Himalaya Basin
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Transcript of Himalaya Basin
Himalayan Basin
Vicco Oryzavica V22015007
Outline
• Introduction • Basin Formation (Tectonic Setting)• Basin Filling• Basin Deformation• Summary
Outline
• Introduction • Basin Formation (Tectonic Setting)• Basin Filling• Basin Deformation• Summary
Embryonic - rift valley forms as
continent begins to split. Juvenile - sea floor basalts begin
forming as continental sections
diverge. Mature - broad ocean basin widens,
trenches develop and subduction
begins. Declining - subduction eliminates
much of sea floor and oceanic ridge. Terminal - last of the sea floor is
eliminated and continents collide
forming a continental mountain
chain.
• Basin development stages
Introduction
Introduction• Location
Peta topografi himalaya (yin, 2006)
Introduction
(An Yin, 2005)
Introduction
INDIA
HIMALAYA
LHASA BLOCK
QIANTANG BLOCK
SONGPAN-GANZI BLOCK
QAIDAM BLOCKQILIAN BLOCK
TARIM BASIN
Jinsho SutureKunlun Suture
Qilian Suture
Altyn-Tagh Suture
Indus-Zangbo Suture
Bangong Suture
(An Yin, 2005)
Outline
• Introduction • Basin Formation (Tectonic Setting)• Basin Filling• Basin Deformation• Summary
Paleotethys
Neotethys
Triassic
Jurassic
(A Yin et al., 2006)
Cretaceous
Basin Formation
Paleogene
Neogene
(SEARLE et al., 1987)
Model Evolusi Himalaya
(Molnar, 1986)
Outline
• Introduction • Basin Formation (Tectonic Setting)• Basin Filling• Basin Deformation• Summary
Stratigraphy Division1. Tethyan Himalayan Sequence (THS) (1840 Ma– 40 Ma; Paleoproterozoic to
Eocene) 2. Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex (GHC) (?1800–480 Ma;
Paleoproterozoic to Ordovician) 3. Lesser Himalayan Sequence (LHS) (1870–520 Ma; Proterozoic–Cambrian) 4. Sub-Himalayan Sequence (Cenozoic Sequence in the MFT and MBT Hanging
Walls)
Structural Division1. South Tibet Detachment (STD)2. Main Central Thrust (MCT)3. Main Boundary Thrust (MBT)4. Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) hanging wall5. Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) footwall
Basin Filling
(Cattin and Avouac, 2000)
Structural Division
•The South Tibet Detachment juxtaposing the THS above and the GHC below•The MCT may be identified as a lithologic contact separating the LHS below from the GHC above (Heim and Gansser, 1939)•The MBT is defined as the thrust placing the LHS over Tertiary sedimentary strata•The MFT is regarded as the thrust contact between the Neogene Siwalik strata above and Quaternary
Pre Kinematic Phase
Paleoproterozoic
Cretasious
THS GHC
Plistosen
LHS
Ordovician
Cambrian
SHS
Devonian
Pre Rift
Carboniferous
Lower Jurasic
Syn Rift
JurasicPassive Margin
EoceneSyn Collision
Paleoproterozoic
EoceneSyn Kinematic Phase
Post Kinematic Phase
Outline
• Introduction • Basin Formation (Tectonic Setting)• Basin Filling• Basin Deformation• Summary
• ACTIVE HIMALAYAN FORELAND BASIN• Indo-Gangetic Depression• The Indo-Gangetic depression (Active Himalayan Foreland Basin) is an active foreland basin
receiving sediments from both the Himalayan orogen and the Indian Peninsula Highlands• The basin has been divided into four sub-basins, Indus Basin, Ganga Basin, Brahmaputra Basin, and
Bengal Basin• Basement ridges beneath the Indo-Gangetic depression are either Precambrian in age or have
been developed in the Cenozoic
Kumar, R., Ghosh, S. K. & Sangode, S. J. 2003
Basin Deformation
(A.Yin 2006)
1. Late Paleocene - Eocene2. Late Eocene – Early Oligocene3. Late Oligocene – Early Miocene4. Early – Late Miocene5. Late Miocene 6. Late Miocene – Early Pleistocene7. Mid Pleistocene8. Late Pleistocene9. Pleistocene - Holocene
Outline
• Introduction • Basin Formation (Tectonic Setting)• Basin Filling• Basin Deformation• Summary
Summary• The collisions is happened approximately at 50Ma (Late Cretaceous),
there were widespread and fundamental changes. The collision causes fold-trhust belt.
