Háttéranyag a szabadkereskedelmi vitanaphoz

7/23/2019 Httranyag a szabadkereskedelmi vitanaphoz

1/58

@ttrbgybe

b


2/58

Vbrtbijcoheyzk

Kjccugnkmns hihchk 6. jifbi

N. Qniekhrhskhfhicn trhgfhk 1. jifbi

NN. UVJ 0. jifbi

NNN. zsnb 24. jifbi

NQ. Bz Hurzsnbn Ebzfbsen Xgn 25. jifbi

Q. HX szblbfkhrhskhfhicn cheiibpjfsjk 20. jifbi

QN. Bz HX-Kbgbfb taje Ebzfbsen s 2>. jifbi

Khrhskhfhicn Cheiibpjfs (MHVB)

QNN. HX- X]B Vrbgszbtibgtn Khrhskhfhicn s


3/58

1. szc chiikiht? B Cbeybrjrszeri bz X]B-lb nrgyui AFN fngbcnkus

gvhkhfsh

5. szc chiiki h t ? sszhajei b i b szbkcbn szhrvhzhthkkhi s

rfhkkpvnshihthkkhi ihajiytbtjtt kjgzuitmnkri

=


4/58

Kjccugnkmns hihchk

B trbgszbtibgtn kbpmsjibtjk ebzfbsen szhcpjgtli b vnie iheohihgt!shll

kbpmsjibtrhgfszhrt ohihgtnk. Bz HX s bz X]B b vnie EFT-oghk msbkghc ahit(61,5 szzbik) bfob, b ahihk kztn ru- s szjieitbtskhrhskhfhihc vhs rtkh

phfne chekzhitn bz 2444 cniinrf X]F-t, bcn b vniekhrhskhfhihc =4,6

szzbikgbk ahihi che.

Cbeybrjrsze khzfhthkt!i tcjebtob b kt bzjgjs siy ebzfbsen pbrtghr, bz

HX-X]B kztn szblbfkhrhskhfhicn treybisjkgbk. B khzfhcgyhzst trtghicn

ohihgt!se"ghk tbrtouk, bchiy b gyntjtt s kiebzfbse-jrnhgtit cbeybr ebzfbse

szcrb kjcjiy hi!gykht gyot`bt.

B treybisjkbt ghc snhtthtok, chrt szcugkrb b tbrtbijc bz his!fihehs.

Vufbtlbg vbeyugk bggbk, `jey b ebzfbsen szhrhpi!k szcrb b iheohihgt!shll

`jzbfkjt kgi hihchk kntreybisb nf!negyhs.

itbigjs hivrsugk, `jey hey jiybg cbebs bclmnszngt" knheyhgsiyjzjttcheiibpjfs ooog itrh, b`ji b kimsgs hi!gykl!i, b khfvhz!khrhskhfhicn s

ajeibikjztbtsn `btsjkli cngfhg HX tbeiibc s cngfhg hurpbn ebzfbsen

szhktjr citgyjsbg rszhsi.

B treybisjk snkhr`hz szihskr"pjintnkbn s trsbfbicn tcjebtsrb ns szkse

vbg, hihgehf`hthtihg b ajiybcbtlbg b cheahihi! tit`btse. H``hz

hihgehf`hthtihg kigshg bz, `jey bz Xgns tbejrszejk, bz Hurpbn Tbribchgt

(HT), b ghczhtn trvgy`jzsjk, b ebzfikjfk s b mnvni trsbfbijc kpvnshi!n

cheahihi!hg ngajrcitbk iheyhghk.

B kzhicitlbg kzhi 64 rfhkkpvnshihtn szhrvhzhtthi heyhzthttgk. Bz

heyhzthtshk bibpog, bzt itouk, `jey lr vbggbk beeiyjk, fh bibpvht!hg b

ebzfbsen szhrhpi!k lnzbkjfssbi thkngthghk b treybisjkrb.

6


5/58

Bz HX-lbg ohihgihe jiy vntbtjtt lhru`zsvfhihc kbpmsg iispjgtugk szhrngt

JHMF jrszejk kztt, bchiyhk ahoihtt s chelz`bt ojerhgfszhrrhi lrgbk,

gngms szkse ghczhtkzn vibsztjttlrsejkrb.

B ehghtnkbnibe cfjstjtt szhrvhzhthk hshtlhg b Lnzjttse cbgftucb ghc thszn

ih`ht!v, `jey bz ugns ojeszbliyjk ibztsri treybiojg. B ahgtnhkhg ti b

cbeybr chz!ebzfbse Bibptrvgylhg rezthtt ECJ chgthsset vhsziyhztht!

tbrtbicn hihc cheiibpjfslb ajeibist ves! hshtlhg bkr heyhfi ns

hi`rt`btouk.

B VVNT itrh`jzsb b cbeybr kjrcgy heyhtrtst s b cbeybr Jrszeey"is

chehr!stst heybrgt negyin cbof.

Qbggbk jiybg thrihthk, b`ji cbeybr rszr!i ns ey tiok che, `jey kjcjiy

vbtjsserb vbg szkse b treybisjkjg. Bzjg HX tbeiibcjk kz tbrtjzugk,

bknk snkhrrhi ipthk ahi bggbk rfhklhg, `jey bz bufnjvnzuins szjieitbtsjk

krt zrouk kn b VVNT treybisjkli.

B kzszjieitbtsjk hshtlhg ghc or`bt b treybis jiybg knchghthiihi, bcn b

kjrcgy szbliyjzsn ojejstvgybnt lrcniyhg cfjg msjrltbg.

Heyhs chz!ebzfbsen bibpthrckhkgi iheahiohll rszihehs, chggynsenihe

lh`btrjit pnbmgyntst itugk hiajebf`btgbk.

Jaahgzv jifbijg Cbeybrjrsze szcrb kigshg bz ajgtjs, `jey bz hurpbn

thrchisn `izbtjklb hr!shg ngtherifjtt ebzbtjk (pi. eporc" s

bikbtrszeyrts, `rbfsthm`gnkb) pnbmrboutsn ahitthihn obvuiobgbk,

mskkhgohghk bz X]B pnbmjg bz rukrb, szjieitbtsjkrb s kzlhszhrzshkrh

vjgbtkjz vcjg kvin bkbfiyjk, kitsehs s lrjkrbtnkus btsen hiorsjk.

Knhchit aneyhicht ajrftugk b aifrbozn hrhfhtohiz!k (pi. Vjkbon, pingkb)

cheahihi!jitbicgbk hirsrh.

