Heat and moisture transport characteristics in hot environments while wearing clothing ensembles for

live-line working.

Hitomi USHIODA* and Takashi KISHIMOTO** *Hyogo University of Teacher Education

** Kinden Corporation

• Live-line working is the maintenance of electrical equipment, often operation at high voltage.

• For the safety of live-line workers, they must wear thick rubber gloves and multiple-layer rubber jackets.

• Because rubber has no air permeability and no vapor permeability, those ensembles cause often higher core temperature of workers in hot environments.

• The purpose of the present study was to investigate if the inner shirts of clothing ensembles for live-line working would cause different thermoregulatory responses and clothing comfort.

We prepared five kinds of inner shirts of clothing ensembles for the experiments, which had the characteristics shown in this table.

Shirt A is the uniform of Kinden Corporation and many live-line workers wear their inner shirts, so we prepared the same undershirts shown in table.

Shirt B is made of a mesh structure.

Underwear of A, the shirts C, D, and E have the tags with the high water absorbency and the rapid dryness for sports wear.

B C* D* E*

uniform innerpolyester 90 90 66 100 54 100cotton 10 0 34 0 0 0polyurethane 0 10 0 0 0 0polyethylene vinyl alcohol 0 0 0 0 46 0fabric construction plain fabric interlock knit mesh knit pique knit pique knit interlock knitdesign long sleeve shirts, Kinden

uniformhalf sleeve shirts long sleeve polo shirts long sleeve polo shirts long sleeve polo shirts long sleeve running shirts

Table 1 The Fabric characteristics of shirts of clothing ensembles for live-line working

A

*: tag with the high water absorbency and the rapid dryness

For the experiments they wore their underwear and socks. They wore the same under shirts for ensembles A. Work pants, multiple-layer rubber jackets, rubber gloves, rubber boots and helmets were served as Kinden uniform.

nude under shirtsshirts andwork pants

gloves andboots

multiple-layer jacketsand helmets

A

B

C

D

E

Five healthy males of 19 - 22 years old cooperated as subjects, experiments were repeated 2 times. We measured their skin humidity and temperature at the abdomen, inner shirts surface of abdomen area and inner shirts surface of chest area. Local skin wettedness (ω) on abdomen was calculated as ω=(Psk-Pa)/(Pssk-Pa), where Psk is the vapor pressure at the skin surface obtained from the humidity sensors and Pssk is the saturated vapor pressure at the local Tsk.

1 abdomen 2 inner shirts surface of abdomen

3 inner shirts surface of chest

The climatic chamber was controlled at 35ºC and 45%RH for every experiment. After all sensors were set for the subjects, they sat the chair for 5 minutes (rest). After 5 minutes, they started the dumbbell exercises (13 times/min) for 5 minutes (exercise 1). After the exercise 1 they sat the chair for 10 minutes (recovery 1). They repeated exercises 2 times (exercise 2, exercise 3) and recovery 1 time (recovery 2).

The mean value of skin temperature and mean humidity of the respective shirts averaged are shown in this table.

t-test A B C D Erest 34.5 33.9 34.0 34.1 34.1exercise 1 34.6 34.5 34.4 34.5 34.4recovery 1 34.8 34.6 34.3 34.6 34.4exercise 2 34.7 34.4 34.4 34.4 34.3recovery 2 34.5 34.1 34.4 34.2 34.1exercise 3 34.6 34.1 34.3 34.1 33.9rest 34.3 34.2 34.0 34.1 34.2exercise 1 34.2 34.2 34.1 34.2 34.0recovery 1 34.0 33.9 33.8 33.8 33.8exercise 2 34.1 33.6 33.7 33.7 33.9recovery 2 33.8 33.4 33.3 33.3 33.6exercise 3 33.7 33.5 33.3 33.4 33.5rest 34.6 34.4 34.3 34.3 34.5exercise 1 35.2 35.0 34.9 34.9 34.9recovery 1 35.5 35.5 35.0 35.3 35.3exercise 2 35.5 35.5 35.3 35.0 35.4recovery 2 35.5 35.4 35.4 35.1 35.5exercise 3 35.3 35.4 35.5 35.2 35.5rest 4.31 4.13 3.81 3.95 4.19exercise 1 4.67 4.61 4.41 4.30 4.48recovery 1 4.90 4.94 4.67 4.64 4.62exercise 2 5.01 5.01 4.82 4.77 4.71recovery 2 5.04 5.05 4.98 4.80 4.79exercise 3 5.13 5.12 5.02 4.88 4.83rest 3.35 3.24 3.23 3.37 3.51exercise 1 3.65 3.71 3.65 3.74 3.86recovery 1 3.55 3.74 3.54 3.80 3.89exercise 2 3.76 4.06 3.91 4.10 4.05recovery 2 3.62 3.84 3.73 3.73 3.94exercise 3 3.89 4.20 3.99 4.09 4.05rest 4.19 4.12 4.26 4.05 4.27exercise 1 4.91 4.84 5.05 4.85 5.04recovery 1 5.27 5.36 5.31 5.33 5.42exercise 2 5.42 5.46 5.50 5.34 5.55recovery 2 5.55 5.50 5.60 5.39 5.63exercise 3 5.57 5.55 5.66 5.50 5.65rest 0.588 0.534 0.420 0.475 0.537exercise 1 0.700 0.677 0.622 0.577 0.628recovery 1 0.767 0.790 0.723 0.693 0.680exercise 2 0.811 0.830 0.773 0.751 0.727recovery 2 0.835 0.875 0.827 0.780 0.771exercise 3 0.858 0.906 0.854 0.814 0.802

