Glass in buildings

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GLASS IN BUILDINGS AR. MUKUL SAINI , EXECUTIVE ARCHITECT ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT, SJVN SHIMLA

Transcript of Glass in buildings

Page 1: Glass in buildings

GLASSIN

BUILDINGS

AR. MUKUL SAINI , EXECUTIVE ARCHITECT

ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT, SJVN SHIMLA

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Scope OF presentatioNIntroductionBrief HistoryTypes of glassesVarious Applications in buildingsStructural glass systemsGlass for Green BuildingsLatest research of interestSignificanceConclusion

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IntroductioN

Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid which is often transparent and has widespread practical, technological, and decorative usage in things like window panes, tableware, and optoelectronics.

The most familiar, and historically the oldest, types of glass are based on the chemical compound silica (silicon dioxide), the primary constituent of sand.

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Brief historYFlat glass has been used as an enclosing element for approximately 2,000 years and is thus one of the oldest man–made building materials. Before industrialization, flat glass was produced, e.g., by means of manual methods such as casting or cylinder technology. These were replaced by sheet glass and plate glass manufacturing methods, which were used up until the 1960s. Machine methods had the disadvantage of distortion and waviness. In the early 1950s, the English company Pilkington Brothers developed an industrial solution for producing high quantities of large glass panes of a consistent high quality and at a relatively moderate cost, which was an almost entirely automated float glass manufacturing process.

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Brief historYAs a result of the oil crisis in the late 1970s, the glass architecture at that time was subject to increasing criticism. Uncoated flat glass was considered a waste of energy.

Interpane was one of the first companies to successfully market neutral heat protection coatings. One example is "iplus neutral" (since 1982): It is considered to be the first color-neutral thermal insulating glass in glass history.

The key to success was a special silver coating. This technology is now the basis for the manufacturing of high-quality thermal insulating glass.

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Main types of glasS

Annealed glass

Toughened glass

Laminated glass

Coated glass

Mirrored glass

Patterned glass

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Annealed glasS Annealed glass is the basic flat

glass product that is the first result of the float process.

It is common glass that tends to break into large, jagged shards.

It is used in some end products and often in double-glazed windows.

It is also the starting material used to produce more advanced products through further processing such as laminating, toughening, coating, etc. 

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Toughened glasSToughened glass is made from annealed glass treated with a thermal tempering process.

(A sheet of annealed glass is heated to above its "annealing point" of 600°C; its surfaces are then rapidly cooled while the inner portion of the glass remains hotter. The different cooling rates between the surface and the inside of the glass produces different physical properties, resulting in compressive stresses in the surface balanced by tensile stresses in the body of the glass.)

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Toughened glasSToughened glass is treated to be far more resistant to breakage than simple annealed glass due to counteracting stresses and to break in a more predictable way when it does break, thus providing a major safety advantage in almost all of its applications.

Car windshields and windows, glass portions of building facades, glass sliding doors and partitions in houses and offices, glass furniture such as table tops, and many other products typically use toughened glass.

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Laminated glasSLaminated glass is made of two or more layers of glass with one or more "interlayers" of polymeric material bonded between the glass layers.

Rather than shattering on impact, laminated glass is held together by the interlayer giving more safety as well as, to some degree, reducing the security risks associated with easy penetration.

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Laminated glasSThe interlayer also provides a way to apply several other technologies and benefits, such as colouring, sound dampening, resistance to fire, ultraviolet filtering and other technologies that can be embedded in or with the interlayer.

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Coated glasSSurface coatings can be applied to glass to modify its appearance and give it many of the advanced characteristics and functions available in today's flat glass products, such as low maintenance, special reflection/ transmission/ absorption properties, scratch resistance, corrosion resistance, etc.

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Coated glasSCoatings are usually applied by controlled exposure of the glass surface to vapours, which bind to the glass forming a permanent coating.

The coating process can be applied while the glass is still in the float line with the glass still warm, producing what is known as "hard-coated" glass.

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Mirrored glasS

To produce mirrored glass, a metal coating is applied to one side of the glass. The coating is generally made of silver, aluminium, gold or chrome.

For simple mirrored glass, a fully reflective metal coating is applied and then sealed with a protective layer.

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Mirrored glasS

To produce "one-way" mirrors, a much thinner metal coating is used, with no additional sealing or otherwise opaque layer.

