glossary PV T&M

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37 Spelling rules

lf the compound is forrrred of rnonosyllables, it is nrore likely to bewritten as one word. In cases of doubt it is better to ornit hvphens orconsllt a modern dictionarv.

Hyphens are necessary:(a) when pronunciation or meaning rnight be unclear without them:

co-ot'erate re-couer (: cover again)(b) when words form a cotnpound in a particular sentence:

a do-il-lourself shop

u tlo-as-jot4-Pleasc railu'al tickct(c) in adjectir/e phrascs dealing with age, size, rveight and durationof time:

a fitte-1teav-s11 ,617 a ten-ton uehicle

a six-foot wall a fiue-ntinutc inlerualNote that the compound is not in the plural form: no s.Adverb/participle compounds used as adjectives are commonlyhyphenated, especially rvhen there is a danger of misunderstanding:

Iow-Jlying uircraJl quick-dissolt'iltg sugar

llyphens are used in a tcmporary wa1' 1n divide a word at the end of a

line. The division nrust be urade at a natural breal< in the rvord, i.e.,betrveen syllables:

dis-couraged look-ing inter-t'ctlA monosyilable should not be divided.

38 Phrasal verbs

362 Introduction

A In modern English it is very usual to place prepositions or adverbs aftercertain verbs so as to obtain a variety of meanings:

giue away : give to someone/anyonegiue ut' : abandon (a habit or attempt)

ktok after : take care oflook for : search for, seek

look out = beware

The student need not try to decide whethcr the combination is verb +preposition or verb + adverb, but should consider the expression as a

whole.

It is also important to learn whether the combination is transitive(i.e. requires an object) or intransitive (i.e. cannot have an object):look for is transitive: I am looking for my passport.

look out is intransitive: Look out! This ice isn't safe!

Each of the combinations given in the following pages will be marked'tr' (: 11un.1tive) or'intr'(: intransitive), and the examples of the use

of each will help to emphasize this distinction.

Note that it is possible for a combination to have two or more differentmeanings, and to be transitive in one/some of these and intransitive in

others. For example, take off can mean 'rernove'. It is then a

transitive expression:

He took off his hat.

take off can also mean 'rise from the ground' (used of aircraft). Here itis intransitive:

The flane took oJJ'at ten o'clock.

B Transitive expressions: the position of the objectNoun objects are usually placed at the end of these expressions:

I am looking for my glasses.With some expressions, however, they can be placed either at the end

or immediately after the verb, i.e. before the short word. We can say:

IIe took off his coat or He took his coat off

Pronoun objects are sometimes placed at the end of the expression:

I atn looking for them.

But they are more often placed immediately after the verb:IIe took it off.

This position is usual befsre the following short words: up, down, in,out, away, off and on (6xcept when used in the expression call on :visit).



38 Phrasal verbs

Examples given of the use of each expression will show all possiblepositions of noun or pronoun objects in the following way:

I'll giue this old coat away. (giae away this old coat/giue it awuy)i.e. with this expression the noun object can come before or after theaway; the pronoun object must come before the away. When only oneexample is given the student may assume that the pronoun object hasthe same position as the noun object.

c when these expressions are followed by a verb object the gerund formof ttre verb is used:

He kept on blowing his horn.Where gerunds are usual this will be shown by examples.Note that some expressions can be followed by an infinitive:

It is up to you to decide this for yourself.Some of the younger members called on the minister to resign.The lecturer set out to show that most illnesses tpere auoidible.

go on can be followed by either infinitive or gerund but there is a

considerable difference in meaning. See 270 A.

363 Verb + preposition/adverb combinations

account

account for (tr) : give a good reason for, explain satisfactorily (someaction or expenditure) :

A treasurer must account for the money he sfends.He has behuued in the most extraordinary way; I can't account forhis actions at all/l can't account for his behauing tike that.

allow

allow for (tr) : make provision in advance for, take into account(usually some additional requirement, expenditure, delay etc.):

It is 800 hilometres and I driue at 100 k.f.h., so I'il be there in eighthours. - But you'll haue to allow for delays going through townsand for stofs for refuelling.Allowing for depreciation youl car shourd be worth s2,000 this timenetct year.

answer

answer back (intr), answer somebody back = answer a reDroofimpudcntly:

FATIIER: Why were yu so late last ntght? you weren't in tilt 2 a.m.soN: Iou should haue been asleef.FATIIER: Don't answer me back. Answer my question.

askask afterlfor somebody : ask for news of:

I met Tom at the farty; he asked after you. (asked how vouwere/how you were getting on)

38 Phrasal verbs

ask for(a) = ask to sPeak to:

Go to the ffice and ask for mg secretary.

(b) = request, demand:

The men asked for more pay and shorter hours-

ask someone in (object before in) = invite him to enter the house:

He didn't ask me in; he kept me standing at the door while he read

the message.

ask someone out (object before out) = invite someone to an

entertainment or to a meal (usually in a public place):

She had a lot offriends and was usually asked out in the euenings'

so she seldom spent an euening at home.

back

back away (intr) : step or move back slowly (because confronted by

some danger or unpleasantness):

When he took a gun out eueryone backed anay neruouslt.

back out (intr) = withdraw (from some joint action previously agreed

on), discontinue or refuse to provide previously promised help or

support:

He agreed to hetf but backed out when he found how dfficult it was.

back somebody up = support morally or verbally:

The headmaster nel)er backed up his staff. (backed them uf) If a

Parent complained about a teacher he assumed that the teacher uas m

the wrong.

be

be against (tr) : be opposed to (often used with gerund):

I'm for doing nothing till the Police ariue./I'm against doing

anfihing till the Police arnue.

be away (intr) : be away from home/this place for at least a night.

be back (intr) = have returned after a long or short absence:

I want to see Mrs Pitt. Is she in? -No, I'm afraid she's out at the moment otNo, I'm afraid she's away for the weekend- -When will she be back? -She'll be back in half an hour/next week.

be for (tr) = be in favour of (often used with gerund).

be in (intr) : be at home/in this bulding.

be in for (tr) : be about to encounter (usually something unpleasant):

Did you listen to the weather forecast? I'm afraid we're in for a

bumfy flight.If you think that the work is going to be easy you're in for a shock.

be over (intr) = be finished:

The storm is ouer now; ne can go on.be out (intr) : be away from home/from this building for a short

time - not overnight.

be up (intr) = be out of bed:

Don't expect her to answer the doorbell at eight o'clock on Sunday

morning. She won't be uf .



iS I'lrr;r.,.rl r, r i,,

be up to (tr) = 5.' phy'sit':rll1'or intt.llt,clu;rll1 strong ('uough (toperform a certain action). 1'he object is usualll.it, thouglr ir l{r,nntcl ispossible:

After his illness the Ministcr continued in ofJice llutugh fu trus ,rt,longer up to the u:orky'uf to doing the utork.

be up to sonrething/some mischief/some trick/no good : be occupit.rlor busy with solne mischievous act:

Don'l trust ltint; ht: is ult to sontething/sorna lrick.

The boys are aery rluiet. I wondcr what they are uf to.Note' that the object of up to here is always some very inclefiniteexpression such as these given above. lt is never used rvith a particur;rlaction.

it is up to someone (often followed by an infinitive) : it is hisresponsibility or duty:

It is uf ht the gouentmcnt to ktlee action on tittlence.I hauc helfed ),ou cts much as I can. Nou,it is up to_vou. (you musrcontinue by your own efforts.)

bear

bear out (tr) : confirm:

bea ;:':!';'i:;'r""he bore ul>

blow

blow out (tr) : .,*11,1tuish (a flame) by blowing:The wind bleu' out the candle. (bleut the candle out/blau it out)

blou, up (tr or intr)(a) : destroy b1'explosion, explode, be dcstroyi:d:

Thcy blcu' up the bridges so that the cnenry crntltht'l .frtlhtu, them.(blaw lhe bridges uf/bleu: then uf)

Just as we got to tha bridge it blew uf.(b) : fill with air, inflate, pump up:'fht childreu ble w up their balloons und threu them into the air.ftleu, the balloons ult/blcu' then up)

boil

hoil au,a1'(intr) -- bt: boiled until all (the liquid) has evaporated:I put the hettle ott the gas ring and then utent au,ay antl fltrgttt aboutit. When I retu,rned, the nuter had alt boiled uway and the Jlumc hadburut a holc in the kettlc.

boil over (intr) : to rise and flow over tht: sides of the container (usedonlv of hot liquids):

7'1rc nilk boiktd. tret und then' uas a horrible snu,l! o.f burning.

iJu l'lrr-;ts;tl I t'tl-r:;

break

break down figures = take a total and sub-diYide it under Yarious

hearJings so as to give additional information:

Yiu say that 10,000 peoflc use this libron'' Could 1'6v break that

dou,n into age-groufs? (say how many of these are trnder 25' over

50 etc.)break down a door etc. = cause to collapse by using force:

The J:irenten hatl to break down the door kt get into the burning

house. (break the door down/brcah it dowrt)

break down (intr) = collapse, cease t<-t ftrnction properlv' ovt'tng ltr

some fault or weakness:

(a) llsed of people, it nornrallf irnplies a temporary enrotional collairse:

He brohe tlou,n u,hen telling me obout his son's tragic r/eallr. (l{e rvas

overcome bY his sorrow; he u'ePt.)

(b) It can express collapsc of mental resistatrce:

At Iirst he reJusad to atlnit his guilt ltttt uhen he u'as slt'tu'tt liu

cttitlence he brohc dorn and cottJcssed.

(c) When used of health it implies a serious physical collapse:

A,fter ya.rs of ot:eruutrk his health broke d|u'n and hc hud to re ttrc.

