History Class6 TN Board

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176 archaeological excavation has been going on for 100 years in Athichanallur , period. Historical period has proof of written evidences and other evidences. The written evidences are literary work, historical notes, stone edicts, copper plates and palm leaves. 5. PREHISTORIC PERIOD HISTORY Inian, a student of st andard six was reading the newspaper. He was astonished. An amazing discov ery An animal called Dinosaur lived many million years ago. T he eggs of the Dinosaur were excavated near Ariyalur. They belonged to the prehistoric period. What is 'prehistoric period'? Can y o u tell us the history ofyour family? 1 . What is your father's name? 2. What is your grandfather's name? 3. What is your great grandfather's name? 4. What is your grandfather's grandfather's name? 5. What is your grandfather's grandfather's fathe 's name? The Earlymen From where d o w e get these old things? Who has discovered a ll these? Read this news a nd find out. T h e which is in Tirunelveli District in Tamil Nadu. Recently in 2004, they excavated more than 1 60 buria l urns in one place. This proved that people lived in that place long ago. Y ou ca n answer the first two questions only. B ut we don't know the answers to questions such as the names of our grandfather's father and grandfather's grandfather. If this is th e case, what a re the evidences to find about the people w h o lived hundred, two hundred, five hundred and thousand years ago. T he sources about these a re known as History. What is History? History tells about the people who lived in the past with evidences according to the ages. The written an d archaeological evidences that tell us about the period in which people lived, events, food habits, customs, culture, forms of government an d literature a re known as histori cal evidences. History can be divided into pre-history and historical

description

History TN syllabus useful for UPSC Prelims for history

Transcript of History Class6 TN Board

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    archaeological excavation has been

    going on for 100 years in Athichanallur,

    period. Historical period has proof of

    w r i t t en ev idences and o ther

    evidences. The written evidences are

    literary work, historical notes, stone

    edicts, copper plates and palm leaves.

    5. PREHISTORIC PERIOD

    HISTORY

    Inian, a student of standard sixwas reading the newspaper. He wasastonished. An amazing discovery Ananimal called Dinosaur lived manymillion years ago. The eggs of theDinosaur were excavated near Ariyalur.They belonged to the prehistoricperiod. What is 'prehistoricperiod'?Can you tell us the history o f you rfamily?

    1. What is your father's name?2. What is your grandfather's

    name?3. What is your great grandfather's

    name?4. What is your grandfather'sgrandfather's name?5. What is your grandfather's

    grandfather's father's name?

    The EarlymenFrom where do we get these old

    things? Who has discovered all these?Read this news and find out. The

    which is in Tirunelveli District in TamilNadu.Recently in 2004,they excavatedmore than 160 burial urns in one place.This proved that people lived in thatplace long ago.

    You can answer the first twoquestions only. But we don't know theanswers to questions such as thenames of our grandfather's father andgrandfather's grandfather. If this is thecase, what are the evidences to findabout the people who lived hundred,two hundred, five hundred andthousand years ago. The sources aboutthese are known as History. What isHistory? History tells about the peoplewho lived in the past with evidencesaccording to the ages.

    The written and archaeologicalevidences that tell us about the periodin which people lived, events, foodhabits, customs, culture, forms ofgovernment and literature are knownas historical evidences. History can bedivided into pre-history and historical

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    Evidences to know about pre-historicperiod:To know about the pre-historic

    period, there are evidences such as thethings that belonged to that period,ruins,fossils,horns and bones ofanimals, tools made of stones, skullsand deposits (impressions) which arefound in different places around theworld as well as in India.With the help ofall these we know about the pre-historicperiod of India.The Pre-historic period can be classifiedas: PalaeolithicAge - Old StoneAge

    (BC 10000 years ago) Neolithic Age- NewStoneAge

    (BC 10000 -BC 4000) ChalcolithicAge-Copper Stone Age

    (BC 3000-BC 1500) IronAge - IronAge

    (BC 1500-BC600)With the help of the tools used byearly man, we can divide the stone ageinto Old stone age and New stone age.

    1. Old StoneAge: ( PalaeolithicAge )He was a nomad. He lived in the jungle.He took shelter on the branches oftrees,in holes and caves. He discoveredfire by using the flint stone. The primitiveman was scared of thunder andlightning andworshipped them.

    He had to protect himself fromcold, Sun and rain. He wore dressesmade out of leaves, skin of animals andbarks of trees. He used stones,branches of trees, bones and horns ofthe animals as weapons.

    He ate vegetables, fruits, rootsand meat of animals which he gatheredfrom the jungle. Since he could not findfood in one place he went from place toplace in search of food.

    Early men - Making ToolsWords giving the same meaning withlittledifference :some years ago, many years ago,ancient, long long ago, from timeimmemorial, primitive.

    >>

    Era of some important eventsBeginning of the Earth -4.6 Billion years agoAppearance of man - 4000years ago (Homosepians)Beginning of agriculture-8000years agoBeginning of the cities -4700 years ago

    BC - Before ChristAD -Anno DominiCE - Common EraBCE - Before Common EraBC 31 - Birth of ThiruvalluvarBT - Before ThiruvalluvarAT -After Thiruvalluvar

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    place to place in search of food and for

    Did the primitive man store thefood?Where and how did he store?Did he share?D id he preserve the food?Why should the food bepreserved?Name the food items that wepreserve and store nowadays.

    When he did not find vegetables,fruits and roots, he hunted animals. Heusedstones, branches, bones, horns ofanimals etc. to hunt animals. In thebeginning he hunted small animals allalone. Then they hunted in groups.Both men and women involvedin hunting.

    In the Pimpet Ca cave in MadhyaPradesh we see a painting. This depictsa woman with her child tied to herwaistthrowing an arrow. From this we knowthat women were also involved inhunting.

    What fo r the early man huntedthe wild animals? Is it to protect himselffrom the wild animal orforfood?

    Why did the government amendlaws to protect the wild animals?

    Places in India where the Old stoneage tools were found:Madyapradesh - Soan River bank,Pimpet Ca, Mageshwa.Rajasthan - Luni Valley.Karnataka - Pagalkhat.Andhrapradesh - Karnool caves,Renigunta.Tamilnadu - Vadamadurai,Athirambakkam, Pallavaram,Kanchipuram, Vellur, Thiruvallur.

    2. New StoneAge: (NeolithicAge)Old stone age man went from

    hunting animals. Then he learnt toproduce his food. He domesticatedanimals like goat, cow and hen.

    The first animal he tamed wasdog, which helped him in hunting. Hereared goats and cows and had milk ashis food. The next stage in the evolutionof man is knownas New Stone Age.

    During this age, he used polished,carved, sharp stone weapons. In thisperiod, he started to produce food.Wheel was invented. As a result of this,he was able to transport things from oneplace to another easily. With the help ofwheels he made pots. He sharpened thecrude weapons and attached them withhandles made up of wood and bones.Metal was in use. Copper was the firstmetal used by him.

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    They built mud houses withthatched roofs and began to live ingroups in small villages. The houses were round or ovalshaped. They were built below the

    ground level and thatched with woodenplanks. Agriculture was their mainoccupation. They domesticated and rearedanimals. Axes, handles made out of bones,fishing hooks, needle and chopperwere in use. During the New stone age they hadthe practice of burying the dead. The

    dead were buried along with theirtamed animals in the frontyard of theirhouses.

    the pots they used. The Harappanculture belonged to this age. Let us learnin detail about this in the next lesson.

    / ChalcolithicAge weapons

    4. IronAge :The period when the tools weremade up of iron was called Iron Age.Household artic les and agriculturalimplements were made out of iron.

    They learnt to melt the metal and makeweapons. They were creative. Vedicperiod belonged to the IronAge.List the tools made out of ironwhich are in use now. Comparethem with the tools used before.