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1


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N. Qniekhrhskhfhicn trhgfhk

Bz hicit vtnzhfhkvniekhrhskhfhicn ajiybcbtbngbk iheajgtjsbll ohiihcz!nt heyrszt b

vniekhrhskhfhihc rtkghk s vjiuchgghk uersszhr" gvhkhfsh, csrszt bohihgt!s aifrbozn trhgfhz!fshk ohihgthttk.B gyjimvbgbs vhk vet!i b 08 utg bzjglbg b 04-lbg 2%-jsrszbrgyvbi msbk b vnie 24. ihegbeyjll hxpjrt!rh vjit, gbpobngklbg 22%-js b siyb). Bkgbn gyntslbg gbey szhrhpht otszjtt b


8/58

Kigshg cbrkgs vitjzsjk zboijttbk ih zsnb hshtlhg, sszhaeeslhg Kgbvniekhrhskhfhicn szhrhpghk hchikhfsvhi, bcn b reng lhiin, fh b cs renkkbiajiytbtjtt ajrebicbt ns eyjrstjttb. Bz zsnbn jrszejk hxpjrtolbg bz heycs kzttnkhrhskhfhihc cb cr b kjgtnghgs ajrebicgbk che`btrjz rszt bfob (8=%). Cngfhzhis!sjrlbg szbk-Bchrnkb `trgyrb trtgt, fh b vise utg bz bffne vnszjgyibejsstblnintst cutbt hurpbn rszbrgy ns mskkhgt bz hxpjrtolbg. Hurpb kjgtnghgshg lhiinsziitsbngbk siyb


9/58

B ebzfbsen gvhkhfs hi!shetsh, b eijlins vhrshgylhg b ojll pjzmn hirsh rfhklhg

heyrh ngkll hi!trlh khrit b khrhskhfhicn kbpmsjibtjk hiciytsghk b krfsh. Hgghk kt

a!ajrcob vbg b cuitnibthrins s b lnibthrins szngt.

>


10/58

NN. UVJ

B vniekhrhskhfhihc ahitthirhgfszhrh bibktsgbk iheajgtjsbll szgthrh b csjfnk

vnie`ljr utg `jssz vtnzhfhkhg khrhszti cuitnibthrins vjit. B EBVV khrhtlhg tll2

vhs, g. treybisn ajrfuik rvg mskkhgthk b vcjk s heyl pnbmrboutsn bkbfiyjk.Hllhg b ajiybcbtlbg b msmspjgt`jz bz 2>01-2>>6 kzttn Xrueuby Ajrfui vhzhthtt hi,bchiyghk hrhfcgyhkgt cheszihthtt b UVJ , bchiyghk khrhtlhg rukhrhskhfhihc chiihtt

knthrohsztsr!i ajiy treybisjk


13/58

Kjrhb


14/58

bz B]HBG


15/58

VTT X]B, Obpg, Qnhtgbc, Cbiboznb,]zngebpr, Lrughn, Kbgbfb,Busztrinb, o-_ibgf, M`nih,Chxnk, Thru

Vhriht(cniin kc#)?

=


16/58

1. Bz HX s bz zsnbn ren jrszebn kzttn khrhskhfhicn kbpmsjibtjk

Bz Hurpbn Xgn knhchit aneyhicht ajrft bz zsnbn ren jrszebn`jz a"z!f!khrhskhfhicnkbpmsjibtjk ahoihsztsrh s ohihgitghk chehr!stsrh. Bz HX miob ihebill heyhgi!vhrshgyahitthihk lnztjstsb bz hurpbn ebzfbsen szhrhpi!k szcrb iheajgtjsbllvhrshgytrsbnk`jz (kigshg X]B, Obpg) kphst.

Bz zsnbn jrszejk kzi bz HX hffne b Kjrhbn Kztrsbseebi `jzjtt itrh ktjifbiszblbfkhrhskhfhicn cheiibpjfst


17/58

5. HX-Kjrhb AVB25

B Kjrhbn Kztrsbseebi kntreybit cheiibpjfs bz HX ihetajell s ihebclnmnzusbll

cr `btiyjs szblbfkhrhskhfhicn heyhzcgyh, bchiy bz ruk chiihtt knthrohf tllhk kztt bszjieitbtsjk khrhskhfhicrh, b szhiihcn tuibofjgojejk vfhicrh, b kjrcgylhszhrzshkrh,b lhru`zsjkrb, bz iibcn tcjebtsjkrb, s b vhrshgypjintnkrb. B cheiibpjfst


18/58

B ktjifbi khrhskhfhicn ajrebijc Kjrhb szcrb khfvhz!tihg bibkuisb cnbtt b pbrtghrtllszr ohihzth msbifjttset s hrrh `nvbtkjzvb hizrkzjtt b cheiibpjfs ih`htsehscfjstsbnti. Bz HX itbi szjrebicbzjtt thm`gnkbn ohiihe" knnebztsjkrt mshrlh jiybg2>

cfjstsjkbt negyhi, bchiyhk b kjrhbn hxpjrt l!vist shethgk hi!, ey tllhk kztt bzAVB thrihtn `btiygbk knthrohsztst bz szbk-Kjrhb thrihtg tbii`bt khszjgen npbrnvhzhtrh.

m) Cbeybrjrsze s Fi-Kjrhb kzttn rukhrhskhfhicn ajrebijc bibkuisb

B Kjrhlb nrgyui cbeybr knvnthi rtkh


19/58

shc khzfhcgyhzth `nvbtbijsbg bz AVB treybisjk ajiytbtst. Cnvhi b pbrtghr ghc ohizhttkszseht rfhcn hgehfcgyhk gyotsrb bz HX szcrb jaahgzv rfhkht ohihgt!thrihthkhg, b treybisjk orbkhzfst!i bz Hurpbn Lnzjttse ns vjgbkjfnk.

Qnhtgcs bz HX kztt . HX-Ngfnb szblbfkhrhskhfhicn treybisjk

Bz HX khrhskhfhihcpjintnkbn strbtenob Ngfnt knhchit pbrtghrkgt `btrjzzb che. Ktjifbiszblbfkhrhskhfhicn cheiibpjfs itrh`jzs`jz szcjtthv! ugns rfhk kbpmsjifnk b

pbrtghr pnbmgbk zrtseb s fngbcnkusbg gvhkv! vsrihrhoh cnbtt. B


20/58

B iheutlln treybisn ajrfuirb


21/58

HEX jphrbtv nrgytst b ghczhthk ahihttn `btskrrhi rhgfhikhz!, cjszkvbn szk`hiy"Hurzsnbn Ebzfbsen Lnzjttse (HEL) vezn, ce b iheahis!ll fgts`jz szhrv b tbeiibcjkhigkhn itbi bikjtjtt Hurzsnbn Ebzfbsen Vbgms.

Bz HEX-t ghc bggynrb ebzfbsen rfhkhkhg bibpui trsuisgbk, cngt ngkll hey jiybg

szhrvhz!fsghk ih`ht thkngthgn, chiyhg khrhszti Jrjszjrsze ehjpjintnkbn miobnt kvgobchevbistbgn. Jrjszjrsze cngfhg hszkzzhi (gyit vbey lurkjit pjintnkbn ahgyhehtsshi,pgzeyn tcjebtsjk cngt pi. jims `nthihk, bibmsjgy jibor, stl. erhtvhi) neyhksznkrlrgn b vjit szjvoht iibcjkbt b msbtibkjzsrb bggbk rfhklhg, `jey che!rnzzh, niihtvhgvhioh ebzfbsen s pjintnkbn lhajiyst b trselhg.

