Gordon Diss

7/27/2019 Gordon Diss

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ASSESSING SOCIAL SUPPORT IN CHILDREN: DEVELOPMENT ANDINITIAL VALIDATION OF THE SOCIAL SUPPORT QUESTIONNAIRE FORCHILDREN

A Dissertation

Subitte! to t"e Gra!uate S#"oo$ Fa#u$t% o&Louisiana State Uni'ersit% an! A(ri#u$ture

an! Me#"ani#a$ Co$$e(ein )artia$ &u$&i$$ent o& t"e

re*uireents &or t"e !e(ree o&Do#tor o& P"i$oso)"%

In

T"e De)artent o& Ps%#"o$o(%

b%Ar$ene Ta%a( Gor!on

+,S,- Uni'ersit% o& Houston- .//0M,A,- Houston +a)tist Uni'ersit%- .//1

Au(ust- ./22


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I 3ou$! $i4e to t"an4 % entor an! a#a!ei# a!'isor- Dr, Mar% Lou 5e$$e%- as 3e$$ as

% !issertation #oittee &or t"eir su))ort an! (ui!an#e t"rou("out t"is )ro#ess, I 3ou$! a$so

$i4e to t"an4 % #o$$ea(ues at Louisiana State Uni'ersit% 3"o a$$ )$a%e! an inte(ra$ )art in t"e

&ruition o& t"is )ro6e#t- 3"i#" reains near an! !ear to % "eart, I a e7tree$% (ra#ious to

t"e s#"oo$s an! #$ini#s in East +aton Rou(e- Ne3 Or$eans- an! surroun!in( )aris"es 3"ose

)ersonne$ a))re#iate t"e 'a$ue o& resear#" an! t"us- !i$i(ent$% 3or4e! 3it" e- a$$o3in( e to

enter t"eir &a#i$ities to re#ruit )arti#i)ants, I 3ou$! $i4e to t"an4 % 3on!er&u$ "usban!- 8a'oris

Ho$$in(s3ort"- &ai$%- an! &rien!s &or bein( t"e best #"eerin( s*ua! an! en#oura(in( e

a$3a%s, I a &ore'er in!ebte! to %ou9 t"is is %our a##o)$is"ent as 3e$$ as ine, Fina$$% an!

ost

i)ortant$%- I 3ou$! $i4e to t"an4 Go! &or o)enin( !oors an! )ro'i!in( o))ortunities $i4e t"is,


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TABLE OF CONTENTS AC5NOLEDGEMENTS;;;;;;;;;,,

;;;;;;;;,,;;;;;;;;;,ii LIST OF TA+LES,,,,,

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;,,;;; ' LIST OF

FIGURES,,,,;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;,,,, 'i

A+STRACT;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;,,,'ii

INTRODUCTION;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;,,, 2Pre'ious Resear#" Fo#usin( on C"i$! So#ia$ Su))ort an! A!6ustent,,,,;,,;;;;,,,, 0So#ia$ Su))ort an! Co)in( +e"a'iors;;;;;;;;;;;;;,;;;;;,,,,,,,,

PHASE 2: ITEM GENERATION;;;;,,;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;,,, 22Met"o!;,,;;;;;;;;;;,;;;;;;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 22Resu$ts o& P"ase 2,,,;;;;;;;;;;;,;;;;;;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20

PHASE .: ITEM SELECTION;;;;,,;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;,,,,,,, 2=Met"o!;,,,;;;;;,,,;;;;,;;;;;;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2=Resu$ts o& P"ase .,,,;;;;;;;;;;;,;;;;;;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2?

PHASE 0: VALIDATION AND E@AMINATION OF RELIA+ILIT,,,;;;;;;;,,,,,,,./Met"o!;;;;;;;;;;;,,,,,,;;;;;;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ./Resu$ts o& P"ase 0,,,;;;;;;;;;;;,;;;;;;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, .

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ABSTRACT

Resear#" e7ainin( ris4 an! )rote#ti'e &a#tors asso#iate! 3it" Posttrauati# Stress Disor!er

PTSD in #"i$!ren "as estab$is"e! so#ia$ su))ort as one o& t"e stron(est )re!i#tors o&

)s%#"o$o(i#a$ "ea$t" an! o'era$$ a!6ustent )osttrauati# e'ent Vi(i$ Gear%- .//B,

Greater )er#ei'e! so#ia$ su))ort- (enera$$%- "as been re$ate! to ore )ositi'e out#oes in

#"i$!ren

+or6a Ca$$a"an- .//B9 Cr%!er- 5i$er- Te!es#"i- Ca$"oun- .//?9 Pina- Vi$$a$ta- Orti-

Gotts#"a$$- Costa- ees- .//B, Un!erstan!in( t"e i)a#t o& so#ia$ su))ort on #o)in( 3it"

trauati# e'ents su#" as natura$ !isasters or e7)osure to #ounit% 'io$en#e is $iite! b% t"e

$a#4 o& )s%#"oetri#a$$% soun! easures, T"e #urrent stu!% a!!resses t"is $iitation, T"e

So#ia$ Su))ort Questionnaire &or C"i$!ren SSQC is a =/ ite se$&re)ort easure !esi(ne! to

e7aine #"i$!ren s so#ia$ su))ort 'ia &i'e sour#es: Parents- re$ati'es- nonre$ati'e a!u$ts-

sib$in(s- an! )eers, Ana$%ses re'ea$e! t"at t"e SSQC "as "i(" interna$ #onsisten#% &or t"e =/

ites an! a$$ subs#a$es, In a!!ition- t"e SSQC 3as s"o3n to "a'e (oo! &a#toria$ an! #onstru#t

'a$i!it%9 #on&irator% &a#tor ana$%sis &oun! t"at t"e )ro)ose! &i'e &a#tor o!e$ e7"ibite! an

a!e*uate &it an! a##ounte! &or a $ar(e )ortion o& t"e 'arian#e in t"e sa)$e, Con#urrent an!

#on'er(ent 'a$i!it% 3ere a$so e7aine!9 as !is)$a%e! in t"e $iterature- so#ia$ su))ort as

assesse! b% t"e SSQC 3as )ositi'e$% #orre$ate! 3it" #"i$!ren s o'era$$ a!6ustent an! )ositi'e

#o)in(

be"a'iors an! in'erse$% #orre$ate! 3it" PTSD s%)to $e'e$ an! ne(ati'e #o)in( be"a'iors in a

sa)$e o& #"i$!ren e7)ose! to Hurri#ane 5atrina, A o!erate #orre$ation 3as &oun! 3"en

assessin( t"e s#a$e s #on'er(ent 'a$i!it%- 3"i#" is a $i4e$% attributab$e to stru#tura$ !i&&eren#es

o& t"e SSQC 'ersus t"e easure o& #o)arison, O'era$$- t"e SSQC a))ears to be a

)s%#"oetri#a$$% soun! easure o& #"i$!ren s so#ia$ su))ort,


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INTRODUCTION

So#ia$ su))ort is #on#e)tua$ie! as a u$ti!iensiona$ #onstru#t t"at en#o)asses

)"%si#a$ an! instruenta$ assistan#e- attitu!e transission- resour#e an! in&oration s"arin(-

an! eotiona$ an! )s%#"o$o(i#a$ su))ort Lo)e Sa$as- .//?, Heane% an! Israe$ .//B

i!enti&ie! &our t%)es o& so#ia$ su))ort: eotiona$ su))ort- instruenta$ su))ortin&orationa$

su))ort- an! a))raisa$ su))ort, Eotiona$ su))ort is !e&ine! as e7)ressions o& e)at"%-

$o'e- trust- an! #are- instruenta$ su))ort is !e&ine! as tan(ib$e ai! an! )ro'i!e! ser'i#es-

in&orationa$ su))ort is !e&ine! as a!'i#e- su((estions- an! )ro'ision o& (enera$ in&oration-

an! a))raisa$ su))ort is !e&ine! as in&oration use&u$ &or se$& a))raisa$ Heane% Israe$- .//B,

T"e &orer t3o are t"e ost 3i!e$% resear#"e! an! un!erstoo!, T"e robust bo!% o& so#ia$

su))ort $iterature )ro'i!es soun! e'i!en#e t"at in ties o& !istress so#ia$ su))ort )rootes an!

)rote#ts )s%#"o$o(i#a$ 3e$$ bein( an! $ea!s to better o'era$$ a!6ustent9 t"is #on#$usion 3as

&irst rea#"e! in 2>1? b% so#ia$ e)i!eio$o(ist 8o"n Casse$ a&ter obser'in( a u$titu!e o& ania$

an! "uan stu!ies Heane% Israe$- .//B, A&ter !e#a!es o& !u)$i#ate! &in!in(s- so#ia$ su))ort

as an i)ortant )rote#ti'e &a#tor "as been a##e)te! as t"eor% San!$er- Mi$$er- S"ort-

o$#"i4-

2>B>,

Traua is )s%#"o$o(i#a$ !isturban#e resu$tin( &ro e7)osure to a trauati# e'ent

F$et#"er- .//0, Trauati# e'ents are s%steati#a$$% !e&ine! as e'ents t"at are #onsi!ere! t o

be outsi!e o& t"e ran(e o& usua$ "uan e7)erien#e an! 3ou$! be ar4e!$% !istressin( to ost

in!i'i!ua$s9 e7a)$es in#$u!e natura$ !isasters- otor 'e"i#$e a##i!ents- 'io$en#e e7)osure- an!

a#ts o& terroris F$et#"er- .//0, Trauati# e'ents o&ten in'o$'e )er#ei'e! t"reat to $i&e or

sa&et%, A##or!in( to Vi(i$ an! Gear%- so#ia$ su))ort is aon( t"e stron(est )re!i#tors o& $on(

ter enta$ "ea$t" an! )"%si#a$ &un#tionin( &o$$o3in( a trauati# e'ent, Cr%!er- 5i$er-

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Te!es#"i- an! Ca$"oun #onten! t"at so#ia$ su))ort sour#es ai! in a!6ustent b% en#oura(in(

e7)ression o& &ee$in(s- )ro'i!in( non6u!(enta$ 'a$i!ation o& e'entre$ate! t"ou("ts an!

&ee$in(s- an! assistin( 3it" ore instruenta$ as)e#ts o& su))ort 3"en nee!e!, So#ia$ su))ort is

be$ie'e! to a#t as a bu&&er t"at "ei("tens t"e to$eran#e o& ino))ortune $i&e o##urren#es Norris

5aniast%- 2>>?9 S#"u- +ri((sP"i$$i)s- Hob&o$$- .//?,

T3o 6un#tures "a'e been i!enti&ie! 3"ere so#ia$ su))ort #an !is)$a% its bu&&erin( e&&e#t:

bet3een stressor an! !istress an! bet3een stress an! "ea$t" or enta$ "ea$t" out#oe

Arstron(- +ernieLeo'it#"- Un(ar- .//=, A##or!in( to Arstron( an! #o$$ea(ues-

so#ia$ su))ort is transa#tiona$, T"e nature o& t"e !istressin( e'ent- in!i'i!ua$ #"ara#teristi#s an!

ot"e r *ua$ities o& t"e so#ia$ su))ort re#i)ient- an! t"e t%)es an! sour#es o& so#ia$ su))ort

a'ai$ab$e in&$uen#e "o3 so#ia$ su))ort &un#tions, Heane% an! Israe$ aintain t"at so#ia$ su))ort

e7erts its bu&&erin( e&&e#t b% in&$uen#in( in!i'i!ua$ #o)in( resour#es an! a3areness an!

uti$iation o& #ounit% resour#es,

Resear#" &o#usin( on assesse! so#ia$ su))ort )re an! )osttraua "as &oun! t"at traua

itse$& "as t"e abi$it% to (ra'e$% a$ter t"e )er#e)tion an! a'ai$abi$it% o& so#ia$ su))ort, T"ese

&in!in(s s)urre! !e'e$o)ent o& t"e !eterioration o!e$ o& so#ia$ su))ort- 3"i#" re#o(nies t"e

)otentia$ o& stressors to #urtai$ so#ia$ su))ort 5aniast% Norris- 2>>=, A##or!in( to 5aniast%

an! Norris- t"e !eterioration o& )er#ei'e! so#ia$ su))ort is one )at" t"rou(" 3"i#" traua

e7erts its a!'erse e&&e#ts on )s%#"o$o(i#a$ 3e$$bein(- as ina!e*uate $e'e$s o& so#ia$ su))ort are

asso#iate! 3it" (reater !istress, +% an! $ar(e- t"e )er#e)tion o& a!e*uate so#ia$ su))ort is

ne#essar% i& so#ia$ su))ort is to e7u!e its bene&i#ia$ e&&e#ts +onanno- Ga$ea- +u##iare$$i-

V$a"o'- .//1,

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Previous Research Focusin on Chi!" Socia! Su##or$ an" A"%us$&en$

T"ere is an e7tensi'e bo!% o& resear#" in'esti(atin( t"e i)a#t o& so#ia$ su))ort on

#"i$!ren s a!6ustent &o$$o3in( traua or stressors, T"e 'ast a6orit% o& t"ese stu!ies e7aine

'i#tis o& su#" trauati# in#i!ents as a$treatent- #ounit% 'io$en#e- e!i#a$ a&&$i#tion-

an! berea'eent, In a stu!% in'esti(atin( t"e i)a#t o& 'io$en#e e7)osure on inner#it% %out"-

