Global trends in resource consumption and …2016/02/22 · 5 th ISIE-AP(Nagoya) 3R Ministerial...
Transcript of Global trends in resource consumption and …2016/02/22 · 5 th ISIE-AP(Nagoya) 3R Ministerial...
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Global trends in resource consumption and increasing importance of MFA
物質消費に関するグローバルトレンドと高まる物質フロー分析の重要性
Yuichi Moriguchi 森口祐一
Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo東京大学大学院・工学系研究科・都市工学専攻
UNEP International Resource Panel
公開G7 アライアンス・ワークショップ-地球規模の資源効率性向上のための国際協力の推進-Promoting International Cooperation for improving Global Resource Efficiency
WS under the G7 Alliance for Resource EfficiencyFebruary 22, 2016
PACIFICO Yokohama Annex Hall F201-F202
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G7 Alliance for Resource EfficiencyKick-off meeting, Sep. 30 – Oct. 2, 2015, Berlin
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G7 Alliance Workshop in Berlin on October 2, 2015
Science-policy interface in Material Flow Analysis- Practical lessons from Japanese and international activities -
Yuichi Moriguchi, Dr. Eng.Professor
Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of EngineeringThe University of Tokyo, Japan
Panel member, International Resource Panel, UNEP
(Ex-Chair for 2003-2008, OECD/EPOC/WGEIO)
Inaugural event of the G7 Alliance for Resource EfficiencyWorkshop 2 – Promoting resource efficiency – research and innovation
October 2, 2015, Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, Berlin
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G7 Alliance Workshop in Berlin, on October 2, 2015Prof. Marian Chertow, Yale University, Previous President of ISIE
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Material Flow Analysis and Waste Management
Yuichi Moriguchi1) & Seiji Hashimoto2)
1) Professor, Department of Urban Engineering,Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
2) Professor, Department of Environmental Systems Engineering,College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University
ISIE Conference 2015University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K. / July 7-10 2015
Plenary Session : Taking Stock of Industrial Ecology
Taking Stock of Industrial Ecology, ISIE2015
The plenary lectures held during the ISIE conference in Surrey July 7-10, 2015 are streaming at:http://www.surrey.ac.uk/ces/news/key_events/isie_conference/plenaryvideos/index.htm
An e-book with open access is available. 5http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319205700
Material Flow Analysis by Bringezu & Moriguchi,in a Handbook of Industrial Ecology (2002)
• Understanding the structure and functioning of the industrial or societal metabolism is at the core of industrial ecology.
• Material flow analysis (MFA) refers to the analysis of the throughput of process chains comprising the extraction or harvest, manufacturing, chemical transformation, consumption, recycling, and disposal of materials. It is based on accounts in physical units (usually in terms of tons) quantifying the inputs and outputs of those processes. The subjects of the accounting are chemically defined substances (e.g. carbon or carbon dioxide) on the one hand and naturally or technically compound or “bulk“ materials (e.g. coal, wood) on the other hand.
• MFA has often been used synonymously to Material Flow Accounting; in a strict sense the accounting represents only one of several steps of the analysis.
6Bringezu, S. & Moriguchi, Y. (2002) Material Flow Analysis, in Handbook of Industrial Ecology, Edward Elgar
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Material flow related analyses and associated issues of concern by OECD(2008) based on Bringezu & Moriguchi (2002)
Issues of concern
Specific concerns related to environmental impacts, supply security, technology development
General environmental and economic concerns related to the throughput
within certainbusinesses, economic activities, countries, regions
ofsubstances, materials, manufactured goods
associated with at the level of
Objects of primary interest
Substances Materials Manufactured goods Businesses Economic
activities Countries, regions
chemical elements or compounds
e.g. Cd, Cl, Pb, Zn, Hg, N, P, C, CO2,
CFC
raw materials and semi-finished goods
e.g. energy carriers, metals (ferrous, non-
ferrous), sand and gravel, timber, plastics
e.g. batteries, cars, computers
e.g. firms, companies, plants, medium sized and
big enterprises, MNEs
e.g. production sectors, chemical industry, iron and
steel industry, construction, mining
e.g. aggregate mass of materials
(& related materials mix),groups of materials, selected materials
Type of analysis
IaSubstance Flow
Analysis
IbMaterial System
Analysis
IcLife Cycle Analysis
IIaBusiness level MF analysis
IIbInput-Output
Analysis
IIcEconomy-wide MF
Analysis
Type of measurement tool
Substance Flow Accounts
Individual Material Flow Accounts
Life Cycle Inventories (MF
Inventories)
Business Material flow
accounts
Physical Input-Output Tables
,NAMEA-type
approaches
Economy-wide Material Flow
Accounts
: MFA tools using the materials balance principle. : MFA tools using national accounting principles fully in line with the SEEA.Source: OECD, based on Bringezu and Moriguchi 2002.