(d) It is very often used ofmachines:

The car broke dou,n u,hen we uere dritting through thc descrt an,d ittook us tuto tlaYs to rcPuir it.

(e) It can be used of negotiations:

Tha ntgotiations brohc dou,n (were discc,ntinued) becitttsc ntilher

side wotild cl,nPlom$e.

break in (intr), break inttr (tr)

(a) = enter bY force:'fhieuas broke irt and stole tht siltrr.'l'hrt httusa was brokut ittto u:hen lln ou'ner tNus oil holidu;"

(b) = interrupt somt:oltc bv solne sudden remark:

I u,us tellittg them ubout nty trat,cls u,hcn ltc bnhe in uith tt slot}, ttJ

his ottttt.break in (a young htlrse/1;ony etc.) (tr) : train him ltlr use:

l,rn cannot ritle or tlriue. u hrtrse sttfcly he/ore he ltus bum brokcn in.

break off (tr or intr) : detach or bectlnle detached;

He hxth u bar Ll'L:hocolute und' brokc o/f a bit' (bn'hc a bil 'tJl/bnhtit olf)

,i piece oJ-rock bnthc off untl Ji,lt into the p'ol at the .frnt o] the cli.li.

break off (tr) = terntinate (used of agfeelnents cr negotiatiotts):

tl:ltn hus brokett o.iJ her engagement lo T'om' (broken her

enEagenent off/broken it ot-f)

break oft (intr) = stop talking sucldenll', intcrrupt oneself:

Tltt:t, u,erc in lhc mi.dtllt oi rtn ,trgu.tntnt bu.t brokc olf u'hen soilt(uttc

trttttt: ittkt lhc rutttn.

break out (intr)

(a) -- begrn (used of evils such as \'vars, epidemics, fircs etr"'):

Itr'ur hrokc out ott '1 tlufuust.



38 Phrasal verbs

O) : escape by using force from a pnson etc.:They locked him up in a room but he broke ozf. (smashed the doorand escaped)

The police are looking for two men who broke out of prison last night.break up (tr or intr) = disintegrate, cause to disintegrate:

If that shif stay there she will break up/she will be broken uf b9 the

waues.

The old shif was towed away to be broken uf and sold as scrap.

Diuorce breaks uP a lol of families. (breaks families uf/breaksthem uf)break up (intr) : terminate (used of school Lerms, meetings, parties

etc.):The schooL broke uf on 30 July and all the boys went home for the

holidays.

The meeting broke uf in confusnn.

bring

bring someone round (tr; object usually before round)(a) : persuade someone to accept a previously opposed suggestion:

After a lot of argument I brought him round to my point of uiew.(b) : restore to

consciousness: \She fainted with the pain but a little brandy soon brought her round.

bring a person or thing round (tr; object usually before round) :bring him/it to my/your/his house:

I haue finished that book that you lent me: I'll bring it round (to your

house) tonight.

bring up (tr)(a) : educate and train children:

She brought uP her children to be truthful. (brought her childrenuf/brought them uf)

(b) : mention:

At the last committee meeting, the treasurer hrought uf thequestion o,f raising the annr,tal subscription. (brought

thequestion up/brought it ult)

burn

burn down (tr or intr) = destror'. or be destrol'ed cornpletell' bi' tire(used of buildings):

7-ht nrob bttnrl dou'u 1/rc c'rrrba.ssy'. (hurnl the embassl'dou,n/|rurnI it dott'n\

The hotel burnt dou'n beforc helb camc.

call

1 call meaning 'visit' (for a short time)

call at a plac:e:

I called at the bank and arranged to transfer some money.

llS l'lrr;r,;rl r', r lr.

call for = visit a place to collect a person or.tlrirrg:

I am going to a pop concert with Tom. IIe is ntllittli.lrtr tttr' ttl t'tt:lt! ylI must be ready then.

Let's leaue our suitcases in the left luggage office and call for lfuntIater on when we haue the car.

call in is intransitive, and has the same meaning as look in and thecolloquial drop in:

Call in/Look in on your wa1 home and tell me how the interuiew

went.call on a person:

He called on all the housewiues in the nrea and ashed them to sitnthe petition.

Other meanings of call forlinloncall for (tr) : require, demand (the subject here is often an impersonal

word or phrase such as: the situation/this sort ofwork/this etc.; the

object is then usually some quality, e.g. courage/patience/a steady hand

etc. ) :

The situalion calls lor tact.

You'ue got the job! This calls for a celebration.

But it can also be used with a personal subject:

The workers are calling for strike action.The relations of the dead men are calling for an inquiry.

call in a person/call him in : send for him/ask him to come to the

house to perform some service. send for is more authoritative than

call in which is therefore a more polite form:It was too late to call in an electrician. (call an electricianin/call him in)There is some mystery about his death; the police haue been called in.

call on somebody (usually + infinitive) = ask him to do something/ask

him to help. This is a rather formal way of making a request and is

chiefly used on formal occasions or in speeches etc. There is usually the

idea that the person called upon will consider it his duty to comply with

the request:The President called ufon his people to make sacrifices for the good oftheir country.

The chairman called on the secretary to read the minutes of the last

meehng.

Other combinations with callcall off (tr) = 6rn."1 something not yet started, or abandon something

already in progress:

They had to call off (= cancel) the match as the ground was too

wet to play on. (call the match off/call it offlWhen the fog got thicker the search was called o//. (abandoned)

call out (tr; = ru-rnon someone to leave his house to deal with a

situation outside. It is often used of troops when they are required toleave their barracks to deal Xvith civil disturbances:

The police couldn't control the mob so troofs were called out.

32r



38 Phrasal verbs

The Fire Brigade u)as called lut seueral times on the night of

5 Nouember to Put out fires started by fireworks.Doctors don't much like being culled out at night.

call up (tr)(a) : summon for military service:

In countries tuhere there is conscription men ure called tQ at the age

of eighteen. (call uP men/call men up/call them uf)(b) : telephone:

I called Tom u! and told him lhe neus. (called uf Tom/calledhim uf)

care

not to care about (tr) : to be inclifferent to:

The Profcssor said that he uas intcrested only in reseurch; he didn't

really care about stutJenls.

care for (tr)(a) : like (seldom used in the affirmative):

He doesn't care for Jilms about uur'.

(b) : look after (not much used except in the passive):

The house looked tucll cared for. (had been weil boked after/was in

good condition) \carry

carry on (intr) = continue (usually work or duty):

I can't cartj orx alone an1 ktnger; I'll haue to get hel!.

carry on rvith (tr) is used similarll':

The doctor told ltcr to carry ott with tlze treatnwnt.

carry out (tr) : perform (duties), obcy (orders, instructions), lullll(threats):

You rtre n,Lt meant to think Jbr yottrself; jou ttrc here to cnrrl out nty

ordars.

Thc I.l'oter Board carrietl ou.t their lhrcat ttt r.ttt off om' tt'ater supll|1.

(They threatened to do it and they did it.)IIe read tht' instructiotts but he rlidn't carry ihcm rtut.

catch

catch up with (tr), catch up (tr or intr) : overtake. but not pass:

I sturted lnst in the race fur,t I soon caught ttf tt'ith the others.(cawght them up/caught uP)

You'ue missed a whole term; ltsv'll haue to utork hard tt' cutclt uft,uith the rest of tlrc class. (cah-h them uf/cntch up)

clean

clean out (tr) a room/cupboard/drarver etc. : clean and tidy it

thoroughly:

I nus! clean ou,t the spare raon. (clean the spare roomttut/cl,can it ou.t)

clean up (tr) a mess, e.g. anything spilt:

Cleun uf any spilt paint. (clcrn thc spilt paint up/clertn it uf)

38 Phrasal verbs

clean up (intr) is used sinrilarly:I'hesc painters always clean up when thel'ue finished. (leave theplace clean)

clear

cle icles, usually in order to make space:e papers? (clear these papers

clear away (intr) : disperse:

clear out (tr) a room/cupboard/drawer etc. : empty it, usually tomake room for something else:

I'll clear out this drawer and you can put you.r things in it. (clearthis drawer out/clear it out)

clear up (intr) = become fine after cloudsor rain:The sfu looks a bit cloudg now but I think it will clear up.

clear up (tr or intr) : make tidy and clean:are cooking it's best to t:lear uf as )rou go, instead of

erything to the end and hauing a terrible pile of things to

Clear up f/ris rness. (clear this mess up/clear it up)clear up (tr)(a) : finish which stili remains to be <ione):

I haue s hich I must clear ut' before I leaue lonight.(b) : solve

ny detectiue stories when the police are bffied anttue contes along

nnd clears up the my,stery. (clears

close

clo rnanentlv ncqq).att shopi ii ,i,"p,dowu. (c

close in (intr) = come nearer, approach from all sides (used of mist,darkness, enemies etc.):

closwe decided to stay where ue uere.r together (of people in a line):bit lhere'd be room Jbr another one on

ortt



38 Phrasal verbs

come

come across/upon (tr) : frnd by chance:When I was looking for my passfort I came across these oldfhotographs.

come along/on (intr) : corD€ with me, accompany me. ,Comeon' is

often said to someone who is hesitating or delaying:Come on, or we'll be late.

come away (intr) : leave (with me):

Come away now. It's time to go home.come away/off (intr) : detach itself:When I licked ult the teapot the handle came awa)) in my hand.

come in (intr), come into (tr) = enter:Someone knocked at my door and I said, ,Come in.'Come into the garden and I'tl show you my roses.

come off (intr)(a) : succeed, <_rf a plan or scheme (used in negative):

I'm afraid that scheme of yours non't come off. It needs more cabitaithan you haue auailable.

(b) = take place; happen as arranged:When is the wedding coming ofl? - Next June.