+eran- 5urtines- Si$'eran- an! Sera&ini 2>>? &oun! e'i!en#e su))ortin( t"e bu&&er e&&e#t o&

so#ia$ su))ort9 (reater so#ia$ su))ort 3as asso#iate! 3it" better a!6ustent, Sii$ar #on#$usions

3ere rea#"e! b% F$ores- Ci##"etti- an! Ro(os#" .//= 3"o &oun! t"at )ositi'e inter)ersona$

re$ations"i)s si(ni&i#ant$% )re!i#te! a!a)ti'e &un#tionin( in a$treate! Latino #"i$!ren,

LeGre#a- Si$'eran- Vernber(- an! Prinstein 2>>? e7aine! se'era$ 'ariab$es be$ie'e! to be

)re!i#ti'e o& #"i$!ren s Post Trauati# Stress Disor!er PTSD s%)to se'erit%- in#$u!in(

!e(ree o& e7)osure to t"e trauati# e'ent- in!i'i!ua$ #"ara#teristi#s- #o)in(- an! so#ia$ su))ort

in %out" 3"o en#ountere! Hurri#ane An!re3, Fin!in(s su((este! t"at a $a#4 o& so#ia$ su))ort

3as )re!i#ti'e o& #"i$! PTSD 1 to 2/ ont"s )ost!isaster LeGre#a et a$- 2>>?, Sii$ar$%-

Cr%!er an! #o$$ea(ues obser'e! so#ia$ su))ort an! a!6ustent in #"i$!ren a&ter Hurri#ane F$o%!

an! &oun! a si(ni&i#ant re$ations"i) bet3een su))orti'e so#ia$ en'ironents an! #"i$!rens

)ositi'e #o)eten#% be$ie&s- #"ara#teristi# o& )osttrauati# (ro3t", Per#ei'e! so#ia$ su))ort

a))eare! to #onsistent$% !is#riinate t"ose #"i$!ren 3"o a!a)te! 3e$$ &ro t"ose 3"o

e7"ibite! !i&&i#u$ties Cr%!er et a$,- .//?, In #"i$!ren e7)erien#in( u$ti)$e ne(ati'e e'ents-

so#ia$ su))ort 3as &oun! to be in'erse$% re$ate! 3it" s%)tos o& a#ute stress s%)tos su#"

as !e)ression an! an7iet% C$u'er- Fin#"a- See!at- .//>, An o'era$$ #oona$it% t"ese

stu!ies "o$! is t"at t"e% #orroborate t"e i)ortan#e o& so#ia$ su))ort in #o)in( 3it" !istressin(

e'ents an! in t"e )re!i#tion o& 'i#tisa!6ustent,

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Socia! Su##or$ an" Co#in Behaviors

Co)in( "as $on( been stu!ie! a$on(si!e so#ia$ su))ort, In 2>B


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t"at (reater 4ins"i) so#ia$ su))ort is )ositi'e$% asso#iate! 3it" better a!6ustent an! "i("er

$e'e$s o& a!o$es#ent re)orte! se$&re$ian#e, In #on6un#tion 3it" t"is &in!in(- 5ana JIau)uno-

Donato- T"o)sonCo$on- an! Stainba#4 .//= e7aine! so#ia$ su))ort aon( Me7i#an

Aeri#an &ai$ies an! &oun! t"at so#ia$ su))ort net3or4s #ontainin( $ar(er nubers o& e7ten!e!

&ai$% ebers an! #ounit% ties 3ere asso#iate! 3it" (reater )er#ei'e! so#ia$ su))ort an!

ore )ositi'e #"i$! out#oes- 3it" t"e bi((est !i&&eren#es seen in "i("$% i)o'eris"e!

"ouse"o$!s, A##or!in( to "ite- +ru#e- Farre$$- an! 5$ie3er 2>>B- base! on t"e e7istin( !ata-

t"e !e&inition o& so#ia$ su))ort ust be broa!ene! to in#$u!e e7ten!e! &ai$% an! #ounit%

ebers to a##urate$% assess t"e #onstru#t o& so#ia$ su))ort 3it"in et"ni# inorit% )o)u$ations,

In$erven$ions Tare$in Socia! Su##or$

Heane% an! Israe$ su((este! &i'e t%)o$o(ies o& inter'entions aie! at en"an#in( so#ia$

su))ort: a en"an#in( e7istin( net3or4 ties- b !e'e$o)in( ne3 so#ia$ net3or4 $in4a(es- # use

o& in!i(enous natura$ "e$)ers an! #ounit% "ea$t" 3or4ers- an! ! en"an#in( so#ia$ su))ort

t"rou(" #ounit% #a)a#it% bui$!in( an! )rob$e so$'in(, Inter'entions (eare! to3ar!

en"an#in( e7istin( net3or4s &o#us on #"an(in( t"e attitu!es an! be"a'iors o& eit"er t"e su))ort

re#i)ient- t"e su))ort )ro'i!er- or bot" t"rou(" a#ti'ities !esi(ne! to bui$! s4i$$s &or t"e

e&&e#ti'e obi$iation- )ro'ision- an! re#ei)t o& su))ort Heane% Israe$- .//B, A )rob$e

3it" t"is a))roa#" #an be in!enti&%in( e7istin( sour#es o& su))ort t"at are #oitte! an! "a'e

t"e ne#essar% resour#es to be &ait"&u$ )ro'i!ers Heane% Israe$- .//B, T"e se#on! t%)o$o(%-

3"i#" in'o$'es !e'e$o)in( ne3 so#ia$ net3or4 $in4a(esis ost use&u$ 3"en su))ort net3or4s

are too sa$$- o'erbur!ene!- or unab$e to su))$% e&&e#ti'e su))ort Heane% Israe$- .//B,

it" t"is a))roa#"- ne3 so#ia$ ties- in#$u!in( entors- a!'isors- bu!!ies- se$&"e$) or utua$

ai! (rou)s- an! internetbase! su))ort (rou)s are intro!u#e! in res)onse to a a6or $i&e transition

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or trauati# e'ent9 e7istin( sour#es o& su))ort (enera$$% $a#4 t"e e7)erien#e an! s)e#ia$ie!

4no3$e!(e to )ro'i!e a!e*uate su))ort Heane% Israe$- .//B, Inter'enin( t"rou(" use o&

in!i(enous natura$ "e$)ers an! #ounit% "ea$t" 3or4ers entai$s in!enti&%in( in!i'i!ua$s

3it"in a #"i$! s #ounit%- base! on #ouni#ation 3it" #ounit% ebers- 3"o are 3e$$

4no3n &or entorin( an! )ro'i!in( e&&e#ti'e an! )$enti&u$ su))ort to #"i$!ren in t"e

nei("bor"oo! 3"o are troub$e! or in nee! Heane% Israe$- .//B, T"e $ast inter'ention

t%)o$o(%- en"an#in( #ounit% #a)a#it% bui$!in( an! )rob$e so$'in(- is best suite! &or (rou)s

o& in!i'i!ua$s 3it" s"are! e7)erien#e o& a ne(ati'e e'ent e,(,- natura$ !isaster- s#"oo$ s"ootin(

an! in'o$'es use o& #ounit% or(aniin( te#"ni*ues 3it" t"e (oa$s o& stren(t"enin(

#ounit% bon!s an! in#reasin( t"e #ounit%s #a)a#it% an! abi$it% to reso$'e )rob$es

Heane% Israe$- .//B,

Resear#" )ro'i!es e'i!en#e t"at inter'entions tar(etin( so#ia$ su))ort "a'e been

e&&e#ti'e at )ro!u#in( !esire! out#oes Pu$(aron- Sa$aon- Patterson- +ara4at- ./2/, A

stu!% #on!u#te! b% Pu$(aron an! #o$$ea(ues tar(ete! t"e !e'e$o)ent o& ne3 so#ia$ net3or4

$in4a(es in #"i$!ren !ia(nose! 3it" )ersistent ast"a, T"e resear#"ers &oun! t"at in'o$'eent

in a )e!iatri# suer #a) e)"asiin( tea a#ti'ities resu$te! in in#rease! so#ia$ su))ort

an!

i)ro'e! o'era$$ a!6ustent in #"i$!ren t"ree ont"s )ost#a) Pu$(aron et a$,- ./2/,

Sii$ar resu$ts 3ere obser'e! in a stu!% e7ainin( t"e i)a#t o& STAR+RIGHT or$!- an

inno'ati'e #o)uter net3or4 !esi(ne! &or "os)ita$ie! #"i$!ren9 t"e )ro(ra a$$o3e! #"i$!ren

to #onne#t 3it" ot"er #"i$!ren on$ine Haar!- Ce$ano- Co$$ins- Mar4o'- .//., In a stu!%

!esi(ne! to en"an#e e7istin( net3or4 ties t"rou(" !e'e$o)ent o& ore e&&i#ient so#ia$ s4i$$s

e,(,- e)at"% a subse*uent in#rease in so#ia$ su))ort 3as asso#iate! 3it" ore )ositi'e

out#oes- in#$u!in( i)ro'e! bo!% ia(e- $o#us o& #ontro$- se$&e&&i#a#%- an! se$&estee in

a!o$es#ent (ir$s Steese-

Do$$ette- P"i$$i)s- Hoss&e$!- Matt"e3s- Taorina- .//?, Co$$e#ti'e$%- t"ese &in!in(s in!i#ate


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t"at inter'entions tar(etin( so#ia$ net3or4s an! t"e !e$i'er% o& so#ia$$% su))orti'e be"a'iors

#an be bene&i#ia$9 "o3e'er- )ro)er assessent o& so#ia$ su))ort in #"i$!ren a&&$i#te! b%

ino))ortune e'ents is essentia$ to i!enti&% #"i$!ren an! t"eir &ai$ies in nee! o& t"ese

inter'entions, Measurin Socia! Su##or$ in Chi!"ren

Socia! Su##or$ Sca!e (or Chi!"ren )SSSC* +ar$er* ,-./01 T"e SSSC is t"e ost

3i!e$% #ite! easure uti$ie! to assess so#ia$ su))ort aon( #"i$!ren, T"e easure

e7aines #"i$!ren s )er#ei'e! so#ia$ su))ort &ro &our sour#es: )arent- tea#"er- #$ose &rien!-

an! #$assate, In t"e on$% 4no3n 'a$i!ation stu!% to !ate- #on!u#te! b% Harter- t"e easure

3as 'a$i!ate! 3it" use o& a )re!oinant$% i!!$e #$ass- Cau#asian sa)$e Harter- 2>B=,

T"is et"o!o$o(i#a$ &$a3 "as )ro!u#e! s4e)ti#is 3"en uti$iin( t"e SSSC 3it" non

Cau#asian )o)u$ations- as uti$it% o& t"e easure 3it" et"ni# inorit% sa)$es is un4no3n,

T"is is )arti#u$ar$% re$e'ant (i'en resear#" s"o3in( t"at t"e 'a$ue attribute! to 'ar%in( so#ia$

su))ort sour#es a% !i&&er &or et"ni# inorit% &ai$ies Ta%$or- Casten- F$i#4in(er- 2>>0,

In a stu!% #on!u#te! b% Gor!on- T"o)son- 5e$$e%- an! Vi(na ./22 t"e

)s%#"oetri# )ro)erties an! uti$it% o& t"e SSSC 3ere e'a$uate! in a sa)$e o& )re!oinant$%

$o3 in#oe- A&ri#an Aeri#an %out" e7)ose! to Hurri#ane 5atrina &ro Ne3 Or$eans an!

nei("borin( )aris"es, Resu$ts re'ea$e! se'era$ 3ea4nesses o& t"e SSSC, T"e SSSC 3as &oun!

to "a'e )oor &a#toria$ 'a$i!it%- in a!!ition to )oor #riterionre$ate! 'a$i!it%9 on$% so#ia$ su))ort

)ro'i!e! b% t"e sour#e )arent 3as )re!i#ti'e o& PTSD )ost!isaster, So#ia$ su))ort as a 3"o$e

suation o& so#ia$ su))ort )ro'i!e! b% a$$ sour#es an! t"e ot"er sour#es assesse! b% t"e

SSSC 3ere not )re!i#ti'e o& PTSD Gor!on et a$,- ./22,

A )ossib$e e7)$anation &or t"e )oor )er&oran#e o& t"e SSSC in t"is sa)$e a% be t"e

$iite! t%)es o& so#ia$ su))ort sour#es assesse! b% t"e easure, As entione!- $iterature

e7ainin( so#ia$ su))ort in et"ni# inorit% )o)u$ations e)"asies t"e #ontribution o& e7ten!e!