Inner ClothingSurface Humidityof Chest (kPa)

Skin Wettedness

Abdomen

Temperature (oC)

Inner ClothingSurface

Temperature of

Abdomen (oC)

Inner ClothingSurface

Temperature of

Chest (oC)

Table 2 Mean values of heat and moisture transport characteristics of each period

AbdomenHumidity (kPa)

Inner ClothingSurface Humidity

of Abdomen (kPa)

33.2

33.4

33.6

33.8

34

34.2

34.4

34.6

34.8

35

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Abd

omen

Tem

pera

ture

(o C

)

Time (min)

ABCDE

restexercise 1

recovery 1exercise 2 exercise 3

recovery 2

A T-test was conducted on the mean value of temperature and humidity. The significant-difference (p>0.05) was found that the A wearer had a highest abdomen temperature (A>B, C, D, E).

All shirts were shown in the same behavior that the inner clothing surface temperature of abdomen decreased from the start of experiments to the end of experiments though that of chest increased. The temperature and humidity of chest were higher than that of abdomen because of it.

33

33.2

33.4

33.6

33.8

34

34.2

34.4

34.6

34.8

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Inne

r Clo

thin

g S

urfa

ce T

empe

ratu

re o

f A

bdom

en (o C

)

Time (min)

ABCDE

Inne

r Clo

thin

g S

urfa

ce H

umid

ity o

f In

ner

Clo

thin

g S

urfa

ce H

umid

ity o

f C

hest

34

34.2

34.4

34.6

34.8

35

35.2

35.4

35.6

35.8

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40In

ner C

loth

ing

Sur

face

Tem

pera

ture

of

Che

st (

o C)

Time (min)

ABCDE

Inne

r C

loth

ing

Sur

face

Hum

idity

of

Che

st

The A and the B wearers had a higher abdomen humidity than the C, D and E (A, B>C, D, E) after the exercise.

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

5.5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Abd

omen

Hum

idity

(k

Pa)

Time (min)

ABCDE

exercise 3rest

exercise 1recovery 1

exercise 2 exercise 3recovery 2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Skin

Wet

tedn

ess

Time (min)

ABCDE

restexercise 1

recovery 1exercise 2 exercise 3

recovery 2

Heat and moisture transport characteristics and the skin wettedness of shirts C, D, and E which had the high water absorbency and the rapid dryness were lower than that of shirts A and B in spite of impermeable microclimate.

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Skin

Wet

tedn

ess

Time (min)

ABCDE

restexercise 1

recovery 1exercise 2 exercise 3

recovery 2

Wet fabrics have the higher heat conductivity than the dry fabrics. In particular, polyester finished with the high water absorbency and the rapid dryness causes the capillary action in perspiration. And the textile in the shirts of D was composed by polyethylene vinyl alcohol which had a higher qmax. We guess that the shirts D and E with the high water absorbency and the rapid dryness keep the skin dry in hot environment.

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

5.5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Abd

omen

Hum

idity

(k

Pa)

Time (min)

ABCDE

exercise 3rest

exercise 1recovery 1

exercise 2 exercise 3recovery 2

We measured the clo values by thermal manikin. The values are different tendency between the steady state and the walking state(ISO 15831). The clo values of steady state indicated A>C>D>B>E, but that of walking state indicated A>B>C,D>E.The clo value of the shirts B of walking state was bigger than that of the other shirts though the shirts B had a mesh structure.

clo value A B C D E

steady state 1.20 0.92 0.98 0.94 0.89walking 0.76 0.61 0.57 0.57 0.55% 63 66 58 61 62

steady state

walking

A>C>D>B>EA>B>C,D>E

Sensory evaluation of shirts was graded on a scale from -3 to +3, and they are shown in this figure. In this figure, positive axis indicates satisfaction, while negative one indicates dissatisfaction. A T-test was conducted on the mean value of appropriateness, comfortableness and favorite of shirts for live-line working in hot environment.The significant-difference was found that the shirts C had a lower appropriateness than the shirts D and E, the shirts D was a more comfortable than the shirts A, B and C, and the shirts B was evaluated a less favorite than the shirts A, D and E.

Conclusions

• The purpose of the present study was to investigate if the inner shirts of clothing ensembles for live-line working would cause different thermoregulatory responses and clothing comfort.

• The inner shirts of clothing ensembles for live-line working caused different thermoregulatory responses and clothing comfort.

• It was suggested that the shirts finished with the high water absorbency and the rapid dryness was keeping the skin dry and comfortable.