    Places where New stone ageweapons were found:

    Tirunelveli, Thandikkudi, Pudukottai,Tiruchirapalli and Salem.3. CopperAge : (ChalcolithicAge)

    At the end of the Newstone age,man came to know the use of copper.He made tools ou t of copper as well assmall stones. So this age is known asChalcolithic Age. They drew colourfulpictures with geometrical patterns on

    Madhyapradesh - Pimpet CaAlloys: . ,StainlessIron + Chromium = steelCopper + Lead = BronzeCopper + Zinc = BrassIron + Maganese = Steel

    Importantwords from the lesson: Archaeology Excavation Primitive Stone AgeCopperAge IronAge Historical evidences Deposits Million Bronze

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    Evaluation:

    I.Choose the correct answer :1.Pre-history meansa) period having written evidencesb) period having no written evidencesc) periodwhich have all the 3 evidences like time, place and events

    2. Old stone age peoplea) wore cotton clothesb) wore leaves,barksof trees and skin of animalsc) worewoollen clothes

    3. The first animal tamed by primitive man wasa) cowb) horsec) dog

    II. Fill in the blanks :1. The early man. .dependingon nature.2. To knowthe truthsofancient period,we mustread3. The Oldstoneage man used stones.4. The primitive age is than the ancient period.5. We must read to knowabout the primitive age.6. The period when the tools were made up of Iron was called.7. New stone age man used to make pots.

    Match the following :I.Tamil Nadu2.Andra Pradesh3. Madhya Pradesh4. Karnataka

    PagalkhatAthirampakkamKarnoolPimpetCa

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    IV.Answerthe following:1. What is history?2. List the evidences to knowabout history.3. What do you mean by pre-historic period?4. What are the four classifications of the pre-historic period?5. What were the dresses of the early man?6. Draw and compare any fourtools of Old stone age and Newstoneage.7. Write a short note on new stone age.

    Prepare a table of details from the informations you have gatheredfrom this lesson.

    Period Stages of man/occupation Tools usedOld stone age Primitive man -Gathering food, Hunting Crude stonesNew stone age Stone age man Rearingof animals, Agriculture Polished and carved stones

    Copper age

    Iron age

    Write the names of you r family membersWrite the name Write the name

    1. Father2. Father's father : (Grandfather)_Father's mother : (Grandmother).3. Grand father's father :

    (Great grandfather) :Grand father's mother :(Great grandmother)_

    Mother :Mother's father : (Grandfather)_Mother's mother: (Grandmother).Grandmother's mother :Grandmother's father :

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    List them.

    feel about that

    ( Formative Assesment )1. Findout whether there are any inscriptions and monuments in your area andcollect informationabout them.2. Are stonesstill used as tools?3. Collect information and photos from the news paper about the excavations.4. Howdoyou ancient man got the idea to inventthe wheel.5. Visit the nearest place where the stonage instruments are found.6. Mark the places in the India map, from where the stone age instruments were

    discovered.

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    6.

    SocialScience

    INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

    Why do we call the modern age as Computer age?After the inventionof electricity, computer is regarded as the most important one and so it iscalled Computerage.In the previous lesson, we

    studied about the early man.The periodwhen early man used stone was knownas stone age. The first metal known toman was copper. So he used bothcopper and stone. That age was knownas Copper Stone Age. During thatperiod there existed an ancientcivilization in Indiawhich was the IndusValley Civilization. (Harappa)

    This is the beginning of the Indiancivilization.

    Harappa:In 1856, when the Brit ish ruled

    India, they laid railway lines on thebanks of River Ravi, a branch of Indusriver. They found a mound of sand.There they saw well- burnt bricks andruins.

    They took those bricks and constructedthe railway lines. So they destroyedmany such walls of the buildings.

    In 1921, archaeologists found outthat it was the ancient city of India.Harappa in Sindhi means 'Buried City'.The cities discovered after the IndusValley Civilization were named asHarappan Civilization.

    This civilization flourished inIndia about 4700 years ago. Likewise,the ruins of the cities were found inMohenjo-daro, Chanhu-daro,Kalibanganand Lothal.The Great Bath:

    The most important structurefound in the citadel was the Great Bath.It was built of kiln-fired bricks andsealedwith a lining of bitumen.

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    RuparR.Sutlei

    Kalibangan

    Lothal

    Town planning :The Indus valley cities were well

    planned. The northern part of the townwas narrow and elevated. Theexcavators considered that those wereconstructed on security basis. Theeastern side was broad and lowered.We get more information from this townplanning.

    Mohenjo daro in Sindhi means'Mound of Dead'The town was built with expertswho were well versed in the art of town

    planning.There would have been an

    administrative committee in the city toadminister it.

    There were steps on both thesides of the pool. There were rooms onall the sides of the pool fo r changingclothes. It was fed by water from a welland the dirty water was emptied by ahugedrain.

    Buildings :Houseswere buil t ingrid system.

    There were houses which had tworooms and multistoried houses, publichall, granary and public buildings buil tout of bricks. There were no windows inthe houses. Every house had a well anda bathroom. There were dustbins infront of the houses.

    Indus Valley Civilization

    > BolanV

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    We have an idea about ancientman from the archaeologicalevidences. This is the place where youcan write your ideas.

    List the similarities and thedifferences between the Great Bath ofthe IndusValley and the ponds that areseen in the temples of Tamil Nadu.What types of machinery would theyhave used to fill the ponds?

    Houses were built on both the sidesof the broad streets in systematic order.

    The houses had flat roofs andwere many storied.

    Administration:The public drainage system, the

    Great Bath, the public hall, street lightsand the provision of dustbins show thatthe admin istra tive system was wellorganized.Drainagesystem:

    The drains from the houses werecovered. They ran along the s ides ofthe streets which were connected to thestreet drains.

    They had manholes at regularintervals fo r cleaning.

    Applied Science:The science and technology such as

    construction, selections of lands ,measurement of plots, foundation,selection of quali ty building materialsand geometrical figures were in use.

    Life style of IndusValley people :Row houses were built fo r the

    employers of town administration.People exported and imported thingslike metals, precious stones,ornaments and various usefulproducts.

    Statue of a man with beard made of limestonerainage system - Mohenjo-daro

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    Dancing girl

    Pasupathi

    Pieces of broken pots excavated from HarappaPots: They made pots with the help of potter'swheel.They were polished andcoloured.

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    Handicrafts:There would have beenworkerslike document writers, seal makers,carpenters, doll makers, masons and

    otherartisans.They also found out dolls made

    out of terracotta and other playingarticles out of she lls , b rass , copper,silverandgold.

    They used copper and bronze tomake weapons, household articles andtools. Gold and silver were used tomake ornaments. Weights were madeout of a kindof stone.Terracotta seals:

    Hundreds of rectangular sealswere discovered here. Pictographicwritings were written on them. Thescript had not been deciphered yet. Onthe terracotta seals, bulls, cart, dove,boats and a figure of a humanmeditatingare seen.Script:

    The terracotta planks discoveredhere were engraved with letters. Thefigures that were engravedon the sealsand the pictorial writing showed theirskill of writing. They were pictographicwriting.

    Each picture depicts a specificmeaning. Each page was written fromright to leftand left to right.

    These writings a re related withthe ancient Tamil writings. There arevaried opinions regardingthis.

    Ornaments found in Harappa

    1 SealsiX,

    nr

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    Occupation :In the Indus Valley there wereagriculturists, artisans, traders,weavers, potters and blacksmiths.Agriculture was their main occupation,They cultivated wheat and barley.They stored the surplus grains in thegranary.1. List the various occupations in

    your area.2. Do we store grains? If yes, where

    and how?3. Gather evidences to prove that IndusValley people traded by sea.Dress :

    People wore cotton and woollendresses. Menwore a garment similar tothe 'dhoti' as lowergarment and a shawlas uppergarment.

    Sculpture:The statue of a dancing girl

    made out of bronze found in Mohenjo-daro and the statue of a man with beardmade out of limestone are examples ofthe excellent sculptures.Religion:

    The articles excavated inMohenjo-daro tell us about theirreligious Practices and the lovetowards their religion.They worshippedLord Shiva represented as Pasupathi,Mother Goddess, Lingam, Trident andtrees.

    They buried the dead in urnsalongwith food and ornaments.Causes forthe decline of the towns:1.Wooden articles would have got

    destroyed by fire.

    Ornaments :To make ornaments they used

    gold, silver, ivory, and precious stones.Poor peoplewore ornaments made outof shells and copper. Both men andwomen wore many ornaments.

    2. Rivalry because of the civil war.

    3.Natural calamities and the change inthe course of River Induswould haveburied things.

    Art:They were experts in making

    pots out of terracotta. The figures ofbirds, animals, images of male andfemale, bullock cart driven by a man,pots and bowlswere discovered.