1


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&ai$% an! #ounit% ebers as sour#es o& su))ort Ta%$or et a$,- 2>>0- 3"i#" 3ere not

in#$u!e! in t"e SSSC,

Chi!" an" A"o!escen$ Socia! Su##or$ Sca!e )CASSS2 Ma!ec3i* De&ara'* 4 E!!io$$*

566601 T"e CASSS is a ?/ite se$&re)ort easure t"at assesses so#ia$ su))ort in %out",

Ma$e#4i an! #o$$ea(ues !istin(uis"e! bet3een &our t%)es o& so#ia$ su))ort: Eotiona$-

in&orationa$- a))raisa$- an! instruenta$, Stu!ies )ur)ort t"at t"e CASSS "as (oo! re$iabi$it%

an! 'a$i!it% Ma$e#4i Deara%- .//.9 .//0, Ho3e'er- as 3it" t"e SSSC- t"e CASSS 3as

'a$i!ate! in a )riari$% Cau#asian- i!!$e to "i(" #$ass sa)$e an! is $iite! in s#o)e as it on$%

e7aines so#ia$ su))ort &ro t"e &o$$o3in( &i'e sour#es: Parent- tea#"er- #$assate- #$ose

&rien!- an! s#"oo$ a$$ s#"oo$ )ersonne$ outsi!e o& tea#"ers,

Socia! Su##or$ A##raisa! Sca!e )SSAS2 Du7o8 4 U!!&an* ,-.-01 T"e SSAS is

anot"er 3i!e$% use! easure o& so#ia$ su))ort #onsistin( o& 02 Li4ert s#a$e t%)e ites, A(ain-

sour#es o& so#ia$ su))ort e7aine! b% t"is easure are $iite!9 t"e SSAS on$% assesses

su))ort )ro'i!e! b% &ai$% ie!iate- )eers- an! tea#"ers, Ho3e'er- resear#" "as in!i#ate!

t"at t"e easure "as (oo! interna$ #onsisten#% an! #on'er(ent 'a$i!it%- in#$u!in( one stu!%

t"at e7aine! t"e s#a$e in a sa)$e o& His)ani# a!o$es#ents Frauen($ass- Rout"- Pantin-

Mason-

2>>1,

Kinshi# Su##or$ Sca!e )KSS2 Ta'!or* Cas$en* 4 F!ic3iner* ,--901 T"e 5SS 3as

!e'e$o)e! b% Ta%$or an! Co$$ea(ues to assess so#ia$ su))ort )ro'i!e! to t"e &ai$ies o&

a!o$es#ents- 3it" )riar% &o#us )$a#e! on e7ten!e! &ai$% an! #ounit% ebers, T"e

a!o$es#entre)ort easure #onsists o& 20ites rate! on a


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B


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!ate, Un&ortunate$%- t"e 5SS is t"e on$% easure a'ai$ab$e s)e#i&i#a$$% !esi(ne! to assess

t"e #oon$% e7#$u!e! sour#es o& so#ia$ su))ort i!enti&ie! as )arti#u$ar$% 'a$uab$e &or

et"ni# inorit% )o)u$ations,

Pur#ose o( $he S$u"'

T"e #urrent stu!% is !esi(ne! to !e'e$o) an! 'a$i!ate a )s%#"oetri#a$$% soun!

easure o& #"i$!ren s so#ia$ su))ort t"at #an be use! 3it" %out" o& 'arie! et"ni#ities, As

state!- so#ia$ su))ort )$a%s a si(ni&i#ant ro$e in un!erstan!in( t"e "uan res)onse to

ino))ortune #ir#ustan#es an! traua9 it is a )rote#ti'e &a#tor t"at b% soe eans a#ts as a

bu&&er a(ainst ne(ati'e out#oes, T"us- t"e nee! &or re$iab$e an! 'a$i! assessent too$s o&

#"i$!ren s so#ia$ su))ort is un!eniab$e, In or!er to !e'e$o) a soun! easure o& #"i$!ren s

so#ia$ su))ort t"at is sensiti'e to a$$ et"ni# )o)u$ations- #are&u$ #onsi!eration 3i$$ be )$a#e! on

t"e t%)es o& so#ia$ su))ort sour#es i!enti&ie! as 'a$uab$e &or ea#" )o)u$ation 3"i$e a!"erin( to

t"e #on#e)tua$iation o& #"i$!ren s so#ia$ su))ort best su))orte! b% t"e $iterature,

+'#o$heses

2, T"e SSQC 3i$$ be assesse! to "a'e (oo! )s%#"oetri# )ro)erties- in#$u!in( re$iabi$it% e,(,-

interna$ #onsisten#% an! 'a$i!it% e,(,- #onstru#t- &a#toria$- #on#urrent- #on'er(ent,

., In a$i(nent 3it" t"e $iterature- so#ia$ su))ort as assesse! b% t"e SSQC 3i$$ "a'e a

si(ni&i#ant )ositi'e re$ations"i) 3it" )ersona$ a!6ustent,

0, In a$i(nent 3it" t"e $iterature- so#ia$ su))ort as assesse! b% t"e SSQC 3i$$ "a'e a

si(ni&i#ant ne(ati'e or in'erse re$ations"i) 3it" PTSD s%t)oato$o(%,


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=, T"e sour#es o& su))ort assesse! b% t"e SSQC i,e,- )arent- re$ati'e- nonre$ati'e a!u$t-

sib$in(- an! )eer 3i$$ be sensiti'e to !i&&eren#es asso#iate! 3it" et"ni#it% an! t"e 'a$ue

o& uti$ie! sour#es in Cau#asian 'ersus nonCau#asian sa)$es, T"is 3i$$ be e'a$uate! b%

ana$%in( t"ese sa)$es se)arate$% an! e7ainin( t"e abi$it% o& t"e assesse! sour#es to

)re!i#t )ersona$ a!6ustent in t"e t3o !i&&erent )o)u$ations,

2/


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P+ASE ,: ITEM GENERATION

T"e )ur)ose o& t"e initia$ )"ase 3as to !e'e$o) a )oo$ o& ites re$ate! to #"i$! so#ia$

su))ort9 )arti#u$ar$%- t"e 'arious sour#es o& so#ia$ su))ort #oon$% uti$ie! b% #"i$!ren an!

t"e t%)es o& so#ia$ su))ort be"a'iors t%)i#a$$% )ro'i!e! b% t"ese sour#es to #"i$!ren bet3een t"e

a(es o& B an! 2B %ears,

Me$ho"

Ites 3ere (enerate! &ro se'era$ sour#es in#$u!in( re'ie3 o& t"e $iterature an!

ites on ot"er s#a$es o& so#ia$ su))ort- as 3e$$ as e7)ert- )arent- an! #"i$! in)ut,

Par$ici#an$s1 T"e )arti#i)ants in#$u!e! .? )arent#"i$! !%a!s #onsistin( o& #"i$!ren

bet3een t"e a(es o& B an! 2B %ears re#ruite! t"rou(" (enera$ e!i#a$ an! )s%#"o$o(% #$ini#

3aitin( roos, A##or!in( to )arent re)ort- )riari$% ot"er >.K- t"e a'era(e #"i$! s a(e

3as

2. an! t"e a6orit% o& t"e #"i$!ren 3ere in si7t" (ra!e or "i("er, T"e sa)$e 3as &air$%

ba$an#e! in re(ar!s to #"i$! (en!er9 "o3e'er- t"e sa)$e 3as #o)rise! )riari$% o&

Cau#asians B=K, T"e reain!er o& t"e sa)$e 3as A&ri#an Aeri#an 22K an! ot"er


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22


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De&ora#hic ;ues$ionnaire1 Parents or )riar% #are(i'ers )ro'i!e!

!eo(ra)"i# in&oration about t"eir #"i$! in#$u!in( a(e- (ra!e- (en!erra#e- an!

"ouse"o$! in#oe see A))en!i7 E,

Paren$ Surve' o( Chi!"ren


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2.


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Mean3"i$e- t"e #"i$! so#ia$ su))ort $iterature 3as t"orou("$% )eruse! b% t"e

#"i$! )s%#"o$o(% s)e#ia$ists9 in a!!ition- )re'ious easures o& #"i$!ren s so#ia$ su))ort

3it" )ub$is"e! e'i!en#e o& a!e*uate )s%#"oetri# )ro)erties 3ere obser'e!,

Resu!$s o( Phase ,

I$e& Genera$ion1 O'er 0// ites 3ere (enerate! 'ia t"e u$ti)$e et"o!s, Ites

3ere re'ie3e! b% t"e #"i$! )s%#"o$o(% s)e#ia$ists an! e$iinate! base! on #ontent re!un!an#%

an! t"eoreti#a$ $o(i#, T"e #"i$! )s%#"o$o(% s)e#ia$ists a$so a!e su((estions &or 3or! #"oi#e,

T"e &ina$ ite )oo$ #onsiste! o& 2/B ites assessin( eotiona$- instruenta$- an! in&orationa$

su))ort be"a'iors an! so#ia$ su))ort )ro'i!e! b% &i'e i!enti&ie! sour#es: )arent- re$ati'e- non

re$ati'e a!u$t- sib$in(- an! )eer, A))raisa$ su))ort ites 3ere not in#$u!e!- as t"is )arti#u$ar

t%)e o& su))ort is re)orte! to be $ess in&$uentia$ on a!6ustent in #"i$! )o)u$ations Ma$e#4i

Deara%- .//0, O)erationa$ !e&initions o& ea#" sour#e an! t%)e o& assesse! so#ia$ su))ort are

)ro'i!e! in Tab$e 2, Ites on$% assesse! )er#ei'e! so#ia$ su))ort- as resear#" i)$ies t"at

)er#ei'e! so#ia$ su))ort is a better )re!i#tor o& a!6ustent )ostne(ati'e e'ent or traua t"an

t"e re)orte! aount o& so#ia$ su))ort a#tua$$% re#ei'e! +eran- 2>>?9 Norris 5aniast%-

2>>?9 La4e% Cassa!%- 2>>/, T"e 2/B ites 3ere ran!o$% arran(e! usin( a ran!o

assi(nent (enerator, T"e initia$ SSQC "a! a &ourt" (ra!e rea!in( $e'e$ base! on t"e F$es#"

5in#ai!

Rea!in( Le'e$ &oru$a,


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20


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Tab$e 2,

O)erationa$ De&initions o& Sour#es an! T%)es o& So#ia$ Su))ort

S our # e

Parent Priar% #are(i'erin#$u!in( bio$o(i#a$- ste)- &oster- an! a!o)ti'e)arents, Re$ati'e In!i'i!ua$s re$ate! b% b$oo! or arria(e- in#$u!in( aunts- un#$es-(ran!)arents- et#,

A!u$t NonRe$ati'e A!u$ts in'o$'e! in t"e $i&e o& #"i$!ren 3"o are not re$ate! b% arria(eor b$oo!, E7a)$es in#$u!e ne7t !oor nei("bors- tea#"ers- an!#ounit% an! #"ur#" $ea!ers,

Sib$in( +io$o(i#a$- ste)- &oster- an! a!o)ti'e brot"ers an! sisters,Peer In!i'i!ua$s #$ose in a(e- in#$u!in( #$assates- teaates- an! &rien!s

T % )eEotiona$ Su))ort )ro'i!e! in t"e &or o& #ouni#ate! a&&e#tion- #are- an!or

$o'e t"rou(" be"a'iors or )er#ei'e! a##essibi$it%

Instruenta$ Pro'ision o& (oo!s an! ser'i#es e,(,- trans)ortin( to a#ti'ities- $en!in(one%In&orationa$ Pro'ision o& in&oration or a!'i#e

2


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P+ASE 5: ITEM SELECTION

T"e )ur)ose o& t"e se#on! )"ase 3as to re!u#e t"e ite )oo$ base! on e)iri#a$$%

an! t"eoreti#a$$% !eri'e! reasons in or!er to !e'e$o) a ore #on#ise easure o& #"i$!ren s

so#ia$ su))ort 3it" "i(" interna$ #onsisten#% an! a))ro)riate &a#e an! #ontent 'a$i!it%,

Me$ho"

Par$ici#an$s1 C"i$! )arti#i)ants n K- 3it" 0=K A&ri#an Aeri#an an! t"e reainin(

?K #o)rise! o& ot"er et"ni#ities, T"e a'era(e re)orte! annua$ in#oe 3as bet3een

=/-/// an! 1=-///, see A))en!i7 +

In a!!ition- t"e &i'e #"i$! )s%#"o$o(% s)e#ia$ists uti$ie! !urin( P"ase 2 assiste! in

t"e ite e$iination an! easure s"ortenin( )ro#ess, A )s%#"o$o(ist 3it" e7)ertise in

easure !e'e$o)ent 3as #onsu$te! an! as4e! to 'ie3 t"e )i$ot easure at t"e #on#$usion o&

t"e ite se$e#tion )"ase- a$on(si!e t"e #"i$! )s%#"o$o(% s)e#ia$ists- to (i'e in)ut on t"e

)er#ei'e! &a#e an! #ontent 'a$i!it% o& t"e s#a$e an! ites,

De&ora#hic ;ues$ionnaire. Sae as )"ase 2 see A))en!i7 E,

Socia! Su##or$ ;ues$ionnaire (or Chi!"ren )SS;C01 T"e initia$ 'ersion o& t"e SSQC

#onsiste! o& 2/B ites (enerate! !urin( )"ase 2 See A))en!i7 H, As )re'ious$% !is#usse!-

t"e SSQC 3as !esi(ne! to assess &i'e )otentia$ sour#es o& so#ia$ su))ort: )arent- re$ati'e- non

re$ati'e a!u$t- sib$in(- an! )eerin a!!ition to instruenta$- in&orationa$- an! eotiona$

su))ort, C"i$!ren bet3een t"e a(es o& B an! 2B 3ere as4e! to rate ites usin( a


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2=


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Proce"ure1 U)on s#"oo$ !istri#t a))ro'a$- stu!ents 3ere sent "oe 3it" stu!%

re#ruitent )a#4ets #ontainin( a #onsent see A))en!i7 C an! !eo(ra)"i# *uestionnaire see

A))en!i7 E to be #o)$ete! b% a )arent or )riar% #are(i'er, C"i$!ren 3"ose )arent

#onsente! to t"eir )arti#i)ation (a'e assent see A))en!i7 D an! #o)$ete! t"e so#ia$ su))ort

*uestionnaire in its )i$ot &or at t"eir s#"oo$, Questionnaires 3ere rea! to %oun(er #"i$!ren an!