If we say The duchess was to haueopened the bazaar we imply that thi\plan was made but didn't come off. (She arranged to open it but later

had to cancel this arrangement.)(c) : end its run (of a ptay', exhibition etc.):

'Lady Windermere's Fan' is coming off next week. you'd betterhurry if you want to see il.

come out (intr)(a) : be revealed, exposed (the subject here is normally thetruth/the facts/the whole story etc. and usually refers to factswhich the people concerned were trying to keep hidden, i.e. scandalsetc.):

They deceiued euerybody till they quarrelled umong themselues; thenone fublicly denounced the others and the uhole truth came out.

(b) = be published (of books):Her neu, nouel will be coming out in time fitr the Chistmas sales.

(c) : disappear (ofstains):

Tomato stains don't usualfu come out.come round (intr)(a) : flrnally accept a previously opposed suggestion:

Her futher at first reJ'used to let her stutlt abroad but he came ntund(to it) tn the end. (said she could go)

(b) = come to my (your/his etc.) house:I'll conte round after dinner and tell you the plan.

come round/to (intr; stress on to) = 1ss.r.r consciousness:lVhen tce found him he was unconscious but he came round/to inhalf an hour and expluined that he hatl been attacked antl robbed.

38 Phrasal r.erbs

come up (intr)(a) = rise to the surface:

A diuer with an aqualung doesn't haue to keep coming up for air; hecan stay underwater for quite a long time.Weeds are coming up euerywhere.

(b) : be mentioned:The question of the caretaker's u)ages came up at the last meeting.

come up (intr), come up to (tr) : approach, come close enough to

talk:A policeman was standing a few yards away. He came uf to me andsaid, 'You can't park here.'

crop

crop up (intr) : appear, arise unexpectedly or by accident (the subjectis normally an abstract noun such as difficulties/the subject etc. or apronoun):

At first ull sorts of dfficulties croffed up and delayed us. Later nelearnt how to anticibate these.

cut

cut down a tree : fell it:

If you cut down aII the trees you will ruin the land. (cut thetrees down/cut them down)

cut down (tr) : t"6u." in size or amount:We must cut down expenses or we'll be getting into debt.'This article is too long,' said the editor. 'Could you cut it down to

2,000 words?'cut in (intr) = slip into traffic lane ahead of another car .rvhen thereisn't roorn to do this safely:

Accidcnts an, tfttn nusad by' drirtrs rutting in.cut off (tr) : disconnect, discontinue supply (usually of gas, water,electricity etc.). The object can either be the commodity or the personwho suffers:

The Comfany has cut off our electricity supply because wehauen't paid our bill. (cut our supply off/cut it offlThey'ue cut off the water/our water supply temporarily because theyare repairing one of the ntain pipes.

We were cut off in the middle of our (telephone) conuersation. (Thismight be accidental or a deliberate action by the switchboardoperator.)

cut someone off : form a barrier between him and safety (often usedin connexion with the tide, especially in the passive):

We were cut off by the tide and had to be rescued by boat.be cut off (intr) : be inconveniently isolated (the subject is usually a

place or residents in a certain place):

You u.till be comfletely cut off if ltou go to liue in that uillage becausethere is a bus only4tnce a week.

?'2'1:J25



38 Phrasal verbs

cut out (tr)(a) -- cut from a piece of cloth/paper etc. a smaller piece of a desiredshape:

When I am naking a dress I mark the cloth uith chalk and then cutit ottt. (cut out the dress/cu,t the dress out)Young ltectplc o.itcn cul rnt,t fltologtrtphs oJ their.lauourite fop slars

and stick tlLem io th.c walls(b) = omit, leave out:

If pu natt to get thin you must cul ottt sugar. (cut it out)be cut out for (tr) : be fitted or suited for (used of people, usually inthe negative):

His father got him a job in a bank but it sootl becam,e cleor that he

uas not cut out for that hmd of work. (He wasn't happy and was notgood at the work.)

cut up (tr) : cut into small pieces:

Thel cut dotun the tree and cut it uf for firewood. (cut the treeuf/cut uf the tree)

die

die away (intr) : become gradually fainter till inaudible:They uaited till the sound of the guard's

footsteps died aua1. \die down (intr) : become gradually calmer and finally disappear (ofriots, fires, excitemer.rt etc.):

When the excitement had died down the shofkeepers took down theirshutters and reofened their shops.

die out (intr) : become extinct (of customs, races, species of animalsetc.):

Elefhants nould die out tf men could shottt as ntanj as thq) ruished.

do

do away with (tr) : abolish:

Th.e gouernment should do away uith the regulations restrictittgdrinking hours.

do up (tr) : redecorate:lYhen I do this room uf I'll paint the unlls cream. (do up thisroom/do it ttb)

do rvithout (tr) = manage in the absence of a person or thing:We had to do withrn,i petrol during the fuel crisis.

The object is sometimes understood but not menti<lned:If there isn't an1 milk tue'll haue to do without (it).

draw

draw back (intr) : retire, recriil:It's too late ta draw back nou; thc plans are alL made.

draw up (tr) : ntnL" a written plan or agreement:

[l[y solicitor drew uf the ]ease and we both signed it. (dreu it uf1draw up (intr) : stop (of vehicles):

Tlte car tlren up at the kerb and the driuer got ottt.

1i8 Phrasal verbs

drop

drop in (intr) : pay a short unannounced visit:

He dropped in for a ieu ,ninutes to ask if he could borrow lour fowerdrill. (d:rop in is more colloquial than 'call in'.)

drop out (intr) : withdrarv, retire from a scheme or plan:

We planned to hire a coach for the exutrsion but nou so many feo|lehaue rirolfed out that it u'ill not be neederl.

enterentcr for (tr1 = 1r",'u-e a cornpctitor/canclidate (for a corrtest,

cxamination, etc.):'lirclr;r: llu;t.t;ci.rtd t:ontpclilors hdrt: tnk'rtd Jrtr tht nctl Lond.ott

Marulhrtn

fade

fade away (intr) : disappear, become graclualll' fainter (usually of

sorrnds):'fhe bnnd 'noued on and the mu.si.c faded awai.

fall

fall back (intr) : withdraw, retreat(this

is a deliberate action,quite

different from fall behind, which is involuntary):

As the eneml aduanced we feLl buck.

fall back on (tr) : use in the abscnce of something better:

lVe had to full back on dried milk as fresh nilk nasn't ouailable.

IIe fell bach on the old argutnent that if 1ou educate tlomen thel

won't be such good wiues and mothers.

fall belrind (intr) : slip into the rear [hrough mability to keep up with

the others, fail to keep up an agreed rate of payments:

At tke bcginning thrt nlnle partl' kept tugether but hy the end of the

du1, 77rtn u:ho were less fit had fullen behind.

IIe. fell behind tuith his rent and th'c landlord began to bccoma

imPutient.fall in with someone's plans : accept them and agree to c<t-operate:

ll'e'd bette.r fall in utith his suggestion Jor the sake af peace.

fall in (intr) of troops etc. : get into line

fall out (intr) of troops etc. : leave the lines:

The h'oofs fell in nntl r,uere insfected. Aflet the parade the.y fell ottt

and went back trt their barracks-

fall off (intr) : decrease (of numbers, ltttendartce etc.):

Orders hatte been felling off lately; tue need u new aduertising

contpatgn.

Ij the price of seats goes uP tttttt:h ntttre theutre attcntlancas uill begin

to lall o.ff

fall on(tr)

= 211n.1 violently(the victim has normally no chance to

defend hirnself as the attackers are too strong; it is also solnetimes

used of hungry men who attack their food when they get it):

The mob fell on tht' killers und clubbed them to death,.

Thc staruing men JelL on the fooC. (devouled it)

326



38 l)hrasal vcrbs

fall out (intr) : quarret:

When thieues fall out honest men get their own. (proverb; i.e. getback their property)

fall throughMy plans

e journel turned outto be muc

feed

be fed up (rntr), be fed up with (tr) : be completely bored (slang):

I'm fed up with this net neuther.I'm fed up with waiting; I'm going httme.

feel

feel up to (tr) : feel strong enough (to do something):I don't feel up to tidying the kitchen nou. I'il tro it in the morning.I don't feel uf to it.

fillfill in/up forms etc. : complete them:

I had to fill in three forms to get my new fassport. (fitL threeforms infill them in)

findfind out (tr) : discover as a result of conscious effort:

fixfix up (tr) : ?rrange:

The club has already fixed up severar matches for next season.(fixed several matches uf/fixed them up1

get

Don't ask him how he is because if he starts tarking about his healthyou'll neuer get away from him.I had a lot to do in the ffice and didn't get away till eight.

get away with (tr) = perform some illegal or wrong act without beingpunished, usually without even being caught:

He began forging cheques and at first he got awalt with it but in the

end he nas caught and sent to pison.

iltJ I'lrr,r',,r1 rllr

get back (tr) = recover possession of:

If you lend him a book he'll lend it to someone else and you'll neuer

get it back. (get back your book/get your book back)

get back (intr) = reach home again:

We spent the nhole day in the hills and didn't get back till dark.

get off (intr) = be acquitted or receive no punishment (compare withget away with it, which implies that the offender is not even caught):

He was tried for theft but got off because there wasn't sufficient

euidence against him.(was

acquitted)The boy had to appear before a magistrate but he got off as it nas his

first offence. (received no punishment)

get on (intr), get on with (tr)(a) : make progress, be successful:

How is he getting on at school?

He is getting on uer! well with his English.(b) : live, work etc., amicably with someone:

He is a pleasant friendly man who gets on well with nearl euerybody.

How are you and Mr Pitt getting on?

get out (intr) : escape from, leave (an enclosed space):

Don't wory about the sndke. It's in a box. It can't get out.