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Measuring Material Flows and Resource ProductivityVol. 1 The OECD GuideVol. 2 The Accounting Framework Vol. 3 Inventory of Country Activities
OECD’s recommendations and guidance documents
Council Recommendations on Material Flows and Resource ProductivityApril 2004 & April 2008
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Transition of socio-economic structure
One-way
Recycling-basedCycle-oriented
Sound material-cycle
循環型社会“Junkan”
大量生産・大量消費・大量廃棄型社会
Mass-production, mass-consumption, mass-disposal society
Sound material-cycle society (SMCS)
Circular Economy
Saving resources
Reducing burdens
Material balance published on Japan’s White Paper in 1992
A framework for capturing economy-wide material flows
Hidden Flows Hidden Flows
Stocks
Domestic Environment
ProcessingDomestic
Extraction
Domestic
Processed
Outputs DPO
(to Air, Land, and Water)
Hidden Flows
Imports Exports
Add. Air
and Water
Water
Vapour
DMI
TMR
TDO
SCOPE WS for Indicators of Sustainable Development, Wuppertal Institute, 1995Ernst, Stefan(WI), Marina(IFF), Allen Hammond (WRI), Albert Adriaanse (VROM), Yuichi (NIES) were there
International joint study
Material Flow Indicators for Fundamental Plan for SMCS
A few European experts found it
Interactive cycle in the progress of MF Indicators
International Resource policy ?
Initiatives within OECD, G8, EU
WRI: (1997,2000)
Scientific knowledge
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Chronology in international interactions
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Japan G8, EU, OECD UNEP Research Inst.Until 1995
Concept of SMCSMaterial balance
IFF, WI, NIESSCOPE SDI-WS
1996-2000 OECD MFA Seminar
WRI Joint studyConAccountGRC on IE
2001-2005 1st FP-SMCS
(2003)
Eurostat MFA GuideG8 MFA studyOECD 1st Council RecommendationG8 3R Initiative
ISIE established
Biennial ISIE conferences since 2001
1st ISIE-Asia Pacific(Kawasaki)
2nd ISIE-AP(Tokyo)3rd ISIE-AP(Beijing)
7th ISIE (Ulsan)
4th ISIE-AP(Melbourne)5th ISIE-AP(Nagoya)
3R Ministerial (Tokyo)
2006-2008
Pre-Panel meetingUNEP resource efficiency WS(Tokyo)
OECD-Japan seminar on MF/RP IRP Launch
2nd FP-SMCS(2008)
OECD-UNEP resource efficiency conf.OECD 2nd Council Recommendation
G8 Env. Ministerial (Kobe action plan)
2009-2016
3rd FP-SMCS(2013)
Green Growth IndicatorsStatistical reporting of MFA by EU directiveG7 Elmau Summit
11th
IRP(Tokyo)
0.02.04.06.08.0
10.012.014.016.018.0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
%
Cyclical use rate (Circulated Resource/(DMI+CR))
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
ten
thou
sand
yen
/ to
n
Resource productivity (GDP/DMI)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
mill
ion
ton
Final disposal
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0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
mill
ion
tons
Nonmetallic mineralsFossil fuelMetalsBiomass
Japan's Direct Material Inputs(DMI) by resource categories
Trends of 3 Material Flow Indicators toward their targets in Japan’s Fundamental Plan for Establishing a SMCS
Inlet Cycle
Outlet
1st (2003) 2nd(2008) 3rd(2013)
Inlet
Resource Productivity(390,000JPY/ton)
(420,000JPY/ton) (460,000JPY/ton)
RP excluding construction minerals (680,000JPY/ton)
(770,000JPY/ton)
RP by fossil resources →RP by industry sector RP in manufacturing and by
industry sector
Biomass derived resource input ratio
→
TMR for metal derived resources imported into Japan
RP by Raw Material Equivalent
Cycle
Cyclical use rate (14%) (14~15%) (17%)
Amount of circulative resource imports and exports
→
TMR based cyclical use rate of metals
Cyclical use rate on the outlet (discharge) side (45%)
Outlet
Final disposal amount(28 million tons)
(23 million tons) (17 million tons)
Waste sector GHG emissions →
Indicators with target, Supplementary indicators with target and Indicators to monitor trends for 1st, 2nd and 3rd Japanese Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society
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Trends in global resource extraction, GDP and material intensity 1980-2011
This figure illustrates global trends in resource extraction, GDP, population and material intensity in indexed form (1980 equals a value of 100)
14Source: http://www.materialflows.net/home/
Global Trends in Material Flows (provided by SERI/WU/IFEU)
Global resource extraction by material category 1980-2011
In this figure, global resource extraction (including only used materials) between 1980 and 2011 is presented.Four material categories are separately shown: metal ores, industrial and construction minerals, fossil fuels and biomass (from agriculture, forestry and fishery).