Mirrored glass is gaining a more prominent place in architecture, for important functional reasons as well as for the aesthetic effect.

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Patterned glasSPatterned glass is flat glass whose surfaces display a regular pattern.

The most common method for producing patterned glass is to pass heated glass (usually just after it exits the furnace where it is made) between rollers whose surfaces contain the negative relief of the desired pattern(s).

Patterned glass is mostly used in internal decoration and internal architecture.

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Different useSSupply of natural daylight

Protection from rain, wind, and cold

Transparency or translucency

Means of communication

Heat protection

Sound protection

Object and personal protection

Fire protection

Temporary heat and solar protection

Use of solar energy

Means of design

Electromagnetic dampening.

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Structural glass systemSStructural glass facades are most easily categorized by the structure types that support them.Strongback

Truss Systems

Cable Truss

Grid shells

Cable Net

Glass Fins

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Strongback systeMThe structural systems are the simplest form of structural support for a glass wall, but are only useful in relatively short spans of two to six meters usually.These systems can include both vertical and horizontal structural components. Sometimes verticals are used with no horizontals. They can be comprised of simple steel or aluminum open or closed sections with provisions for the attachment of the glazing system usually of spider type.

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Truss systeMTruss systems employ a planar truss design, often in a hierarchical system that may combine other element types including tension components. Truss designs vary widely, with an emphasis on fine detailing and craftsmanship. Rod or cable elements may be incorporated into the truss design, and lateral tensile systems are often used to stabilize the facade structure.

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Cable trusSOne type of truss system utilizes a minimalist structural form called a cable truss.

The main spinal compression element is removed, leaving the spreader struts as the sole compression elements in this truss type.As with cable nets, these systems rely on the pre-tensioning of truss elements to provide stability, and thus benefit significantly from the early involvement of the facade design/build team.

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Grid shellSGrid shell structural systems are another means to minimize the visual mass of structure. Configurations can be vaulted, domed and double-curved. Systems can be welded, bolt-up, or some combination of each.Grid shell structures with integrated cable bracing can produce a highly efficient structure with a refined aesthetic. Grid shells can be used in vertical and overhead applications, as well as to form complete building enclosures.

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Cable neTIf the spreaders were also to be removed from Cable Truss System, a system known as cable net is subsequently achieved.

The glass is supported by a net geometry of pre-tensioned cables.

A clamping component locks the cables together at their vertices and fixes the glass to the net.

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Glass finSThis technology was popularized by the Willis Faber & Dumas Building, Ipswich, England circa 1972.

In this glass plates are suspended and laterally stiffened by the use of glass fins set perpendicular to the plates at the vertical joints between them.

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Glass for green buildingSReflective glasses come with reflective coating that filters heat and let optimum light into the building.

Reduce the heat gain inside the building, and thus reduces electricity and cooling costs

Allow optimum light (natural daylighting) inside the building, and thus reduces the cost for artificial lighting

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Latest research of interesT

American company, New Energy Technologies is developing electricity generating transparent windows.

The team developed a coating capable of generating electricity on glass and flexible plastics that is processed uniformly in different color tints.

These polymer organic photovoltaic arrays are clear and only capture UV rays.

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Latest research of interesT

Unlike traditional building applied photovoltaic systems, restricted to use in direct sunlight on very limited skyscraper rooftop space, their ‘solarwindow’ is designed to operate in sunlight, shaded conditions and artificial light on the many thousands of square feet of glass surfaces common to today’s high rise towers. 

The technology is the subject of forty two patent filings, and researchers are on the track to advance the project towards full scale production. 

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SignificancEGlass is the dominating material in modern day architecture which places optical emphases and provides for numerous technical functions.

The glass industry offers glazing with individual technical features that can be used for heat, solar, or sound protection, as design components, safety glass, or as a part of building design systems.

Glass is no longer just a filler element, but is rather nowadays also used for supporting or enveloping purposes.

The main focus in building is usually on saving energy, especially in these challenging times of increasing prices for energy and raw materials. Glass plays an important role in it. Hence promoting the concept of Sustainability.

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ConclusioNOver a period of time, Glass has

acquired a special status as a significant building material. Apart from being a building material it is used in various forms also in the building to enhance the overall quality e.g. in furniture, electrical appliances and decorative items. Various technological innovations have made it a preferred choice for architects and designers to promote sustainability in built environment.

GLASS WALKWAY CHINA

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