#"i$!ren 3it" rea!in( !i&&i#u$ties, Co)ensation 3as not )ro'i!e! b% t"e in'esti(ator9

"o3e'eran% s#"oo$s re3ar!e! stu!ents 3it" in#enti'es &or t"eir )arti#i)ation,

Resu!$s o( Phase 5

I$e& Se!ec$ion1 Des#ri)ti'e ana$%sis 3as #on!u#te! to e7aine ite eans-

&re*uen#ies- an! res)onse !istribution, T"e &o$$o3in( #riteria 3as uti$ie! to i!enti&% ites t"at

3ere #onsi!ere! &or e$iination: a e7tree ite eans - on eit"er en!- &ro t"e ean o& a$$

)ossib$e res)onses 2,= 2,/ or .,=.,1=- b itetota$ #orre$ations $ess t"an ,./- # interite

#orre$ations (reater t"an or e*ua$ to ,B/ to a'oi! re!un!an#%- ! base! on obser'ation o& t"e &ina$

E7)$orator% Fa#tor Ana$%sis EFA o!e$- )oor #orre$ation 3it" inten!e! &a#tor or $oa!in( onto

uninten!e! &a#tor- an! e an in#rease in a$)"a resu$tin( &ro ite !e$etion DeVe$$is- .//0,

I$e& Fre=uenc'1 T"e &re*uen#% o& ea#" )ossib$e ratin( 3as #o)ute! &or ea#" o& t"e

2/B ites, see A))en!i7 I

I$e& Means1 Ite eans ran(e! &ro 2,=2 to .,1?, For t"e )ur)ose o& ite e$iination-

s)e#ia$ attention 3as (i'en to eans in t"e $o3er e7tree 2,/- as an% ites 3ere e7)e#te!

to be stron($% en!orse! base! on t"e nature o& t"e #onstru#t un!er in'esti(ation, Ho3e'er-

ites 3it" eans (reater t"an or e*ua$ to .,= .,1= &or )arent s#a$e ites 3ere a$so #onsi!ere!

&or e$iination, Nine ites 3ere #onsi!ere! &or reo'a$ base! on t"is #riterion, see A))en!i7

8


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2?


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I$e&>Sca!e Corre!a$ions1 Itetota$ #orre$ations 3ere #o)ute! an! e7aine!,

Ites 3it" itetota$ #orre$ations $ess t"an ,. 3ere #onsi!ere! &or reo'a$, Itetota$

#orre$ations ran(e! &ro ,1B9 DeVe$$is- .//0, Initia$ EFA %ie$!e! 2< &a#tors, T"e a6orit% o& ites

er(e! onto &i'e &a#tors- #orres)on!in( 3it" t"e )ostu$ate! &a#tor stru#ture, Ites t"at $oa!e!

onto &a#tors outsi!e o& t"e &i'e "a! $oa!in(s o& $ess t"an ,=/- 3it" t"e e7#e)tion o& one ite, As

a eans to #$ean u) t"e o!e$- a s#ree test 3as #on!u#te! to !eterine t"e nuber o& &a#tors

retaine! in t"e s#a$e9 resu$ts su((este! t"at =&a#tor or ?&a#tor o!e$s 3ere t"e ost a))ro)riate

&it DeVe$$is- .//09 see A))en!i7 5, +ot" o!e$s 3ere e7)$ore!, A &a#tor ana$%sis &or#in(

&i'e &a#tors )ro!u#e! t"e #$eanest &a#tor stru#ture &or t"e 2/Bite s#a$e9 t"is &ina$ so$ution

a##ounte! &or =


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"a'e an a!u$t 3"o rea$$% #ares about e- I "a'e a )eer I #an #ount on- an! I "a'e a )eer I #an

ta$4 to9 see A))en!i7 M, T"e reainin( B> ites 3ere re'ie3e! b% t"e e7)ert )ane$ an!

e$iinate! base! on #ontent re!un!an#% an! t"eoreti#a$ $o(i#- 3it" #are&u$ re(ar! &or a$)"a,

T"is resu$te! in t"e reo'a$ o& 0> ites, T"e &ina$ easure 3as #o)rise! o& =/ites,

A!!ition o&

a Not A))$i#ab$e o)tion &or sib$in( ites 3as a!!e! to better assure t"at 3ea4er

en!orseents b% )arti#i)ants 3as base! on t"at assesse! t%)e o& su))ort not bein( )ro'i!e!- as

o))ose! to not "a'in( a brot"er or sister, T"is o!i&i#ation 3as a!e base! on e7aination o&

ite

&re*uen#ies an! obser'ations !urin( easure a!inistration e,(,- in*uir% on 3"at to ans3er &or

sib$in( ites i& an on$% #"i$!, see A))en!i7 N &or a #on#$usi'e $ist o& a$$ e$iinate! ites9

see A))en!i7 O &or &ina$ ites or(anie! b% subs#a$e9 see A))en!i7 P &or t"e &ina$- s"ortene!

easure

T"e &ina$ =/ite- =s#a$e easure 3as )resente! to a )s%#"o$o(ist 3it" an% %ears o&

e7)erien#e an! )ro&i#ien#% in easure !e'e$o)ent9 t"e s#a$e 3as 6u!(e! to "a'e (oo! &a#e

an! #ontent 'a$i!it%, T"e &i'e&a#tor so$ution re&$e#te! t"e &o$$o3in( $atent #onstru#ts: Parent-

Re$ati'e- NonRe$ati'e A!u$t- Sib$in(- an! Peer9 retaine! ites #orres)on!e! e7#e)tiona$$% 3e$$

3it" t"ese &a#tors &orin( &i'e e)iri#a$$% !eri'e! subs#a$es #ontainin( 2/ites ea#",

E7a)$e ites &ro ea#" subs#a$e are as &o$$o3s: Parent subs#a$e- A )arent s"o3s e "o3 to

!o t"in(s9 Re$ati'e Subs#a$e- A re$ati'e "e$)s e 3"en I nee! it9 NonRe$ati'e A!u$t- An

a!u$t (i'es e (oo! a!'i#e9 Sib$in(- I "a'e a sib$in( I #an trust to 4ee) a se#ret9 an! Peer-

A )eer a##e)ts e &or 3"o I a,

+ase! on t"e $iterature- t"e s#a$e 3as !e'e$o)e! to ebo!% t"ree t%)es o& so#ia$ su))ort:

instruenta$- in&orationa$- an! eotiona$ Ma$e#4i Deara%- .//0, Instruenta$

an! in&orationa$ su))ort be"a'iors 3ere #obine! to(et"er- as t"e% bot" re&$e#t tan(ib$e


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an!

2B


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)"%si#a$ a#tions o& assistan#e, T"us- t"e &ina$ s#a$e a$so #onsiste! o& t3o t"eoreti#a$$% !eri'e!

su))$eenta$ subs#a$es: Instruenta$In&orationa$ Su))ort an! Eotiona$ Su))ort, T"e

Instruenta$In&orationa$ Su))ort subs#a$e #onsists o& 2< ites- 3"i$e t"e Eotiona$

Su))ort subs#a$e #onsists o& 0? ites, T"e uti$it% an! )s%#"oetri# )ro)erties o& t"ese

su))$eenta$ subs#a$es 3i$$ be ore t"orou("$% e7)$ore! !urin( t"e t"ir! )"ase o& easure

!e'e$o)ent,

Re!ia7i!i$'1 Interna$ #onsisten#% o& t"e easure 3as e7)$ore!, Cronba#" s a$)"as 3ere

#a$#u$ate! &or t"e =/ite easure an! ea#" o& t"e &i'e )riar% subs#a$es- as 3e$$ as t"e t3o

su))$eenta$ subs#a$es, T"e easure 3as s"o3n to "a'e "i(" interna$ #onsisten#% as a 3"o$e

,>? an! 3"en obser'in( ea#" subs#a$e in iso$ation Priar% subs#a$es: )arent- ,B19

re$ati'e- ,>29 a!u$t- ,>.9 sib$in(- ,>B9 an! )eer- ,>09 Su))$eenta$ subs#a$es:

instruenta$in&orationa$- ,B> an! eotiona$- ,>1, see Tab$e .

Tab$e .,

Interna$ Consisten#% o& t"e 2/Bite SSQC

Fa#t or Coe&&i# ient

Tota$ S#a$e ,>?

Parent ,B1

Re$ati'e ,>2

A!u$t ,>.

Sib$in( ,>B

Peer ,>0

Instruenta$In&orationa$ Su))ort ,B>

Eotiona$ Su))ort ,>1


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2>


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P+ASE 9: @ALIDATION AND EAMINATION OF RELIABILIT

Me$ho"

T"e )ur)ose o& t"e t"ir! )"ase o& t"e stu!% 3as to assess t"e initia$ )s%#"oetri#

)ro)erties o& t"e SSQC- in#$u!in( interna$ #onsisten#%- re$iabi$it%- an! 'a$i!it%, Con#urrent

'a$i!it% 3as e7aine! b% obser'in( t"e re$ations"i)s bet3een #"i$!ren s so#ia$ su))ort- as

assesse! b% t"e SSQC- an! PTSD s%)to $e'e$- 3"i#" 3as e'a$uate! uti$iin( t"e UCLA

PTSD Rea#tion In!e7 P%noos- Ro!ri(ue- Steinber(- Stuber- Fre!eri#4- 2>>B- )ositi'e

a!6ustent- 3"i#" 3as e'a$uate! uti$iin( t"e Persona$ A!6ustent subs#a$e o& t"e +e"a'ior

Assessent S#a$e &or C"i$!ren- Se#on! E!ition +ASC.SRP9 Re%no$!s 5a)"aus- .//


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Sa!e A: Ba$on Roue Sa!e1 T"e +aton Rou(e sa)$e #onsiste! o& .?0 #"i$!ren

bet3een t"e a(es o& B an! 2B %ears re#ruite! &ro s#"oo$s an! )e!iatri# 3aitin( roos, T"e

sa)$e 3as ?BK &ea$e- ==K 3ere Cau#asian- 02K 3ere A&ri#an Aeri#an- an! t"e

reainin( 3ere &ro 'ar%in( et"ni#ities, T"e ean a(e 3as 20 an! t"e a'era(e "ouse"o$!

in#oe 3as bet3een 0=-/// an! ->>>, see A))en!i7 Q

Sa!e B: Ne8 Or!eans Sa!e1 T"e Ne3 Or$eans sa)$e #onsiste! o& >> #"i$!ren

bet3een t"e a(es o& 2. an! 2B %ears- in'o$'e! in an on(oin( $on(itu!ina$ stu!%in( in'esti(atin(

t"e a&tere&&e#ts o& Hurri#ane 5atrina, Parti#i)ants 3ere initia$$% re#ruite! &ro )ub$i# s#"oo$s in

Ne3 Or$eans an! nei("borin( )aris"es, T"e sa)$e 3as &air$% e'en$% !istribute! in re(ar!s to

(en!er9


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subs#a$es are base! on t"e !e$ineate! sour#es o& so#ia$ su))ort: )arent- re$ati'e- nonre$ati'e

a!u$t- sib$in(- an! )eer an! t3o are base! on t"e t%)es o& so#ia$ su))ort )ro'i!e!:

instruenta$in&orationa$ su))ort an! eotiona$ su))ort, Subs#a$e ra3 s#ores are #a$#u$ate!

b% suin( #orres)on!in( ites, Tota$ s#ore is #o)ute! b% suin( a$$ easure ites, T"is

easure 3as #o)$ete! b% t"e +aton Rou(e an! Ne3 Or$eans sa)$es,

+ar$er/- an! # Destru#ti'e Co)in( 3"i#" in'o$'es use o& !estru#ti'e be"a'iors as

a eans to #o)e su#" as !aa(in( o& )ro)ert% an! se$&!estru#ti'e be"a'iors9 ,B?, T"e ra3

s#ore &or ea#" subs#a$e 3as #o)ute! an! uti$ie!, Co)$ete! b% t"e Ne3 Or$eans sa)$e on$%,

UCLA PTSD Reac$ion In"e? Revise" )P'noos* Ro"riue* S$ein7er* S$u7er* 4

Fre"eric3* ,--.01 T"e UCLA PTSD Rea#tion In!e7 Re'ise! is t"e ost 3i!e$% uti$ie!

easure o& #"i$!ren s PTSD, T"is instruent is a re'ise! 'ersion o& t"e C"i$! PTSD

Rea#tion In!e7 CPTSDRI9 Na!er- P%noos- Fairban4s- Fre!eri#4- 2>>/, t"e easure

e7aines

rea#tions to traua an! is base! on t"e DSMIVTR !ia(nosti# #riteria &or PTSD- assessin( 21


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..


