHT IN LY

1.nh ngha

in li anpha ca mt cht in ly l t s ca s phn t phn li ra ion (n) v tng s phn t

ha tan (no)

o

n

n

2. Phn loi:

a. Cht in li mnh : l cht khi tan trong nc ,cc phn t u phn li ra ion.

b. Cht in li yu : l cht khi tan trong nc, ch c mt phn s phn t ha tan phn li ra

ion, phn cn li vn tn ti di dng phn t trong dung dch.

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III.AXIT- BAZO- MUI

1.Axit bazo theo Arenius:

a. Axit l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation H+

Vd: HCl, H2SO4

b. Bazo l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra anion OH-

Vd: NaOH, Ba(OH)2

2.Axit nhiu nc l axit m mt phn t phn li nhiu nc ra ion H+

Vd: H2S, H3PO4

3.Bazo nhiu nc l baazo m mt phn t phn li ra nhiu ion OH-

Vd: Mg(OH)2

4.Hidroxit lng tnh : l nhng cht khi tan trong nc va c th phn li nh axit, va

c th phn li nh bazo.

Vd: Al(OH)3/ HAlO2.H2O; Zn(OH)2/ H2ZnO2

5.Axit- bazo theo Brontstet

a. Axit l cht nhng proton (H+): NH4+, H2O, Fe

3+

b. Bazo l cht nhn proton: NH3, H2O, HCO3-

6.Hng s phn li axit

a

HA H A

H AK

HA

Ka l hng s phn li axit: ph thuc vo nhit , bn cht axit. Ka cng nh th lc axit

cng yu.

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7.Hng s phn li bazo

b

ROH R OH

R OHK

ROH

Kb l hng s phn li bazo, ph thuc vo bn cht bazo v nhit , Kb cng nh th lc

bazo cng yu .

8. Mui: l hp cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation kim loi ( hoc NH4+) v anion gc

axit.

C 2 loi : mui trung ha v mui axit .

IV.Cng thc tnh pH :

[H+].[OH

-]=10

-14 tch s ion ca nc

pH + pOH = 14 pH = -lg [H+] pOH = -log[OH-]

pH < 7 : mi trng axit

pH = 7 : mi trng trung tnh

pH > 7 : mi trng Baz

AXIT TRUNG TNH KIM

QU TM TM XANH

PHENOLPHTALEIN KHNG MU KHNG MU HNG

Ch : c th trn mt s cht ch th c khong pH i mu k tip nhau, ta c hn hp cht

ch th-bazo vn nng .

V. Phn ng trao i trong dung dch:

1. iu kin xy ra phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li ch xy ra khi cc

ion kt hp vi nhau tao ra t nht mt trong cc cht: kt ta, in li yu, cht kh.

pt ion rt gn cho bit bn cht ca phn ng trong cc dd cht in li.

Trong pt ion rt gn: loi b nhng ion khng tham gia phn ng, cn nhng cht kt

ta, in li yu, cht kh c gi nguyn di dng phn t.

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2. V d:

a. Phn ng to thnh cht kt ta .

Na2SO4 + BaCl2 2NaCl + BaSO4

Pt ion thu gn :Ba2+ + SO42-

BaSO4

b. Phn ng to thnh cht in ly yu :

NaOH + HCl NaCl ++ H2O

PT ion thu gn : H+ + OH- H2O

c. Phn ng to thnh ion phc :

AgCl + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)]2Cl

d.Phn ng to thnh axit yu :

Phng trnh phn t: Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2

Phng trnh ion y : 2Na+ + CO32-

+ 2H+ + 2Cl

- 2Na+ + 2Cl- + H2O + CO2

Phng trnh ion rt gn: CO32-

+ 2H+ H2O + CO2

Lu :

Tnh tan ca mt s mui:

+ Tt c cc mui nitrat (NO3-) u tan: v d NaNO3, Ca(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2.

+ Hu ht cc mui clorua(Cl-) u tan tr AgCl, PbCl2

+ Hu ht cc mui sunfat(SO42-

) u tan tr BaSO4, CaSO4,PbSO4

+ Hu ht cc mui sunfua(S2-) u khng tan tr cc mui sunfua ca kim loi Kim: Na2S,

K2S, Li2S v( NH4)2S

+ Hu ht cc mui cacbonat (CO32-

) u khng tan tr cc mui cacbonat ca kim loi Kim:

Na2CO3, Li2CO3, K2CO3 v (NH4)2CO3.

+ Hu ht cc mui Photphat (PO43-

)v hidrophotphat(HPO42-) u khng tan tr mui Photphat

v hidrophotphat ca kim loi Kim (Na, K) v NH4+

. Li3PO4 khng tan.

Tnh tan ca cc Baz:

Bazo tan gm: LiOH. NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2 Ca(OH)2

Bazo khng tan gm : Fe(OH)3 mu nu , Cu(OH)2 mu xanh lam, Fe(OH)2 c mu trng

xanh

Gv: H Thnh Trung

17

VI.KHI NIM S THY PHN CA MUI

Phn ng trao i ion gia cc dd mui ha tan v nc lm cho pH bin i gi l phn

ng thy phn ca mui

iu kin thy phn ca mui :

1.Mui to bi gc bazo mnh v gc axit yu : khi tan, gc axit yu b thy phn, dd c mi

trng kim (pH > 7): Na2CO3, K2S

2.Mui to bi gc bazo yu v gc axit mnh : khi tan ,gc bazo yu b thy phn ,dd c tnh

axit (pH