    4.The Aryans would have destroyedthese towns in orderto succeed.

    5.The heap of bones discovered inMohenjo-daro is evidence of theinvasionof the foreigners.

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    Evaluation:I. Choosethe correct answer:1. Which of these helpyou to knowabout IndusValley Civilization?

    a. stone inscriptions b. archaeological evidencesc. copperplates

    2. Mohenjo-daro meansa. Garden city b.Portcity c. Moundof Dead

    3. Port Lothalof the Copper StoneAge is ina. Punjab b.Sindu c.Gujarat

    4. HarappanCivilization wasa. Civilization of village b. Civilization of town c. Civilization of

    corporation5. The metal unknownto IndusValley people

    a. gold b.iron c. copper6. Harappa in Sindhi means. Buried City b. City of Fort c. City of RiversII. Fill inthe blanks:1.The mainGod of the Harappanswas .2. Theexcavationof the IndusValley Civilization was done in. The Great Bath issituated at . was the writing used bythe IndusValley people.III. Match the following:1.Great Bath2. Excavation

    3. Wheel4. Terracotta5. Punjab

    - pots- burnt clay- Ravi- Mohenjo-daro- 1921

    IV. Answer the following:1. List the occupation of the Flarappans.2. Write about the Great Bath.3. What are the causes fo r the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization?4. Explain the writ ings of the Indus Valley people.

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    ( Formative Assesment )1. Why did civilization orginateat the riverbanks-Discuss.2. How to you know the cities are planned and constructed?3. Visit the nearestmuseum.4. Mark the following places in the outline map of India. Lothal, Kalibankan, Rupar,

    Harappa, Mohenjo-daro.

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    1.THE VEDIC PERIODThe Aryans migrated to India

    through the Khyber and Bolan passesfrom central Asia. Being shepherds,they moved in search of pastures fo rtheir cattle. They entered about 4000years ago and settled in the entire northIndia.

    The places where they settled inIndiawas calledArya Vardham. Aryansmade their livelihood by herding thecattle. They compiled the prayers oftheir ancestors as Vedas. In History,this was called the Vedic Age. TheVedic Age was classified into two. Theywere Early Vedic Age and Later VedicAge.

    Early Vedic Age or Age of Rig Veda:(BC 1500 - BC 1000)When RigVeda was compiled the

    Aryans lived in Sindu, which is now inPakistan. They settled in Sabta Sindhu(The Land of Seven Rivers) in Punjab.We come to know through the RigVeda, the political and social conditionsof the Aryans.

    The Social life of AryansFamily -Village -Vis ->Jana -Janapatha

    LUOzLUOCO_l

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    a called

    a

    s

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    Political Life Social LifeThe basic unit of the society was

    family. Many families jo ined and formedthe village which was headed by theGrahmini. Many villages formed Visu.(Vis) Vishwapathy was the head of theVisu. The next higher administrativeunit was Jana. The head of Jana wasRajan (King).The personwho hadvalourand strength became the Rajan. Thepeople lived in k ingdom werePrajas. The king was called Prajapathi.Kingship became hereditary.Manychieftains formed the Mahajanapadas.Findout:Doyou havea family name?Ask and find out the family names of yourneighbours.Which God/Goddess do you worship?

    The Raja (King) was assisted inhis administration by officials calledProhit and Senai (Commander). Therewere two Assemblies called Saba andSamiti.Saba -Group of Elders

    Samiti Representativesof PeopleDuties of Raja (King) He protected his lands from differentclans. He conducted religious duties

    according to the adviceof the prohits. He protected his people from poverty,war and enmity. During the war he led the people andfought with the enemies. Justice and punishments were given

    after trial. He extended and strengthened the

    kingdom.

    The father was the head of thefamily. In the beginning womenwere onpar with men in the field of educationand religion. There were womenpoets like Vishwawara, Abala, Kosa,and Lobamuthra. Caste system was notin existence. Monogamy and Polygamywere in practice. Widows' remarriagewas permitted.

    Economic LifeCattle rearing and agriculture

    were the main occupations of thepeople during Rig Vedic Age. Iron wasused to make tools and instruments.With the help of these tools theydestroyed the forests and made theminto cultivable lands. Carpentry andweaving were also their occupations.

    They produced cotton andwoollen clothes. Goldsmiths madeornaments and potters made pots fo rhousehold use. Barter system was inpractice. Rivers were used fortransportation. Their unit of currencyNishka.was made of gold.

    Mention the origin and growth of thefollowing:Carpentry, blacksmith, goldsmith,weaving, agriculture, cattle rearing andmaking weapons.

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    During this period

    B r ahm anas , U pan i shads and

    Aranyakas were also written.

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    FoodThey had wheat, barley, milk,

    curd, ghee, vegetables, fruits and meatas their food. They drank intoxicatingdrinks like 'Soma' and 'Sura'.Dressesandornaments

    The Aryans used clothes madeof cotton and wool. Men wore dhoti andshawl. They also wore turbans. Womenwore upper garments and lowergarments. Both men and women woreornaments. They wore earrings,necklaces, bangles, anklets and worebandson theirforeheads.Religion

    The Aryans worshipped theforces of nature such as Sun, fire, air,sky and trees. They also worshippedIndira, Varna, Agni and Yaman. Therewas neither temple nor idol worship inthe early vedic age. Religioussacrificeswere practised. They wrote religiousprinciples and their explanations. Theyoffered milk, ghee, grains and silk.Yagas likeAshvamedha, Rajasuya andVajapaya were conducted duringpoojas.LaterVedic Period: (BC 1000- BC 600)

    The period of Sama Veda,Atharvana Veda, Yajur Veda are calledthe Later Vedic Period.

    In this period the Aryansspread overthe easternside. (Pre VedicAryans spread from Kabul to UpperGanges) During this period thekingdoms emerged.

    Political LifeThe important administrative

    region was the Indus Valley. Kingdomslike Kosala, Videham, Kuru, Magadha,Kasi, Avanthi and Panchala emerged.Kingship became hereditary. The dutyof the king was to defend his countryfrom enemies and to maintain law andorder. Since the kingdomexpanded, hehad more responsibility. Sacrificessuch as Rajasuya and Ashvamedhawere performed to establish hisundisputed authority. Saba andSamithi declined.Economic Life

    The metal widely used was iron.Handicrafts improved because of this.New tools were made. They grewpaddy, sugarcane, barley and wheat.Cow dung was used as manure . Cattlewealth developed. According to thenumber of cattle owned by a person, hiseconomic statuswas estimated.

    Broken pots of theAryan Period

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    priests, rituals and sacrifices. It was

    against these meaningless rituals and

    costly sacrifices, Buddhism and

    Jainism originated.

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    There were weavers, tanners,carpenters and goldsmith. Gold andsilver coins like Nishka, Swarna andSatamana were in use.

    Caste system became rigidwhich was called Varna Dharma.Thosewho performed sacrifices and religiousceremonies were called Brahmanas.Those who waged war to protect andrule the country were known asKshatriyas. The Vaishyas were thetraders and farmers. The people whoserved the three upper caste and did allthe menialworks were called Sudras.

    Status of WomenDuring the Later Vedic Period

    there was no improvement in the statusof women. They were subordinateto men. They did not inherit property.They were deprived of administrativepower. Child marriage was prevalent.Women who belonged to the royalfamily enjoyed some privileges. Sati,according to which the w idow wouldthrow herself into the funeral pyre of herhusbandwas in practice.