Ohihgihen ahiiislbg bz HEX b vnie EFT-oghk s npbrn thrchisghk heybrgt b=,5%-=,5%-t, b vniekhrhskhfhihcghk phfne b


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23/58

QN. Bz HX-Kbgbfb taje Ebzfbsen s Khrhskhfhicn Cheiibpjfs (Mjcprh`hgsnvh

Hmjgjcnm bgf Vrbfh Berhhchgt - MHVB)

Kzhi t vhs ajiybcbtjt kvht!hg


24/58

kiaifn lhru`zkkbi s lhru`zsbnkkbi kbpmsjibtjs kthichnt s reztn, `jey hzhk

chesrtsh hshtg b lhru`zk cniyhg hshthklhg s cniyhg cfjg ajrfui`btgbk

ojejrvjsibtrt (krtbibgtsrt) ghczhtkzn vibsztjttlrse`jz. B lhru`z s ajebf iibc

kzttn vntbrhgfhzsn hiorsrb (Ngvhstjr-tj-stbth fnsputh shttihchgt, N]F]) msbk bkkjr

khri`ht sjr, `b b ajebf iibclbg, bggbk szbliybn szhrngt itrhott s ebzfbsenthvkhgyseht ajiytbt viibikjzst r ojesrhihc, b pusztb lhru`zsn szgfk hshtihehs

che`nsuisb hshtg (X]B-cjfhii) th`t vntbrhgfhzs ghc ih`htsehs.

B MHVB ihtlh ipsvhi b Kbgbfb s bz heyhs HX tbeiibcjk kztt kjrllbg itrh`jzjtt

(kztk b Cbeybrjrsze s Kbgbfb itbi 2>>2-lhg birt) ktjifbi lhru`zsvfhicn

cheiibpjfsjk chesz"gghk. B ohihgihe `btiyjs cbeybr-kbgbfbn cheiibpjfs szcjs

thkngthtlhg hibvuit, b lhru`zk niihtvh b lhru`zsjk ojebnt msbk kjritjzjtt crtklhg

lnztjst, b vntbrhgfhzsn hiorsjk chghtt msbk itbigjsselbg szbliyjz rhgfhikhzshkht

tbrtbicbz. B MHVB (tllhk kztt aneyhihclh vvh bz hicit nf!szbk ghczhtkzn lhru`zsnojevntngbk tbpbsztbibtbnt ns) hiorsn s tbrtbicn szhcpjgtli ns sjkkbi rszihthshllhg s

pjgtjsbllbg szbliyjzzb b lhru`zk itbi b ajebf iibcjk hiihg ngft`bt vntbrhgfhzsn

hiorsjk szbliybnt. Bz Hurpbn Lnzjttse szgfkb szhrngt b Kbgbfvbi kntreybit

lhru`zsvfhicn rhgfhikhzshk ohihgtnk b cngtt bz HX-X]B szblbfkhrhskhfhicn

treybisjk vjgbtkjz rsz`hz ns. (Gl.? Bgehib Chrkhi ahlrur >-g heyhzththtt ]thp`hg

@brphr kbgbfbn cngnszthrhigkkhi. B tbiikjzg. Chrkhi bggbk b ih`ht!set shc zrtb kn,

`jey Gchtjrsze, chegynssb b cr ihzrt cheiibpjfs szvhet b ghczhtkzn

lhahkthtsvfhicn cheiibpjfsjk cnbtt. Chrkhi ueybg szhciyhshg tcjebtsri

lnztjstjttb @brphrt, `jey szcrb ajgtjs b MHVB cnhi!lln `btiylbipsh, s ghc szhrhtg

orbgyntgn b cheiibpjfs szvhet, ueybgbkkjr ghc tufob aneyhichg kvi `beygn bz hicit

nf!szbklbg Gchtjrszelbg cheajebicbzjtt krntnkus vihcgyhkht b MHVB-vbi kbpmsjibtlbg,

bchiyhk heyrthic#hg b VVNT cnbtt chrithk ahi. B gcht gbeykvht szhrngt Gchtjrsze ghc

ajeob krgn b szhrz!fs szvheghk orbgyntst. Chrkhi ohihzth tjvll @brphrghk, `jey

Gchtjrsze, cngt b`jey eybkjribtnibe bz sszhs HX-tbeiibc, rbebszkjfnk b``jz, `jey b

szhrz!fs rbtnankmnob sjrg sjr khriog b tbeiibcn pbribchgtn rbtnankmnkrb ns (cnxhf

berhhchgt)./


25/58

chevnzseist. B treybisjk chengfts`jz kjcjiy ikst bfjtt Chrkhi gcht kbgmhiir,

Mbchrjjg lrnt cngnszthrhihgk s ]brkjzy arbgmnb higk kzs, tcjebt ahiipsh


26/58

Bz Xgn knngfui berr- s npbrn thrckhkrh vjgbtkjz vcbogibtgbk heyhzthtsgi

hirtk, `jey iheajgtjsbll berrrzkhgysehngk (pi. mshchehkukjrnmb, lbrjcan, shrts s

cbr`b`s) hshtlhg bz HX ghc nrgyjz hi! thiohs vcihljgtst. Npbrn rzkhgysehngk

hshtlhg hrhfcgyhshg negyhitk, `jey b vcihljgtsn chghtrhgf cheahihi! nf!t bfojg b

`bzbn npbrgbk bz bikbicbzkjfsrb (pi. heyhs biucgnucthrckhk s khrkprjk hshtlhg ns).B vcihljgts `btst nf!lhg sztthrt! sszhs knnebzts tll cngt 24%-b cbeybr krst

tkrz. B vcihljgts ibsstsb kzhi 4,8 cniinrf HX\ rtk" HX-lb nrgyui cbeybr

hxpjrt`jz kbpmsjif thrchis szcrb bf`bt `jsszbll bikbicbzkjfsn nf!t bz tibejsbg 0%-

js vc ihljgts`jz.

B szjieitbtskhrhskhfhicn thrihthg


27/58

B VVNT treybisjkbt bz hurpbn kzvihcgy knhchit aneyhihcchi ksrn. Vbvbiy tb

ajiybcbtjsbg hr!sfnk b treybisjkkbi szhclhg kjcjiy kthiyhkht s hiihgszhgvht cutbt

ghc kjrcgyzbtn szhrvhzhthk (GEJ-k) s heyhs pjintnkbn msjpjrtjk `bgeob. Beejfbicuk a!

nrgyb b treybisjk itbiuk hivrt trbgszpbrhgmnogbk `ngyb. B treybisn ajiybcbt

tit`btsevbi sszhaeeslhg bz hicit vlhg Hurpb-szhrth tbpbsztbit hiehfhtihgse sgvhkv! mnvni hiihgiis crskish mioli s b treybisn ajiybcbt tit`btsegbk

gvhish rfhklhg b Vbgms -n hey`bge fgtsh gyjcg b Lnzjttse

gynivgjsserb `jztb b treybisjkjg hirhgf!HX jaahgzv mijkrb s chevfhgf!fhahgzv

rzkhgysehkrh nrgycutbtst tbrtbicbz VVNT treybisn nrgyhivhkht.

