A. GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES (Danh ng t v ng t nguyn mu c to)1. Danh ng t(V-ing)a. Mt s ng t thng theo sau bng mt danh ng t- admit: tha nhn - avoid: trnh - consider: xem xt- delay: hon - deny: ph nhn - detest: ght- dislike: khng thch - enjoy: thch - finish: kt thc- imagine: tng tng - keep: gi - mind: quan tm- miss: tr, l - risk: liu, mo him - postpone: hon- practice: luyn tpEx: My father enjoyslisteningto classical music. Finally, the thief admittedstealingmy bicycle.b. Mt s cm ng t c theo sau bng danh ng t:- be used to / get used to: quen vi / tr nn quen vi vic g- be worth: ng gia- be busy: bn rn- cant bear / cant stand: khng chu ng c- cant help: khng th khng- would you mind- its no use / its no good: v ch- look forward to: mong iEx: I couldnt helplaughingwhen hearing his story. Would you mindtypingthis letter?c. Danh ng t i sau cc gii tEx:He is fond ofjoggingin the morning.2. ng t nguyn mu c toa. Mt s ng t thng theo sau bng ng t nguyn mu c to- agree: ng - arrange: sp xp - beg: van ni, van xin- decide: quyt nh - demand: yu cu - fail: tht bi- hope: hy vng - intend: d nh - learn: hc- plan: ln k hoch - prepare: chun b - pretend: gi v- prmise: ha - refuse: t chi - seem: hnh nh- want: mong mun - wish: c mun - would likeEx: I hopeto beyour good friend. We decidedto gofor a walk in the forest.b. Mt s ng t theo sau bng tn ng + ng t nguyn mu c to:- advise: khuyn - ask: hi - allow: cho php- encourage: ng vin - expect: mong i - permit: cho php- persuade: thuyt phc - order: ra lnh - recommend: ngh- request: yu cu - tell: boEx: My parents allowed meto goout with my friends last night.I recommend youto dowhat he said.Note:- stop + V-ing: dng hn mt hnh ngEx: My father stoppedsmokingcigarette.- stop + to-inf: dng li lm vic khcEx: He was very tired. He stoppedto takea rest.- remember / forget / regret + V-ing: nh / qun/ nui tic vic xy ra ri(trong qu kh)- remember / forget / regret + to-inf: nh / qun/ nui tic vic cha, sp xy ra(trong tng lai)Ex: Dont forgetto turnoff the light when you go to bed. I remembermeetingyou some where but I cant know your name.-try + V-ing: th- try + to-inf: c gng- need + V-ing = need + to be + V3: cn c (b ng)- need + to-inf: cn (ch ng)Ex: I needto washmy car. My car is very dirty. It needswashing / to be washed.

B. CU IU KIN:** My lu v cu iu kin.- Cu iu kin gm c hai phn: Mt phn nu ln iu kin v mt phn cn li nu ln kt qu hay c gi l mnh ch iu kin v mnh ch kt qu.V d:If it rains, I will stay at home.You will pass the exam if you work hard.- Hai mnh trong cu iu kin c th i ch c cho nhauV d: You will pass the exam if you work hard.