    EducationAccording to the Aryan Dharma,

    the Brahmin students stayed in theGurukul ( home of the teacher) andlearnt. There were h ighly educatedwomen like Gargi and Maitreyi. In theGurukul, they learnt philosophy, logic,religion, grammar, astrology, medicine,discipline, mathematics, Vedas andUpanishads. The royal children alonewere taught Danur Veda (militarystrategy).Religion

    There were a lot of changes inthe religion according to the VarnaDharma of the Brahmins. The pre-vedic Gods lost their importance. Inthis period, Brahma, Vishnu, Rudra(Siva) gained importance. Rituals andanimal sacr ifices gained importance.People had faith in soul, fate andmoksha. By the end of this period therewas opposition fo r the rule of the

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    Qualities of Dravidians and AryansS.No. Qualities of Dravidians Qualities of Aryans

    1. Dark complexion, medium height, darklong hair. Fair, tall and brown hair.

    2. Main occupation-Trade and agriculture. Main occupation-Cattle rearingand war.3. Wore cotton clothes. Wore woollen, cotton and dressesmade out of skin of animals.4. Importantanimal bull .They worshipped bull. Importantanimal cow.They worshipped cow.5. Built houses out of burnt bricks. Built houses out of bamboo andclay.6. Worshipped idols, lingam, trident, sakthi

    and snake. No idol worship and temples.Worshipped nature andperformed yagas and r ituals.7. Used copper. They did not know the useof iron. Used iron.8. Tiger was known. Horse was unknown. Tiger was unknown. Usedhorses.9. Agricultural civilization, towns. Cattle rearing civilization,villages.

    EvaluationChoose the correct answer1. The period of Rig Veda

    a. BC 1600- BC 1000 b. BC 1000 - BC 600 c. BC1500 - BC 10002. The unitof currency used during Rig Vedic period

    a. Nishka b. Rupee c. Dollar3. The woman who excelled in education in the LaterVedic Period.

    a.Gargi b.Abella c. KosaFill in the blanks1. The headof the village was .2. Widows' was in practice during the EarlyVedic Period.3. Assembly that consistedof the Representativesof Peoplewas .4- According to , the widow would throw herself into the funeral

    pyre of her husband.

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    State whether the following statements are True or False

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    III.1. Sabta Sindu iscalled the 'Land of Seven Rivers'2. The commander- in- chief was the Senai.3. Widows' remarriage was notallowed in Rig Vedic Age.4. The basic unitof the society was family.5. Tiger was unknown to the Dravidians.

    IV. Matchthe following1. Satamana - Shiva2. Praja - Rajan3. Rudra - Vishwapathy4. HeadofJana - coins5. HeadofVisu - peopleof the kingdom

    V. Answer the following1 . List the ornaments of the Rig Vedic people.2 . What did the Brahmin students learnduring the LaterVedic Period?3- Compare and contrast the qualities of the Aryan and the DravidianCivilization.

    FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

    1. Searchfrom the Interneti. Kaibarand Polen passes.ii. Know their role in Indian history.

    2. Collect various kindsof coins and listoutthe information known from them.3. Compare the statusof women during the Vedic periodand the presentday.4. On the outline map of India mark ou t the route of Aryans to India and the

    following places.i. Kalibangam v. RajaGirahamii. Mohenjo-Daro vi. Vaishaliiii. Lothal vii. Mathuraiv. Ujjaini viii. Asthinapuram

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    2. JAINISM AND BUDDHISMThe th century was a period of

    intellectual awakening. During thatperiod, Jainism and Buddhism arose inIndia. These two religions existed toreformed the s o c i o - re I i g i o u sorganizations. The aim of thesereligions is to remove the superstitiousbeliefs, unwanted religious rituals andthe caste discrimination. VardhamanaMahavira was the founder of Jainism.Gautama Buddha was the founder ofBuddhism.JAINISM

    In Jainism, 24 Thirthangaraswere worshipped. The firstThirthangara was Adhinathar, who wasknown as Rishabadevar. VardhamanaMahavira is the last Thirthangara.24th) He gave a strong formation toJainism.

    Vardhamana Mahavira livedduring B.C.534B.C.462. Hewas bornin Kundagramam near Vaishali Nagar,which is now in Bihar. His father wasSiddhartha and mother was Trisala.His wife was Yasodha and he had adaughter calledAnoja Priyadharshana.At the age of 30 , he gave up all theworldly pleasures and became anascetic. He performed penance fo r 12years, seeking answerforthe problemsduring these days. He treated both joyand sorrow equally. He won in hissearch fo r truth. So he was called

    Jina which means the Conqueror .People also called him as Mahavira .Mahavira went to many placespreaching his principles for 30 years.

    1WI AS X W .If

    MahaviraWhy are people born? Why do

    they die? What are the causes fo r theirsufferings?-These were the importantquestions that arose in him. He startedthinking why people are troublingo thers and cheating each other. Oneset of people said that it was becauseofthe sin they did in the previous birth. ButMahavira never accepted this. Hethought that how people could notcommit sin in this birth.

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    being.

    Epics -

    Literature and Grammar works-

    Sillapathigaram,

    Chivgachinthamani,

    Vallayapathi and Soodanani.

    Yapperungalaviruthi,

    Neminatham,

    Nannool,

    Agaporulvillakam,

    Naladiar,

    Nanmanikadikai,

    Pazhamozhi,

    Thinaimalai Noorthiyampathu and

    Tamil Nigandu.

    106

    So he said that one should notharm others. Human beings areresponsible for their own problems. Weshould not harm any living Hepreached a restricted life. He asked hisfollowers to follow his principles of'Ahimsa' or 'Non-Violence'.To attain thespiritual goal the Jains starved andsubjected themselves to all bodilyhardships.

    Contribution of Jains to Tamil Literature:

    Jainism stressed that no one shouldkill any l iv ing creature. They eliminatedclothes. It insisted that they should notwage war or do agriculture. Trade andcommerce was their occupation. Thereligion preached that they should leada restricted life.

    Three Gems orTriratna:Right Knowledge Right Belief Right Action

    Kings who followed Jainism:Chandragupta MauryaKalingathu KaravelenKoon PandianMahendravarma Pallava I

    The Five Doctrines1. Ahimsa (Non-Violence)2. Satya(Truth)3. Asatya(Non Stealing)4. Aparigraha(Non-possession)5. Brahmacharya(Celibacy)

    His principles spread fa r and widewhen superstitious beliefs, quarrels andfightings prevailed.

    Contribution of Jains to architecture:Rajasthan - Dilwara temple atMount Abu.Kajiraho - Chittoor, Ranakpur-Temples of Jains.

    DilwaraKollaanpulaalai marutthaanai kaikoopiElla uyirum thozhum

    - ThirukkuralSculpture: Udaiyagiri Hathigumpa Girnar Saravanabelagola Kazhugumalai

    The s ta tue o f Gomatheswara atSaravanabelgola is at Karnataka.

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    Bhuddhism

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    BUDDHISMGautama Buddha was the

    founder of Buddhism. Hisoriginal namewas Siddhartha. He lived during 563B.C.- 483 B.C. He was born atKapilavastu in Nepal. His father,Siddhodana belonged to the Sakyadynasty. His mother, Mayadevi died atthe seventh day of his birth, so he wasbrought up by his step-mother. He gotmarried at the age of 16. His wife wasYasodha and Rahulwas his son.

    Even at his early age, he wasanxious to know about what washappening in the world. He nevershowed any interest in hunting andluxury. The miseries and poverty of thepoor peopleaffected him very much.

    BuddhaHe was disturbed by the luxury

    on one side, poverty, sickness and oldage on the other side. He disowned hisparents, wife and son. He went to theforest and meditated. He controlled his

    hunger and thirst. But he never got theanswerfor the question. Since he couldnot get an answer, he stopped torturinghimself and ate food. To find out thetruth, he started thinking. He wasenlightened.

    Siddhartha, who wasenlightened under a pipal tree at Gayabecame Buddha.

    The meaning of the word'Buddha' is a person who knowswhat isgood, what is bad and what issuffering.

    He preached his first sermon atDeer Park in Sarnath near Banaresin Uttar Pradesh.Principles of

    Life is full of miseries. The reasonsfo r the sufferings are not because of fateorthe deeds of our previous birth. Thereare other reasons for sorrows. Weshould strive to overcome the sorrowsby not being greedy, not telling lies andnot harming others. To avoid miseriesone should have right thinking, rightspeech and r ight livelihood. He opposedcaste discrimination. Man need not haveany fear for God, soul and fate. Oneshould depend and live on h is own ideasand knowledge. We should showcompassion towards animals, birds andhuman beings.

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    Buddha's principles on sufferingare the Four Noble Truths and theprinciples on conduct are the 'EightFoldPaths'.The Four Noble Truths are:

    1. Life is full of sor row.2. Desire is the cause of sorrow.3. Sorrow can be ended by giving up desire.4. The eightfold path is the way toend sorrow.