News of the Budget got out before it was officially announced.

I'm so busy that I don't uery often get out. (out of the house)

Note that the imperative 'Get out', except when it means 'descend'

(from a vehicle), is very rude.

get out of (tr) : free oneself from an obligation or habit:

I said that I'd help him. Now I don't utant to but I can't get out of it(free myself from my promise)

He says that he smokes too much but he can't get out of the habit.

Some people liue abroad to get out of paying heauy taxes.

get over (tr) : .".ou"r from (illness, distress or mental weakness):

He is just getting ouer a bad heart attack.

I can't get ouer her leauing her hushand like that.0 haven't

recovered from the surprise; I am astonished.)

He used to be afraid of heights but he has got oaer that now.

get it over (the object is usually it which normally represents

something unpleasant) = deal with it and be hnished with it:

If you haue to go to the dentist why ttot go at once and get it oaer?

(Be careful not to confuse this with get over it, which is quite

different.)get round a person : coax him into letting you do what you want:

Girls can usually get round their fathers.get round a difficulty/regulation : find some solution to it/evade it:

If we charge feofle for admission we will haue to fay entertainment

tax on our receipts; but we can get round this regulation by saying

that we are charging not for admission but for refreshments. Money

paid for refreshments is not taxed.get through (tr or in&) : finish a piece of work, finish successfully:

He got through his exam all ight. (passed it)

328 329



38 Phrasal ','erbs

get through (intr) : get into telephone communication:I arn tryittg to cull London bul I can't get througlt; I thinh all thelines are enguged.

get up (tr) : 6r*u6re, arrange (usualiy an amateur entertainment or acharitable enterprise) :

Thel got ul a concert in uid of cancer research. (They got it ui.)get up (intr) : rise from bed, rise to one's feet, rnount:

I get up at seuen o' clock euery ntorning.

(For get used to mean enter/leave vehicles,see 93 D.)

giive

give something away = give it to soneone (who neerd not bementioned):

I'll giue this old coat aulaJ. (giue au,61, this old coat awa1,/giue itau'aj)

give someone away (object before aw.ay) = betray him:He said that lte wus not an Arnerican but his uccenr g,ue him ctua1.(told us that he was an American)

give back (tr) = 1"r1,r.e (a thing) to its owler:I must call at the librurl to git,e back this book.back/to giue it buck)

give in (intr) : yield, cease ro reslsr:

38 Phrasal vcr-lrs

go ahead (intr) : proceed, continue, lead the way:

White she uus au)ai he u,ent ahead u'ith the work and got a lot dotte.

You go ahead and I'll follow; I'm not quite reudy.

go away (intr) = leave, leave me, leave this place:

Are you going awayfor l1our holidal'? - No, I'rn staying at home.

PLcase go awa!; I cun't work unless I am alone.

go back (intr) = returrt, retire, retreat:

I'm neuer going back to that hotel. It is most uttcomfortable.go back on (tr) : withdraw or break (a promise):

He utent back on his promise to teII nobody about this. (He told

people about it, contrary to his promise.)

go down (intr)(a) : be received with approval (usually of an idea):

I suggested that she should look for a job but this suggestion did not

go down at all well.

ft) : become less, be reduced (of wind, sea, weight, prices etc.):

During her illness her weight wenl dou'n from 50 kilos to 40.

The wind wcnt down and the sea became quite calm.

go for (tr) = attack:

The cat went for the dog and chased him out of the hall-go in for (tr) = be cspecially interestecl in, practise; cnter for (a

competition):

This rcstaurant goes in for uegetaian dishes. (specializes in them)

She phys a tot of golf and goes in for aII the comfetitions-

go into (tr) = investigate thoroughly:

'We shall haue to go into this uery carefully,' said the detectiu.

go off (intr)(a) - explode (of ammunition or firewr-rrks), be fired (of guns, usually

accidentally):

As he was cleaning his gun it ttLent ofl and killed him.

ft) : be successful (ofsocial occasions):

The farty went off uery well.(everyone

enjoyedit)

(c) - start a journeY, leave:

He uent oJf in a greut hurry.go on (intr) : contintle a jottrneY:

Gtt on till jou come to the crcssroads.

go on (intr), go on with (tr), go on + gerund = continue any action:

Please go on llqing; I like it.

Go on with lhe treatment. It is tloing you good.

go on + infinitive:He began b' de.scribing the route and went on to tell us what the trip

would probably cosf. (He continued his speech and told us etc.)

go out (intr)(a)

=leave the house:

She is always irulaors; she doesn't go out enough.

(b) : join in social life, leave one's house for entertainments etc.

She is rcry Prettl and goes out a lot.

go

(to giue this book\-

At first he uouldn't let rter ditte the car but she was so persuasirethat euentual$ he gaue m.

give out (tr)(a) : announce verbally:

They gatte out the names of the w,inners. (gaue the namesout/gaue then out)

(b) : distribute, issue:

The

give ouach PuPil)

The

Hist,'t'

give up (tr or intr) : abaldon an attempt, cease trying to dosomething:

H/tue you giuen uf dinking whisky beJore breakfast?He gaue up cigarettes. (gaue them uf)He tried to leurn Greeh but soon got tired of it and gatttr it uf .

give oneself up @bject before up) : surrender:He gaue himself up to despair.

He u,as cold and hungry tfter a weeh on the run so he gaue himselfuf to the police.

131



.i5 l'lrr.r.,rl r,,rlr,

(c) : disappear, be discontinued (of fashions):Cinolines went out about the middle of the las! cenlun.

(d) = be extinguished (of lights, fires etc.):The light went out and we were left in the dark.

go over (tr) : .*r.tne, study or repeat carefully:He went ouer the frans again and discoaered iwo uery seriousmistakes.

8o round (intr)(a) = suffice (for a number of people):

Will there be enough wine to go round?(b) : go to his/her/your etc. house:

I said that I'd go round and see her during the weekend. (go to herhouse)

go through (tr) :"*rnrlne

carefully (usually a number of things; gothrough is like look through but more thorough):

There is a mistahe someu,here: u,e'il haue to go through the accountsand see whcre it is.The police went through their files to see if they could find anyfingerpints to match those that they had found on thi handri of theweapon.

go through (tr) : suffer, endure: \No one knows whut I went through white I was waiting for theuerdict. (how much I suffered)

go through with (tr) = finish, bnng to a conclusion (usually in theface of some opposition or difficultv):

He went through with his prun arthough ail his friends aduised him toabandon it.

po up (intr)(a) : rise (ofprices):

The fice of strawberies went uf towards the end of the season.(b) = burst into flames (and be destroyed), explode (used of wholebuildings, ships etc. ):

when the fire reached the cargo of chemicars the u,futre shif went up.

(blew up)Someone drcpped a cigarette end into a can of fetrol and the wholegarage went up in flames.

go without (tr) = 6o without. (But it only applies to things. ,Go

without a person' has onry a literal meaning; i.e. it meanststart

ormake a journey r.l'ithout him'.)

grow

grow out of (tr) = abandon, on becoming older, a childish (and <_rftenbad) habit:

He used to tell a lot of lies as a loung boy but he grew out of thatlater on.

grow up (intr) = become adult:

'I'm going to be a pop star u,hen I grow up,' said the boy.

iJ8 Phrasal vt'rlrs

hand

hand down (tr) : bequeath or pass on (traditions/information/

possessions):

This legend has been handed doun from father to son.

hand in (tr) = give by hand (to someone who need not be mentioned

because the person spoken to knows already):

I handed in my resignation. (gave it to my employer)

Someone handed this parcel in yesterday. (handed it in)

hand out (tr) = distribute:He wus standing at the door of the theatre handing out leaflets.(handing leaflets out/handing them out)

hand over (tr or intr) = surrender authority or responsibility to

another:

The outgoing Minister handed ouer his department to his

successor. (handed his department ouer/handed it ouer)

hand round (tr) : give or show to each person present:

The hostess handed round coffee and cakes. (handed themround)

hang

hang about/around (tr or intr) = loiter or wait (near):

He hung about/around the entrance all day, hoPing lor a chance to

sfeak to the director.

hang back (intr) : show unwillingness to act:

Eueryone afproued of the scheme but when we asked for uolunteers

they all hung back.

hang on to (tr) : retain, keep in one's possession (colloquial):

I'd hang on to that old coat if I were you. It might be useful.

hold

hold off (intr) = keep at a distance, stay away (used of rain):

The rain lortunately held off till after the school sports day.

hold on (intr) = wait (especially on the telephone):

Yes, Mr Pitt is in. If you hold on for a moment I'll get him for iou.hold on/out (intr) = persist in spite of, endure hardship or danger:

The suruiuors on the rock signalled that thel were short of water but

could hold out for another day.

The strikers held out for six weeks before agreeing to arbitration.

hold up (tr)(a) = stop by threats or vi<llence (often in order to rob):

The terrorists held up the train and keft the fassengers as hostages.

Masked men held uf the cashier and robbed the bank. (held

him uD)

(b) = stop, delay (especially used in the passive):

The bus nas held uP because a tree had fallen across the road.

