Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia and Mississippi River Basin Nutrient Losses
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Transcript of Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia and Mississippi River Basin Nutrient Losses
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Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia and Mississippi River Basin Nutrient Losses
Herb Buxton, USGS Rob Magnien, NOAA
Co-Chairs, Monitoring, Modeling, and Research Workgroup, Mississippi
River/Gulf of Mexico Watershed Nutrient Task Force
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What Causes Gulf Hypoxia?“Hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico is caused primarily by excess N delivered by the MARB in combination with stratification of Gulf Waters.” – Integrated Assessment, 2000
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Hypoxic Zone• Measured since 1985• Largest extent, 2002
Gulf Hypoxia
NOAA, Rabalais et al.
Area of Hypoxic Zone (km2 x1000)
20
18
16
14
12
10
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6
4
2
22
85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03
Hypoxic Zone Extent, July 21-25, 200430
29
8994 93 92 91 90
Rabalais, LUMCON
o
o
o o o o o o
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NITRATE LOAD, ANNUAL STREAMFLOW AND N
CONCENTRATION
1955-70 Avg. = 350,000 t/yr 1980-99 Avg. = 950,000 t/y
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
Conc. (mg/l)
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0
20
40
60
80
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Artificially DrainedLand, MRB
Mill
ions
of A
cres
Nitrogen Cycling
• N Inputs and Outputs (Million metric Tons).
• Landscape changes.
Urban Runoff??
INPUTS
OUTPUTS
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MR/GM Watershed Nutrients Task Force
• Federal Agencies (USEPA*, NOAA, USDA, USACE, DOI)
• States (Agriculture and Environment Departments)
• Tribal representatives
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Task Force Organization
Coordinating Committee (Implementation)– Finance/Budget Workgroup
– Monitoring, Modeling and Research Workgroup
– Management Response Workgroup• Point Sources• Non Point Sources• Restoration
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CENR Science Assessment
IntegratedAssessment,
May 2000
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A Science-based Action Plan
• Adaptive management.
• Consider all causal and mitigating factors.
• Voluntary Basis.
Task Force Action Plan,January 2001
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Action Plan Goals
• Coastal Goal: By 2015, reduce the 5-yr average zone to < 5,000 Km2.
• Within Basin Goal: To restore and protect the waters of the 31 States and 77 Tribes in the Basin.
• Quality of Life Goal: Improve the communities and economic conditions across the Mississippi Basin.
5,000 km2
Area of Hypoxic Zone (km2 x1000)
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
22
85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03
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Reducing Nutrient Loads
Decreasing
N losses
Reducing Point Sources and Urban Runoff
Filter Strips
Farm N Management
Riparian Forest Buffers
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Reducing Nutrient Loads
Diversions to Coastal Wetlands
Davis Pond Diversion Structure
IncreasingDenitification
Lock & Dam Management Restoring Wetlands
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Ohio32%
Missouri15%Upper
Mississippi10%
Middle Mississippi
28%
Arkansas/Red7%
Lower Mississippi
7%USGS Gaging Station
Nitrogen Loads,
1980-96
1500 Water-Quality Measurementson 9 large sub-basins.
1.6M metric tons per year
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Yield on 42 small Sub-basins calculated from >4000 additional water-quality measurements.
Nitrogen Yield, 1980-96
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N Input From Wet Deposition
N Input From Fertilizer
N Input From Point Sources
Component Nitrogen Inputs
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Statistical extrapolation from representative basins (from 42 measured Sub-basins to 133 Sub-basins of entire Mississippi Basin).
InferenceNitrogen Yield, 1980-96
YIELD
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Model Estimation of Total Nitrogen Delivered to the Gulf of Mexico (SPARROW)
A - Municipal and Industrial DischargesB - Atmospheric Deposition , and C - Fertilizer and Livestock Wastes.
A
CB
6% +/- 3
64% +/-2118% +/- 10
Inc
rea
sin
g y
ield
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Fraction of In-Stream Nitrogen Delivered to Gulf
Alexander et al. Nature, 2000
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MMR Strategy
A Science Strategy to Support Management Decisions Related to Hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico and Excess Nutrients in the Mississippi River Basin
Available on the Internet:toxics.usgs.gov/hypoxia/task_force_workgroup.html
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Chapters/Topical Groups (leads)
Gulf
• Monitoring and Reporting (Rex Herron, NOAA)
• Modeling and Research (Kenric Osgood, NOAA)
• Social and Economic Issues (Rita Curtis, NOAA)
Watershed
• Monitoring and Reporting (Joe Engeln, MO DNR)
• Modeling and Research (Rich Alexander, USGS)
• Social and Economic Issues (Marc Ribaudo, USDA)
Coordination and Information Needs
Resource Needs
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Management Questions
THE WATERSHED
What are the major sources and causes of excess nutrients within the Mississippi River Basin?
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BASIN MONITORING FRAMEWORK
Nested scales to address and integrate processes from landscape to Basin-Gulf interrelationships.
MRB MOUTH Large Sub basins Small Sub basins Smaller watersheds
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BASIN MONITORING: Level 1
MRB MOUTH • High Frequency data.
• Nutrients, carbon and other related data.
• Explain cause-effect linkages to Hypoxic zone.
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BASIN MONITORING: Level 2
Large Sub basins
• Estimate annual loads.
• Monitor Sub-basin management strategies.
• Explain variations in loads at the mouth.
USGS Gaging Station
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Small Sub basins• Annual loads.
• Explain load variations due to climate, sources.
• Representative sites useful for model extrapolations.
• Response of cumulative management actions.
• Explain time lags.
BASIN MONITORING: Level 3
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Smaller watersheds• Quantify specific source contributions and
evaluate specific management actions.
• Useful for model extrapolations.
• Explain time lags in response to management actions.
• Explain processes affecting larger basins.
BASIN MONITORING: Level 4
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Priorities for Basin Monitoring and Reporting
• Adopt a four-level watershed monitoring system…
• Supplement existing monitoring efforts …on smaller rivers and streams…
• Coordinate monitoring and reporting through leadership at the federal level…
• Link watershed monitoring to management actions…
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Next Step: Action Plan: short-term action 11
By December 2005, and every 5 years thereafter, the Task Force will assess the nutrient load reductions achieved and the response of the hypoxic zone, water quality throughout the Basin, and economic and social effects. Based on this assessment, the TF will determine appropriate actions to continue to implement this strategy or, if necessary, revise the strategy.
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Info On the Internet
USGS Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico: http://toxics.usgs.gov/hypoxia/
USEPA Hypoxia Task Force:http://www.epa.gov/msbasin/hyp2.htm
NOAA Science Assessment:http://www.nos.noaa.gov/products/pubs_hypox.html