    Eight Fold Paths to overcome desire:V Right beliefS Right speechV Right livingS Right memory

    V Right effortS Right thoughtV Right action/ Right meditation

    In order to spread the truth hewent from place to place. Wherever hewent, he discussed his ideas withvarious groups of people. Buddhistmonks came forward to spread theprinciples of Buddha. The organizationof the monkswas called as 'Sangam'.

    The agriculturists, poor people,women, menial labourers and thosewho were affected by the societyaccepted the principles of Buddha.Theidea that a ll are equal was new to them.So Buddhismspread far and wide.

    Many kings followed Buddhismlike Jainism. The most importantamongthem was King Ashoka. Jainism andBuddhism were at their zenith till the thcentury. They started to decline whenFlinduism regained its earlier position.Buddhism split into Hinayana andMahayana.

    Mahayana Accepted Buddha'sprinciples.No idol worship.

    V

    Worshipped Buddhaas God.Idol worship _J

    Art and ArchitectureWRafi

    Sanchi Stupa

    Even today Buddhism is followed in Ceylon, Burma, Tibet, China,Japan and Thailand.The k ings who followed Bhuddism Ashoka, Kanishka and Flarsha.

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    Do you Know?

    Properly

    109

    Our National Emblem (The figureof four lions) is taken from thecapital ofAshoka Pillar. The Chakra in our National Flagwhich has 24 spokes is takenfrom the 'Dharma Chakra' of theAshoka Pillar. Bihar is the place where there aremany BuddhaViharas.Historical Monuments The Jataka tales describes thehistory of Buddhism. The Jatakastories are depicted at Gaya,

    Sanchi and Burcut. Ajantha and Ellora Cavepaintings which are inAurangabad at Maharastradescribe the fame of Buddha.Gandhara art also belongs toBuddhism.

    The prayer halls of the Buddhistmonks are called Chaityas andtheir monastries are calledViharas. They are of rock cu tstructures.

    Manimekalai and Kundalakesiare Buddhist literature.The bookswritten by Jain monks. Sillapathikaram , Nannool(Grammar) Chivagacinthamani; Vallayapathi(Literature). Religioustext:Angas and Purvas.

    To knowMahavamsam, a book of Sri Lanka

    says that Tripitakas was written duringthe reign ofVattakkaminiAbayan. In Palilanguage it is called asTripitakam whichmeans three baskets.

    Water cannot enter into aconstructed house;Evil thoughts cannot enter into thehearts of those who havegood thoughts.

    Buddha.Literature The Buddhist religious texts are

    called Tripitakas. They areVinaya Pitaka, SuttaPitaka andAbhidamma Pitaka.

    EvaluationI. Choose the correct answer.1. The one who laid strong foundation to Jainism

    a) Vardhamana Mahavira b) Athinathan2. The principles stressed by Jainism

    a) idol worship b) not to killc) Rishabadevac) untouchability

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    State whether the following statements are True or False

    110

    3.

    4.

    5.

    1.2.3.4.5.6.

    A place inTamil Naduwhere you can see Jain sculpturesa)Girnar b) Kazhugumalai c) Hathigumba

    The placewhere Buddhawas enlighteneda) Kundagrammam b) Deer Park c)Gaya

    One o f the most important kings who followed Buddhisma) Chandra Gupta b)Ashoka c) Bindusara

    Fill in the blanks. was known as Conqueror or Jina.The principles stressed by Jainism are calleds the place where Gomatheswara statue is situated.The principles of Buddha are called .The organization of the Buddhist monks is calledThe Dharma Chakra in ou r National Flag is taken from thepillar.

    1. Mysore is the place where Gomatheswara statue is situated.2. The son of Buddha was Rahul.3. The founder of Jainism was Buddha.4. Mahavira was the 24th Thirthankara.5. There are 24 spokes in the Ashoka Chakra.IV. Match the following.1. Tripitakam - worshipped Buddha as God2. Hinayana - Buddha's f irst sermon3. Sillapathigaram - who accepted Buddha's prinicples4. Deer Park - Jain literature5. Mahayana - religious text of JainsV. Answer in five lines.1. What are the causes for the rise of Jainism and Buddhism?2. Describe the Triratnas insisted on by Jainism.3. Write short notes on the contribution of Jains to Tamil literature.4. Write the Four Noble Truths of Buddha.5. Mention the Eight Fold Paths to overcome desire.VI. Answer in detail.1. Explain the distinctive features of Jainism.2. Explain the ideas you like in Buddhism.

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    FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

    1. Which of the principles of Jainism and Buddhism do you like to follow? Byfollowing such principles what are the good changesthat can happen? Thinkit over and explain.

    2. Jainism and Buddhism which originated in Indiaare now being followed only inthe foreign countries. Examine the reasons.

    3. Know the special features of Ajanta and Ellora or to visit a library and knowthese thingsthrough books.

    4. Onthe outline mapof India markout the following places:SaravanapelakolaVaishaliMountAbu

    iv. Kabilavasthuv. Sanchivi. Gayavii. Ajanta and Ellora

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    'I can, I did'

    Student's Activity Record

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    7.

    SocialScience

    ANCIENT TAMIL NADU

    The land mass between theHimalayas and Cape Comorin is hailedas our Grand Old Country of Bharath byBharathiyar in his Ode to Child .(Pappa Pattu) Historians conclude thatthe land to the south of the VindhyanRange is the mostancient in theworld .

    In the southern state there arepeople who speak different languageslikeTamil, Telugu,Kannada, Malayalamand Tulu. The people who live in thesouth ofTirupathispeakTamil.

    Bavanandhi Munnivar.theauthor of Nannool describes TamilNaduas follows.

    Venkata hills on the North, CapeComorin on South and the landbetweenthese two isTamil Nadu.

    During the British rule, most ofthe parts of south India was calledMadras Presidency . Afterindependence, the state which hadTamil as its language was separated.Arignar Anna, the then Chief Ministerin 1967 named thestate asTamil Nadu.

    The Tamil we speak can beappreciated as Senthamizh,Paeynthamizh and Muthamizh. TheNational poet Subramania Bharathiyarsang

    Senthmizh naadenum poothinilae-inbaThean vandhu paayuthu kathinelae-yengalThanthaiyar naadenum poothinilae-oruSakthi pirakuthu moochinilae.

    Tamil Nadu was ruled by thedescendants of Chera, Chola andPandya who were called Mooventharsduring the ancient time. The southernpart of south India was ruled byPandyas, west by Cheras and northeast by Cholas.The Prehistoric Tamil Nadu :

    Before prehistoric period, theIndian Ocean on the south of CapeComorin was a land mass. Itwas calledas 'Kumari Kandam'. The river Fahruliran on this land mass which was eightto ten times bigger than South India.There were wide ranges of mountains.It was said that the land had sufficientrain, dense forest, civilized people andefficient kingdom. That kingdom wouldhave been the ancient PandyanKingdom.

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    People who lived on the southern part

    of the land mass are considered as the

    Three Sangams :The capital of Pandyas was

    Thenmadura i. Tamizhvalartha Thala iSangam assembled there. ThePandyas ruled over the land withKapadapuram as its capital. This placewas lef t over after the tsunami in whichThenmadurai was taken away by thesea. In Kapadapuram the poetsgathered and had the Second Sangam.That city also became a prey to tsunamilater.

    Then the Pandyas ruled withMadurai as their capital. The lastSangam was held in Madurai Muthoor.It was known as Kudal as the Pandyakings patronized the poets and heldresearch on Tamil. It was believed thatthe First, Second and Third Sangamhelped in the development of literatureand Tamil flourished under theleadership of Pandyan Kings. TheseSangams would have been fo r a longtime.The Continent Lemuria :

    The conditions were favourablefor the growth of living organisms onlyat Cape Comorin which wassubmerged after the tsunami. Becauseof this the evolution of man would havetaken place then. The language spokenby those people was the basic of Tamillanguage. The researchers believedthat those were the ancient Tamilians.

    ancestors of the people of CapeComorin. There was a big land massconnecting Africa and Australia, whichwas called Lemuria after the name ofthe monkey Lemur.