B


28/58

/Bktuins hshcgy? B VVNT treybisjk ahlrur


29/58


30/58

Bz hi!zhths vrbkjzsjk szhrngt szcugkrb bz hi!gyk ihengkll b kztn orc"eyrts,

vheynpbr, eyeyszhrnpbr, jrvjsthm`gnkbn hszkzk, ngajkjccugnkmns thrckhk s

szjieitbtsjk thrihtg ohihgtkhz`htghk. B kzvhtihg ajrebijc chiihtt ajgtjs, `jey b

cbeybrjrszen viibikjzsjk sjk hshtlhg b eijlins rtkigmjkjg khrhszti

lhsziitkgt kbpmsjifgbk bz X]B-lb hxpjrti (a!kgt gyuebt-hurpbn) mehk`hz, eybz utllnbk szcrb khfvhz!ll vi lhoutsn ahitthihk bz bchrnkbn pnbmrb ngfnrhkt

cfjg b `bzbn lhsziitk zihtn ih`ht!sehnt ns obvtok. @bsjgi cfjg, b cbeybr

rzkhgysehk vnzseibtgi shc msupg b `bzbn pnbmn `btsjkrb khii aneyhign, `bghc brrb ns,

`jey bz X]B szcrb gyotjtt khfvhzcgyhk hurpbn hxpjrtpnbmbngkjg `ji jkjz`btgbk

knihzhtthll vhrshgyt. B VVNT-l!i abkbf rfhcn szhktjrins ghebtv `btsjkbt bz hihczs

ghc ohizhtt.

B cbeybr Kjrcgy knhchit aneyhicht ajrft brrb, `jey b sziht! cheiibpjfs thkngthtthi

iheyhg b `bzbn ebzfbsen, trsbfbicn rzkhgysehkrh s ssz`bgelbg iheyhg b kjrcgyebzfbsegvhisn s cugkb`hiy thrhctsn khtt!s kzpjintnkbn miknt"zsvhi.

Bz Hurpbn Lnzjttsegbk bfjtt treybisn cbgftuc - b cbeybr Kjrcgy negyghk ns

cheahihi!hg - heyrthic"hg reztn, `jey bz hclhrn ihtht s heszseht, bz

iibtheszseeyht s iibtoitht, vbibcngt b krgyhzhtht, ihicnszhrlnztjgsejt s b

ajeybsztk rfhkhnt vf!HX s ghczhtn ojeszbliyjk ghc kphz`htnk biku treyt, b

szblbfkhrhskhfhicn cheiibpjfs ghc vhzht`ht bzjk ahiibzts`jz.


31/58

chz!ebzfbse Bibptrvgylhg rezthtt ECJ chgthsseghk ahggtbrtsrb ns, ebrbgmnt bf


32/58

B VVNT treybisjk sjrg b ahihk b lhru`zsjk inlhrbinzisrb s vfhicrh vjgbtkjz

rhgfhikhzshkr!i kvggbk cheheyhzgn. BzHX miobn b VVNT lhru`zsvfhicn treybisbnghzhg

lhii b kvhtkhz!k .


33/58

B lhru`zk s iibcjk kzttn vntbrhgfhzsn hiors lhptsghk krfsh bz Btibgtn-mhg

cngfkt jifbig ohihgt!s rfhki!fst s beejfbicbt khithtt b kzvihcgylhg, b mnvni

szhrvhzhthk rszr!i szcjs krntnkvbi ithk bzzbi kbpmsjibtjsbg. Bz Hurpbn Lnzjttse hgghk

`btsrb ey fgttt, `jey gynivgjs kjgzuitmnt tbrt b VVNT-hg lhiin lhru`zsvfhihcr!i,

vbibcngt b lhru`zk s iibcjk kzttn vntbrhgfhzsn hiorsri. B


34/58

Bibpvht! hitrs bz HX s bz X]B chekzhitsh kztt b lhru`z s iibc kztn

vntbrhgfhzs `btiylbg vbg .-24 cniinrf hur cbeybr tllihtht cutbtjtt. H chiihtt b ghczhtkzn

sszh`bsjgitslbg ueybgmsbk gyntjtt X]B pnbmjg ns ohihgt!s cbeybr bktvuc ohihgtkhznk b

X]B-vbi ajiytbtjtt ktjifbi ruajrebijc crihelhg. Cngfhz brrb utbi, `jey b cbeybr

ebzfbse szhrhpi!n ahoihtt, negyhs pnbmjkjg ns vhrshgykphshk.

Cbeybrjrsze ey b trbgszbtibgtn ngthermn krfslhg shc vfhkhz! iispjgtjt

kpvnshi, `bghc khzfhthkt!i tcjebtob bz HX-X]B szblbfkhrhskhfhicn treybisjkgbk. B

khzfhcgyhzst trtghicn ohihgt!se"ghk tbrtouk, bchiy b gyntjtt s kiebzfbse-jrnhgtit

cbeybr ebzfbse szcrb kjcjiy hi!gykht gyot`bt. B treybisjkbt bzjglbg ghc

snhtthtok, chrt szcugkrb b tbrtbijc bz his!fihehs s tufbtlbg vbeyugk bggbk, `jey b

szbliyjzsjk kzhitsvhi kbpmsjibtjs, b ebzfbsen szhrhpi!k szcrb b iheohihgt!shll

`jzbfkjt kgi hihchk kntreybisb nf!negyhs.

itbigjs hivrsugk, `jey hey jiybg cbebs bclmnszngt"knheyhgsiyjzjtt cheiibpjfs

ooog itrh, b`ji b kimsgs hi!gykl!i, b khfvhz! khrhskhfhicn s ajeibikjztbtsn

`btsjkli cngfhg HX tbeiibc s cngfhg hurpbn ebzfbsen szhktjr citgyjsbg

rszhsi.

B treybisjk snkhr`hz szihskr"pjintnkbn s trsbfbicn tcjebtsrb ns szkse vbg,

hihgehf`hthtihg b ajiybcbtlbg b cheahihi!tit`btse. H``hz hihgehf`hthtihg kigshg

bz, `jey bz Xgns tbejrszejk, bz Hurpbn Tbribchgt (HT), b ghczhtn trvgy`jzsjk, b

Bz X]B s bz HX chekzhits kzttn kiglse sszh`bsjgitsgi bz X]B iispjgtovbi kbpmsjibtjsbg bz


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ebzfikjfk s b mnvni trsbfbijc kpvnshi!n cheahihi!hg ngajrcitgbk rhzzk cbeukbt b

treybisjk bibkuisri, b ahichri!vnts krfshkr!i. Bz HX tbeiibcjk kjrcgybn szcrb

b treybisjk kvhtst s bz bzjkkbi kbpmsjibtjs lhis!heyhzthtshk ihajiytbtst gbeylbg

etjiob, `jey bz X]B ghc bfob heyhtrtst bz itbiuk oheyzhtt treybisn bgybejk Xgns

tbejrszejkkbi vbi chejszts`jz. Bz bchrnkbn ai htt!i tllhk kztt brrb vbi`nvbtkjzssbi zrkznk hi, `jey bz HT ghc kbp`bt lhthkngtst jiybg bchrnkbn bgybejklb (pi.

treybisn obvbsibtjk, pnbmgyntsn bogibtjk), bcnkht bz bchrnkbn treybik b Kjgerhsszussbi

shc jsztbgbk che. Ohihgihe b tbejrszejk b Lnzjttse itbi ahggtbrtjtt jivbsszjllbg

thkngt`htghk lh knsszc treybisn szvhelh, fh hz b chejifs ghc hiesehs b treybisn

ajiybcbt cheahihi! gyjcjg kvhts`hz, ghc knhiet! bz ngajrcmnk hihczsh s

ahifjiejzsb szhcpjgtoli. Cs tbeiibcjkkbi heytt cbeybr rszr!i ns ajiybcbtjs gyjcs

bibtt tbrtouk b Lnzjttsejt b tbejrszejk ahi vbi, cngi gbeyjll ajk tit`btse

lnztjstsrb.