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asso#iate! s%)tos o& t"e !isor!er, It is a ..ite s#reenin( too$ t"at assesses &or PTSD in

#"i$!ren an! a!o$es#ents, T"e UCLA PTSD Rea#tion In!e7 "as !eonstrate! e7#e)tiona$

)s%#"oetri# )ro)erties P%noos- Goen6ian- Steinber(- 2>>B9 Steinber(- +r%er- De#4er-

P%noos- .//0, Co)$ete! b% t"e Ne3 Or$eans

sa)$e on$%,

Behavior Assess&en$ S's$e& (or Chi!"ren* Secon" E"i$ion> Se!(>Re#or$ o(

Persona!i$' )BASC>5>SRP2 Re'no!"s 4 Kahaus* 56601 T"e +ASC. SRP is a se$&re)ort

easure o& eotiona$ an! be"a'iora$ )rob$es in %out" a(es B.2, T"e +ASC. SRP %ie$!s

si7teen subs#a$es an! &i'e #o)osite s#ores, For t"e )ur)ose o& t"is stu!%- on$% t"e Persona$

A!6ustent #o)osite s#ore 3i$$ be uti$ie!, T"e Persona$ A!6ustent s#a$e #onsists o& 00

ites an! is #o)rise! o& t"e &o$$o3in( )riar% s#a$es: Re$ations 3it" Parents- Inter)ersona$

Re$ations- Se$&Estee- an! Se$&Re$ian#e, Sa)$e ites in#$u!e: I a s$o3 to a4e ne3

&rien!s an! I a (oo! at a4in( !e#isions, Stu!ies )ur)ort (oo! re$iabi$it% ,B09

Vi(na- Hernan!e- Paas#"- Gor!on- 5e$$e%- .//>, Co)$ete! b% t"e Ne3 Or$eans sa)$e

on$%,

Proce"ures1 For t"e +aton Rou(e sa)$e- #"i$!ren 3ere re#ruite! t"rou(" t"eir s#"oo$s

or 3"i$e a3aitin( an a))ointent 3it" t"eir )e!iatri#ian, Parents o& #"i$!ren re#ruite! &ro

s#"oo$s 3ere )ro'i!e! 3it" a !es#ri)tion o& t"e stu!%- !eo(ra)"i# *uestionnaire- an! a #onsent

&or, C"i$!ren o& #onsentin( )arents #o)$ete! t"e assent &or- SSQC- an! SSSC in!i'i!ua$$%

or in sa$$ (rou)s un!er t"e su)er'ision o& traine! (ra!uate resear#"ers an! resear#" assistants

at t"eir s#"oo$s, Arran(eent &or #o)ensation 3as not a!e9 "o3e'er- s#"oo$s in!e)en!ent$%

#"ose to re3ar! #"i$!ren 3it" in#enti'es &or )arti#i)ation,

Parents re#ruite! &ro t"eir )e!iatri#ians3aitin( roos 3ere a))roa#"e! about

)arti#i)ation, Intereste! )arents #o)$ete! t"e #onsent &or an! t"e !eo(ra)"i# *uestionnaire,


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Assentin( #"i$!ren #o)$ete! t"e SSQC an! t"e SSSC, U)on #o)$etion o& t"e *uestionnaires-

#"i$!ren 3ere )ro'i!e! 3it" )en#i$s an! sti#4ers as an in#enti'e &or t"eir )arti#i)ation, ater

an! "ea$t"% sna#4s 3ere a$so )ro'i!e! to )arti#i)atin( &ai$ies, For !ata #o$$e#tion at bot"

s#"oo$s an! #$ini#s- *uestionnaires 3ere rea! to %oun(er #"i$!ren an! #"i$!ren 3it" rea!in(

!i&&i#u$ties,

For t"e Ne3 Or$eans sa)$e- )arti#i)ants 3ere )arent#"i$! !%a!s &ro t"e Ne3 Or$eans

an! nearb% )aris"es e7)ose! to Hurri#ane 5atrina 3"o are )arti#i)ants in an on(oin( Nationa$

Institute o& Menta$ Hea$t" NIMHDe)artent o& Hoe$an! Se#urit% DHS $on(itu!ina$ stu!%

in'esti(atin( t"e a&tere&&e#ts o& natura$ !isasters on #"i$!ren, Parti#i)ants 3ere re#ruite! &ro

)ub$i# s#"oo$s t"ree to se'en ont"s )ostHurri#ane 5atrina, C"i$!ren 3ere in re(u$ar

e!u#ation #$assroos in &ourt" t"rou(" ei("t" (ra!es, At t"e tie o& re#ruitent- #"i$!

)arti#i)ants ran(e! in a(e &ro B to 2? %ears, Consent- assent- an! !eo(ra)"i# in&oration &or

t"is sa)$e "a! a$rea!% been obtaine!, C"i$!ren 3ere 'isite! at t"eir s#"oo$s 3"ere t"e%

#o)$ete! t"e SSQC- SSSC- UCLA PTSD Rea#tion In!e7- CRI- an! ites o& t"e +ASC.

SRP Persona$ A!6ustent s#a$e in!i'i!ua$$% or in sa$$ (rou)s un!er t"e su)er'ision o& traine!

(ra!uate resear#"ers an! resear#" assistants, Questionnaires 3ere rea! to %oun(er #"i$!ren an!

#"i$!ren 3it" rea!in( !i&&i#u$ties,

Resu!$s o( Phase 9

I$e& Charac$eris$ics1 Ite eans- ite 'arian#es- itetota$ #orre$ations- an! inter

ite #orre$ations 3ere #o)ute! &or bot" sa)$es #obine!, Ite eans ran(e! &ro 2,>>

.,12- ite 'arian#es ran(e! &ro ,


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Re!ia7i!i$'1 T"e interna$ #onsisten#% o& t"e =/ite s#a$e- = )riar% subs#a$es- an!

. su))$eenta$ subs#a$es 3as e7aine! aon(st bot" sa)$es #obine! uti$iin( Cronba#"

a$)"a, T"e easure !eonstrate! "i(" interna$ #onsisten#% as a 3"o$e SSQC =/ites-

,>?, T"e )riar% an! su))$eenta$ subs#a$es !eonstrate! "i(" interna$ #onsisten#% 3it"

#oe&&i#ient a$)"as ran(in( &ro ,BB to ,>1, A##or!in( to t"e $iterature- #oe&&i#ient a$)"as t"at

&ar e7#ee! ,>/ a% in!i#ate o'erre$iabi$it% or re!un!an#% in #ontent DeVe$$is- .//0, T"is

)"enoenon 3as obser'e! &or t"e Tota$ S#a$e an! Sib$in( subs#a$e, A##or!in( to DeVe$$is-

su#" &in!in(s (enera$$% su((est t"at &urt"er s"ortenin( o& t"e easure an! subs#a$es a% be an

a))ro)riate a#tion u)on &urt"er e7)$oration, Coe&&i#ient a$)"as are )resente! in Tab$e 0,

Tab$e 0,

Interna$ Consisten#% o& t"e =/ite SSQC in t"e Cobine! Sa)$e

F a#t or Co e && i# ie nt

Tota$ S#a$e ,>?

Parent ,>0

Re$ati'e ,>.

A!u$t ,>0

Sib$in( ,>1

Peer ,>2

Instruenta$In&orationa$ Su))ort ,BB

Eotiona$ Su))ort ,>=

T"e =/ite s#a$e 3as or(anie! uti$iin( a ran!o assi(nent (enerator, To assess t"e

interna$ #onsisten#% o& t"e &irst an! $atter "a$& o& t"e easure s)$it"a$& re$iabi$it% ana$%sis 3as

.=


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#on!u#te!, Fin!in(s in!i#ate! t"at bot" "a$'es "a'e e7#e$$ent interna$ #onsisten#% - ,

>09 Part .- ,>,

@a!i"i$'1 To assess #onstru#t 'a$i!it%- Con&irator% Fa#tor Ana$%sis CFA 3as

#on!u#te! on SSQC !ata 3it" use o& Aos 21,/ a$on(si!e PAS Statisti#a$ Pa#4a(e 219

a7iu $i4e$i"oo! estiation )ro#e!ures 3ere uti$ie!, In t"e ana$%ses- )er&ore! on !ata

&ro t"e +aton Rou(e sa)$e on$% Ne3 Or$eans sa)$e )arti#i)ate! in EFA #on!u#te! !urin(

P"ase . an! t"us- #ou$! not be in#$u!e! in t"e CFA- =/ obser'e! 'ariab$es- t"e SSQC ites-

3ere uti$ie! to re)$i#ate t"e )ro)ose! &i'e &a#tor o!e$9 t"e &a#tors 3ere a$$o3e! to #orre$ate

3it" one anot"er, To test t"e o!e$- 'ariab$es 3ere a$$o3e! to $oa! on on$% one &a#tor, In

a!!ition- one 'ariab$e &a#tor $oa!in( 3as &i7e! to 2,/9 a$$ reainin( &a#tor $oa!in(s- resi!ua$

'arian#es- an! #orre$ations aon( $atent &a#tors 3ere &ree$% estiate! +ro3n- .//?9

Taba#"ni#4

Fi!e$$- .//1, T"e &o$$o3in( &it in!i#es 3ere uti$ie! to !eterine o!e$ &it 3it" !ata: a .)

,/= 3it" re(ar! &or sa)$e sie- b RMSEA ,?/- # CFI ,>/- an! ! SRMR ,/B Hu

+ent$er- 2>>>9 einer- Free!"ei- S#"in4a- Ve$i#er- .//0, A$t"ou(" t"e #"i s*uare statisti#

3as si(ni&i#ant .

..=>,=0B- !& 22?=- ) ,//2- ot"er &it in!i#es 3ere re'ie3e!- as it 3as

!eterine! t"at t"e $ar(e sa)$e a% "a'e #ontribute! to t"is &in!in( e,(,- !e(rees o& &ree!o

3ere !oub$e t"e #"i s*uare 'a$ue9 stu!ies )ro'i!e e'i!en#e t"at t"e #"i s*uare a% not be t"e

best statisti# to uti$ie 3"en !eterin( &it be#ause o& its sensiti'it% to 'io$ations o& nora$it%

an! sa)$e sie Co$e- 2>B1, CFA re'ea$e! t"at t"e )ro)ose! &i'e &a#tor o!e$ e7"ibite! a

e!io#re &it in t"e sa)$e RMSEA ,/?/- CFI ,B1?- SRMR ,/=0, In t"e sa)$e- t"ree

&a#tors #orre$ate! stron($% 3it" one anot"er )arent an! re$ati'e- r ,1.9 )arent an! a!u$t- r

,109 an! a!u$t an! re$ati'e- r ,1B- su((estin( t"at ites $a#4e! !is#riinator% )o3er, T"ese

stron( #orre$ations 3ere soe3"at e7)e#te!- as t"ese s#a$es a$$ assess aut"oritati'e- a!u$t


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.?


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sour#es o& su))ort t"at a% to soe e7tent )$a% a #are(i'er or nurturin( ro$e, A$$ ot"er

subs#a$e #orre$ations 3ere a##e)tab$e, O'era$$- &in!in(s in!i#ate t"at t"e SSQC "as a##e)tab$e

&a#toria$ an! #onstru#t 'a$i!it%, see Fi(ure 2

Converen$ @a!i"i$'1 Con'er(ent 'a$i!it% 3as assesse! uti$iin( Pearson )ro!u#t

oent #oe&&i#ient #orre$ations an! t"e SSQC an! SSSC, Data &ro bot" t"e +aton Rou(e an!

Ne3 Or$eans sa)$es 3ere e7aine!, Tota$ s#ores &ro t"e t3o s#a$es 3ere )ositi'e$%

#orre$ate! ,=/ as 3ere t"e )arent subs#a$es ,=., Cobinin( t"e #$ose &rien! an! #$assate

s#ores o& t"e SSSC Vi(na et a$,- .//>- t"e SSQC an! SSSC )eer subs#a$es 3ere a$so )ositi'e$%

asso#iate! ,,

Concurren$ @a!i"i$'1 T"e Ne3 Or$eans sa)$e 3as use! e7#$usi'e$% &or t"e

reainin( ana$%ses, Corre$ation ana$%sis 3as #on!u#te! to e7aine t"e asso#iations bet3een

#on#urrent 'ariab$es an! so#ia$ su))ort- as assesse! b% t"e SSQC, As "%)ot"esie!- t"e SSQC

tota$ s#ore 3as stron($% an! )ositi'e$% #orre$ate! 3it" t"e +ASC. SPR Persona$ A!6ustent

Ts#ore r

,B2- ),//2,

T"e se#on! "%)ot"esis )osite! t"at so#ia$ su))ort 3ou$! "a'e a si(ni&i#ant in'erse

re$ations"i) 3it" #"i$! PTSD s%)toato$o(%, C"i$! PTSD s%)toato$o(% 3as easure!

uti$iin( t"e Continuous In!e7 Suar% S#ore o& t"e UCLA PTSD Rea#tion In!e7 , As

"%)ot"esie!- a si(ni&i#ant in'erse re$ations"i) 3as obtaine! bet3een t"e SSQC tota$ s#ore

an! t"e UCLA PTSD Continuous In!e7 Suar% S#ore r ,.?- ,/=, A$t"ou(" in t"e

)re!i#te! !ire#tion- t"e #orre$ation bet3een t"ese 'ariab$es 3as &air$% 3ea4- su((estin( t"at

ot"er 'ariab$es- in a!!ition to so#ia$ su))ort- e,(,- #o)in( st%$e $i4e$% in&$uen#e t"e