    It was believed that humanbeings evolved from the Lemurs. Thelanguage of the people was ancientTamil. The landwhere their decendentslivedwas calledTamil Nadu.Historic period:

    The historic period of TamilNadu began from the Sangam age.Sangam age is the period during whichthe poets of the Third Sangam joinedtogether and d id research on Tamil.This period lasted fo r 400 years fromBT 200 AT 200. Some consider that itwas between BT 300 -AT 300.Note BT -AT was calculated based onthe birthyear of Thiruvalluvar ie 31 B.C.According to the decision taken byTamil scholars that time can becalculated considering thatThiruvalluvar was born 31 years beforeChrist. This was accepted andannounced by the Government ofTamilNadu.

    The Sangam literatures, whatwe got now are Ettuthogai andPathupattu. The poem in theseliterature were written by Kapilar,Paranar, Avvayyar, Nakkeerar,

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    SocialScience

    and hundreds of poets. With the help ofthese we can understand thecivilization, customs, culture andpolitical life ofTamilians.

    Tolkappium which was a pride toTamil literature originated before theThird Sangam. Tamil literature wouldhave developed a few thousand yearsago. It was a pride to Tamil, thatTirukkural which was hailed by all thereligions originated during the Sangamage.

    Our mother tongue Tamil whichis adoptive to grammatical norms andis called Senthamizh. Scholars callTamil a classical language, because ithad developed without the help of otherlanguages.

    Activity:Identify the type of land division thatyou live in. Write down.

    The people who lived in thesouth which was surrounded by wateron three sides were good sea tradersbefore the Sangam age as per theproverb, Tiraikadal oodiyumthiraviyam theddu . The languageTamil is abundantwith words like Navai,Kalam, Kappal, Thoni, Odam, Padagu,Theppam and Katamaram which areused to denote the mode of travel atsea.

    This shows their interest in seatrade. There were many ports likePuhar, (Kaveripoompattinam), Korkai,Musiri, Thondi and Vanchi. They hadtrade contacts with Egypt, Yavanam,Rome, China and other easterncountries. They followed the bartersystem.

    Mohenjo-daro and Harappaexcavated in the Northern hemispherewere examples of town civilization.They

    Five division of Lands

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    examined thousands of things foundthere . It was proved that it hadconnection with the Southern Tamiliansfo r more than four- five thousand yearsago. This showed that in those daysTamilians were not only in the south bu talso in the north.

    During the Sangam, the poetsdivided the lands into five physicaldivisions. The mountainous region wascalled Kurinchi, the forested region wasreferred as Mullai, the coastal area wasNeidel and the sandy regions whichsuffered drought were called Palai. Theoccupation of the people depended onthe regionwhere they lived.

    In those days, the mostimportant duty of the kingswas protecting their subjects.Apart from the kings there werechieftains and patrons who ruledsmaller regions. Conditions werefavourable for the poets, pannar,koothar, viraliyar, traders, idayars,uzhavars, maravars to lead acomfortable life.

    Agriculture was honored as itprovided food to all. Next to agricultureweaving was given importance.

    TheThreeTamil kingdoms The Pandyas :

    The Pandyan king Mudathirumaran andThalaiyalanganathu CheruvendraNeduncheziyan who defeated thecombined forces of seven kings, lived inthe Pandya kingdom. The one whoplayed an important role inSillapathigaram by saying, YanoArrasan; Yanae Kalvan (I am not a king,Iam the culprit) and established truth wasalso a renowned Pandyaking.The Cheras :

    The famous, Chera kingsImayavaramban Neduncheralathan andSillambu Pugazh Cheran Senguttuvanreached the Himalayas and hoisted theCheraflag.

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    SocialScience

    TheCholas :

    The famous Chola kings were KarikalPeruvallathan and Killivalavan.

    Karikalan who ruled over twothousand years ago conquered Eelam.He made the captives build the bank ofriver Cauvery. Kallanai which existseven today was built by him. Thisfamous king was called as KarikalPeruvallathan.

    The famous kings of themedieval period were Rajaraja Cholaand Rajendra Chola. They conquerednot only the North but a lso Java andKadaram.

    The seven chieftains werecalled as Kadaiyelu Vallalgal. Thefamous among them were Pari, Ori,Kari, Nalli, Elini, Peganand Aay.

    According to the Thirukkuralmentioned above there was a societywithout any discrimination.

    There were discriminationaccording to their occupations. Therewas sect system bu t they were notdiscriminated according to their birth.Untouchability was not in practice. Indue course, caste discrimination anduntouchability came into force.

    Women had the privilege ofchoosing their life partners. Parentsagreed to that. The rituals, raising ofholy fire and chanting of mantras werenot in vogue. Women were not treatedas perthe Vedas.

    As building of temples was notin practice, the Sangam peopleworshipped the stones erected inmemory of the dead soldiers whichwere known as Hero Stones orNadukkal and their ancestors.

    They celebrated harvestfestival, Pongal festival and the festivalof Spring season. In the capital theycelebrated Indiravizha. They did notknow about the festivals of thePuranas.

    Social Life :Pirrapokkumella uirukkum -chirappovaCheithozhilvettrumai yan

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    Evaluation:I. Choose the correct answer :

    1. The area that was considered as the most ancient one in the worlda) Ganges Valleyb) the area in the south of Vindhyasc) north west valley

    2. The land mass on the South Kanyakumari during pre-historic perioda) Continent of Kumarib) Continent of Bharathc) Continent of Africa

    3. The place where evolution of man begana) Mediterranean countriesb) Asyriac) Lemuria

    4. Which year is considered as the birth year of Thiruvalluvara) AD 31b) BC 31c) AD 13

    5. The city where the Second Sangam was helda) Thenmaduraib) Kapadapuramc) Koodal Nagar

    Fill inthe blanks:1. was the organisation where the Tamil poets assembled and2.3.4.5.

    did the literary research in Tamil.The were the ancestors of the people of CapeComorin.The historicalperiod of the Tamil beganfrom age.The Grammar book, originated beforetheThird Sangam. was the most important occupation of the Sangamage.

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    SocialScience

    III. Match the following:1. Tolkappiam - Yano Arrasan; YanaeKalvan2. Mullai - HeroStones3. PandiyarNeduncheziyan - Ravi4. Heroicdeath - coastal area5. Kurinchi - book beforeTamil Sangam6. Neithel - forest area

    IV. Answer the following:1. Why is Tamil known as classical language?2. Name theTamil words which are usedto denote the modeof travel at sea.3. Why is Madurai knownas Kudal?4. What are the countries with whom the Tamilians hadtrade?5. Mention the physical divisions of the land during the Sangam age.6. Namethe famous Pandya kings.7. Namethe importantChera kings.8. Write noteson Karikal Peruvallathan.9. Namethe KadaiyeluVallalgal.10.Mention thesocial status of women during the Sangam age.

    V. Answer in detail :1. Write the characteristic features of the ancient Tamil.2. Describe the First, Second and Third Sangam.3. Write about the sea trade of the Sangam Age.

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    Formative Assessment

    1. Prepare and display the models of 5 types of lands.2. Prepare a tabular column based on the trees, flags and flowers of the three tamil

    kingdoms.3. Dothe festivals of the present time gives only happiness? Discuss.4. Who am I?

    Land and areas aroundthe land.Who am I?Mountain and areas around the mountains. Who am I?Forestsand areas around the forests. Who am I?Sea and areasaround the sea. Who am I?Draught stricken area- Who am I?

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    SocialScience

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    I

    I

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    S O C I A L S C I E N C

    E

    1. RISE OF KINGDOMS

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    Mahajanapadas:At the end of the Vedic period, the

    Janapadas fought with each other fo rthe new fertile lands and mineralwealthand for the same reason they tried tomove towards the east. Because ofthis, they had clashes with the non-Aryans who came from the east andsouth of the Indus Valley. Ultimately, thesmall Janapadas either defeated orjo ined themselves with theMahajanapadas.