• The Himalayan Basin consist of 4 sequences :– Tethyan Himalayan Sequence – Greater Himalayan Cristaline– Lesser Himalayan Sequence– Sub Himalayan Sequence
• The Indo-Gangetic depression (Active Himalayan Foreland Basin) is an active foreland basin has been divided into four sub-basins, Indus Basin, Ganga Basin, Brahmaputra Basin, and Bengal Basin
• Cattin, R. and Avouac, J. P. (2000), Modeling mountain building and the seismic cycle in the Himalaya of Nepal. Journal Of Geophysical Research, Vol. 105, No. B6, Pages 13,389-13,407
• Célérier, J. et al. (2009), The Kumaun and Garwhal Lesser Himalaya, India Part 2. Thermal and deformation histories. Geological Society of America Bulletin, No.9-10, P.1281-1297, doi: 10.1130/B26343.1
• Garzanti, E. (1999), Stratigraphy and sedimentary history of the Nepal Tethys Himalaya passive margin, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 17 (1999) 805±827.
• Hodges, K. V. (2000), Tectonics of the Himalaya and southern Tibet from two perspectives. GSA Bulletin; March 2000; v. 112; no. 3; p. 324–350; 3 figures
• Searle, M. P. 1987, The closing of Tethys and the tectonics of the Himalaya, Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 98, p. 678-701, 12 figs., June 1987.
• Yin, An and Harrison, T. Mark. (2000), Geologic Evolution Of The Himalayan Tibetan Orogen, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2000. 28:211–80
• Yin, An. (2006), Tectonic Evolution Of The Himalayan Orogen As Constrained By Along-strike Variation Of Structural Geometry, Exhumation History, and Foreland Sedimentation, Earth-Science Reviews 76, hal.1–131.
Reference
Terima Kasih
Back Up Slide
INDIA
HIMALAYA
LHASA BLOCK
QIANTANG BLOCK
SONGPAN-GANZI BLOCK
QAIDAM BLOCKQILIAN BLOCK
TARIM BASIN
Jinsho SutureKunlun Suture
Qilian Suture
Altyn-Tagh Suture
Indus-Zangbo Suture
Bangong Suture
Paleotethys
Neotethys
Triassic
Jurassic
(A Yin et al., 2006)
(Trond H.Torsvik et al., 2009)
Cretaceous
Basin Formation
MODEL EVOLUSI HIMALAYA
Valdiya (1998)
Basin Filling
Stratigrafi dari Tethyan Himalayan Sequence (Yin, 2006)
HIMALAYA MOUNTAINSGEOLOGI REGIONAL HIMALAYA
Tethyan Himalayan Sequence (THS) Consist of Proterozoic to Eocene Siliciclastic and Carbonate sedimentary rocks interbedded with Paleozoicand Mesozoic Volcanic rocks The Tethyan Himalaya Sequence can be divided into four subsequences:1. Proterozoic to Devonian pre-rift sequence characterized by laterally persistent lithologic units deposited in an epicratonal setting;
– The Pre-rift sequence can be divided into Proterozoic-Middle Cambrian Haimanta Group and a Lower ordovician-Devonian Shelf Sequence (separated by regional unconformity)– The basement is Baragaon Gneiss (Northwestern India-Himalaya)
2. Carboniferous–Lower Jurassic rift and post-rift sequence that show dramatic northward changes in thickness and lithofacies;– Start of syn-rift sequence at beginning of Permian (Liu & Einsele,1994), At earliest Carboniferous (Garzanti,1999)– Carboniferous – Jurassic rifting is related to separation of Lhasa block from India and the eventual opening of Neo-Tethys.