15Source: http://www.materialflows.net/home/
Global Trends in Material Flows (provided by SERI/WU/IFEU)
Shares of global resource extraction by world region 1980 vs. 2011
In this figure, global resource extraction data is disaggregated by six world regions, illustrating the shares of each region in total extraction for the years 1980 and 2011.
16Source: http://www.materialflows.net/home/
Global Trends in Material Flows (provided by SERI/WU/IFEU)
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0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Crude Steel Production by World Regions (1000 ton)
World
Asia
China
EU15
Japan
USA
India
South Korea
Source: World Steel Association
JIE, 16(4), 2012
JIE, 17(4), 2013
JIE, 16(4), 2012
Economy Wide-MFA Studies for Emerging Economies
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International Resource Panel Established on November 9th, 2007Secretariat : UNEP/DTIECo-chair: Dr. Ernst von Weizsäcker
→Dr. Janez Potočnik and Dr. Ashok Khosla The overall objective :
• to provide independent scientific assessment of the environmental impacts due to the use of resources over the full life cycle,
• and to advise governments and organizations on ways to reduce these impacts.
19http://www.unep.org/resourcepanel/
Working Group Title Year
DecouplingDecoupling natural resource use and environmental impacts from economic growth 2011
Decoupling 2: Technologies, Opportunities and Policy Options 2014
Cities City-Level Decoupling: Urban resource flows and the governance of infrastructure transitions 2013
Environmental Impacts
Priority products and materials: assessing the environmental impacts of consumption and production 2010
International Trade in Resources: A Biophysical Assessment 2015Water Measuring Water Use in a Green Economy 2012
Metal
Metal stocks in society 2010Recycling rates of metals 2011Environmental risks and challenges of anthropogenic metals flows and cycles 2013
Metal recycling: Opportunities, limits, infrastructure 2013
Land and Soil
Assessing biofuels: towards sustainable production and use of resources 2009
Assessing Global Land Use: Balancing Consumption with Sustainable Supply 2014
REDD++ Building Natural Capital – How REDD+ Can Support a Green Economy 2014
Cross-Cutting Publications
Responsible Resource Management for a Sustainable World: Findings from the International Resource Panel 2012
Assessment reports by UNEP IRP
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Recent assessment reports by Metal Working Group of UNEP International Resource Panel
http://www.unep.org/resourcepanel/Whatwedo/OurWork/tabid/794375/Default.aspx
Metal stocks in society: scientific synthesis (2010)
Recycling Rates of Metals (2011)
Environmental Risks and Challenges of Anthropogenic Metals Flows and Cycles (2013)
Metal Recycling: Opportunities, Limits, Infrastructure (2013)
E-Book: International Resource Panel Work on Global Metal Flows (2013)
Japanese summary is available
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Metal life cycle and flow annotation
Concluding messages• During last two decades, Material Flow Analysis (MFA) has achieved good
progress along with evolvements in Industrial Ecology studies.
• In particular, application of MFA as a basis of indicators for measuring resource productivity / resource efficiency has been a good opportunity for interactive process between scientific research and policy.
• This interactive process has evolved with national environmental policy in Japan, intergovernmental initiatives (e.g. in OECD, G7/G8), and contribution of researchers to these initiatives and international scientific activities (e.g. in IRP, ISIE etc.).
• For the actual improvement of resource efficiency, collaboration between academic analysis or models and on-site practices by business sectors should be explored.
• Lessons can be learned from this case of MFA, to explore further international cooperation for improving resource efficiency, not only within G7, but also beyond G7, in particular, with emerging economies.
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