Hidrologi 1. Pendahuluan
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HIDROLOGI
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PENGERTIAN
Ilmu tentang seluk beluk air di bumi, kejadiannya, peredaran dan distribusinya, sifat alam dan sifat kimianya, serta reaksinya terhadap lingkungannya dan hubungannya dengan kehidupan manusia.
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PERAN HIDROLOGI
STRUKTUR/KAWASAN PEMUKIMAN•DRAINASE•SANITASI
TRANSPORTASI•JALAN•PELABUHAN UDARA•PERKOTAAN
HIDRO•T. SUNGAI•T. IRIGASI•T. BENDUNG•T. WADUK•T. PANTAI•T. DRAINASI/T. SANITASI•PENGENDALIAN BANJIR, DLL
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KAWASAN PEMUKIMAN
•DRAINASE / SANITASI
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LANJUTAN
Outlet
H
B B
H
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TRANSPORTASI
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LANJUTAN
H ?
B ?B dan H optimal ?Dimensi saluran besar : boros tapi amanDimensi saluran kecil : murah tapi resikoPerlu analisis hujan dan limpasan
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JEMBATAN
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LANJUTAN
Persoalan : •Elevasi muka air bajir•Debit banjir
Solusi : •Tersedia data debit banjir cukup panjang : pendekatan statistik•Kalau tidak, pendekatan data hujan dan dataDAS
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PELABUHAN UDARA
•PELABUHAN UDARA
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LANJUTAN
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LANJUTAN
Persoalan :•Landas pacu banjir
Perlu analis•Data hujan dan limpasan•Dimensi saluran
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PERKOTAAN
MENADO 2014
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LANJUTAN
JAKARTA 2014
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LANJUTAN
Persoalan :•Banjir
Perlu analis•Debit banjir•Data hujan dan limpasan•Dimensi saluran
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SUNGAI
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LANJUTAN
Persoalan :•Sungai tak mampu menampung aliran air
Perlu analisis•Data hujan / debit aliran•DAS•Dimensi saluran
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IRIGASI
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LANJUTAN
Persoalan :•Ketersediaan air •Debit pengambilan
Perlu analisis•Data evapotranspirasi•Data hujan•Imbangan air (water balance)
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BENDUNG
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WADUK/BENDUNGAN
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LANJUTAN
Persoalan :•Tinggi tanggul•Kapasitas waduk
Perlu analisis•Data hujan / aliran•Daerah tangkapan
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PANTAI
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LANJUTAN
Persoalan :•Masuknya air laut ke daratan
Perlu analisis•Data hujan / aliran •Pasang surut / kenaikan muka air laut
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PENGENDALIAN BANJIR
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LANJUTAN
Persoalan perencanaan tanggul banjir :•Debit banjir ?•Tinggi tanggul yang optimal ?
H
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DESAIN OPTIMAL
Cost
Banjir rancangan
Construction cost
Risk cost
Total cost
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JUMLAH AIR
Jumlah air :
Di bumi : 1,3-1,4 milyard km3
97,5% adalah air laut
1,75% berbentuk es
0,73% berada di daratan sebagai air sungai, air danau, air tanah dan sebagainya.
0,001% berbentuk uap di udara.
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SIKLUS HIDROLOGI
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SIKLUS HIDROLOGI
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LANJUTAN
1) Penguapan (evaporation, transpiration)
2) Awan hujan (rain cloud)
3) Penguapan kembali
4) Hujan (precipitation, rainfall)
5) Infiltrasi (infiltration)
6) Aliran limpasan (overland flow)
7) Aliran permukaan (surface run-off)
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LANJUTAN
8) Aliran antara (subsurface flow, interflow)
9) Perkolasi (percolation)
10) Aliran air tanah (groundwater flow)