Germans at Gettysburg
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Transcript of Germans at Gettysburg
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University
Die Deutschen im Die Deutschen im amerikanischen Bürgerkriegeamerikanischen Bürgerkriege
als Gettysburgals Gettysburg
Stephen T. FrezzaElectrical & Computer EngrGannon [email protected]
©2004 Stephen T. Frezza 1
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University
Sezessionskrieg 1861-Sezessionskrieg 1861-18651865
The Story of Germans The Story of Germans in The War...in The War...
The Story of The The Story of The WarWar
– 216,000 German-born 216,000 German-born Union SoldiersUnion Soldiers
– Nearly every Union Army Nearly every Union Army CorpsCorps
– Every Major Campaign & Every Major Campaign & BattleBattle Pvt. Alexander Zang, c. 1862
©2004 Stephen T. Frezza 2
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University
German Americans in German Americans in ACWACW
• Most marked events in the history Most marked events in the history of German-Americansof German-Americans
• Loyal to the Union Loyal to the Union • Virtually Virtually nono German... German...
– promoters of successionpromoters of succession– slaveholdersslaveholders
• Provided significantly more Provided significantly more volunteers than other ethnic volunteers than other ethnic groupsgroups– double the rate of other groupsdouble the rate of other groups
©2004 Stephen T. Frezza 3
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University
German-Born German-Born AmericansAmericans
10% of Union Army:10% of Union Army:– 2,150,000 Union Soldiers (White)2,150,000 Union Soldiers (White)– 216,000 German-born 216,000 German-born (vs. 144,000 Irish)(vs. 144,000 Irish)
~ 300,000 American-born~ 300,000 American-born
~ 250,000 ‘Old Germans’~ 250,000 ‘Old Germans’
High volunteer rate:High volunteer rate:Northern population of 1.6 million (1860-64)Northern population of 1.6 million (1860-64)
~ 72,000 in rebellious states~ 72,000 in rebellious states
©2004 Stephen T. Frezza 5
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University
German EnlisteesGerman Enlistees• Considered / emigrated Considered / emigrated
from then-nations of: from then-nations of: – DenmarkDenmark– AustriaAustria– SwitzerlandSwitzerland– BelgiumBelgium– LuxembourgLuxembourg– AlsaceAlsace– HollandHolland– CanadaCanada
Pvt. Conrad HoltzhaurCo A 2nd MI Inf
DOW Malvern Hill
©2004 Stephen T. Frezza 6
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University
36%
20%20%
12%11%11%
14%14%
6.2%6.2%
9.2%9.2%
7.7%7.7%8.4%
6.5%
6.3%6.3%
6.2%6.2%
Where they EnlistedWhere they Enlisted
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University
German RegimentsGerman Regiments• New York:New York:
77thth Steuben RiflesSteuben Rifles von Schackvon Schack
88thth Blenker, Stahel, WutschelBlenker, Stahel, Wutschel
2020thth Turner RegimentTurner RegimentWebberWebber
2929thth Astor RiflesAstor Rifles von Steinwehrvon Steinwehr
4141stst DeKalb RegimentDeKalb Regiment von Gilsavon Gilsa
4545thth von Amsbergvon Amsberg
4646thth von Rosa, Gerhardvon Rosa, Gerhard
5252ndnd Sigel RiflesSigel Rifles FreudenbergFreudenberg
5454thth GellmannGellmann
103103rdrd von Egloffstein, Ringgold, Heinevon Egloffstein, Ringgold, Heine
44thth Cav Cav DickelDickel
Numerous batteriesNumerous batteries Schirmer, Dilger, Wiedrich, Schirmer, Dilger, Wiedrich, Sturmfels...Sturmfels...