Cbeybr rszr!i (tllhk kztt Gchtjrszeebi, Arbgmnbjrszeebi, Lhienuccbi, Fgnvbi s

Erejrszeebi heytt) b khzfhthkt!i ajevb bibpvht! ahggtbrtsjkbt ohihztgk bzzbi

kbpmsjibtlbg, `jey b VVNT `btiyb b kiaifn lhru`zk s b ajebf iibcjk kzttn sphmnins

vntbrhgfhzsn chm`bgnzcusrb (N]F]) ns knthrohfohg. iispjgtugk szhrngt JHMF jrszejk

kztt, bchiyhk ahoihtt s chelz`bt ojerhgfszhrrhi lrgbk, gngms szkse N]F]-rh. Bz

X]B ghczhtkzn kthihzhttseviibisbn s ojerhgfoh cheahihi! lnztjgsejt gyot bz Xgns

lhru`zk szcrb, tjvll hey hshtihehs N]F]-szbliyjzs kjcjiy pgzeyn

kjmkzbtjkkbi or? bz X]B viibibtjk rhgfkvi bktvbk s snkhrhshk vntbrhgfhzsn hiorsjk

khzfhcgyhzslhg. Hz szcugkrb bgyben kjmkzbtjkbt ns rhot, `nszhg b vibsztjtt lrsejkpgzlhin krtrtst ti`htghk che, `b cheiibptok, `jey b ajebf iibc cheszheth b

lhru`zsvfhicn cheiibpjfslbg ajeibit kthihzhttsehnt. Cbeybrjrszejt pifui


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ahgg khii tbrtbgn b ojejt jiybg ngtzkhfshk chetthirh, bchiyhk bz itbiugk

kvgbtjsgbk tbrtjtt szngthg lnztjstok bz heszse-, bz iht-, b krgyhzht, b ajeybsztk

s b kuiturins sjkszg"se jitbict.

Bz Hurpbn Lnzjttse treybisn cbgftucb th`t ghc throhf kn b egcfjstjtt

szhrvhzhthkrh vjgbtkjz Xgns s ghczhtn szbliyjk cfjstsrb. B pbrtghrhk tll

bikbijccbi gynivgjsbg ns chehr!sthttk, `jey bz hclhrn ihtht s heszseht, bz

iibtheszseeyht s iibtoitht, vbibcngt b krgyhzhtht s b ajeybsztk rfhkhnt vf!

bibpvht!ojeszbliyjk jitbicn szngtoghk mskkhgtsh ghc miob b treybisjkgbk.

B ahgtnhkhg ti b cbeybr chz!ebzfbse Bibptrvgylhg rezthtt ECJ chgthsset

vhsziyhztht! tbrtbicn hihc cheiibpjfslb ajeibist ves! hshtlhg bkr heyhfi ns

hi`rt`btouk. B VVNT itrh`jzsb ueybgns b cbeybr kjrcgy heyhtrtst s b cbeybr

Jrszeey"is chehr!stst heybrgt negyin cbof, chrt b treykrlh tbrtjz hihchk

bibpog bzt vheyhs cheiibpjfskgt ih`ht chektgn. B ECJ chgthsseehi kbpmsjibtjs thiohs

kr"cbeybr pjintnkbn s trsbfbicn heyhtrts bibpog rthihcszhr"hg ghc tcjebtggk hey

jiybg cheiibpjfs chektst, bchiy bz Bibptrvgy h rhgfhikhzsghk cfjstst

negyhig.

Qbggbk jiybg thrihthk, b`ji cbeybr rszr!i ns ey tiok che, `jey kjcjiy vbtjsserb vbg

szkse b treybisjkjg. Bzjg HX tbeiibcjk kz tbrtjzugk, bknk snkhrrhi ipthk ahi bggbk

rfhklhg, `jey bz bufnjvnzuins szjieitbtsjk krt zrouk kn b VVNT treybisjkli.

@bsjgi cfjg b kzszjieitbtsjkhshtlhg ghc or`bt b treybis jiybg knchghthiihi, bcn

b kjrcgy szbliyjzsn ojejstvgybnt lrcniyhg cfjg msjrltbg. Heyhs chz!ebzfbsen

bibpthrckhkgi(pi. shrts-, lbrjcan- s cbr`b`s, mshchehkukjrnmb) iheahiohll rszihehs,

chggynsenihe lh`btrjit pnbmgyntst itugk hiajebf`btgbk.

Jaahgzv jifbijg Cbeybrjrsze szcrb kigshg bz ajgtjs, `jey bz hurpbn thrchisn

ìzbtjklb hr!shg ngtherifjtt ebzbtjk (pi. eporc"s bikbtrszeyrts, `rbfsthm`gnkb)

pnbmrboutsn ahitthihn obvuiobgbk, mskkhgohghk bz X]B pnbmjg (szvhtsen s iibcn szngthg

heybrgt) bz rukrb, szjieitbtsjkrb s kzlhszhrzshkrh vjgbtkjz vcjg kvin bkbfiyjk,

kitsehs s lrjkrbtnkus `btsen hiorsjk. Cnvhi bz HX ohihgihe ns ohihgt!s khrhskhfhicn

tllihtht cutbt ahi bz X]B-vbi szhclhg bz berrkhrhskhfhihclhg, szctugk b ahifjiejzjttihicnszhrhk hxpjrt ahitthihnghk tjvlln obvuisrb ns. H trhg knhchit aneyhicht ajrftugk b

aifrbozn hrhfhtohiz!k (pi. Vjkbon, pingkb) cheahihi!jitbicgbk hirsrh ns.

QNNN.VVNT-phi prùzbcjsbg treybit cjlnintsn msjcbe

2. Bz HX Lnzjttsegbk cjlnintsn msjcbe khzfhcgyhzsh b VVNTtreybisjkkbi prùzbcjsbg

B Kieyhk Vbgmsb (khrhskhfhicn cngnszthrhk) ngajrcins isrh (\cb,


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`ttrbgybejt, tjvll


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Cnvhi b VVNT heysehs khrhskhfhicn s lhru`zsn khrhtht kvg itrh`jzgn bz X]B s bz HX


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2. sz. chiikiht? @btstbguicgyjk b VVNT-r!i

B VVNT-hi kbpmsjibtlbg b treybisjk chengfuisbkjr tll ghczhtkzn btstbguicgy

kszit.

B tbguicgyjk kzs ohiihcz!oh, `jey?

ghc nschrtk b VVNT-ghk shc b tbrtbict, shc `jey cnkjrti khii bzt bikbicbzgn,

bz bfjtt pniibgbtlbg ahggii szhrz!fsn kbpmsjibtjkbt tuftk aneyhihclh vhggn

b ebzfbsen krgyhzht vitjzst msbk kjritjzjttbg tuftk aneyhihclh vhggn,

b gh`hzhg szcszhr"st`ht!ghc vc ohiihe"khrhskhfhicn bkbfiyjk ihljgtsrb,

niihtvh b szbliyjk kzhitsrh (chiyhk vr`btbg b ihegbeyjll `jzbfkt ohihgtnk bcheiibpjfsgbk) msbk lhmsist tuftbk cheajebicbzgn.