    Many Janapadas joined to formthe Mahajanapadas. They dependedmore on the types o f lands than on theclans. There are sources to prove thatduring the period of Buddha there were16 powerful Mahajanapadas in NorthIndia. Some of them were ruled byhereditary kings. The rest were ruled byelected kings. There were 18 groupstogether in the Vajjian confederacywhich had Vaishali as their capital.Kosala, Avanti, Vatsa and Magadhawere some of the powerful monarchiesof this period. They fought with eachother and other republics.Ultimately,Magadha defeated others andbecame the most powerfulMahajanapada.Rise of Magadha :Bimbisara - Ajatasatru

    The area around Patna in

    Mahajanapadas1. Anga 7. Kedi 13. Aswakas2. Magadha 8. Vatsa 14. Avanti3. Kosala 9. Kuru 15. Gandhara4. Kasi 10. Panchala 16. Kamboja5. Vajji 11. Matsya6. Malla 12. Surasena\today's Bihar is called Magadha. It'sfirst capital was Siravasthi, the secondcapital was Rajgir and lastly

    Pataliputra. Bimbisara belonged toHaryanka Dynasty. He expanded thekingdom of Magadha by conquests andby marriage alliances. His sonAjatasatru imprisoned his father andsucceeded the throne. He waged warfor a long period with Kosala, Avanti,Vaishali and extended his empire. Thefort of Pataliputra was laid byAjatasatru.Sisunaga-MahapadmaNanda

    Sisunaga defeated the HaryankaDynasty. The Nanda Dynasty whosucceeded Sisunga Dynasty spreadthe rule of Magadha throughout northIndia. Mahapadmananda, the firstNanda king crossed the Vindhyas andannexed Deccan. He extended theMagadha Empire beyond Vindhyas toDeccan.

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    Though Sisunaga andMahapadmananda, were Sudras theybecame the kings. It was a greatchange.The Nandas patronizedJainism.The Macedonian kingAlexander came with his troopsthrough the West of India. He had toreturnsince he was aware of the Nandawarfare and hissoldiers were tired aftera longjourney.MAURYAN EMPIREChandragupta Maurya :

    Chandragupta of MauryanDynasty revolted against the lastNanda king Dhanananda,defeated himand took over the Magadha Dynasty(BC 324-299).

    Megasthenese

    He invaded parts of West Indiawhich were annexed by the Greeksunder the leadership of Alexander andextended the Mauryan Dynasty. Hedefeated the Greek Genera l SelecusNikator and he annexed Afghanistanand Gandnara with hisempire.

    Megasthenese,the ambassadorof Selecus stayed at Pataliputra formany years and wrote about India in hisbook 'Indica'. The Jain religious textsays that Chandragupta Mauryabecame a monk leaving his throne andwent with the Jain monk, Bhadrabaguto south India. He ended his life by fastunto death as a devout follower ofJainism at Saravanabelagola.Ashoka:

    Chandragupta was succeededby his son Bindusara, who ruled for 25years. Hewas succeeded by one of hissonsAshoka. (BC 273-236) Forthe firstfour years, he spent his time tosuppress his brothers who were hisrivals.After the eighth year, he waged aterrible war aga inst Kalinga which wasseparated and annexed with theMauryan empire.Ashoka was so upsetand grief stricken at the sight of the warthat he took a pledge that he wouldneverwage war again.

    lChandragupta Maurya

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    Ashoka's DharmaVijaya:Ashoka declared that helping

    his subjects and leading them in therighteous way is the duty of a king. Hespent the rest of his life, meeting peopleand helping them. He hated 'Dig Vijaya'(Conquest of the World). In order tospread Dharma, he undertook ajourney which was called 'DharmaVijaya'. He constructed inns andhospitals for everyone irrespective ofcaste and creed. Medical assistancewas given to cattle. Sacrifices werebanned. The laws were altered onhumanitarian basis. Death sentencewas reduced. He spread Dharmaamong people through rock edictswhich were inscribed on regionallanguages. He appointedDharmamahamatras to help thepeople. Ashoka was the first emperorwho established the welfare state fo rpeople.

    Ashoka and Buddhism:Ashoka embraced Buddhism

    which insisted love, knowledge anddiscipline. Eventhough he was aBuddhist, he was k n to Brahmins andAgivagirs. He took maximum effort tospread Buddhism. He renovated andexpanded the monuments atKapillavastu, Saranath andBuddhagaya.He constructed hundredsof stupas and pillars. He organized theThird Buddhist Council at Pataliputra.In order to spread Buddhism, he sentBuddhist monks to different parts of hisempire and also to foreign countries.Mahendra, the one who spreadBuddhism in Ceylon was believed to behis son. Buddhism became a worldreligionby the efforts ofAshoka.Ashoka's contribution to art andarchitecture :

    Ashoka's stupas and pillars areconsidered to be the oldest after themonuments of the Indus ValleyCivilization. Buddhist stupas at Sarnathand Lumbini are marvellous.TheAshoka's pillar cannot be comparedwith any other art. The structu re ofAshoka's pillar, the bell shaped capitalresemblingan inverted lotus shows theinfluence of the Persianarchitecture.

    Ashoka Sarnath Pillar

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    Ashoka's Stone Edicts: MauryanAdministration:Ashoka's royal proclamations

    and messages are inscribed on thewalls of the caves, stone pillars androcks that are kept all through hisempire. Most of them are written inPrakrit, Kharoshti in north westernIndia, Greek in Afghanistan. Theseedicts depict Ashoka's humanitarianlove and non-violence.

    J W* A'T;-WMiNSI*ur- A4) if . a, .f ijjf 5 r iy;?z. : '/- Cw i :, < . -Jim

    Ashoka'sStone Edict

    The Stone Edict of Ashoka:I captured Kalinga after eight

    years of war. In the war, one lakhpeople died and one and a half lakhpeople left the country.

    It made me very sad when morethan a lakh of my people were killedand captured during the war ofJanapata. The war separated lovedones.

    The ruins of the war affected allthe people. It troubled me. So Iaccepted Dharma more than war.

    -Ashoka

    For the convenience ofadministration, the empire was dividedinto five provinces. Taxilla was thecapital of North province, Ujjaini was thecapital of West province, Swarnagiriwas the capital of Sou th province andDosali was the capital of East province.The main province, Magadhawas ruledby the king himself with Pataliputra asits capital.

    A council of ministers and armychiefs were appointed to help the kingin his administration.They wereappointed without the discrimination ofcaste.The higher officials calledMahamatras were appointed assuperintendents and governors of thebig provinces. Princes were alsoappointed as Mahamatras. There wereother officers like Yuktas, Pradeshikas,Ambassdors and Spies. Those whoprotected the frontier were known as ndamahamatras . Dharmamahamatras looked after the moral lifeof the public. There were local selfgovernment in the cities.Megasthenese described in his Indicathat the administration of the city ofPataliputra was maintained by a set of30 officers who belonged to 6committees. Each committee had aspecific duty. The strong army ofMauryas was administered by a set of30 officers. Infantry, cavalry, elephants,chariots and navy were controlled by 5committees. The sixth committeelooked after the transport, food,medical facility and production ofweapons for the army.

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    vTaxill,

    Indraprasth;

    SarnathSanchi

    Girinar Tamralipti

    DosaliKalinga

    ,SwarnaiSiddapur

    KanchChola

    'Pandya:

    Srilanka]

    The Mauryan Empireduring Ashoka's period

    oThe Mauryan Empire during Ashoka's period

    C.

    PO

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    The judicial administration wasvery strict. Ashoka brought somechanges on humanitarian grounds.Torture was banned. He introducednew methods to console the peoplewho were given death sentence. Thetenure of petty caseswere reduced.

    Kings and ministers went on tours tosolve the problemsof the people.

    Brihadratha, the last king of theMaurya Dynasty was assassinated byPushyamitra. After this, the Magadhalost its power fo r more than 500 years.

    EvaluationI. Choose the correct answer1. The one who built fort Pataliputra

    a. Ashoka b. Bimbisara c. Ajathasatra2. The bookwritten by Megasthenesea. Arthasasthra b. Indica c. Mudra-rakshasa

    3. Ashoka ascendedthe throne ina. BC232 b. BC273 c. BC255

    4. The placewhere the Third Buddhist Councilwas helda. Pataliputra b. Kashmir c. Kapilavastu

    II . True or false1. Selecus Nikator was the ambassador of Megasthenese.2. Mahapadmananda was the first king of Nanda Dynasty.3. Ashoka refused Dharma Vijaya and accepted Dig Vijaya.4. Ashoka was the first one to establish a welfare state for people.5. Mahendra spread Buddhism at Ceylon.III. Answer the following1. How did the Mahajanapadas establish themselves?2. To whom does the credit go in establishing the first empire in India? - Explain.3. Ashoka was the one who established an empire for the welfare of the people-

    Why?4. What are the causes fo r the change in Ashoka's life?5. Explain the inscriptions used in the stone edicts of Ashoka.