9.2%9.2%
37,000
©2004 Stephen T. Frezza 10
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University
German RegimentsGerman Regiments• Pennsylvania:Pennsylvania:
– 2727thth Infantry Infantry– 7373rdrd Infantry Infantry– 7474thth Infantry Infantry– 7575thth Infantry Infantry
• New JerseyNew Jersey– 33rdrd Cavalry Cavalry– A, 1A, 1stst NJ Light Artillery NJ Light Artillery
• OhioOhio– 99thth (Turner) Infantry (Turner) Infantry– 2828thth Infantry Infantry– 3737thth Infantry Infantry– 107107thth Infantry Infantry– 33rdrd Cavalry Cavalry
• WisconsinWisconsin– 99thth Infantry Infantry– 2626thth Infantry Infantry– 4545thth Infantry Infantry– 22ndnd Artillery Artillery
6.3%6.3%7.7%7.7%
12%
20%20%
©2004 Stephen T. Frezza 11
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University
German RegimentsGerman Regiments• Missouri:Missouri:
– 11stst Infantry Infantry– 22ndnd Infantry Infantry– 33rdrd Infantry Infantry– 44thth Infantry Infantry– 55thth Infantry Infantry– 1212thth Infantry Infantry– 1515thth Infantry Infantry
(Swiss)(Swiss)– 1717thth Infantry Infantry
(Turner)(Turner)
• IllinoisIllinois– 4343rdrd Infantry Infantry– 8282ndnd Infantry Infantry
• IndianaIndiana– 3232ndnd Infantry Infantry
36%8.4%
4.6%4.6%
©2004 Stephen T. Frezza 12
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University
Half-German RegimentsHalf-German Regiments• New York:New York: 39th, 58th, 68th, 119th39th, 58th, 68th, 119th
• Pennsylvania:Pennsylvania: 4th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 14th, 4th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 48th, 50th, 51st, 56th, 65th, 79th, 15th, 16th, 48th, 50th, 51st, 56th, 65th, 79th, 88th, 96th, 98th88th, 96th, 98th
• Ohio:Ohio: 7th, 47th, 58th, 74th, 106th, 108th, 1657th, 47th, 58th, 74th, 106th, 108th, 165thth, , 2020thth Battery Battery
• Missouri:Missouri: 1st,39th, 40th, 41st, 4th Cav1st,39th, 40th, 41st, 4th Cav
• Illinois:Illinois: 9th, 24th, 279th, 24th, 27thth, 36th, 44th, 45th, 57th, , 36th, 44th, 45th, 57th, 58th, 13th Cav, 16th Cav58th, 13th Cav, 16th Cav
©2004 Stephen T. Frezza 13
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University
Half-German RegimentsHalf-German Regiments• Indiana:Indiana: 24th, 136th24th, 136th
• Minnesota:Minnesota: 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th, 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th,
• TexasTexas: 1st (Loyal) : 1st (Loyal)
• KansasKansas: 1st, 2nd: 1st, 2nd
• NebraskaNebraska: 1st Cav: 1st Cav
• KentuckyKentucky: 5th, 6th, 2nd Cav : 5th, 6th, 2nd Cav
• MarylandMaryland: 5th: 5th
©2004 Stephen T. Frezza 14
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University
Why they enlistedWhy they enlisted• Strongly influenced by the Strongly influenced by the
ideals of the 1848 revolutionideals of the 1848 revolution
UnionUnion• Value and importance of Value and importance of
Republican IdealsRepublican Ideals
SlaverySlavery
““All für Lincoln und Sie Freiheit”All für Lincoln und Sie Freiheit” • FreedomFreedom
©2004 Stephen T. Frezza 15
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University
The War - 1861The War - 1861
1st Bull Run 1st Bull Run Camp JacksonCamp Jackson
Wilson’s CreekWilson’s CreekPea RidgePea Ridge
Franz SigelFranz Sigel
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University
Early BlowsEarly Blows• May: Saving St. LouisMay: Saving St. Louis
– German Loyalist rush to flagGerman Loyalist rush to flag– Armory Held, Camp Jackson takenArmory Held, Camp Jackson taken
• July: 1st Bull RunJuly: 1st Bull Run– Blenker’s German Division Blenker’s German Division
• held in reserveheld in reserve• mistaken For U.S. Regularsmistaken For U.S. Regulars
• Wilson’s CreekWilson’s Creek• Pea RidgePea Ridge Louis Blenker
©2004 Stephen T. Frezza 17
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University
South-West Texas: South-West Texas: Little GermanyLittle Germany
• 1/5 of all whites - over 22,000 German-1/5 of all whites - over 22,000 German-bornborn
• Pro-Union, anti-slave, German-speaking Pro-Union, anti-slave, German-speaking communitiescommunities
• February - Twiggs surrenders, February - Twiggs surrenders, Commanches attackCommanches attack
• August - Banishment Law, Law of August - Banishment Law, Law of ConfiscationConfiscation– Moved, or Pro-Union property confiscatedMoved, or Pro-Union property confiscated
Four years of Murder, Man-hunts, Four years of Murder, Man-hunts, Imprisonments, LynchingImprisonments, Lynching
©2004 Stephen T. Frezza 18
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University
The War - 1862The War - 1862
Henry & DonelsonHenry & Donelson
Stones RiverStones River
CorinthCorinthShilohShiloh
Cross KeysCross KeysBull Run Bull Run Antietam Antietam
Fredricksburg Fredricksburg
August Willich
Seven Days Seven Days
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University
The War - 1863The War - 1863
VicksburgVicksburg
ChickamaugaChickamauga
Chancellorsville Chancellorsville
Gettysburg Gettysburg
Chattanooga Chattanooga
Peter OsterhausPeter Osterhaus
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University
The Turning PointsThe Turning PointsWestWest
• VicksburgVicksburg• TullahomaTullahoma• ChickamaugaChickamauga• ChattanoogaChattanooga
EastEast
• ChancellorsvChancellorsvilleille
• Brandy Brandy StationStation
• GettysburgGettysburg• Mine RunMine Run
Carl Schurz
ChancellorsvilleChancellorsville
©2004 Stephen T. Frezza 22
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University
From Chancellorsville to From Chancellorsville to GettysburgGettysburg
Oliver O. HowardOliver O. Howard• Disliked 11Disliked 11thth Corps Corps
CommanderCommander• New commanders New commanders
(e.g., Barlow in 3(e.g., Barlow in 3rdrd Division)Division)
• Questionable Questionable assignments of assignments of Smith & Coster as Smith & Coster as Brigade Brigade CommandersCommanders
Unjustified CriticismUnjustified Criticism
• ““Measureless Measureless Abuse”Abuse”
• Coverup of German Coverup of German heroicsheroics
• Marched north to Marched north to shed their shed their dishonorable dishonorable reputation.reputation.