Hzhkht b gh`zsehkht hitr!cbkrjkjgcnbn cjfhiihk, niihtvh kjrlln szblbfkhrhskhfhicn

cheiibpjfsjk aneyhihclh vthivhi neyhkhzthk t`nfbign.

Kjrrhkt `btstbguicgyt b ahgtnhk nschrhtlhg ih`htsehs hikszthgn. Hrrh heylkgt bz hivn

ih`ht!se bfjtt thkngthtthi brrb, `jey `b cbof heyszhr snkhri b cheiibpjfst kntreybign

(ihekjrllbg


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b


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Bz HX sszhs hxpjrtob tibejsbg cngthey 0 cniinrf X]F, bz X]B szcrb 16 cniinrftlliht ghczhtn ovhfhicht ohihgt. Bz X]B-lbg b `jzzbfjtt rtk gvhkcgy orsztbz berrszhktjrli vr`bt (bz HX-gi ntt mskkhg), bz HX phfne bz npbrlbg s bszjieitbtsjkgi szct`bt (bz X]B-gi ns) eyjrsbll EFT l!visrh. Gchtjrszes Gbey-Lrntbggnb hshtlhg b pjzntv EFT `bts ktszhrhsh Arbgmnbjrszegbk (s bzojggbg msbtibkjz jrszejkgbk), bchiyghk rb bzjglbg bz ebzbtjk (bchz!ebzfbse rjvsrb trtg!) gbeyjll trhgfhz!fsh.

Bz hrhfcgyhk rhgfkvi rzkhgyhk b VVNT, b kzpjgtn szmhgrn`jz kphstcs ahitthihkkhi chevbisui, ueybgmsbk vnzseit vitjzbtbn pbrbcthrhnghkhitrshnrh. (2. Msbk vcmskkhgts,


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j b kiglz!vitjzbtjklbg kncutbtjtt `bts heygtht"hg pjzntv, fh bz hi!z!hkl!ikvhtkhz!hg b VVNT rvg hir`ht!hi!gyk crtkh his!sjrlbg jiybg rhgfkvirzkhgy, kjcpihx tcklbg hirt hrhfcgyhkt!i aee, b`ji bihegh`hzhllghk erkhzghk b treybisjk, s bchiyhkgi b ihekhvslchelz`bt szcszhr"ngajrcmnk iigbk rhgfhikhzsrh.


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B GBAVB jrszejk szcrb b VVNT ohihgt!s khrhskhfhihcthrhi! kvhtkhzcgyhnrvgyhsighk? bz X]B ajrebicb Kbgbfvbi s Chxnkvbi ns mskkhg, bchiyhkheycs kzttn khrhskhfhich vnszjgt ngthgzvhll vink. Bz X]B L\NM] jrszejkkbiajiytbtjtt khrhskhfhich ce gbeyjll crtklhg mskkhggh.

B VVNT pjzntvbg `btgb b ovhfhichkrh ns, bcn bz taje cheiibpjfs hshtlhgsjkkbi hr!thiohshll? eijlinsbg tibejsbg =,


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jrszejklbg ohihgtkhzghk s bz JHMF-g lhii heyrthic"hg Gbey-Lrntbggnb gyhr bihetllht b VVNT rvg.

=. Bz bchrnkbn Vuats heyhthc (Chfajrf) EFBH ngtzhth (


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! B khrhskhfhihc vjiuchgghk gvhish ghc ahggtbrt`bt strbtenb bz HX szcrb, bgvhkhfs eyjrstsrb b cugkbovhfhichk hchikhfst hi!shet! hr!thiohs pjintnkbntcjebts ih`ht msbk b chevbist`bt t.

68


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=. sz. chiikiht? Cbeybrjrsze `btiylbg iv! ktjifbi lhru`zsvfhicn

cheiibpjfsbn

Tbrtghr Birs ftucb @btiylb ips ftucb

2 Bilbgnb >1 42/46/2>>0

< Brehgtngb 48/4>= 42/24/2>>5

= Bustrbinb 28/40/2>>2 24/48/2>>/2>0>

8 Bzhrlbnobg 20/48/>8

> Mbgbfb 4=/24/2>>2 >=

24 M`ngb /48/2>>2 42/46/2>>=

22 Mrjbtnb 28/48/2>>1 42/4=/ 4

26 Mzhm` \hpulinm 26/42/2>>= >8

28 Fhgcbrk 400 20/24/2>00

21 Heypt >8 >5

25 Angibgf 41/41/2>00 20>

20 Arbgmh 41/22/2>01 =4/4>/2>05

2> Ehrcbgy =4/46/2>01 45/22/2>05

65
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42/4> >1

=6 Cjgejinb 2=/4>/2>>6 41/4=/2>>1

=8 Cjrjmmj 22 4=/400

=5 Gjrwby 40/46/2>>2 46/2>>= 42/46/2>>8

=> Tjibgf /2>>< 21/41/2>>8

64 Tjrtuebi < 40/24/2>>5

62 \jcbgnb 21/4>/2>>= 41/48/2>>1

6< \ussnbg Ahfhrbtnjg 41/4=/2>>8 /48/2>>1

6= ]hrlnb


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66 ]ngebpjrh 25/46/2>>5 42/42/2>>>

68 ]ijvbknb 28/42/2>>= 2>/45/2>>1

61 ]ijvhgnb 28/24/2>>1 4>/41//22/2>0> 42/40/2>> ]wntzhribgf 48/24/2>00 21/48/2>0>

84 V`bnibgf 20/24/2>>2 20/24/2>>2

82 Vurkhy 26/42/2>>< 42/22/2>>6

8< Xkrbngh 22/24/2>>6 4=/2>1

8= Xgnthf Kngefjc 4>/4=/2>05 05

86 Xrueuby 0> 42/45/2>>2

88 Xzlhknstbg 8

85 ^hchg 20/42//46/
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6. sz. chiikiht? Bz HX chekzhitsh b lhru`zsvfhicn treybisjkjg

Bz HX b lhru`zsvfhicn cheiibpjfsjk treybisb sjrg bibpvht!hg b kvhtkhz!lhru`zsvfhicn gjrck s szbliyjk lhniihsztsrh trhksznk.

B tnszthssehs s citgyjs lgscf gjrcob (AHV) ghc rhgfhikhznk heyrthic"ajebijc che`btrjzssbi b ghczhtkzn ojelbg. Hcnbtt b trvgyszkhk b ajebicbt

ohihgt!s cjzestrrhi rthichz`htnk, bcn b chetishk szhrngt ti te, niihtvh tikjritjzjtt ojejkbt lnztjst b lhahktht!kghk. Bz ugns cheiibpjfsjklbg b gjrck

pjgtjsbg che kvgok iibptbgn, `jey chiy hihchk tbrtjzgbk b `btskrlh, shzitbi chiyhk tnitjttbk. Xtllnbkrb pifb bz gkgyhsse, b citgytbibg lgscf

(kgyszhrts vbey zbkibts) vbey b ojeszhr"

hiors bibphivhnghk aneyhichg kvi`beysb. B tnszthssehs s citgyjs lgscf hzhg hihchnt b Kbgbfvbi s b]zngebprrbi kthgf! cheiibpjfs szvheh heyrthic"hg che`btrjzzb, s beybkjribtjt b ov!lhin ugns cheiibpjfsjk ns kvhtnk.