I. CU IU KIN THNG THNG v O NG.a. LOI 1: cu iu kin din t 1 s vic c th xy ra hin ti v tng lai.Form: If + S1 + V1(hti) + O1, S2 + will + V1(n) + O2.Ex: If you are busy, we will go out in other time.Nu bn bn,chng ta s i chi vo dp khc nh.O: Should + S1 + V1(n) +O1, S2 + will + V2(n) + O2.Ex: Should you be busy, we will go out in other time.b. LOI 2: cu iu kin din t 1 s vic khng th xy ra hin tiForm: If + S1 + V1(ed,ct 2) + O1, S2 + would + V2(n) + O2.Ex: If you studied hard, you would pass the exam.Nu bn hc hnh chm ch, th bn vt qua k thi ri.NOTE: nu l tobe th V2 l WERE vi mi ngi (i vi ng php M hin i, c bit trong vn ni th ko nht thit; nhng ta vn nn tun theo v n ng cho c ng php Anh v M)Ex: If I were you, I would not behave like that.Nu tao l my, tao s khng c x nh vy!O: Were + S1 + (to V1(n)) + O1, S2 + would + V2(n) + O2.Ex: - Were you to study hard, you would pass the exam.- Were I you, I would not behave like that.c. LOI 3: cu iu kin din t 1 s vic khng th xy ra qu kh.Form: If + S1 + had V1(ed,ct 3) + O1, S2 + would + have V2(ed, ct 3) + O2.Ex: If my parents hadn't encouraged me, I wouldn't have passed my exam.Nu b m khng ng vin ti th ti chng vt qua k thi.O: Had + S1 + V1(ed, ct 3), S2 + would + have V2(ed,ct 3).Had my parents not encouraged me, I would not have passed my exam.d. Cu iu kin hn hp:Form: If + S1 + had V1(ed, ct 3) + O1, S2 + would + V2(n).Ex: If I had had breakfast before going to school, I would not be hungry now.Nu ti n sng trc khi i hc, th by gi ti khng i bng ri.II. UNLESS v BUT FOR:a.UNLESS: = IF NOTEx:If he did not help me, I would not finish my homework.= Unless he helped me, I would not finish my homework. (Tr phi anh y gip ti, cn khng th ti s chng th hon thnh bi tp)b. BUT FOR: (nu khng c)But for + N, iu kin loi 2 hoc 3.Ex:- he helps me everyday so I can finish my homework.=> But for his daily help, I would not finish my homework (ko c s gip mi ngy ca anh y, th ti chng th hon thnh bi tp v nh)- teacher explained and we understood=> But for teacher's explaination, we would not have understood.(Nu khng c s ging gii ca gio vin th chng ti chng th hiu ni)III. CU IU KIN KHNG C THT TNG LAI:ng t mnh sau wish s c dng would/could + V(n) hoc were + V-ing.Ex: We wish that you could come to the party tonight. (You can't come)c g bn c th n ba tic m nay. (Bn khng th)1. iu kin khng th thc hin c hin ting t mnh sau wish s chia QK, to be phi chia l WERE tt c cc ngi.Ex: I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework.c g ti c thi gian hon thnh bi tp v nh ca mnh.2. iu kin khng th thc hin c qu kh:ng t mnh sau wish s chia QKHT hoc could have + V(ed,2).Ex: -I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday. (Ti c rng ti git qun o hm qua ri)-She wishes that she could have been there. (C y c rng c th n y)*NOTE 1: ng t mnh sau wish bt buc phi dng iu kin khng th thc hin c; nhng iu kin y thi no li ph thuc vo chnh thi gian ca bn thn mnh ch khng ph thuc vo thi ca wish.Ex: -She wishes that she could have gone earlier yesterday.(Past) (c ta c rng c th ri i sm hn vo hm qua) (Q.kh)-He wished that he would come to visit me next week.(Future) (Anh y c rng anh y n thm chng ti tun ti c). (T.lai)-The photographer wished we stood closer than we are standing now. (Present) (nhip nh gia c sao chng ti ngi gn xch gn hn chng ti ang ngi by gi) (H.ti)*NOTE 2:Cn phn bit vi wish mang ngha "chc" trong mu cu: to wish sb sthEx: I wish you a happy birthday. (Chc bn sinh nht vui v)V wish mang ngha "mun":-To wish to do sth (Mun lm g)-To wish sb to do sth (Mun ai lm g)Ex:-Why do you wish to see the manager? (ti sao anh mun gp qun l?)