©2004 Stephen T. Frezza 23
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University
The First DayThe First DayJuly 1, 1863: 9:30 AMJuly 1, 1863: 9:30 AM
St. Joseph’s College, Emmitsburg MarylandSt. Joseph’s College, Emmitsburg Maryland
• Buford’s Cavalry & 1Buford’s Cavalry & 1stst Corps stop Heth Corps stop Heth• Reynolds (wing commander) Killed Reynolds (wing commander) Killed • 10:45 AM10:45 AM: Howard takes Army : Howard takes Army
Command, Schurz 11Command, Schurz 11thth Corps Corps• 2:30 PM2:30 PM: Schurz ordered to take 5,100 : Schurz ordered to take 5,100
Men of 1Men of 1stst & 3 & 3rdrd Division north to protect Division north to protect 11stst Corp’s flank Corp’s flank
• 3:00 PM3:00 PM: 5,600 men of Early’s and : 5,600 men of Early’s and Rodes’ divisions concentrate on Union Rodes’ divisions concentrate on Union rightright
©2004 Stephen T. Frezza 24
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University
Threats to the Union RightThreats to the Union Right
BarlowBarlowSchimmel-Schimmel-
fenningfenning
Early’s Early’s
Division
Division
Rodes’s Rodes’s
DivisionDivision
Het
h &
Het
h &
Pet
tigr
ewP
etti
grew
Rod
es’s
Rod
es’s
D
ivisi
on
Div
ision
11 stst C
orp
s C
orp
s
Devin
’sD
evin’s
Cavalry
Cavalry
Schurz’s Schurz’s Intent:Intent:
©2004 Stephen T. Frezza 25
ToToGettysburg Gettysburg
& & Cemetery HillCemetery Hill
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University ©2004 Stephen T. Frezza 26
2:45 PM: July 12:45 PM: July 1stst
Barlow & Schimmelfennig Barlow & Schimmelfennig DeployDeploy
45th NY
157th NY 82nd ILL
74th PA
68th NY
61st OH
107th OH 25th OH
153rd PA54th NY
75th OH17th CON
13th NYLight
1st OHDilger
4th US Batt. G
68th NY
BarlowBarlow
von Gilsavon Gilsa
AmesAmes
von Amsbergvon Amsberg
Early’s Early’s
Division
Division
Rodes’s Rodes’s
DivisionDivision
Rod
es’s
Rod
es’s
Div
ision
Div
ision
SchimmelfennigSchimmelfennig
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University ©2004 Stephen T. Frezza 27
3:15 PM3:15 PM
Barlow Falls on Barlow Falls on Blocher KnollBlocher Knoll
45th NY
157th NY 82nd ILL
74th PA
68th NY
61st OH
107th OH 25th OH
153rd PA54th NY
75th OH17th CON
13th NYLight
1st OHDilger
4th US Batt. G
68th NY
BarlowBarlow
von Gilsavon Gilsa
AmesAmes
von Amsbergvon Amsberg
DolesDoles(Rodes)(Rodes)
GordonGordon(Early)(Early)
HaysHays(Early)(Early)
KrzyzanowskiKrzyzanowski
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University ©2004 Stephen T. Frezza 28
3:30-4PM3:30-4PM:: Forlorn Forlorn HopesHopesKrzyanowski’s Krzyanowski’s BrigadeBrigade157157thth New York New York
45th NY
157th NY 82nd ILL
13th NYLight
1st OHDilger
33rdrd Division Divisionvon Gilsavon Gilsa
von Amsbergvon Amsberg
DolesDoles(Rodes)(Rodes)
GordonGordon(Early)(Early)
HaysHays(Early)(Early)
KrzyzanowskiKrzyzanowski AveryAvery(Early)(Early)
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University
Germans on Germans on The First DayThe First Day
• Ordered into an impossible situationOrdered into an impossible situation• Position untenable from the start Position untenable from the start
(Barlow’s deployment)(Barlow’s deployment)• Fought bravely until overwhelmedFought bravely until overwhelmed• Horrendous CasualtiesHorrendous Casualties
– Krzyzanowski’s Brigade – every regiment engaged Krzyzanowski’s Brigade – every regiment engaged took over 50% casualtiestook over 50% casualties
– 127127thth New York collapsed after taking 75% casualties New York collapsed after taking 75% casualties