:13 l



'ifi l'ltt;ts.tl t.r lrs

join

join up (intr) = enlist in one of the anned services:IVhen uor was det.lured he joinert up at once.

jump

jump at (tr) : u.."0, with enthusiasm (an offer or opportunity):Hc u,as offered a flace in the Himaluyan cxfedition ana juiped utthe chance.

keep

keep sornebody back (object before back) : restrain, hinder, preventfrom advancing:

Frequent illnesses heft him bach. (prevented him from rnakingnrrrmal progress)

keep down (tr) : reprgss, control:trVhat is the best way to keep drtun rats? (keep them dou,n)Tty to renrcntber to turn off thc tight when ytttt reaue the roortt. I amtrying to heep dou,n expenses. (keef expenses tloun)

keep off (tr or intr) : refrain from walking on, or from corning tooclose:

'Keep off the grtss'. (park notice)

keep on : continue:I nanted to etxflain but he hept ort talhing and didn,t giue mc echance to say anything

keep out (tr) = prevent from entenng:My shoes ore aery old and don't keef out the water. (keeb thewater out/keep it out)

keep out (intr) : stay outside:'Priuale. Keep out. ' (notice on door)

keep up (tr) : rnrlnrrin (an effort):He began walking at four nilcs an hour but he coulcln,t keep up that

n.began to u,alh more slonly. (he couldn,t hieplt uptkeefi uf a conuerxilion with someone who only says

keep up.(intr), keep up with (tr) = lsmrh abreast of someone whuis advancing; advance at the same Dace, as:

A runner cun't heef up u,ilh a cyclist.The uork thut the c/a.ss r.s doing is too trfficurt fitr me . I unn't be ubreto keef uf (fuith them).It is imfossible to keep up with lhe news unless lrnt reud thenewspopers.

knock

knock off (tr or intr) : stop work for the day (colloquial):English tcorkmen usuulll, knoch off at 5.30 or 6.00 p.nt.W'e knock off u,ork in time for tea.

lJ8 I'hrasal verbs

knock out (tr) : hit someone so hzrd that he falls unconscious:

In the linals oi the boxing championship he knoched out hisopponent, who was carricd out oi the ring. (knocked his opponentout/hnocked him out)

lay

lay in (tr) =- provide or.reself with a sufficient quantity (of stores etc.)to last for some time:

She expected a shortage ol died fruit so she laid in a large supply.

lay out (tr) = plan gardens, building sites etc.:Le Notre laid out the gardens al Versailles. Aaid the gardensoullaid them out)

la1'up (tr) = 51ot" carefully till needed again (used of ships, cars etc.):Beftire he went to Brazil for e yedr, he laid up his car, as he' didn'tu'ant to sell it. Aaid it uf)

be laid up (of a person) : be confined to bed through illness:

Shc was laid up for ueeks u,ith a slifped disk.

lead

lead up to (tr) : prepare the way for, introduce (figuratively):

He nanted lo borrow my binoculars, but he didn't say so at once. He

led up to it fu talking about birdwatching.

leave

leave off (usually intr) : stop (doing something):

He was playing his trumfet but I told him to leaue off because the

neighbours were comfilaining about the noise.

leave out (tr) = omit:W;e'll sing our school song leauirrg out the last ten uerses.

They gaue each competitor a number; but they leJt out No. 73 as ru,

one wanted lo haue it. Aeft No. 73 out/left it out)

letlet dou'n (tr) = lower:

When she lets her hair down it reaches her waist. (lets douln herhair/lets it down)

You can let u coat doun (lenglhen it) DJ, using the hem.

let someone down (object before dou'n) : disappoint him by failing t<r

act as well as expected, or failing to fulfil an agreement:

I promised him that you would do thc work. Why did you le.l me down

fu doing so little?

He said he'tl come to helf nte; but he lct me down. He neuer

turned up.

let in (tr) : allow to enter, admit:

They let in the ticket-holders. (et thc ticket-holders in/let them in)

IJ yu mention m! rutme h the door-keeper he will let you in.

J31 33ir



38 Phrasal verbs

let before ofO = refrain from punishing:agistrate was going to fine me but he let me off.off.)

let out (tr)

(a) : make wider (of clothes):That boy is getting fatter. You'il haue to ret out his crothes. 1et hisclothes out/let them out)

(b) : allow to leave, release:He opened the door and let out the dog. Qet the dog out/let

itout)

live

live down a bad reputation : live in such a manner that people willforget it:

He has neuer quite liue ut mgtoo much which he was n.

live in (intr) : live in of w usservants):

ADVERTTSEMENT: Cook wanted. 5140 a week. Liue in.live on (tr; = u." as staple food:

It is said that for a cehain period of his life Byron liued on uinegarand fotatoes in order to keep thin.

live up to (tr) = maintain a certain standard-moral, economic orbehavioural:

He had high ideals and tried to liue up to them. (he tried to act inaccordance with his ideals)

lock

lock up a house (tr or intr; usually intr) = lock all doors:People usually lock up before they go to bed at night.

lock up a person or thing : put in a locked place, i.e. box, safe,pnson:

She locked ul the papers in her desk. (ocked the papersufi/locked them uf)

looklook after (tr) : take care of:

Will yu look after my parrot when I am awal?look ahead (intr) = consider the future so as to make provision for it:

It's time yu looked ahead and made plans for gour retirement.look at (tr) = 1"*r.6'

He looked at the clock and said, 'It is midnight.,look back (intr), look back on (tr) : consider the past:

Looking back, I don't suppose ue are an! worse no00 than peoflewere a hundred years ago.

Perhaps some day it will be pleasant to look back on these things.

38 Phrasal verbs

look back/round (intr) : look behind (literally):

Don't look round now but the wzman behind us is wearing the rnost

extraordinary c lot he s.

look for (tr) : search for, seek:

I haue lost my watch. Will you help me to look for it?

look forward to (tr) : expect with pleasure (often used with gerund):

I am looking forward to her arriual/to seeing her.

look in (intr) = pay a short (often unannounced) visit (= call in):

I'll look in this euening to see how she is.

look into (tr) : investigate:

There is a mystery about his death and the police are looking

into it.look on . . . as (tr) : consider:

Most feople look on a teleuision set as an essential piece of furniture'These children seem to look on their teachers as their enemies-

look on (intr) = be a spectator only, not a participator:

Two men nere fighting. The rest were looking on.

look on (tr), look out on (tr) (used of windows and houses) : be

facing:

His house looks (out) onto the sea. (ftom his house you can see

the sea.)

look out (intr) = be watchful, beware:(to someone just about to cross the road) 'Look out! There's a lorry

coming!'look out for (tr) = keep one's eyes open so as to see something

(usually fairly conspicuous) if it presents itself:

I am going to the party bo, so look out for me-

look over (tr) : inspect critically, read again, revise quickly (look

over is similar to go over but less thorough):

Look oaer uthat you'ae written before handing it to the examiner.

I'm going to look ouer a house that I'm thinking of buyng.

look through (tr) : examine a number of things, often in order to

select some of them; turn over the pages of a book or newspaper,

looking for information:Look through your old clothes and see if you haue anything to giue

awa!.I'd like you to look through these photograPhs and try to pick out the

man you saw.

He looked through the books and decided that he uouldn't like them-

look through someone = look at him without appearing to see him, as

a deliberate act of rudeness:

She has to be polite to me in the office but when we meet outside she

always looks through me.

336 337



iJ8 Phrasal vcrbs

look up an address/a name/word/train time/telephone number etc. :look for it in the appropriate book or paper, i.e. address book/dictionary/timetable/directory etc. :

lf you don't know the meaning of the v,ord look it up. Qook up theword/look the word up)

I must look up the time of yur train. (loctk for it in the timetable)look somebod-v up can nrean 'visit'. The person visited usually lives atsome distance and is not seen very often. look up is therefore differentfrom look in, which implies that the person visited lives quite ckrse:

Any time ),ou conte to London do look me up. (come and see me)

I hauen't seen Tom Jbr ages. I must find out wherc he liues and look

him up. (look Tom up/look up Tom)look up (intr) = improve (the subject is usually thingslbusiness/uorldaffairs/the weather, i.e. nothing very definite):

Business has been uery bad lately but things are beginning to ktok up

nqw.

look someone up and down : k>ok at him contenrptuously, lettingyour eyes vvander from his head to his feet and back again:

The Policeman looked the drunk man uP and down aery deliberatel;before reflying to his question.

look up to (tr) = respect:

Schoolbols usuaLfu loLtk up to grcat athletes.

look down on (tr) : despise:

Small boys ofte.n look dou,n on little girls attd re.lilse to plal withthetn.

She thinks her neishbours look down on lter a bit because she's neucr

heen abroad.

make

make for (tr) : travel towards:The escalted prisoner was mahing fttr the coust.

make off (intr) : run away (used of thier,es etc.):The bo1,s made off uhen they suw the policemen.

nrake out (tr)(a) = discor,'er the meaning of, understand, see, hear etc. clearly:I can't muke rrut the address, hc has n,ritlen il so badj. (nnke theaddress out/make it out)

Cun 1ou heur what the mun with the loud-huiler is saying? I t:an'tmake il oul ul all.I can't make ottt u'h1 he isn't h.e.re yl.

(b) : state (probabll' falsely or with exagge ration):He mude out thut he was tt shtdent lookitryfor a job. lVc lalcr learntthttt this wasn't true at all.7-lte English climatc istt't so biul as sonta lteoltle like. to tuuhc out.

(c) : u'riteachc'qu(':

crLlSTOl\4ER: lIlho shull I make it ottt to?SIIOPKEEI'EIi: Make it out to Joncs and ConQunl,.

make up one's mind : colne to ;t clt't'isiort:

In thc cnd he made up his mind to gtt hy lntrtt .

make up a quarrel/make it up = end it'Isn't it lime you and Ann made up your quarrel. (nurdt il ttlt)

make up a story/excuse/explanation = invent it:I don't belicuc jitur storyt qs all. I think lou are just uaking tt ttp.

make up (tr ()r intr) : use cosmetics:

Mosl u,omen make up/muke uf their faces. (make their faces

up/make them uf)Actors hauc to be made up belore they apfear on stage.

make up (tr) : put together, compound, colllpose:

Take this prescription to the chemist's. They will makc it up foryu there. (m.ahe uf the presciption/make the prescriplion up)

NOTICE (in tailor's ',vindow): Customers' own nnterials made ult.

