He tuan hoan tham khao 2
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Figure 20.20b
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Figure 20.20c
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Figure 20.20d
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Figure 20.21b
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Figure 20.22b
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Figure 20.22c
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Figure 20.22d
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Figure 18.1a
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Figure 18.1b
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Figure 18.3
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Figure 18.4a
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Figure 18.4b
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Figure 18.4c
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Figure 18.5
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Figure 18.6
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Figure 18.7
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Figure 18.3
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Figure 20.1ab
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Figure 20.1c
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Figure 20.2
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Figure 20.3
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Figure 20.3
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Figure 20.4a
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Figure 20.4b
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Figure 20.4c
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Figure 20.7
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Figure 20.9
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Figure 20.12
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Figure 20.17a
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Figure 20.18b
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• Why do we need a circulatory system?– supplies in
• fuel (sugars)– digestive system
• oxygen– respiratory system
– waste out• CO2
– respiratory system
– need to pick up & deliver the supplies & wastes around the body
• circulatory system
Feeding Energy Needs
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Simple organisms
When your body is only 2-cell layers thick, you can get supplies in and waste out just through diffusion
– all cells within easy reach of fluid
HydraJellyfish
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Complex organisms• Circulatory system
– made up of 3 parts• organ
– heart
• tissues & cells– blood vessels
» arteries» veins» capillaries
– blood» red blood cells» plasma
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Vertebrate Heart• 4-Chambered heart
– atria (atrium)• thin wall• collection chamber• receive blood
– ventricles • thick wall pump• pump blood out right
atrium
leftatrium
rightventricle
leftventricle
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Evolution of circulatory system
fish amphibian reptiles birds & mammals
A A
VV V VV
A AAAA
V
2 chamber 3 chamber 3 chamber 4 chamber
Not everyone has a 4-chambered heart
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AV
SL
AV
Lub-dub, lub-dub• 4 valves in the heart
– flaps of connective tissue– prevent backflow
• Heart sounds – closing of valves– “Lub”
• force blood against closed AV valves
– “Dub”• force of blood against
semilunar valves
• Heart murmur– leaking valve causes hissing sound – blood squirts backward through valve
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Blood vesselsarteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
artery
arteriolesvenules
veins
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Major arteries
pulmonaryartery
pulmonaryartery =to lungs
aorta carotid = to headto brain & left arm to right arm
coronary arteries
to body
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Coronary artery bypass
bypass surgery
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Electrical signals
allows atria to empty completely before ventricles contract
stimulates ventricles to contract from bottom to top, driving
blood into arteries
• heart pumping controlled by electrical impulses • signal also transmitted to skin = EKG
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Structure-function relationship• Capillaries
– very thin walls – allows diffusion of
materials across capillary
• O2, CO2, H2O, food, waste
body cell
O2
food
waste
CO2
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Hemoglobin
• Protein which carries O2
– 250,000 hemoglobins in 1 red blood cell
O2
O2O2
O2
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Cardiovascular healthbypass surgery
• Risk Factors– genetics– diet
• high animal fat
– exercise & lifestyle• smoking• lack of exercise
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Figure 21.1
Figure 21.1 A Comparison of a Typical Artery and a Typical Vein
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Figure 21.4 Capillary Structure
Figure 21.4
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Figure 21.5 The Organization of a Capillary Bed
Figure 21.5a, b
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Figure 21.6
Figure 21.6 The Function of Valves in the Venous System
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Figure 21.7
Figure 21.7 The Distribution of Blood in the Cardiovascular
System
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Figure 21.8
Figure 21.8 An Overview of Cardiovascular Physiology
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Figure 21.10
Figure 21.10 Pressures within the Cardiovascular System
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Figure 21.10
Figure 21.10 Pressures within the Cardiovascular System
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Figure 21.12 Capillary Filtration
Figure 21.12
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Figure 21.12 Capillary Filtration
Figure 21.12
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Figure 21.13
Figure 21.13 Forces Acting across Capillary Walls
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Figure 21.14
Figure 21.14 Homeostatic Adjustments that Compensate for
a Reduction in Blood Pressure and Blood Flow
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Figure 21.14
Figure 21.14 Homeostatic Adjustments that Compensate for
a Reduction in Blood Pressure and Blood Flow
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Figure 21.15
Figure 21.15 Baroreceptor Reflexes of the Carotid and Aortic
Sinuses
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Figure 21.16 The Chemoreceptor Reflexes
Figure 21.16
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Figure 21.17a
Figure 21.17 The Regulation of Blood Pressure and Blood Volume
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Figure 21.17b
Figure 21.17 The Regulation of Blood Pressure and Blood Volume
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Figure 21.35a, b
Figure 21.35 Fetal Circulation