B `trgyjs chekiglzthtsshi szhclhgn vfhihc (ihegbeyjll khfvhzcgyhshilgs s ghczhtn hilgs) niihtn che b ajebf jrszelbg. Oiih`ht, bz HXchekzhitsh szhrngt b lhru`z s iibc kztn vntbrhgfhzst (N]F]) msbk jiybgkthihzhttseviibibisjk chesrtsh hshtg ih`ht ngftbgn, bchiyhkht b kjrcgy blhru`z ihthihphfsh utgn hilgsrb viibit.

Kzvhthtt knsbotts? Bkkjr lhszigk kzvhthtt knsbottsri, bcnkjrkjrcgyngtzkhfshk b knsbotts`jz `bsjgi `btst eybkjrjiok bgiki, `jey sjrkhrigh b tuibofjg kzvhtihg knsbottsrb. Bz ugns cheiibpjfsjk rszihthsrhgfhikhzshkht kvggbk cheiibptbgn, bchiyhk nrgycutbtskgt szjieigbk bvibsztjttlrk szcrb bggbk chetisrh, `jey hey bfjtt kjrcgyngtzkhfskzvhthtt knsbottsgbk cng!si-h. Kigshg jiybg hshthklhg, bcnkjr bz iibc bkzrfhk vfhich rfhklhg chekiglzthtschgthshg ip ahi, bz iibcszbliyjzsn ojegbk hi!gyt khii ivhzgnh bz ngtzkhfshk rngthtt lhahktht!rheybkjrjit ebzfbsen btsvbi szhclhg.

b lhru`zk s b lhru`zsjk thiohs kr"vfhich s lnztjgseb,

heyl `btkjgy vfhicn rhgfhikhzshk, pi. itbigjs bikbicbzsrhgfhikhzs (uclrhiib kibuzuib). B szihshll rthiclhg vhtt uclrhiibkibuzuib knthrohsztn b lhru`zsvfhicn cheiibpjfs `btiyt cngfbzjgkthihzhttsehkrh, bchiyhkht b kjrcgy b lhru`zvbi szhclhg viibit heylszhrz!fslhg, bzbn ojeszbliylbg, vbey cs ghczhtkzn szhrz!fslhg.

b lhru`zk szblbf t!khtrbgszahrhnghk s anzhtsn c"vhihthnghk lnztjstsb.

84


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cheahihi!, `btkjgybllbg c"kf!vibsztjttlrsen rhgfszhr knbibktsb. Hgghkrfhklhg bz HX his!sjrlbg b kvhtkhz!krh trhksznk b lhru`zsvfhicncheiibpjfsjk kntreybisgi (B VVNT lhru`zsvfhicn ahohzhtvhi kbpmsjibtjstrsbfbicn kjgzuitmn agylhg bz HX iispjgtob hzzhi kbpmsjibtjsbg ns vitjz`bt).

tit`btll vibsztjttlrsen rhgfszhr knbibktsb? heyhs fjkuchgtucjkgynivgjsserb `jzbtbib, che`biiebtsn ih`ht!se lnztjstsb, s bz rfhkhit ahihk (pi.ghc kjrcgyzbtn szhrvhzhthk) lhbfvgyt gyot`btgbk lh.

Bz sszhar`hthtihgse s b vibsztjttlrsen tihthk kvhtkhzhthsseh? Bz HXcbebtbrtsn kfhxht vhzhthtt lh, chiy kjgkrt s kthihz!szbliyjkbt iibpt che bvibsztjttlrk thkngthtlhg. Bz hcithtt cbebtbrtsn kfhx b Kbgbfvbi kthgf!cheiibpjfs rszt kphzn, s bz HX brrb trhksznk, `jey hzt b ov!lhin lhahkthtsncheiibpjfsjklb ns lhhchioh. B szlbg ajre kthihzhttsehk knthrohfghk bzsszhar`hthtihgserh msbkey, cngt b vibsztjttlrk htnkogbk szihs rthihclhg vhttkrfshnrh, pi. b lnzjgyjs hiyzhthklhg tbgstbgf cbebtbrtsukrb.

B Kbgbfvbi kthgf! khrhskhfhicn cheiibpjfslb bz HX ahiipsrh lhihajeibitk bzjgszhciyhk instot, bknk lnzjgyjs vntk hshtg vibsztjttlrkgt ip`htghk ahi. H szhciyhkknvibsztsb szbkrthick bibpog trtgnk, s che khii ahihignk b cbebtbrtsn kfhxghk.Hzitbi knkszli`ht! bz heygn rfhkhk kjmkzbtb. Bz HX heyl treybi ahihnvhi ns`bsjgi instkbt kvg itrh`jzgn.

B vntbrhgfhzsn rhgfszhr o hihchkgt bz HX szgfklbg ii hey kvhtkhzhthsseht lnztjstahiihllhzsn chm`bgnzcus itrh`jzsb, vbibcngt b rhgfszhr ihentncntsgbk ajkjzsb bknghvhzshk ahiivnzseibt bi vjgsb rvg.

B tllszrs s chebibpjzbtibg lhahktht!n ojejrvjsibtn krhichk chebkbfiyjzsb.Bz HX jiybg tnibicbt kvg lhvhzhtgn, chiyghk rthiclhg ghc ih`ht hey nf!lhg ktkig ngftjtt ojejrvjsibtn krhihcchi kt kiglz! aruc`jz ajrfuign. B

pr`uzbcjs ojejrvjsibtn negyhk hikhrish rvg chehi!z`ht!, `jey b lhahktht!kobvrb ktszhr szihsshg tiht, tjvll ghc ajrfui`bt hi! bz shc, `jey kttrvgyszk, vbey vibsztjttlrse ueybgbzjg tgyiis bibpog hitr! `btrjzbtjt`jzzjg.

Bggbk rfhklhg, `jey bz HX etbt szblojg b kjcjiytbibg s chebibpjzbtibglhahktht!n ojejrvjsibtn krhichkghk, bz HX jiybg rhgfhikhzshklhg iibpjfjtt che,chiyhk ih`ht!v thsznk, `jey heyrszt b vibsztjttlrse bz niyhg kvhthishkhteyjrsbg hiutbstsk, csrszt b vhszths ai vnshioh b thiohs phrkitseht. (B ohihgihenrhgfszhr szhrngt heyhs hshthklhg bkkjr ns bz iibcgbk khii bz bfjtt hshtlhg nehg

ohihgt!s phrkitsehkht vnshignh, `b chegyhrn bz eyht.)

B ahihk szcrb lnztjstkjk lhvhzhtsh? b Kbgbfvbi kthgf! cheiibpjfslbg bahihk jiybg zrbfkjkbt fjiejztbk kn kzshg, chiyhk rthiclhg bz bir jrszejk

kzs, kt! hr!vhi lr iispjgtjt bibkt`btgbk kn b cheiibpjfs rthichzstniiht!hg. H zrbfkjk szhrngt b lhahktht! szk`hiy szhrngtn jrszeb ajiybcbtlbg iv!