Tlte audience was made up of uery young childrett.

make up for (tr) = compensate for (the object is very cften i/):

You.'ll huue to u,ork uery hard toCay to rnake up for the timc you

nasted yesterday/to muke uP for being late yesterday.

lVe aren't allowcd to drink when we are in training but we intend to

make uf for it uJter the race is ouer. (to drink more than trsual then)

missmiss out (tr) = leave out ('lea"'e out' is more usual; scc page li35).

mix

mix up (tr) : .on1ut.'IIe mixed up the addresses so thttt no one got the right kttters.

(mixed them uf)be/get mixed up u'ith : be involved (usually with some rather

disreputable person or business):

I don't uant kt get nixed up tuith an1 illegal orgunization.

move

move in(intr) : move self and possessions iltttl new house, flat,

rooms etc.

move out (intr) : leave house/flat etc., with <-rne's possessions,

vacate accomrnodation :

I har.te foutd a new fl.at. The present tenant is mouing out this

u,eekend and I om ntouing in on Wednesday.

move on or up (intr) : advance, go higher:

Nonnally in schools pufils ntoue uf euery yur.

order

order somebody about (object before about) : give him a lclt <-rf

ordcrs (often regardless of his convenience or fer:lings):

He is a retired admiral a.nd stiil has the habit of ordering

lteofle about. $

3J8 139



38 Phrasal verbs

pay

pay back (tr), pay someone back (tr or intr) : repay:I must pay back the money that I borrowed. (fal the moneyback/fay it back)

I must pay back Mr Pitt. (Day Mr Pitt back/pay him bach)

I must pay Mr Pitt back the money he lent me. (fay him buck themoney/pa1 it back to him)

pay someone back/out : revenge oneself:

I'll pay you back for this. (for the harm you have done me.)pay up (intr) : pay money owed in full (there is often a feeling that thepayer is reluctant):

Unless you fal uf I shall tell mg solicitor to nrite to yu.

pick

pick out (tr) : .1.tu,rt., select, distinguish from a group:

Here are six rings. Pick out the one you like best. (fick it out)In un identity parade the nitness has to try to pick out the criminalfrom a group of about eight men. (fiick the criminal out/pick himout)

I know that you are in this photograph but I can't fick 1ou out.

pick up (tr)(a) : raise or lift a person or thing, usually from the ground or from a

table or chair:

He ficked up the child and curried him into the house. (piched thechild uf)She scatters toys all ouer the floor and I huue to pick them uf.

(b) : call for, take with one (in a vehicle):I won't haue time to come to your house but I could pick 1ou up at the

end of your road.

The coach stops at the principal hotels to fick up tourists, but only ifthey arrange this in uduance. (fich tourists up/pick them uf)The cren of the wrecked yacht were ficked up by helicofter.

(c) : receive (by chance) wireless signals:Their SOS was picked up by another ship, which informed the lifeboatheadquarters.

(d) = acquire cheaply, learn without effort:Sometimes yu pick uf wonderful bargains in these murhcts.

Children usually pick up foreign languuges uery quickly.

point

point out (tr) : indicate, show:As we droue through the city the guide pointed out the mostimportant buildings. (fointed the buildings out/pointedthem out)

pullpull down (tr) : demolish (used of buildings):

Euerywhere elegant old buildings are being pulled down and

38 Phrasal verbs

mediocre modern erections are being fut uP. (PuU down houses/full

them down)

pull off (tr; : .u..""d (the object is normally il):Much to our sur\ise he fulled off the deal. (sold the goods/got the

contract) (fulled it offl

pull through (tr or intr) = recover from illness/cause someone to

recover:We thought she was going to die but her own will-fower pulled her

through. (tr)He is uery ill but he'll Pull through if ne look after him carefulll'.

(intr)

pull up (intr) : stop (of vehicles):

A layby is a sface at the side of a main road, where driuers can Pull

uf if they want a rest.

put

put aside/by (tr; = .uu" for future use (usually money). put aside

often implies that the money is being saved for a certain purpose:

Ht futs asidc S5O a month trt frtl ]br his suntnu:r fulidav (fttts itusidr:)

I)rm't spend all ltmr salarl7'r1' lrt

ltutsomcthing b1' cat h mttnlh

put away (tr) : put tidily out of sight (usually in drawers, cupboards

etc. ) :

Put your toys away, children; it's bedtime. (put away the toys/futthem awaY)

put something back = replace it where you found it/where it belongs:

When yu'ue finished with the book Put it back on the shelf.

put back a clock/watch = retard the hands: fut the clock back is

sometimes used figuratively to mean return to the customs of the Past:

MoTHER: Your father and I will aftange a mariage for you when the

time comes.

I)AUGHTER: You're trying to put the clock bach, mother. Parents

rlon'tarrange marriages these days! (put back the clock/Put it back)

put down (tr)

(a) = the opposite of Pick uP:

He picked up the saucepan and fut it down at once because the

handle uas almost red-hot. (fiut the saucepan down/put it down)

(b) : crush rebellions, movements:

Troops were used to put down the rebellion. (put the rebelliondown/fut it down)

(c) : write:Put down his phone number before you forget it. (fut thenumber down/Put it down)

cusroMER (to shop assistant): I'll take that one. Please put it down

to me/to m1 account. (enter it in my account)

put something down to (tr) = attribute it to:

The children woutdk't answer him, but he uasn't annoyed as he Put

it donn to shlness.

341



.]E Phrasal verbs

She hasn't been well since she came lo th.is countryt; I ltut it down to

the climate.

put forward a suggestion/proposal erc. = offer it for consideration:The older members of the comrnittce are inclined to ueto an1suggestions fut foruard by the ltounger ones. (put a suggestionforward/put it forward)

put forward/on clocks and watches : advance the hands. putforward is the opposite of put back:

In Marchpeofle

in England put their clocks forward/on an hour.IVhen summer time ends they fut th.em back an ho.ur.put in a claim = make a claim:

He Put in a claim for comfensation hecouse he had lost his luggagein the train cyash.

put in for a job/a post : apply for it:They are looking for a lecturer in geographl. Why don't yu fut infor it?

put off an action : postpone it:Some feople. fut off making their utills titl it is too ktte.I'll put off my visit to Scotland till the weather is uarnter. (put myvisit olf/fut it ffi

put a person off(a) --- tell him to postpone his visit to you:I had inuited some guests to dinner but I had to put them off becausea pouer cut freuented me from cooking arything.

(b) = repel, deter him:

I wanted to see the exhibition but the queue put me off.Many people who want to come to England arc put off by the storiesthey hear about English weathel.

put on clothes/glasses/jewellery = dress oneself etc. The opposite istake off:

He put on a hlack coat so that he uould be inconspicuous. (fut acoat on/put it on)

She put on her glasses and taok the letter from m1t hand.put on an expresslon : assume it:He put on an air of indffirence, which didn't deceiae dnybody for amolnent.

put on a play : produceiperform it:The students usually put on a play at the end of the year.

put on a light/gas or electric fire/radio : switch it on:Put on the light. (put the light on/put it on)

put out any kind of light or fire : extinguish it:Put out that light. (fut the light out/fut it out)

put someone out (inconvenience him):He i.s ue.ry selfish. He wouldn't put himself out for anlone.

be put out : be annoyed:She was uery put out when I said that her new suntmer dress didn'tsuit her.

ll,'l l'lrr,r'.tl rlt ll

put up (tr)(a) : erect (a building, monument, statue etc.):

He fut uf a shed in the garden. (put a shed uf/fut it u!)(b) : raise (prices):

When the inQortation of foreign tomatoes was forbidden, home

grolners fut up their prices. (|ut their prices up/put them uf)put someone up (object usually before up) : give him temporary

hospitality:

If yolt comc to Paris I nillfut 1ou

up. You needn't look .[or an hotel.

put someone up to sornething (usually some trick) : glve him the idea

of doing itltell him how to do it:IIe couldn't haue thought of that trick by himself. Someone must haue

put him. uf to it.put up with (tr) = bear patiently:

We had to put up with a lot of noise when the children were at home.

ring

ring up (tr or intr) : telephone:

I rang uf the theatre to book seats for tonight. (rang the theatreuf/rang them uf)If you can't come ring uP and let me know.

ring off (intr) : end a telephone call by putting down the receiver:IIe rang off before I could ask his name.

round

round up (tr) = drive or bring together (people or animals):

The sheepdog rounded uf the sheep (: collected them into a group)

and droue them through the gate.

On the day after the riots the folice rounded uf all suspects/rounded them up. (arrested them)

rub

rub out (tr; :"r.."

pencil or ink rnarks with an india-rubber:

The child wrote down the wrong word and thenrubbed

itout.

(rubbed the w,ord out/rubbed out the word)rub up (tr) : r"u1." one's knowledge of a subject:

I am going to France; I ntust rub up nty French. (ruh it tr.f)

run

run after (tr) : pursue (see example below).

run away (intr) : flee, desert krne's home/school etc.), elope:

The thief ran away and the policeman ran after him.

He ran away front home and got a job in a garage.

run away with (tr) : become uncontrollable (of emotions), gallop off

out of rider's control (rf horses):

Don't let your etnotions run awa! with you.

IIis horse ran au)a! with him and he had a bad fall.run away with the idefl : accept an idea too hastily:

Don't run away with the idea that I am unsociable; I jr.tst hauen't

time to go out much.