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    1. The common people were much affected during the wars between kings of the

    older days. Enumerate how the people are affected today.

    2. Visit a nearby stone edict and try to read the letters on it.

    3. Draw a picture of Saranath pillar or Write the details you learnt from the picture of

    the pillar.

    4. Draw the boundaries of Mauryan Empire during Ashoka's period and mark the

    following places in the given map.

    Thatsaseelam

    Indra prartham

    Pataliputram

    Saranath

    Gaya

    Kalingam

    Girinagar

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    The powerful empire which wasestablished in India after the decline ofthe Mauryans were the Kushans. TheKushans were the people whobelonged to the Yueh-chi tribe. Duringthe 1st century AD Kadphises Iestablished the kingdom of Kushana inthe Northwest partof India. KadphisesII (AD 65-75) who succeededKadphises I conquered Punjab andIndusValley.Kanishka:

    After the death of Kadphises II,Kanishka (AD 78-101) captured thethrone. Hewas considered as the mostpowerful kingof Kushans. He marchedto Pataliputra and subdued SakaSatraps. He fought with the Chinesetwice. Hewas defeated by the Chinesecommander-in-chief Panchao in thefirst expedition. In the second war, hewon and annexed Kashgar, Yarqand,Khotan and the parts of central Asiaw ith his Empire. He created a newcapital called Purushapuram.(Peshawar).

    He was impressed byBuddhism. He organized the FourthBuddhist Council at Kashmir. Thefamous Buddhist philosophers likeVasupandu, Ashvaghosa andNagarjuna participated in the FourthBuddhist Council.

    The new division of Buddhism,Mahayana originated in this council.Groups of monkswere sent toTibet andChina to spread Mahayana.

    IS3? iiAshvaghosha, who was the

    Mahayana Buddhist scholar wrotelarge volumes of Sanskrit literature likeBuddhacharita, Sutralankar.Vasumithra compiled Mahavibhasa.Nagarjuna wrote books on philosophy.Charaka, a famous physician and thegreat builder Ajilasim were inKanishka's Empire.

    The Gandhara art whichcombined the Indo-Greek style madenew statues of Buddha andBodhisatvas. Kanishka was calledAsoka II because of the involvementand the steps he took fo r the spread ofBuddhism. The year that Kanishkaascended the throne was the beginningof the Saka era. He met a violent deathin his tent. Thus the Kushan Empiredeclined.

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    THE GUPTA EMPIREAfter the Kushansthe next empire

    to arise in north India was that of theGuptas with Pataliputra as it's capital.Chandragupta Iwas the first importantking of the Gupta dynasty(AD319-335).The year of his coronation wasconsidered as the beginning of theGupta Era. The Allahabad inscriptiondescribes the conquests and thevictories of Samudragupta (AD 335-375) who succeeded Chandragupta I.The Gupta empire extended fromBengal to Indus and the Himalayas toVindhyas. The Allahabad inscriptiondescribes that he conquered 9 NorthIndian kings, 11 Republicans and 12South Indian kings.The Allahabad pillarinscription was inscribed by his ministerHarisena. After Samudra Gupta,Chandragupta II (AD 380 414) wasconsidered as a famous king.

    He defeated Sakas, the foreigninvaders andcaptured Ujjain.

    r

    The epics like Ramayana,Mahabharatha, 18 Puranas andPanchathanthiras were compiled duringGupta's period. They patronized Sanskritscholars like Kalidasa, Pasar andVisagathatha. Sanskrit was the officiallanguage. They built smal l temples forGods and Goddess like Vishnu, Shivaand Durga. The Ajanta cave paintingsand sculptures belonged to the Guptaage.

    The famous astrologer andmathematician, Aryabhatta,Varahamihira, the famous physiciansSaragar, Susurudar and Dhanvantaribelonged to the Gupta age. The ironpillar at Mehrauli which is 1500 yearsold is a specimen of the art ofmetallurgy that flourished during theGupta age. Nalanda University wasfounded by Kumara Gupta. Castesystem was worse. The sacrificeswhich were banned during the period ofAshoka revived. They worshippedShiva, Sakthi, Vishnu, Kumaran(Murugan) and temples were built forHinduGods.

    Gupta period was consideredthe Golden Age. The Gupta empiredeclined because of the invasion ofPushyamithra and Huns. The Chinesetraveller Fahien visited the Buddhistpilgrim centres during the period ofChandragupta II. (Vikramaditya)

    Ajanta Cave Painting Mehrauli Iron Pillar

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    Kanauj. VaishaliPataliputrarayagMARSHA'S EMPIRE

    SalukyasR. Krishna;

    Harsha

    HARSHA DYNASTYHarshavardhana, the King ofThaneshwar createdan empire in north

    India which was already defeated bythe Huns after the downfall of theGuptas. (AD 606647) Harsha foughtfo r a long time with Sasanka, the onewho killed his brother. In this war, theking of Kamarubha, (Assam)Bhaskaravarma helped him. After thedeath of Sasanka, he annexed most ofthe parts of the kingdom of Bengal. Asper his sister's request, he became theking of Kanauj, which became hiscapital. He conquered Malwa, Sindand Orissa. He also tried to conquersouth India which was a failurebecause Pulikesin IIdefeated Harsha.

    Because of the influence of hissister and Hieun Tsang, the Chinesescholar, Harsha embraced Buddhism.He held religious councils at Kanaujand Prayag. In this, most of theBuddhist and other religious scholarsparticipated. At the end of the council,he generously distributed all his wealth

    Nalanda University

    to the monks, scholars and public. TheNalanda University was the great seatof learning which came to limelightunder Harsha's patronage. It attractednotonly Indiansbu t also foreigners.

    Harsha went on frequent toursto find out the problems and fulfil theneeds of his subjects during hisadmin is tration. He patronized art andarchitecture. His minister Bana was aSanskrit scholar.HARSHA'S EMPIRE

    Purushapuram iHimalayas

    Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal

    Extent of Harsha's Empire

    IndianOcean

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    II. State whether true or false

    He wrote the book called'Harshacharita'. Harsa, who was ascholar wrote Nagananda, Ratnavaliand Priyadarshika. The ChineseBuddhist monk Hieun Tsang visitedIndia during his reign. He visitedKanauj, Prayag, Nalanda and

    Kanchipuram. He stayed inHarsha's court for sometimes.Si-Yu-Ki, a book on tours tells aboutBuddhism and about India on thosedays. Harsha's Empire was the lastEmpire in north India before the Islamicconquest.

    I. Fill in the blanks1. Evaluationestablished the Kushana Dynasty.2. The book BuddhaCharitawas written by.as the physicianof the Gupta period.4.was the kingofThaneshwar.5. The periodof Gupta was called the- of India.1. Peshawar was the capital of Kanishka.2. Si-yu-ki was written by Hieun Tsang.3. Ajilasim was the Greek architect.4. Mehruali pillar belongs to the age of the Guptas.5. Ashvaghosha wrote Sutralankar.

    III. Match the following1. Fourth Buddhist Council2. Samudra Gupta's period3. Kanishka's period4. Pannar5. Harsha6. Kushan7. Ashokall8. Nalanda University9. Kadphisesl

    estabilished Kushan EmpireKumara GuptaKanishkaYueh-Chi tribeAD 335 -AD 375AD 78-AD 101HarshacharitaKashmirPriyadharshikaIV. Answer the following

    1. Explain the background of Gandhara art.2. Why Gupta's period is known as the 'GoldenAge' of India?3. Mention the foreign invaders who were responsible fo r the dec line o fGuptas.4. Explain-Saka period and Gupta period.5. Discussabout Fahienand HieunTsang.

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    1. Fill in the blanks

    Scholars

    Buddhism

    Art

    Religious

    Division

    Fourth

    Buddhist

    Council

    Kanishka

    Victories

    Capital

    Patalipu

    tram

    Chi

    naCapturedPlaces

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    2. Write the names of the books and authors that you have read in the library.

    3. How was it possible for Hieun Tsang to come to India when there was no transport

    facilities during those days? Know such travel experience by when reading or

    listening.

    4. What was the main interest of the kings?I. War

    II. Social service discuss.

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    I

    I