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hiorsjklbg lhbfvgyt gyot`btgb lh. H tjvlln lnztjstkjk ih`ht!v thsznk, `jey bahihk lhajiysjiok bz rthichzst, s obvtsk b vibsztjttlrsejk hshtihehs `nlsrthichzshnt, ey bz iibcjk `btssbi ihszghk b lhahkthtsn rhgfhikhzshkrthichzsrh.

8


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8. sz. chiikiht? Bz X]B cjfhii lhru`zsn heyhzcgyghk (LNV) tjvlln hihchn

Bz X]B cjfhiiheyhzcgyh bz tnszthssehs s citgyjs lgscf (AHV) gjrcob bibtt

ghc kvhthi che tllht, cngt bchggynt ghczhtkzn szjksoje hi!r b kiaifnhkkhikbpmsjibtjs lgscfrb. ey bz nebzsejs s citgyjs lgscf gjrcogbk

bikbicbz`btset b ghczhtkzn szjksoje itbi hi!rt cngncuc gjrckrb kjritjzzb. Bz HX

szhrngt bzjglbg b AHV gjrcot ghc `btrjzzb che heyrthic"hg b ghczhtkzn oje. Hcnbtt b

trvgyszkhk b ajebicbt ohihgt!s cjzestrrhi rthichz`htnk. Bz ugns cheiibpjfsjklbg b

gjrck pjgtjsbg che kvgok iibptbgn, `jey chiy hihchk tbrtjzgbk b `btskrlh, s

hzitbi chiyhk tnitjttbk.

Bz X]B cjfhii LNV ghc tbrtbicbz b knahohzs hrhfhtn, szihshll rthiclhg vhtt g.

uclrhiib kibuzuit. B szihshll rthiclhg vhtt hshrgy! kibuzuib knthrohsztn b LNV`btiyt cngfbzjg kthihzhttsehkrh, bchiyhkht b kjrcgy b lhru`zvbi szhclhg viibit

heyl szhrz!fslhg, `bzbn ojeszbliylbg, vbey cs ghczhtkzn szhrz!fslhg. Bz X]B

cjfhii cheiibpjfs msbk sz"khll rthihclhg vhtt uclrhiib kibuzuit tbrtbicbz,

bchggynlhg b srhicht szhgvhfhtt lhru`z phrhs negyt ghcmsbk b lhru`zsvfhihc

bibpvht!gjrcngbk b chesrtsh hshtg, `bghc b cjfhiiheyhzcgylhg fhangnit lhru`zsn

cheiibpjfsjk chesrtsh hshtg ns rvgyhst`htn. Ghc ngft`bt vnszjgt b lhru`z bz

X]B cjfhii LNV bibpog phrhs hiorst heyl szhrz!fshs kthihzhttsehk chesrtsh hshtg.

@bsjgi hihc bzjglbg bz X]B s bz HX N]F] chekzhitsh kztt, `jey bz X]B cjfhiiLNV bz HX chekzhits`hz `bsjgi trbgszpbrhgmnb rhgfhikhzshkht tbrtbicbz? bz rfhkhit

ahihk pi. szbkrt!n lhbfvgyjkbt s bcnmus murnbh-tgyot`btgbk lh. Vjvll bz X]B LNV ns

szjrebicbzzb b vibsztjtt lrsen hiors sjrg b ahiihllhzs ih`ht!seghk b lnztjstst.

]zngtg kzs hihc, `jey bz X]B cjfhii LNV ns tbrtbicbz jiybg chm`bgnzcust, chiyghk

khrhtlhg b LNV-ht bir ahihkkzs iispjgtjt bibkt`btgbk kn b cheiibpjfs rthichzst

niiht!hg, bchiyhk ojenibe kt!hr!vhi lrgbk N]F] hiors hshtg.

Bz X]B cjfhiiheyhzcgy knsbotts hshtg rszihths rhgfhikhzshkht tbrtbicbz brrb

vjgbtkjzibe, `jey bz iibc krtrts knanzhtsgi ghc kjgvhrtnlnins vbiutb hshtg `jeybgorojg hi s b krtrts sszheghk che`btrjzsgi pjgtjsbg cniyhg pnbmn kbcbtillbi

szcjiojg.

B chebibpjzbtibg kvhthishk knsz"rsrhbz X]B cjfhiiheyhzcgyh eyjrstjtt hiorst

tbrtbicbz? bchggynlhg bz biphrhs iibc ey tin che, `jey hey lhru`z khrhshtghk

hilrisrb b vntbrhgfhzslhg hior lrsegbk gngms `btskrh hiorgn, bkkjr bz biphrhs

iibc hi!zhthshg hiihgvhtsshi i`ht. Xtlln hshtlhg b lrse 284 gbpjg lhii fgtst `jz

brri, `jey b phrnegy bibptbibg-h. Bz HX ns neyhksznk knsz"rn hzhkht bz hshthkht b

lhru`zsvfhicn treybisjkjg s pi. hzhg kvi ce b vhszths anzht hivvhi ns hitgtjrtob blhru`zkbt niyhg hshthklhg.

8=


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Bz X]B cjfhii LNV


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1. sz. chiikiht B Cbeybrjrszeri bz X]B-lb nrgyui AFN fngbcnkus gvhkhfsh

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5. sz. chiikiht

s s z h a j e i b i

b szbkcbn szhrvhzhthkkhi s rfhkkpvnshihthkkhi b VVNT treybisjkri


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rfhkkpvnshihthk ]zjieitbtk _if szhrvhzhthk

BCM@BC Cbeybr iibtjrvjsn Kbcbrb Erhhgphbmh

Ghczhtn Berrebzfbsenkbcbrb Cbeybr ptszhtn Kbcbrb Cbeybr Vhrcszhtvf!k]zvhtseh

Cbeybr Ebzfbkrk sEbzfbszvhtkhzhthk

]zvhtseh

Cbeybr EyeyszhrsznKbcbrb

Ihvhe!Cugkbmsjpjrt

ihicnszhr-ahifjiejzkJrszejs ]zvhtseh

Cbeybr Crgkn Kbcbrb Krgyhzhtvfhicn]zjieitbtk s Eyrtk

]zvhtseh

Qiibikjzk s Cugkitbtk

Jrszejs ]zvhtseh

Cbeybr Gvgyvf!

Crgkn- GvgyjrvjsnKbcbrb

Cugkbbfk s EyrnpbrjsjkJrszejs ]zvhtseh

Cbeybr Jrvjsn Kbcbrb

Cbeybr Khrhskhfhicn sNpbrkbcbrb

Cbeybr ]zblbfbicneyvnv!n Kbcbrb

Cbeybr Eporc"npbrnHeyhsiht

Cbeybr eyvfn Kbcbrb

Cbeybrjrszen

Eyeyszhreyrtk]zvhtseh

Brtnsous - cbeybr ]zhrz!n

ojevf!nrjfb

Cbeybr Qheynpbrn ]zvhtse Cbeybr Lbgkszvhtse

CbeybrOrc"bikbtrszeyrtkJrszejs ]zvhtseh

Ojngt Qhgturh ]zvhtse

Jrvjsthm`gnkbn HszkzkEyrtngbk s

Ajrebicbzngbk ]zvhtseh

Cbeybr Kiebzfbsen]zvhtse

Cbeybr Epnpbrn sHghrehtnkbn Jrszejs

]zvhtse

Cbeybr Kztn AuvbrjzkHeyhsihth

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