!e'e$o)ent o&

PTSD in #"i$!ren )osttraua,


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5

55/-1/9.*"(,,G/*#H166,

RMSEA16G6

CFI1.G

Fi(ure 2, Fi'e Fa#tor Mo!e$ &or SSQC Con&irator% Fa#tor Ana$%sis

.>


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To better un!erstan! t"e re$ations"i) bet3een so#ia$ su))ort an! out#oe- t"e

re$ations"i) bet3een 'arious #o)in( strate(ies an! so#ia$ su))ort 3as e7aine!, Resear#"

su((ests t"at #"i$!ren 3"o "a'e ore so#ia$ su))ort a% e)$o% ore )ositi'e #o)in(

strate(ies in t"e a&terat" o& e7)erien#in( a trauati# e7)erien#e t"an #"i$!ren 3it" $ess su))ort

Heane%

Israe$- .//B, It 3as "%)ot"esie! t"at ore )er#ei'e! so#ia$ su))ort 3ou$! be )ositi'e$%

asso#iate! 3it" a!a)ti'e &ors o& #o)in(- 3"i$e $ess so#ia$ su))ort 3ou$! be ne(ati'e$%

asso#iate! 3it" a$a!a)ti'e &ors o& #o)in(, T"e re$ation bet3een #o)in( t"rou(" !i'ersion-

use o& ae$iorati'e strate(ies- an! !estru#ti'e be"a'ior an! so#ia$ su))ort 3as e7aine!, T"e

resu$ts in!i#ate! t"at t"e SSQC tota$ s#ore 3as si(ni&i#ant$% an! )ositi'e$% re$ate! to #o)in(

t"rou(" !i'ersion r ,01- ,/2 an! use o& ae$iorati'e strate(ies r ,0=- ,/2, A si(ni&i#ant

in'erse re$ations"i) 3as &oun! bet3een so#ia$ su))ort an! !estru#ti'e #o)in( r ,00- ,/2,

A sii$ar re$ations"i) 3as &oun! bet3een so#ia$ su))ort )ro'i!e! b% sin($e sour#es

e,(,- )arent an! t"e se)arate$% e7aine! t%)es o& #o)in( be"a'iors, A$$ sour#es o& su))ort

3it" t"e e7#e)tion o& sib$in( su))ort 3ere si(ni&i#ant$% #orre$ate! 3it" a$$ t"ree st%$es o&

#o)in(, Corre$ation #oe&&i#ients are )resente! in Tab$e


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0/


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Tab$e ,.? ,01 ,0= ,0= ,0=Destru#ti'e ,0? ,.0 ,.0 ,.0 ,00 ,.? ,00SSSCParent ,=. ,0> ,0? ,.? ,.1 ,


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02


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SSQC SSQC SSQC SSQC SSQC SSQC SSQCRe$ati'e A!u$t Sib$in( Peer Tota$ Instru, Eotiona$In&or,

,1? ,?B ,1> ,?? ,1 ,1?

Note: Va$es re)orte! are Corre$ation Coe&&i#ients r ,=/9 Persona$ A!6ustent 3as assesse! 'ia

+ASC. SRP Persona$ A!6ustent TS#ore Corre$ation Si(ni&i#ant at ) ,/2

Coe((icien$s o( De$er&ina$ion (or $he SS;C an" Concurren$ @aria7!es

Gi'en t"e su))orte! "%)ot"eses- #oe&&i#ients o& !eterination 3ere #o)ute! to

estab$is" t"e aount o& 'arian#e s"are! bet3een 'ariab$es !es#ribe! in ea#" "%)ot"esis 3it" an

ob6e#ti'e o& better un!erstan!in( t"e $i4e$i"oo! o& s)e#i&ie! out#oes, A!6uste! r.s 3ere

#a$#u$ate! &or t"e SSQC tota$ s#ore- +ASC. SRP Persona$ A!6ustent S#a$e- UCLA PTSD

Continuous In!e7 Suar% S#ore- an! t"e !i'ersion- ae$iorati'e- an! !estru#ti'e subs#a$es o&

t"e CRI, Ana$%ses re'ea$e! t"at t"e $ar(est aount o& 'arian#e 3as s"are! bet3een t"e

SSQC

tota$ s#ore an! t"e +ASC. SRP Persona$ A!6ustent S#a$e- in!i#atin( t"at t"ese #onstru#ts are


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0.


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"i("$% re$ate!, T"e SSQC tota$ s#ore an! t"e #o)in( be"a'iors assesse! b% t"e CRI 3ere

$ess #$ose$% re$ate!, A!6uste! r. 'a$ues su((est t"at t"e SSQC tota$ s#ore an! t"e UCLA

PTSD Continuous In!e7 Suar% S#ore are 'ariab$es t"at are &air$% in!e)en!ent o& one

anot"er, see Tab$e 1

Tab$e 1,

Coe&&i#ients o& Deterination A!6uste! r.

Mea sure s SSQC T ota $+ASC. SRP Persona$ A!6ustent ,?=UCLA PTSD Continuous In!e7 Suar% S#ore ,//CRI

Di'ersion ,2.Ae$iorati'e ,22Destru#ti'e ,2/

Discussion

T"e So#ia$ Su))ort Questionnaire &or C"i$!ren SSQC 3as !e'e$o)e! to o&&er

resear#"ers an! #$ini#ians a )s%#"oetri#a$$% soun! an! #u$tura$$% sensiti'e easure o& so#ia$

su))ort &or #"i$!ren, Pre'ious$% !e'e$o)e! easures $a#4e! a!e*uate )s%#"oetri# su))ort an!

$iite! t"e sour#es o& su))ort re$e'ant to #"i$!ren o& 'ar%in( et"ni#ities, T"e SSQC is a =/

ite se$&re)ort easure &or #"i$!ren a(es B2B, T"e easure "as &i'e &a#tors re)resentin(

!istin#t sour#es o& su))ort: )arents- re$ati'es e,(,- un#$es- (ran!)arent- nonre$ati'e a!u$ts

e,(,- #oa#"es- tea#"ers- sib$in(s- an! )eers e,(,- #$assates- #$ose &rien!s, A!!itiona$$%- t"e

easure "as t3o &a#tors easurin( instruenta$in&orationa$ an! eotiona$ su))ort,

T"e resu$ts o& t"e stu!% in!i#ate! t"at t"e SSQC "as "i(" interna$ #onsisten#% &or t"e &i'e

subs#a$es- t3o su))$eenta$ subs#a$es- an! t"e Tota$ s#a$e 3it" Cronba#" s a$)"as ran(in( &ro

,B< ,>B,

00


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Con&irator% &a#tor ana$%sis s"o3e! t"e SSQC to "a'e a!e*uate &a#toria$ an! #onstru#t

'a$i!it%, Hi(" #orre$ations 3ere &oun! bet3een a$$ ites an! #orres)on!in( &a#tors, T"ree

&a#tors e7"ibite! "i(" #o'arian#es- )arti#u$ar$%- t"e )arent- re$ati'e- an! a!u$t subs#a$es, Hi("

#orre$ations bet3een t"ese &a#tors su((est #oona$ities- 3"i#" are reasonab$% e7)e#te!-

(i'en t"at a$$ o& t"ese sour#es are a!u$t- aut"oritati'e &i(ures t"at a% e7"ibit #are(i'er

*ua$ities, O'era$$- t"e &i'e &a#tor o!e$ e7"ibite! an a##e)tab$e &it in t"e sa)$e an! t"e &a#tors

3ere retaine! in t"e #on&irator% ana$%sis,

As "%)ot"esie!- t"e SSQC 3as )ositi'e$% #orre$ate! 3it" #"i$!ren s )ersona$

a!6ustent in a sa)$e o& %out" e7)ose! to Hurri#ane 5atrina, C"i$!ren 3"o en!orse! "i("er

$e'e$s o& so#ia$ su))ort re)orte! (reater )ersona$ a!6ustent t"an t"ose 3it" $ess su))ort,

A!!itiona$$%- so#ia$ su))ort 3as s"o3n to be in'erse$% #orre$ate! 3it" PTSD s%)to se'erit%9

$o3er $e'e$s

o& so#ia$ su))ort 3ere asso#iate! 3it" "i("er $e'e$s o& PTSD s%)to se'erit%, Last$%-

so#ia$ su))ort 3as )ositi'e$% asso#iate! 3it" a!a)ti'e #o)in( an! ne(ati'e$% asso#iate! 3it"

a$a!a)ti'e #o)in(, C"i$!ren 3it" (reater )er#ei'e! su))ort en!orse! usin( ae$iorati'e

#o)in( strate(ies su#" as ta$4in( about t"eir )rob$es 3it" &rien!s an! brainstorin( to &in!

so$utions, T"e% a$so en!orse! ore use o& !i'ersion te#"ni*ues- su#" as reen(a(in( in &ai$%

$i&e or s#"oo$ as a eans o& !i'ertin( t"eir attention &ro ne(ati'e e'ents, C"i$!ren

!is#$osin( $o3er $e'e$s o& so#ia$ su))ort 3ere ore $i4e$% to en!orse use o& !estru#ti'e

be"a'iors to #o)e su#" as b$ain( ot"ers an! !estro%in( be$on(in(s, T"is is an essentia$

&in!in(- as #o)in( is )ostu$ate! to be one o& t"e e#"aniss b% 3"i#" so#ia$ su))ort bu&&ers

t"e i)a#t o& ne(ati'e $i&e e'ents Heane% Israe$- .//B,

Con'er(ent 'a$i!it% o& t"e SSQC 3as su))orte!, Mo!erate #orre$ations 3ere obtaine!

3it" t"e tota$- )arent- an! )eer s#a$es o& t"e SSQC 3it" #orres)on!in( s#ores on t"e Harter s


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0


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So#ia$ Su))ort S#a$e &or C"i$!ren SSSC- a 3i!e$% use! easure o& so#ia$ su))ort in #"i$!ren,

T"e $ess t"an e7#e$$ent #orre$ation e7"ibite! bet3een t"e SSQC an! SSSC #an ost $i4e$% be

a##ounte! &or b% t"e !i&&eren#es in t"e stru#ture an! #ontent o& t"e easures, T"e SSQC

assesses a!!itiona$ sour#es o& su))ort not e7aine! b% t"e SSSC- t"e ites o& t"e SSQC are

3ritten in a !i&&erent &orat t"an t"e SSSC- an! t"e $en(t" o& t"e SSQC is $on(er,

T"e SSQC 3as s"o3n to be sensiti'e in i!enti&%in( i)ortant sour#es o& so#ia$ su))ort in

'ar%in( sa)$es, Corre$ation ana$%ses )er&ore! in Cau#asian an! nonCau#asian sa)$es

in!i#ate! t"at so#ia$ su))ort as a 3"o$e an! su))ort )ro'i!e! b% )arents- )eers- an! a!u$ts 3ere

asso#iate! 3it" "i("er !e(rees o& )ersona$ a!6ustent in a Cau#asian sa)$e, Sii$ar resu$ts

3ere &oun! in a nonCau#asian- )riari$% A&ri#an Aeri#an sa)$e9 "o3e'er- su))ort )ro'i!e!

b% re$ati'es 3as a$so re$ate! to "i("er !e(rees o& )ersona$ a!6ustent, T"is &in!in( )ro'i!es

e'i!en#e t"at in#$usion o& a!!itiona$ sour#es on t"e SSQC a% be bene&i#ia$ an! )ro'i!e

'a$uab$e in&oration not a##essib$e t"rou(" ot"er s#a$es,

Liitations o& t"is #urrent stu!% in#$u!e use o& )riari$% se$&re)ort easures

Constantine Ponterotto- .//?, In t"e &uture- #o$$e#tin( obser'ationa$ an! )er&oran#e !ata

e,(,- s#"oo$ re#or!s o& #on!u#t )rob$es or #ounse$or re&erra$s- obser'ation o& #"i$!ren in so#ia$

settin(s- oneonone #"i$! inter'ie3s a% )ro'i!e an a!!itiona$ eans to assess t"e SSQC s

#riterionre$ate! 'a$i!it%, In a!!ition- ratin(s &ro ot"er in&orants a% "a'e )ro'i!e! 'a$uab$e

in&oration on e7aine! )re!i#ti'e 'ariab$es, Anot"er )otentia$ &$a3 o& t"is stu!% is use o&

)riari$% Cau#asian an! &ea$e sa)$es P"ase . an! P"ase 0- +aton Rou(e sa)$e- as 3e$$ as

ina!e*uate !istribution b% a(e, Resu$ts a% 'ar% 3it" uti$iation o& ore "etero(eneous

sa)$es or #"ara#teristi# s)e#i&i# sa)$es e,(,- a$$ His)ani#- a$$ e$eentar% a(e!9 t"us- it is

e7tree$%

i)ortant &or t"e SSQC to be &urt"er 'a$i!ate! in ot"er sa)$es o& %out", Corre$ation


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0=


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#oe&&i#ients in t"e "i(" ,>/s su((est t"at &urt"er s"ortenin( o& t"e SSQC s"ou$! be #onsi!ere!-

)en!in( &urt"er e'a$uation o& t"e SSQC s )s%#"oetri# )ro)erties in &uture stu!ies, In a!!ition-

ore e7)$oration o& t"e t%)es o& so#ia$ su))ort assesse! b% t"e SSQC is nee!e! to better

un!erstan! t"e &un#tion o& !istin(uis"e! be"a'iors 3it"in t"ese &a#tors, Last$%- &urt"er

e'a$uation o& t"e SSQC b% e7)erts in t"e &ie$! o& )s%#"o$o(% is nee!e! as a eans to )ro'i!e

&urt"er &ee!ba#4 on t"e #ontent an! stru#ture o& t"e SSQC, Co$$e#ti'e$%- resu$ts o& t"e stu!%

)ro'i!e su))ort t"at t"e SSQC is a )s%#"oetri#a$$% soun! easure t"at "as been s"o3n to

"a'e

(oo! re$iabi$it%- as 3e$$ as 'a$i!it%,


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0?