343



38 Pht';t';;rl r, rl,.

rrur rkrwn (tr) : disparage, speak ill of:IIe is always running donn his neighbours. (running hisneighbours down/running them down)

run down (intr) : become unwound/discharged (of clocks/batteriesetc.):

This torch is useless; the battery has run tlonn.be run down (intr) : be in poor healtb after illness, overwork etc.:

He is still run down after his illness and unfitfor work.run into (tr) : collide with (of vehicles):

The car skiddcrl and ran into a lamt'_posf. (struck the lamp_post)run into/across someone : meet him accidentally:

I ran into my cousin in Harrods recently. (I met him.)run out of (tr) : have none left, having consumed all the supply:

I haue run out of milk. Put some lemon in lour tea instead.run over (tr) = 6r1u" over accidentally (in a vehicle):

The drunk man stepfed into the road right in front of the oncomingcar. The driuer couldn't stop in time antl ran ouer him.

run over (tr or intr) : overflow:He turned on both taps fulL and left the bathroom. When he cameback he found that the water was running ouer./running ouer theedge of the bath. \.

run over/through (tr) : 1"1.r"urse, check or revise quickJy:We'ue got a fen minutes before the train goes, so I'll just run throughyour instructions again.

run through (tr; = .onrurne extravagantly, waste (used of supplies ormoney):

He inherited a fortune and ran through it in a yeur.run up bills = incur them and increase them by continuing to buythings and put them down to one's account:

Her husband said that she must palt for things at once and not runup bills.

run up against difficulties/oppositron : encounter themiit:If he tries to change the rules of the club he wilr ntn uf against a rot

of opposition.

see

see about (tr) = -uL" inquiries or arrangements:I must see about getting a room ready for him.

see somebody off : accompany an intending traveller to histrain/boat/plane etc. :

The station was cronded with boys going back to schoor and farentswho were seeing them off.

see somebody out : accompany a departing guest to the door of thehouse:

When guests leaue the host usualllt sees them out.

Don't bother to come to the door nith me. I can see myself out.

.ifi l'ltt;tr.;rl t cr ll

see over a houseia building : go into every room, examine it, often

with a view to buying or renting:I'm definitely interested in the house. I'd like to see ouer it.

see through (tr) : discover a hidden attempt to deceive:

She fretended that she loaed him but he saw through her, and

realized that she was onfi after his nxone!. (He wasn't taken in by

her/by her pretence. See take in.)see to (tr) : make arrangements, put right, repair:

If yu canprouide

the wine I'll see to the food.That electric fire isn't safe. You should haue it seen to.

Please see to it that the door is locked.

sell

sell off (tr) = s"11 cheaply (what is left of a stock):

ASSISTANT: This line is being discontinued so ne are selLing off theremainder of our stock; that's why they are so cheap. (selling therest off/seLLing it ffi

sell out (intr) : sell all that you have of a certain type of article:

When all the seats for a certain performance haue been booked,

theatres put a notice saying 'Sold out' outside the booking ffice.

sendbe sent down (intr) : be expelled from a university for misconduct:

He behaued so badly in college that he was sent down and neuer got

his degree.

send for (tr) : summon:

One of our water pifes has burst. We must send for the plumber.

The director sent for me and asked for an explanation.

send in (tr) = s"n6 to someone (who need not be mentioned because

the person spoken to knows already):

You must send in your application before Friday. (send it to the

authority concerned) (send your application in/send it in)send on (tr; : 1o.*u.d, send after a person:

If any letters come for you afier you haae gone I will send them on.(send on your letters/send your letters on)

set

set in (intr) : begin (a period, usually unpleasant):

Winter has set in eaily this year.

set off (tr) : start (a series of events):

That strike set off a series of strikes throughout the country. (set

them ffiset off/out (intr) : start a journey:

They set out/off at six and hofed to arriue before dark.'for' is used when the destination is mentioned:

They set out/off

forRome.

314 345

38 Phrasal verbs



38 Phrasal vcrbs

set out + infinitive (often show/pro*e/explain or sorne similar verb)= begin this undertaking, aim:

In this book the author sets out to lrctae that the inhabitants of theislands come front South Americu.

set up (tr) : achierre, establish (a record):He.set ttf a nevr rccortl 1u tht: 1,000 mt:trc;. (scl a new rccordtt!/st:t it rtp)

set up (intr') : start a nerv businessrWhcn he married he le.ft his

father'sshop

rtnrlset

ult on his oun.(opened his own shop)

settle

settle down (intr) : become accustomed to, and contented in, a newplace, job etc.:

He soon settLed dowtt in his ne w school.

settle rrp (intr) : pay money owed:Tell me whct I one yuu antl I'll::ettle uf .

shout

shout down (tr) : make a loud noise to prevent a speaker frorn beingheard:

'fotntried. lo make a speech dcfending hirnself bu.t lhe crond wouldn,tIisten to his explanution antl shoulcd him tlou:tt.

The noderatc speakers uere shouted down.

show

sho*' off (tr or intr) = displar' (skill, k'or.vredge etc.) purely in nrder t.win notice or :rpplause:

tlltltough Jules speaks Engrish perfecttl, ml,cousitt sltokc I'-rettch L,ltim all the titne just to shout uJI. (t<t impress us with her knowledocof French)

He is a.lu,ajs ficking up uery hcau1, fl1i71g,. jusl lo sltout off hisstrength. (show it offl

shutshut dorvn (tr- or intr) - close down (see page .321]).

sitsit back (intr) .= relax, take nr-r aclion, do n9 mr1re 11,ork:

I hut,e utorkctl hord all m1 lifa und nou: I'm going to sit back adwatch other feofle u,orking.

sit up (intr) : stay out of bed till latcr: than usual (.suall1, reacling,working, or rvaiting for somcone):

I was tery worrit:d uhen h.e didn't conrc in and I sat uls till 3 a.n.uaiting lor hint.She sat up all night u;itlt the sick chilcl.

standstand by solreone (tr) : .nnalnue to support and help bim:

No ntattir what hupfens I'll sktncl by.lyotr, so tlon't be ufi.airt.

stand for (tr; = ."pt"."n,'The symbol 'x' usually stands for the unknown quantity in

mathematics.

stand for Parliament : be a candidate for Parliament, offer yclurself

for electiou:

Mr Pitt stood.for Pailiament fiue lears ago but he wasn't elecled.

stand up for (tr) = defend verballY:

His father blamed him, but his mother stood up for him and said thal

he had acted scnsibll'.

lVhy don't you stand uf .fitr loursef?stand up to (tr) = resist, defend oneself against (a person or force):

This type of buildittg stands up to the gales uerl well.

Your boss is a bully. If yu don't stand up to him he'LI Lead pu a

dog's life.

stand out (intr) : be conspicuous, be easily seen:

She stood out from the crowd because of her height and her flamingred hair.

stay

stay up (rntr) : rernain out of bed till later than usual, usually for

pleasure:

Children neuer nant to go to bed at the froper time; thel' alwalts nantto stay uP late.

step

step up (tr) = in.."o.e rate clf, increase speed of (this usually refers to

industrial production) :

This nen mat:hine will slep up production- (stef it uf)

take

be taken aback (intr) : be surprised and disconcerted:

I nas taken aback when I saw th'e bill.

take after (tr) : t"..-ble (one's parents/grandparents etc.):

He takes after his grandmother; she had red hair too.

My father uas forgetful and I take a.fter him; I forget euerything-take back (tr) = iryi11t6.aw (remarks, accttsations etc.):

I blamed him bitterly at first but later, when I heard the whole story,

I realized that he had been right and I tue'nt to him and took back myremarks. (took them back)

take down (tr) : write, usually from dictation:

He read out the rmmes and his secretary took them down. (took

down the names/took the names down)

take for (tr) : attribute wrong identity or qualities to someone:

I took him for his brother. They are extremely alike.

Do y66 tttke me for a fool?take in (tr)

(a) : deceive:At first he took us in bi7i5 stories and we tried to helf him; but later

ue learnt that his stories nere all lies.

lIII

I

,14o 347

38 Phrasal verbs 38 Phrasal verbs



(b) : receive as guests/lodgers:

When our car broke down I knocked on the door of the nearest

house. The ouner aery) kindly took us in and gaue us a bed forthe night.

People nho liue by the sea often take in paying guests during the

sumlner. (take paying guests in/take them in)(c) : understand, receive into the mind:

I was thinking of something else while she was speaking and I didn'treally take in what she was saying.

I couldn't take in the lecture at all. h was too difficult for me.ftouldn't take it in)

(d) : makeless wide (of clothes):,I'm getting much thinner; I'Il haue to take in my clothes. (take myclothes in/take them in)

take off (tr) = r".oue (when used of clothing 'take off is the oppositeof 'put on'):

He took off his coat nhen he entered the house and fut it on againwhen he went out. (took his coat off/took it ffi

take off (intr) : leave the ground (of aeroplanes):There is often a sfectators'balcony at airports, where people can

watch the planes taking off and landing. \

take on (tr)(a) : undertake work:

She wants someone to look after her children. I shouldn't care to take

on the job. They are uerl spoilt. (take the job on/take it on)(b) : engage staff:

They're taking on fifty new workers at the factory.(c) : accept as an opponent:

I'll take you on at table tennis. (l'll play against yc-ru.)

I took on Mr Pitt at draughts. (took Mr Pitt on/took him on)

take out (tr; : t"1y1oue, extract:Petrol will take out that stain. (take the stain out/take it out)The dentist took out two of her teeth.

take somebody out : entertain them (usually at some public place):Her small bo1 is at boarding school quite near here. I take him out

euery month. (and give him a meal in a restaurant)take over (tr or intr) : assume responsibility for, or control of, insuccession to somebody else:

We stop work at ten o'clock and the night shift takes ouer until the

following morning.