3. Jurassic–Cretaceous Passive Continental Margin Sequence; and4. Uppermost Cretaceous–Eocene syn-collision sequence(Liu and Einsele, 1994; Garzanti, 1999) Tethyan Himalaya Sequence has also divided into northern and southern zone;
– Proterozoic – Carboniferous strata are similar in both zones, were deposit in shelf setting.– Mesozoic; northern zones consist of thick slope sequence whereas southern zone is dominated by shelf-shelf edge sequence.
Stratigraphy Division Tethyan Himalayan Sequence (THS)
Consist of Proterozoic to Eocene Siliciclastic and Carbonate sedimentary rocks interbedded with Paleozoic and Mesozoic Volcanic rocks
The Tethyan Himalaya Sequence can be divided into four subsequences:1. Proterozoic to Devonian pre-rift sequence characterized by laterally persistent lithologic units
deposited in an epicratonal setting;• The Pre-rift sequence can be divided into Proterozoic-Middle Cambrian Haimanta Group and a
Lower ordovician-Devonian Shelf Sequence (separated by regional unconformity)• The basement is Baragaon Gneiss (Northwestern India-Himalaya)
2. Carboniferous–Lower Jurassic rift and post-rift sequence that show dramatic northward changes in thickness and lithofacies;
• Start of syn-rift sequence at beginning of Permian (Liu & Einsele,1994), At earliest Carboniferous (Garzanti,1999)
• Carboniferous – Jurassic rifting is related to separation of Lhasa block from India and the eventual opening of Neo-Tethys.
3. Jurassic–Cretaceous Passive Continental Margin Sequence; and4. Uppermost Cretaceous–Eocene syn-collision sequence(Liu and Einsele, 1994; Garzanti, 1999)
Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex (GHC):
(?1800–480 Ma; Paleoproterozoic to Ordovician) grade Precambrian crystallines, Cambro-Ordovician (500 + 50 Ma) granites/orthogneisses and the Tertiary leucogranites (High Grades rocks)
In northern Pakistan become indistinguishable with THS, appears as low-grade to unmetamorphosed sedimentary strata interlayered with granites (~500 Ma)
In Nepal, the GHC is bounded by the MCT below and STD above, est to be Neoproterozoic to Ordovician.
The metamorphic grade in the GHC first increases upward in lower part and then decreases from the middle to upper part towards to STD
In Zanskar of NW India, low-grade THS surrounds the GHC. The Carboniferous and Triassicstrata of the THS are also metamorphosed to amphibolite facies (Honegger et al., 1982)
Stratigraphy Division
Lesser Himalayan Sequence (LHS):Metasediment and metavolcanic strata, augen gneiss (1780-800 Ma)On Lower part only includes the nonfossiliferous low-grade
metasedimentary rocksThese strata are overlain by Permian to Cretaceous strata which are often
referred to as the Gondwana SequenceNo Ordovician to Carboniferous strata are present above the LHS along the
whole Himalayan orogen east of the Nanga Parbat syntaxisThe LHS has an age range of 1870–850 Ma. Its main lithology includes
metasedimentary rocks, metavolcanic rocks, and augen gneissUpper Proterozoic strata are in conformable contact with overlying
Cambrian strata in NW India and possibly in Nepal But in Pakistan, Mesoproterozoic strata of the LHS are overlain by either Cambrian or Carboniferous sequences of the THS
Stratigraphy Division
Sub-Himalayan Sequence (Cenozoic Sequence in the MFT and MBT Hanging Walls)
This sequence consists of the Neogene Siwalik strata in the MBT footwall and Paleogene–early Miocene strata in both the MBT hanging wall and footwall
The Tertiary strata below the MBT were traditionally assigned as the sub-Himalayan geographic and stratigraphic zone
The Paleocene–Eocene strata of the Himalayan foreland were deposited in a marine setting while the Miocene–Pliocene strata were deposited in a continental setting.
Stratigraphy Division