GQI-00042 & GQI-00048 Aula 07
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QUÍMICA GERAL
Escola de Engenharia Industrial Metalúrgica Universidade Federal Fluminense
Volta Redonda - RJ
Prof. Dr. Ednilsom Orestes 25/04/2016 – 06/08/2016 AULA 07
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HIBRIDIZAÇÃO
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Diga qual é a hibridização do fósforo no
pentafluoreto de fósforo, PF5.
Resp.: sp3d
Descreva (a) o arranjo dos elétrons, (b) a forma molecular e (c) a
hibridização do cloro, o átomo central do trifluoreto de cloro, ClF3. R.: (a) Bipirâmide trigonal, (b) forma de “T” e (c) sp3d .
Descreva (a) o arranjo dos elétrons, (b) a forma molecular e (c) a
hibridização do átomo central do tetrafluorbromato, BrF4-.
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Diga quais são ligações 𝝈 e 𝝅 e quais os ângulos
entre elas para a molécula de ácido fórmico
HCOOH.
Repita para o subóxido de carbono, C3O2, (OCCCO). R.: Linear, hibridização sp, C´s ligação 𝝈 e 𝝅 com C e O.
Repita para o propeno, 𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝐻 = 𝐶𝐻2 .
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Híbridos = mistura de orbitais atômicos.
Possuem forma diferente dos orbitais originais.
No. híbridos = No. orbitais originais.
Promovem a superposição estabilidade.
Ligações:
híbridos + híbridos;
híbridos + puros;
puros + puros.
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O = 1s2 2s2 2p4
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑
Mas,...
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TEORIA DOS ORBITAIS
MOLECULARES
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Teoria do Orbital Molecular
Elétrons deslocalizados
pela molécula. R. Mulliken e F. Hund.
Ex: Íon molecular 𝐇𝟐+.
𝐻 = −ℏ2
2𝑚𝑒𝛻𝑒2 −
𝑒2
4𝜋𝜖0
1
𝑟𝑎+
1
𝑟𝑏−1
𝑅
𝐻 Ψ = 𝐸Ψ
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• Interferência destrutiva. • Orbitais ocupados reduzem força de coesão entre os átomos. • Efeito desestabilizante – fora da região internuclear (região
ligante) afastando os elétrons. • 𝐸− − 𝐸𝐻1𝑠 > 𝐸+ − 𝐸𝐻1𝑠
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He 1𝑠2 He 1𝑠2
He2
E
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He 1𝑠2 He 1𝑠2
He2
E
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Ordem de ligação
𝑏 =𝑛 − 𝑛∗
2
• Cada par de elétrons eleva ordem em 1 unidade.
• Quanto maior a ordem, menor comprimento da ligação.
• Quanto maior a ordem, maior a força da ligação.
Ligação Ordem Comprim. (Å) En. diss. (kJ/mol)
HH 1 0,74 432,1
NN 3 1,097 941,7
HCl 1 1,274 427,7
CH 1 1,14 435
CC 1 1,54 368
CC 2 1,34 720
CC 3 1,20 962
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