Miss Smith is leauing to get married and Miss Jones will be takingouer the class/Miss Jones will be taking ouer from Miss Smith. (seehand over)

take to (tr)

(a) : begrn a habit. There is usually the impression that the speaker

thinks this habit bad or foolish, though this is not necessarily always thecase. It is often used with the gerund:

He took to drink. (began drinking too much)

He took to borrowing money from the petty cash.

(b) : find likeable or agreeable, particularly at first meeting:

I was introduced to the new headmistress yesterday' I can't say I took

to her.

He went to sea (: became a sailor) and took to the life like a duck to

water.

(c) : seek refuge/safety in:

When they sau that the shif was sinking the crew took to the boats.

After the failure of the cou| lnany of the rebels took to the hills andbecame guerillas.

take up (tr)(a) : begin a hobby, sport or kind of study (there is no feeling of

criticism here):

He took up golf and became uery keen on it. (took it uf)(b) : occupy (a position in time or space):

He has a uery small room and most of the space is taken up by a

grand Piano.A lot of an MP's time is taken up with answering letters from his

constituents.

talktalk over (tr) : discuss:

Tatk it ouer with your wife and giue me lour answer tomorrow. (talk

ouer my suggestion/talk my suggestion ouer)

thinkthink over (tr) = consider:

I can't decide straight away but I'll think ouer your idea and let you

know what I decide. (think your idea ouer/think it ouer)

throw

throw away/out (tr) : jettison (rubbish etc.):

Throw away those old sftoes. Nobodl could wear them now.

(throw the shoes away/throw them away)throw up (tr) : abandon suddenly (some work or plan):

He suddenly got tired of the job and threw it uf . (he threw up thejob/threw the job uP)

tie

tie someone up : bind his hands and feet so that he cannot move:

The thieues tied up the night watchman before ofening the safe-

(tied the man uP/tied him uf)

trytry on (tr) = put on (an article of clothing) to see if it fits:

cuSToMER IN DRESS sHoP: 1 like this dress. Could I try it on? (try

this dress on/trt on"this dress)

348 349

38 Phrasal verbs



trl'out (tr) = test:ll'c won't knout hou the pLan unrks till ute haDe tricd it out.l'hey are trying out nev, wa!.s o[ preventing noise inhospitals. (trying them out)

turnturn away (tr; : r";u.. adnrittance to:

The man at the door htrned away anS,body who hadn,t aninvitation card. (huncd them auq)

turn down (tr; : t"iu.", reject an offer, application, applicalt:I al>flied for the job but lhe1, turned me dou,n/turncd dou,n m7-application because I dirln't knout Gerntan.He was of/ercd 1500fttr the picturc but he turned it dou,rt. (turnetl4own the offerlumed the offer doun)

turn into (tr) : .onu"., n,u'I unt going to tunt m! garage into a flulruom for the thiltlrttn.She turned the siluer candlcstick into a reuding lane.

turn in (intr) = go to bed (used chiefly by sailors/campers etc.):The captain trtrned in, not rtulizing that the icebergs u,cre so close.

turn on (tr) (stress on turn) = attack suddenly (the attacker isnormally a friend or a hithcrto friendly anirnal):

Tlte tigress tu.rned on the trainer and struck him to tht grountl.turn on/off (tr) : switch on/off (lights, gas, fires, radios, taps etc.)turn up/down (tr) = increase/decrease the pressure, force, r'olunrc(of gas or oil, lights, fires, or of radios):

Turn urt the gas: it is much too lou,.

I wish the feople in the next flat would turn doun their radio. you

can hear etter! u,ord. (turn the sound doutn/tunt it do.utn)

turn out (tr)

1x) = produce:

The creunery turns out tn o hundred tons of butter u u,cek.(tunts it r,tut)

(b) : evict, empty:1 turn a persoll out

- evict hinr fronr his house/flat/roonr:/lt oru limc, if tenonts didn't pay their n:nt tfu londlonl ctndd tuntthcm out.

2 turn out rine's pockets/handbags/drawers etc. : empty thenr, usuallylooking for s..,'n",,r'n*'

'Turn oul .vonr fockets,' suid the dtttecliuc.

3 turn out a room : (usually) clean it thoroughll', first putting thcfurniture outside:

I tr1- kt tunt out ortc rourt crery ntonth if I hat,e tinte.turn oui (intr)

(a) - assernble, conre out into the street (usuall_r'in order to r.r'e,lcome

sonrel;odv):

Th.e tohole torun tunred. oul to u'elcontethe u'inning Jbotball tcuntu'hen they cune back u:ilh the CuD.

(b) = develop:

I'ue neuer made. Yorkshire fiudding before so I am rut! qu.ilt stttt'ltortit is going to turn out.

Marriages arranged by marriage bureuux frequently turn out well.(c) = be revealed. Notice the two possible constructions , it turned out

that . . . and he turned out to be . .iHe told her that he was a bachelor but it turned out that he u,as

mttried with six children. (She learnt this later.)Our car broke down half way lhrough the journel but tht: hikpr rue

had ficked uf turned out to bc an axpcrt mechartic ttnd u,us uhh' l,t

fut things right.

Note the difference between turn out and come out. With turn outthe fact revealed is always mentioned and there is no irnplication thut

the facts are discreditable. With come out we are told onlv tlrat certairr

facts (usually discreditable) are revealed; we are not told what these

facts are.

turn over (tr) = turn something so that the side previouslv

underneath is exposed:

Hc tunted ouer the stone. (turned the stone ouer/turned it ouer

The initiuls 'PTo' dt the bottom of a fage meun 'Pleuse turn ouer'.

'T'urn ot'er a new leof. ' (begin again, meaning to do better)

turn over (intr)(a) : turn upside drlrvn, upset, capsize (used of vehicles or b<lats):

The cur struck the u'all and turned oterTh.e crtnoe turned ouer, throuing the boys into the u;ater.

(b) = (of people) change position so as to lie on the other side:

It is dfficult to turn ouer in a hummoch.

l.\'hen his ularm u,tnt o.lf he just turned orcr ond u:enl to sleep again.

turn up (intr) = arrive, appear (usually frorn ther point cif vierv of

son.lcone waiting or serarchirrg):

ll'e urranged lo maal ot the stalion ltut she didn't turn up.

Don't hother to loolz for my umhrelh; it uill turn uf some day.

u'alkrvalk out (intr) : march out in disgust rlr indignation:

Sonc peopie u'(re so disgusted with lhc plol thai they u'ulked oul in

the ruiddle of tha .first act.

wait

rvait on (tr) : attend, servc (at home or in a restaurant):

IIt upected his utJe to u,uit on hint harul and foot.The nun nho u,us tt,uitiu.g ou us secned t'er1 inexpcricncerl; he got

nll our orders rnixctl up.

u ash

lr'ash up (tr or intr) : wash the plates etc. after a meal:

lVhen ute haue dinner^uery late ne don't wush uf till the ncxt

nnrning. (tcnsh uf the dishes/uash them up)

lJ0351

38 Phrasal vcrbs



watch

watch out (intr) = look out.watch out for (tr) = 1oo1 out for (see pagc 357)

wear

wear away (intr) : gradually reduce; make smooth or flat; hollow out(used mostly of wood or stone. The subject is usually the weather, orpeople who walk on or touch the stone etc.):

It is almost impossible to read the inscription on the monument as

most of the letters haue been worn away. (by the weather)wear off (intr) = disappear gradually (can be used literally but is

chiefly used for mental or physical feelings):These glasses ma! seem uncomfortabLe at first but that feeling willsoon wear off.

When her first feeling of shyness hud worn off she sturted to enjolherself.

He began to try to sit urt, nhich showed us that lhe effects of the drugwere nearing off.

wear out (tr or intr)(a) (tr) : use till no longer serviceable; (intr) become unserviceable as

a result of long use (chiefly of clothes): \

Children near out their shoes uery) (luickl!. (wear their shoesout/near them out)Cheap clothes wear out quickly.

(b) (tr) : exhaust (used of people; very often in the passive):He worked all night and wanted to go on working the nert day, butwe sau that he was comfletefu worn out and persuaded him to stop.

wind

wind up (tr or intr) : bring or come to an end (used of speeches orbusiness proceedings) :

The headmaster wound up (the meeting) by thanking the parents.(wound the meeting uf/wound it up)

wipewipe out (tr) : 6"t1.uy completely:

The epidemic wifed out whole families. (u)irted whole familiesout/wifed them out)

work

work out (tr) : find, by calculation or study, the solution to someproblem or a method of dealing with it; study and decide on the detailsof a scheme:

He used his calculator to work out the cost. (uork the cost out)Tell me where you want to go and I'll work out a route.This is the outline of the plan. We want the committee to nork out

the details. (work them out)

setupset

setupset

abode

arose

awoke/au)qked

Past participle

abode

ar$enawoken/awaked

been

borne/born*

beaten

become

befallenbegottenbegun

beheld

bent

bereaaed/bereft*

besought

betted/bet

bidden

bid

bound

bitten

abide

anse

awake

be was

bear bore

beat beat

become became

befall befellbeget begotbegin began

behold beheld

bend bent

bereaae bereaued

beseech besoughtbet betted/bet

bid (-- commanA bade

bid (: offer) bidbind boundbrte bit

39 List of irregular verbs

364 Irregular verbs

The verbs in roman type are verbs which are not very common inmodern English but may be found in literature. When a verb has twopossible forms and one is less usual than the other, the less usual one

will be printed in roman.

Compounds of irregular verbs form their past tenses and pastparticiples in the same way as the original verb:

come came come

ouercolne oL,ercame ouercome

setupset

Present and infrnitive Simple past

*These past participles ate not optional but carry different meaningsand should be checked by the student in a reliable dictionary.

352 ?tr?

glossary PV T&M

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Transcript of glossary PV T&M