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La Gre#a- A, M,- Si$'eran- , 5,- Vernber(- E, M,- Prinstein- M, 8, 2>>?, S%)tos o&)osttrauati# stress a&ter Hurri#ane An!re3: A )ros)e#ti'e stu!%, Journal ofConsultin" and Clinical Psycholo"y, !4- 12.1.0,

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Vi(i$- 8, M, Gear%- D, C, .//B, A )re$iinar% in'esti(ation o& &ai$% #o)in( st%$es an!)s%#"o$o(i#a$ 3e$$bein( aon( a!o$es#ent sur'i'ors o& Hurri#ane 5atrina,Journalof Family Psycholo"y, //- 21?2B/,

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a!6ustent in %out" )ost5atrina: T"e i)a#t o& #"i$! an! aterna$ so#ia$ su))ort an!#o)in(, In 5, E, C"err% E!,-.ifespan Perspectives on atural &isasters6 Copin">ith 8atrina, )ita, and ther Storms )), >B, I)a#t o& e7)osure to#ounit% 'io$en#e on an7iet%: a $on(itu!ina$ stu!% o& &ai$% so#ia$ su))ort as a)rote#ti'e &a#tor &or urban #"i$!ren, Journal of Child and Family Studies, #- 2B1.


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APPENDI A

DEMOGRAP+IC C+ARACTERISTICS OF P+ASE , ITEM GENERATION SAMPLE

Parent Gen!er

F r e *u e n # % P e r #e n ta ( en.?

Ma$e . 1,1Fea$e .< >.,0

Parent Martia$ StatusSin($e .0 BB,=Marrie! . 1,1Di'or#e! 2 0,B

C"i$! Gen!erMa$e 22 > 2 0,B

.=-///0>> . 1,10=-///->>> = 2>,.=/-///1>> 2< =0,B

1=-///>>->>> < 2=,=


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APPENDI B

DEMOGRAP+IC C+ARACTERISTICS OF P+ASE 5 ITEM SELECTION SAMPLE

C"i$! Gen!er

F r e *u e n # % P e r #e n ta ( en


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APPENDI C

IRB APPRO@ED PARENT CONSENT

2, S$u"' Ti$!e: De'e$o)ent an! Initia$ Va$i!ation o& t"e C"i$!rens So#ia$ Su))ort Questionnaire

., Per(or&ance Si$es: C"i$!ren an! t"eir )arents 3i$$ be re#ruite! on a 'o$untar% basis &ro)ri'ate )"%si#ian 3aitin( roos- LSU- an! )ub$i# an! )ri'ate East +aton Rou(e- Or$eans- an!8e&&erson Paris" S#"oo$s,

0, Na&es an" Te!e#hone Nu&7ers o( Inves$ia$ors: T"e &o$$o3in( in'esti(ator is a'ai$ab$e&or *uestions about t"is stu!%- MF- B:// a,,


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t"e resear#" $ab o& Dr, 5e$$e% at Louisiana State Uni'ersit%, Parti#i)ant i!entit% 3i$$reain #on&i!entia$ un$ess !is#$osure is re*uire! b% $a3,

T"is stu!% "as been !is#usse! 3it" e an! a$$ % *uestions "a'e been ans3ere!, I a% !ire#ta!!itiona$ *uestions re(ar!in( stu!% s)e#i&i#s to t"e in'esti(ators, I& I "a'e *uestions about)arti#i)antsri("ts or ot"er #on#erns- I #an #onta#t Robert C, Matt"e3s- C"airan- LSU

Institutiona$ Re'ie3 +oar! at ..= =1BB?>., I a(ree to )arti#i)ate in t"e stu!% !es#ribe! abo'ean! a#4no3$e!(e t"e resear#"ersob$i(ation to )ro'i!e e 3it" a #o)% o& t"is #onsent &or i&si(ne! b% e,

Si(nature o& Parent Parti#i)ant Date

T"e stu!% )arti#i)ant "as in!i#ate! to e t"at "es"e is unab$e to rea!, I #erti&% t"at I "a'e rea!t"is #onsent &or to t"e )arti#i)ant an! e7)$aine! t"at b% #o)$etin( t"e si(nature $ine abo'e- t"e)arti#i)ant "as a(ree! to )arti#i)ate,

Si(nature o& Rea!er Date


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APPENDI D

IRB APPRO@ED C+ILD ASSENT

2, S$u"' Ti$!e: De'e$o)ent an! Initia$ Va$i!ation o& t"e C"i$!rens So#ia$ Su))ort Questionnaire

., Per(or&ance Si$es: C"i$!ren an! t"eir )arents 3"o are 3aitin( &or t"eir !o#tors a))ointent-or 3"o (o to )ri'ate or )ub$i# s#"oo$s in East +aton Rou(e- Or$eans- an! 8e&&erson Paris"S#"oo$s 3i$$ be as4e! to )arti#i)ate,

0, Na&es an" Te!e#hone Nu&7ers o( Inves$ia$ors: I& %ou "a'e an% *uestions or 3orriesabout t"e )ro6e#t- %ou an! %our )arent #an #a$$ us Mon!a%Fri!a% B://a, Ris3sJDisco&(or$s: e !o not e7)e#t t"at %ou 3i$$ &ee$ an%t"in( ba! 3"en #o)$etin(*uestionnaire, I& %ou !o be#oe u)set- 3e #an (i'e %ou an! %our )arent t"e naes an!)"one nubers o& #$ini#s t"at #an assist %ou,

2/, Rih$ $o Re(use: ou #an re&use to )arti#i)ate be&ore- !urin( or a&ter #o)$etin(t"e *uestionnaire 3it"out an% )rob$e,

22, Rih$ $o Privac': T"is stu!% a% be )ub$is"e!- but %ou an! %our )arents naes 3i$$ not bein#$u!e! in t"e )ub$i#ation,

C"i$!s Nae C"i$!s Si(nature

itness Date


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APPENDI E DEMOGRAP+IC

;UESTIONNAIRE

Social Support Questionnaire for Children

Louisiana State University Department of Psychology

Todays Date: _ _

Child Sex: Child Race/Ethnicity__ Child Age: _ Child Grade:

Parents Relationship to Child (o!" Dad" Grandparent#:

Parent Age: Parent Race/Ethnicity_ Parish/Co$nty yo$ li%e in: _

E!ail Address (optional#: _(&' yo$ o$ld li)e 'or $s to e!ail yo$ the res$lts o' the st$dy please list an e!ailaddress a*o%e+ ,therise" please lea%e the line *lan)+#

-hat is yo$r c$rrent !arital stat$s.

!arried

partner di%orced idoed

single

li%ing ith

C$rrently" hat is the highest le%el o' ed$cation yo$ ha%e co!pleted.

o$r s e l ' o$r S po $ s e / 0 i % e 1i n P a r tn e r

_2+ Sixth grade or less _3+ 4$nior high school (5

th" 6

th" 7

th

grade#

_8+ Partial high school (29th" 22

th

grade#

_+ ;igh school grad$ate

_


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_?


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APPENDI F

PARENT SUR@E OF C+ILDREN


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=,

Bro$hers an" Sis$ersM% #"i$! turns to "er o$!er brot"er or sister &or a!'i#e an! su))ort,

2,

.,

0,


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Neih7orsE7a)$es:M% &ai$% borro3s t"in(s 3e nee! &ro our nei("bors,

M% nei("bors $oo4 a&ter our "ouse 3"en 3e are not "oe,

2,

.,

0,


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APPENDI G

C+ILD SUR@E OF SOCIAL SUPPORT

To the child6e are in t"e )ro#ess o& !e'e$o)in( a *uestionnaire about t"e an% 3a%s in 3"i#" chi!"ren re#ei'e

so#ia$ su))ort, e are as4in( %ou to "e$) (enerate ites t"at a% be in#$u!e! in t"is *uestionnaire,our "e$) is (reat$% a))re#iate!,

SOCIAL SUPPORT is a$$ o& t"e 3a%s in 3"i#" 3e &in! #o&ort- a!'i#e- (ui!an#e- su))ort-an! assistan#e 3it" )"%si#a$ nee!s, Most )eo)$e re#ei'e so#ia$ su))ort on a !ai$% basis,

E7a)$es o& So#ia$ Su))ort )ro'i!e! to 'ou &a'

in#$u!e: I ta$4 to a tea#"er 3"en soeone bot"ers e at

s#"oo$,M% )arent $istens 3"en soet"in( ba! "as "a))ene! to e,

A re$ati'e not )arent "e$)s e (et )$a#es,I& I "a'e a )rob$e I #an ta$4 to one o& % #"ur#" $ea!ers,

M% )arent "e$)s a4e sure I "a'e e'er%t"in( I nee! &or t"e!a%, M% bas4etba$$ #oa#" ta4es tie to $isten to % )rob$es,

PLEASE DESCRI+E t"e )eo)$e an! t%)es o& su))ort 'ou re#ei'e &ro t"e &o$$o3in(, Soeties it a%

be on$% o##asiona$ assistan#e an! at ot"er ties it a% be a !ai$% &or o& so#ia$ su))ort,

Paren$sE7a)$es:

I ta$4 to ot"er an! &at"er 3"en I "a'e a )rob$e,

I en6o% bein( "u((e! b% % )arents 3"en I a u)set,

2,

.,

0,


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=/


86/116


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Neih7orsE7a)$es:M% &ai$% borro3s t"in(s 3e nee! &ro our nei("bors,

M% nei("bors $oo4 a&ter our "ouse 3"en 3e are not "oe,

2,

.,

0,


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APPENDI +

,6.>ITEM SOCIAL SUPPORT ;UESTIONNAIRE FOR C+ILDREN )PILOT0

PA R E N T : An ad$lt ho li%es ith yo$ and ta)es care o' yo$ !ost o' the ti!e (ex+ o!" dad"

grandparent" step1 parent#+R E LAT I VE : An ADULTho is related to yo$ *y *lood or !arriage" so!eone other than a parent+A D U L T : Re'ers to a teacher" coach" religio$s leader" cl$* leader" neigh*or" close 'a!ily 'riend or otherperson over the age of 18 who you do not lve wth! and you are not related to +PEER: Anyone aro$nd yo$r age ho yo$ associate ith s$ch as a 'riend" class!ate" or tea!!ate+

" I #L IN $ : A '$ll (*iological#" hal'" or step1*rother or sister+" % C I A L " U P P % R T: E!otional Co!'ort and assistance gi%en to $s *y another person that lets $s )no

e are cared 'or and %al$ed+Dre&ton': Plea'e read ea&h te( and rate how often ea&h 'tate(ent ' true)

@e%er or

Rarely

Tr$e

So!eti!e

s

Tr$e

,'ten or

ery

Tr$e

Alays

Tr$e

2+ & ha%e a relati%e ho gi%es !e good ad%ice+ 9 2 3 83+ & enBoy spending ti!e ith a si*ling+ 9 2 3 8

8+ & ha%e a peer ho explains things & dont $nderstand+ 9 2 3 8

+ & ha%e an ad$lt in !y li'e ho & can tr$st to )eep a 9 2 3 8


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grandparent" step1 parent#+

R E LAT I VE : An ADULTho is related to yo$ *y *lood or !arriage" so!eone other than a parent+AD ULT: Re'ers to a teacher" coach" religio$s leader" cl$* leader" neigh*or" close 'a!ily 'riend or other

person over

the age of 18 who you do not lve wth! and you are not related to +PEER: Anyone aro$nd yo$r age ho yo$ associate ith s$ch as a 'riend" class!ate" or tea!!ate+

" I #L IN $ : A '$ll (*iological#" hal'" or step1*rother or sister+" % C I A L "U P P % R T: E!otional Co!'ort and assistance gi%en to $s *y another person that lets $s )no

e are cared 'or and %al$ed+89+ A parent ta)es care o' !e hen &! sic) or inB$red+ 9 2 3 8

82+ & ha%e a relati%e ho shos !e ho to do things+ 9 2 3 8

83+ & ha%e an ad$lt in !y li'e ho really cares a*o$t !e+ 9 2 3 8

88+ A si*ling ill let !e *orro !oney i' needed+ 9 2 3 8

8+ A peer accepts !e 'or ho & a!+ 9 2 3 8

8


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person over


" I #L IN $ : A '$ll (*iological#" hal'" or step1*rother or sister+" % C I A L "U P P % RT: E!otional Co!'ort and assistance gi%en to $s *y another person that lets $s )no

e are cared 'or and %al$ed+>5+ A relati%e ta)es !e to !y acti%ities+ 9 2 3 8

>6+ An ad$lt spends ti!e ith !e hen & need it+ 9 2 3 8

>7+ A relati%e co!'orts !e hen & a! $pset+ 9 2 3 8

59+ A parent shos !e ho to do things+ 9 2 3 8

52+ An ad$lt treats !e 'airly+ 9 2 3 8

53+ A parent ta)es care o' things hen & cant do it alone+ 9 2 3 8

58+ & ha%e an ad$lt in !y li'e ho & can really co$nt on+ 9 2 3 8

5+ & ha%e an ad$lt ho explains things & dont $nderstand+ 9 2 3 85+ A relati%e accepts !e 'or ho & a!+ 9 2 3 8

