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Transcript of Grammar book new
Table of Contents (2nd semester)> Conditional + irregulars> Perfect Tenseso Presento Pasto Present perfect irregularso Subjunctive perfect>tanto y tan> Impersonal ‘se’> Saber vs. Conocer> Los Mandatos> Informal/Formalo Affirmativeo Negativeo Irregularo DOP + IOP placement> Nosotros commando -mono verbs> Subjunctive + irregularso Trigger phrases □ Impersonal expressions □ Expressions of emotion □ Conjunctions of time> Demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns
Conditional Tense• Used to make a request or for probability• Conditional = English “would”• NOT for past tense
-ía
-ías
-ías -ían
-íaís
-íamos
Conditional Irregulars• Hacer
• Saber
• Tener
• Habría
• Sabría
• Tendría
Example: Si pudiera vivir nuevamentemi vida… En la proxima trataría de
cometer más errores
Perfect Tenses
PresentFormed by combining “has/have” with past participle. Haber he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, hanExample: He comido. ( I have eaten.)
PastFormed by combining “had” with past participle.Haber Había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían. Example: Había
vivido. ( I have lived. )
FutureFormed by combining “haber” with past participle.Haber Habré, habrás, habrá, habremos, habréis, habránExample: Habré escrito el libro antes de escuela.
SubjunctiveFormed by combining
present subjunctive with past participleHaberHaya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayais, hayan
Tan
Adj. and adv.
Tan…comoAs..as
Tanto
Nouns and verbs
As much as
Tanto…como
Tan y Tanto
Impersonal “se” Forming
Verbs are always 3rd person singular and commonly followed by a direct object
Se + 3rd person singular
When is it used?* Impersonal se is used when the subject of a sentence is not specified but it IS human
ExamplesSe habla espanol aqui.
Se prohibe fumar.
No se permite fotos aqui.
SaberSaber is used with to know “how” information
For example, “Yo sé jugar las cartas.”
Conocer
Sé, sabes, sabe, supe, supiste, supo
For example, “Yo conozco a el.”
Saber vs. Conocer
Conocer is used to refer to people, places, literature…
Conozco, conoces, conoce, conocemos, conocen
Usted Commands“yo” form drop O add opp. ending
Ustedes Commands“yo” form drop O add opp./plural
ending
IrregularsGO to GA (Present tense irregular “yo”
verbs)
Formal Commands
-ar verbs (e) and –er verbs (a)
-ar verbs (en) and –er verbs (an)
Affirmative vs. Negative Commands
Affirmative Tu
3rd person verb (-a) or
(-e)Example:
Hablar- Habla
Negative Tu“yo” form
drop O add opp. Ending
Example: Hablar-Hables
DOP Placement
Affirmative commands
DOP goes at the end
Example: Cómpralas
Negative CommandsDOP in front
of commandExample:
No las compres
Nosotros Commands
How
•Yo form of the verb in present tense
•Drop O and add opposite ending
Example
•Hablar: HablEMOS
•Comer: ComAMOS
Monos
•Drop final “s” with reflexive verbs
•Non-example: HableMOSNOS
•Example: HableMONOS
Expressions of Emotion
Ojala que…
I hope/wish that…
Esperar que…
To wait that…Alegrarse de…
To be happy that…
Conjunctions of Time
Despues de que…
After…
Cuando…
When…Así que…
As soon as…
Demonstrative Adjectives*Used to point at something
Typesplural masculine estos (these) esos (those)
aquellos (those)
plural feminine estas (those) esas (that)
aquellas (those)
Typessingular feminine
esta (these) esa (that)
aquella (that)
ese (that) aquel (that)