• 82nd Illinois – last out of Gettysburg82nd Illinois – last out of Gettysburg• Posted to defend North- and East Posted to defend North- and East
Cemetery HillCemetery Hill
©2004 Stephen T. Frezza 29
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University ©2004 Stephen T. Frezza 30
Sunset: 2Sunset: 2ndnd July 1863 July 1863Cemetery RidgeCemetery Ridge
111th NY125th NY
126th NY
1st MN
BarksdaleBarksdale
WilcoxWilcox
2121stst Miss Miss
WoffordWofford
Watson’s
Weikert’sWeikert’sWoodsWoods
39th NY
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University
Bias Against GermansBias Against Germans The Second Day’s RecordThe Second Day’s Record
• 11stst Minnesota loses 170 of 250 engaged Minnesota loses 170 of 250 engaged– Staves the advance of 1000 rebelsStaves the advance of 1000 rebels
• Fassitt asks Hildebrand to advanceFassitt asks Hildebrand to advance– Gets Medal of Honor for initiativeGets Medal of Honor for initiative
• 3939thth New York retakes Watson’s Battery New York retakes Watson’s Battery– 75+ Casualties (25%) in 15 Minutes 75+ Casualties (25%) in 15 Minutes – Never recognized for recapturing four gunsNever recognized for recapturing four guns
• 2121stst Mississippi retreats, gives up guns Mississippi retreats, gives up guns– claim they exchanged only “long range” volleysclaim they exchanged only “long range” volleys
©2004 Stephen T. Frezza 31
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University
Dusk: 2Dusk: 2ndnd July 1863 July 1863
East Cemetery HillEast Cemetery Hill
Taneytown R
d
BrickyardLane
HaysHays
HokeHoke
Culp’s Hill
Baltimore Pike
68th N
Y54
th NY
41st N
Y33
rd Mas
s
75th O
H17
th Con
n25th O
H15
3rd P
A107t
h OH
6th NC21st NC 57 th NC
Ricke
tts
Wie
dric
h Car
roll
Schu
rtz
&
Kry
zana
owsk
i
Du Sollst est…!Du Sollst est…!
©2004 Stephen T. Frezza 32
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University ©2004 Stephen T. Frezza 33
German ParticipationGerman Participation
• SignificantSignificant– 11stst Day – North of Day – North of
GettysburgGettysburg– 11stst Day – On Cemetery Day – On Cemetery
HillHill– 22ndnd Day – East Day – East
Cemetery HillCemetery Hill
GettysburgGettysburg
Wadsworth Knoll Wadsworth Knoll – Overlooking East Overlooking East
Cemetery HillCemetery Hill
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University
The War - 1864The War - 1864
AtlantaAtlanta
Petersburg Petersburg
Kennesaw Kennesaw March to the SeaMarch to the Sea
Spottsylvania Spottsylvania Wilderness Wilderness
Nashville Nashville
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University
The Long YearThe Long YearWestWest
• ResecaReseca• Kennesaw Kennesaw
MountainMountain• AtlantaAtlanta• March to the SeaMarch to the Sea
• FranklinFranklin• NashvilleNashville
EastEast
• WildernessWilderness• SpottsylvaniaSpottsylvania• Cold HarborCold Harbor• MonocacyMonocacy• PetersburgPetersburg• Valley Valley
CampaignCampaign
©2004 Stephen T. Frezza 35
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University
1865: The End1865: The EndSouthSouth
• GoldsboroGoldsboro• BentonvilleBentonville
EastEast
• PetersburPetersburgg
• Saylors Saylors CreekCreek
• AppomatoAppomatoxx
©2004 Stephen T. Frezza 36
ECWRT ‘04 Gannon University
SummarySummary• Germans Germans
– Played a significant rolePlayed a significant role– Helped train the Union ArmyHelped train the Union Army– Received little recognitionReceived little recognition– Suffered for their Union SentimentsSuffered for their Union Sentiments
©2004 Stephen T. Frezza 37