55+ A peer *$ys !e things+ 9 2 3 8

56+ An ad$lt listens hen & ant to tal)+ 9 2 3 8

57+ A si*ling gi%es !e a''ection+ 9 2 3 8

69+ & ha%e an ad$lt in !y li'e ho gets !e hat & need+ 9 2 3 8

62+ A parent cares a*o$t !y 'eelings+ 9 2 3 8

63+ A relati%e listens hen & ant to tal)+ 9 2 3 8

68+ A parent listens hen & ant to tal)+ 9 2 3 8

6+ An ad$lt ill o''er !e a place to stay 'or ahile+ 9 2 3 8

6


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grandparent" s tep1 parent#+


person over



e are cared 'or and %al$ed+29+ A relati%e helps !e cope ith !y pro*le!s+ 9 2 3 8

29


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APPENDI I

SS;C ITEM FRE;UENCIES

Res#onse Percen$aes

Su7sca!eJI$e&sNever or So&e$i&e O($en or A!8a's

Ra r e !' T r u e T r u e @ e r ' T r u e T r u e

Paren$I en6o% s)en!in( tie 3it" % )arent 2,0 2,= .0,< ?=,=A )arent s"o3s e a&&e#tion .,. B,0 ./,< ?>,2A )arent ta4es #are o& e 3"en I a si#4 or in6ure! /,/ 0,= 21,0 1>,2A )arent a4es sure I "a'e 3"at I nee! /,B 2/,/ .1,. ?/,>I "a'e a )arent 3"o I #an #ount on /,= 1,/ 2B,= 10,>

A )arent #ares about % &ee$in(s /,= B,B 2B,0 1.,?A )arent $istens 3"en I 3ant to ta$4 2,? 2/,/ .2,B ??,0A )arent "e$)s e #o)e 3it" % )rob$es 2,> 2.,2 .=,2 ?/,>

Re!a$iveI "a'e a re$ati'e 3"o (i'es e (oo! a!'i#e .,. 2 ,=A re$ati'e "e$)s e &ee$ (oo! about %se$& .,< 2=,< 0.,. =/,/A re$ati'e s"o3s e a&&e#tion 2,> >,< .B,B =>,>A re$ati'e "e$)s e 3"en I a si#4 or in6ure! 0,= 22,0 .2,0 ?0,>I "a'e a re$ati'e 3"o is t"ere 3"en I nee! t"e .,< 2?,. .=,0 =?,2A re$ati'e #ares about % &ee$in(s 2,2 B,2 .1,1 ?0,.I "a'e a re$ati'e 3"o s"o3s e "o3 to !o t"in(s .,2 2


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I "a'e a re$ati'e 3"o a##e)ts e &or 3"o I a 2,2 1,= .=,. ??,.A re$ati'e $istens 3"en I 3ant to ta$4 .,< 2A re$ati'e "e$)s e #o)e 3it" % )rob$es 0,. 2?,< .>,? =/,1

I "a'e a re$ati'e 3"o en#oura(es e 2,0 22,0 .,< ./,. ?>,/An a!u$t tea#"es e about tea3or4 or $ea!ers"i) 0,. 21,/ 0=,/


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I "a'e a sib$in( 3"o bu%s e t"in(s . .?,To$a!

APPENDI

SS;C ITEM C+ARACTERISTICS

Su7sca!eJI$e&s

Res#onse Percen$aes

D e via $ io n s Co rr e !a $ io n s

Paren$I en6o% s)en!in( tie 3it" % )arent .,0. ,11 ,=> ,=0A )arent su))orts % !e#isions .,0> ,B0 ,?> ,?+ An ad$lt s$pports !y decisions+

1/


107/116

+ & ha%e an ad$lt ho $nderstands !e+

>+ & ha%e a parent ho & can tr$st to )eep a secret+


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APPENDI O

ITEMS B SUBSCALE

P A R E NT

A )arent s"o3s e a&&e#tion,A )arent a4es sure I "a'e 3"at I nee!, A )arent "e$)s e &ee$ (oo! about%se$&, I "a'e a )arent 3"o en#oura(ese,I "a'e a )arent 3"o treats e&air$%, A )arent "e$)s e 3"en Inee! it, A )arent s"o3s e "o3 to !o t"in(s, I "a'e a )arent t"at I #an #ount on,A )arent #ares about % &ee$in(s,

A )arent $istens 3"en I 3ant to ta$4,

R EL A T I VE

I "a'e a re$ati'e 3"o (i'es e (oo! a!'i#e, A re$ati'e "e$)s e &ee$ (oo! about%se$&,A re$ati'e is t"ere 3"en I nee! t"e,I "a'e a re$ati'e 3"o s"o3s e "o3 to !o t"in(s,

A re$ati'e "e$)s e 3"en I nee! it, A re$ati'e e7)$ains t"in(s I !ont un!erstan!, A re$ati'e #o&orts e 3"en I au)set, A re$ati'e $istens 3"en I 3ant tota$4,A re$ati'e "e$)s ta4e #are o& t"in(s I #ant !o a$one,

A re$ati'e "e$)s e #o)e 3it" % )rob$es,

A D U L TI "a'e an a!u$t in % $i&e 3"o rea$$% #ares aboute, An a!u$t #o&orts e 3"en I a u)set,An a!u$t s)en!s tie 3it" e 3"en I nee! it,I "a'e an a!u$t in % $i&e 3"o I #an rea$$% #ount on,

An a!u$t s"o3s e "o3 to !o t"in(s, An a!u$t "e$)s e 3"en I nee! it, An a!u$t "e$)s e &ee$ (oo! about%se$&, An a!u$t (i'es e (oo! a!'i#e, An a!u$t s"o3s e a&&e#tion,

An a!u$t #ares about % &ee$in(s,

SI + L I NGI en6o% s)en!in( tie 3it" asib$in(, I "a'e a sib$in( 3"o treatse &air$%, A sib$in( "e$)s e 3"enI nee! it,A sib$in( 3i$$ $et e borro3 one% i& nee!e!,

A sib$in( #o&orts e 3"en I au)set,I "a'e a sib$in( 3"o su))orts %!e#isions,

A sib$in( (i'es ea&&e#tion,I "a'e a sib$in( 3"o #ares aboute,I "a'e a sib$in( I #an trust to 4ee) a se#ret,A sib$in( a##e)ts e &or 3"o I a,

P EE RA )eer #o&orts e 3"en I a u)set,A )eer #ares about e an! a4es e &ee$ 3ante!,

A )eer (i'es e (oo! a!'i#e, A )eer a##e)ts e &or 3"o Ia, A )eer su))orts %!e#isions,I "a'e a )eer I #an #ount on,

A )eer en#oura(es e,I "a'e a )eer 3"o un!erstan!s e,I "a'e a )eer 3"o 3i$$ $en! e one% i& I nee! it, A )eer )raises e 3"en I'e !one soet"in(3e$$,

In"ica$es i$e&s a!so on $he Ins$ru&en$a!JIn(or&a$iona! Su##or$ su7sca!e1


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1.


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APPENDI P

/6>ITEM SOCIAL SUPPORT ;UESTIONNAIRE FOR C+ILDREN

PA R E N T : An ad$lt ho li%es ith yo$ and ta)es care o' yo$ !ost o' the ti!e (ex+ !o!" dad"

grandparent" step1 parent#+R E LAT I VE : An ADULTho is related to yo$ *y *lood or !arriage" so!eone other than a parent+A D U L T : Re'ers to a teacher" coach" religio$s leader" cl$* leader" neigh*or" close 'a!ily 'riend or otherperson over the age of 18 who you do not lve wth! and you are not related to +PEER: Anyone aro$nd yo$r age ho yo$ associate ith s$ch as a 'riend" class!ate" or tea!!ate+

"I #LIN$ : A '$ll (*iological#" hal'" or step1*rother or sister+

" % C I A L "U P P % RT: E!otional Co!'ort and assistance gi%en to $s *y another person that lets $s )noe are cared 'or and %al$ed+Dre&ton': Plea'e read ea&h te( and rate how often ea&h 'tate(ent ' true) For sibling items only, if y

DO

NOT have a sibling select the N/A (not applicable option!

@e%er or

RarelyTr$e

So!eti!e

sTr$e

,'ten or

ery Tr$e

Alays

Tr$e

@ot

Applica*

2+ & ha%e a relati%e ho gi%es !e good ad%ice+ 9 2 3 8

3+ & enBoy spending ti!e ith a si*ling+ 9 2 3 8 @/A

8+ & ha%e a si*ling ho treats !e 'airly+ 9 2 3 8 @/A

+ A relati%e helps !e 'eel good a*o$t !ysel'+ 9 2 3 8


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PA R E N T : An ad$lt ho li%es ith yo$ and ta)es care o' yo$ !ost o' the ti!e (ex+ !o!" dad"


R E LAT I VE : An ADULTho is related to yo$ *y *lood or !arriage" so!eone other than a parent+AD ULT: Re'ers to a teacher" coach" religio$s leader" cl$* leader" neigh*or" close 'a!ily 'riend or other person

over



e are cared 'or and %al$ed+Dre&ton': Plea'e read ea&h te( and rate how often ea&h 'tate(ent ' true) For sibling items only, if y

DO

NOT have a sibling select the N/A (not applicable option!

@e%er or

Rarely

Tr$e

So!eti!es

Tr$e

,'ten or

ery Tr$e

Alays

Tr$e

@ot

Applica*

37+ A relati%e co!'orts !e hen & a! $pset+ 9 2 3 8

89+ A parent shos !e ho to do things+ 9 2 3 882+ & ha%e an ad$lt in !y li'e ho & can really co$nt 9 2 3 8

83+ & ha%e a parent that & can co$nt on+ 9 2 3 8

88+ A si*ling gi%es !e a''ection+ 9 2 3 8 @/A

8+ A parent cares a*o$t !y 'eelings+ 9 2 3 8

8+ A parent listens hen & ant to tal)+ 9 2 3 8

85+ An ad$lt shos !e ho to do things+ 9 2 3 8

86+ & ha%e a si*ling ho cares a*o$t !e+ 9 2 3 8 @/A

87+ A relati%e helps ta)e care o' things & cant do 9 2 3 8

9+ An ad$lt helps !e hen & need it+ 9 2 3 8

2+ An ad$lt helps !e 'eel good a*o$t !ysel'+ 9 2 3 83+ & ha%e a peer ho $nderstands !e+ 9 2 3 8

8+ & ha%e a peer ho ill lend !e !oney i' & need it+ 9 2 3 8

+ A peer praises !e hen &%e done so!ething 9 2 3 8

+ An ad$lt gi%es !e good ad%ice+ 9 2 3 8

5+ A si*ling accepts !e 'or ho & a!+ 9 2 3 8 @/A

6+ An ad$lt shos !e a''ection+ 9 2 3 8

7+ A relati%e helps !e cope ith !y pro*le!s+ 9 2 3 8


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1


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APPENDI ;

DEMOGRAP+IC C+ARACTERISTICS OF P+ASE 9 @ALIDATION SAMPLES

Fre*uen# % Pe r#e nta (e

Sa)$e A: East +aton Rou(e Area Parti#i)ants n.?0

C"i$! Gen!erMa$e B< 02,>Fea$e 21> ?B,2

C"i$! A(e M20,/B 2? ?,.> 2. 22,0

22 ./ 1,B2. .B 2/,>20 .B 2/,>2< .1 2/,=2= 0? 2 2=,.21 ./ 1,B2B . ,B

C"i$! Ra#eCau#asian 2


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C"i$! Gen!erMa$e


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VITA

Ar$ene Ta%a( Gor!on 3as born in Houston- Te7as, S"e earne! "er +a#"e$or o& S#ien#e !e(ree

in )s%#"o$o(% &ro t"e Uni'ersit% o& Houston in .//0, S"e $ater earne! a Master o& Arts !e(ree

in )s%#"o$o(% &ro Houston +a)tist Uni'ersit% in .//1, S"e #o)$ete! an Aeri#an

Ps%#"o$o(i#a$ Asso#iation a##re!ite! interns"i) in #$ini#a$ )s%#"o$o(%- 3it" s)e#ia$iation in

#$ini#a$ #"i$! an! )e!iatri# )s%#"o$o(%- in 8une ./22 at t"e Uni'ersit% o& F$ori!a- De)artent o&

C$ini#a$ an! Hea$t" Ps%#"o$o(% in Gaines'i$$e- F$ori!a, S"e 3i$$ be(in a )ost!o#tora$

&e$$o3s"i) at 8o"ns Ho)4ins Uni'ersit% Me!i#a$ S#"oo$- Di'ision o& C"i$! an! A!o$es#ent

Ps%#"iatr% in Au(ust ./22, Her )riar% #$ini#a$ an! resear#" interests in#$u!e an7iet%

!isor!ers- as 3e$$ as &ai$% &un#tionin( an! #"i$! a!6ustent an! #o)in( re$ate! to e!i#a$ an!

)s%#"o$o(i#a$ i$$ness

or traua,


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11

Gordon Diss

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