-I wish to make a complaint (ti mun n kin)-The government does not wish Dr.Jekyll Hyde to accept a professorship at a foreign university. (Chnh ph khng mun tin s Jekyll Hyde nhn v tr gio s mt trng i hc ngoi quc).IV. CU IU KIN VI "WOULD RATHER":1. Loi cu 1 ch ng:Loi cu ny dng would rather ... (than) l loi cu din t s mong mun hay c mun ca mt ngi v chia lm 2 thi:a.Thi hin ti:Sau would rather l nguyn th b to. Ph nh: not + V(n)Form: S + would rather + V(n) + ...Ex: Jim would rather go to class tomorrow than today.Jim would rather not go to class tomorrow.b.Thi qu kh:ng t sau would rather phi l have + P2. Ph nh t not trc have.Form: S + would rather + have + V(ed,2)Ex: Jim would rather have gone to class yesterday than today.Jim would rather not have gone to the class yesterday.2. Loi cu c hai ch ngLoi cu ny dng "would rather that" (c g, mong g) v dng trong mt s trng hp sau:a. Cu cu kin hin ti:L loi cu ngi th nht mun ngi th hai lm vic g (nhng lm hay khng cn ph thuc vo ngi th hai). Trong trng hp ny ng t mng hai dng nguyn th b to. Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh t not trc nguyn th b to.Form: S1 + would rather that + S2+ V(n) +...Ex: -I would rather that you call me tomorrow.-He would rather that I not take this train.2. Cu gi nh tri vi hin ting t sau ch ng hai s chia QK, to be phi chia l WERE tt c cc ngi.Form: S1 + would rather that + S2 +V(ed,2) + ...Ex: -Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does. (His girlfriend does not work in the same department)-Jane would rather that it were winter now. (Infact, it is not winter now)Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh dng didn't + verb hoc were not sau ch ng hai.Ex: -Henry would rather that girlfriend didnt work in the same department as he does.-Jane would rather that it were not winter now.c. Cu gi nh tri ngc vi thc t qu khng t sau ch ng hai s chia dng QKHT. Ph nh: hadn't + P2.Form: S1 + would rather that + S2 + had V(ed,3) + ...Ex: -Bob would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday. (Jill did not go to class yesterday)-Bill would rather that his wife hadnt divorced him.V. AS IF, AS THOUGH: (c nh th l)Mnh sau 2 thnh ng ny lun dng iu kin khng thc hin c.1. Thi hin ti:V2 dng qu kh, tobe l WERE cho mi ngi.Form: S1 + V1(hti) + AS IF/ AS THOUGH + S2 + V2(ed,2)Ex: -He say as if he were a king. (Anh ta ni c nh th anh ta l 1 ng vua vy)-He talks as though he knew everthing in the world (Anh ta ni nh th anh ta bit mi th trn i vy)2. Thi qu kh:V1 qu kh, V2 qu kh hon thnh.Form: S1 + V1(ed,2) + AS IF/ AS THOUGH + S2 + V2(ed,3).Ex: He looked as though he had seen the ghost.(Anh ta trng c nh th gp ma vy)*NOTE: Mnh sau as though, as if khng phi lc mo cng tun theo quy lut trn. Trong mt s trng hp khi iu kin l c tht, hoc ngi ni, ngi vit quan nim l tht th 2 cng thc trn ko cn ng. Mnh sau chng chia ng t bnh thng theo mi quan h vi ng t mnh chnh.Ex: It looks as if It is going to rain. (Tri trng c nh th sp ma vy) (S tht l tri sp ma).VI. CC LOI CU IU KIN KHC:Trong qu trnh hc v giao tip cc bn s thy cu iu kin KHNG PHI lc no cng tun theo nhng quy tc nht nh.Vd: trong cu iu kin c bn vn c nhng bin th khc.Ex: If you meet him, tell him to call me! (Nu bn gp anh ta, bo anh ta gi in cho ti) (mnh chnh di dng cu mnh lnh)Hay ta cng c th thm then, perhap... vo gia cc mnh nhn mnh.etc.Trong qu trnh hc tp chng ta s tch ly c cc cch s dng khc!