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 3 divisions:

1) Ocean –continent margin

2) MOR3) Deep

Oceanplains

Division of Ocean Bottom

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• Occupies 40 of

t!e ocean "oor• #remendousdiversit$ interms oflandforms

• %t !as depositsfrom continents&terrigenous)'marine life&(iogenous) andsalts and mineral&inorganic)

($ssal *lain

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•

*M+ &*ol$Metallic+odules) orManganesenodules

• ,oncentration ofmetals around a

core• Dept! 4000-

.000m

Resources from ($ssal plain

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• /irst found inara sea'

rctic ocean•  #!ese

nodules arefound in t!e

all t!e oceans–economicall$via(le

-central%ndian Oceanand astern*acic Ocean

lo(al distri(ution of *M+

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*M+• *M+ are small

nodules of metalsli5e' Manganese'%ron' 6ilicon' l'+ic5el and ,o(altetc

• some of t!eminerals are rare onland

• ,ountries are inrace to e7plore ande7tract *M+

8/17/2019 geograpi l5 1

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2002- %ndia got approval from %6– 8*ioneer %nvestor9 for 1 $ears

 %ndia - 1'0'000 ml !a oceanstretc! in central %ndian Oceanout of 10 to1 ml !a of *M+

%ndia R; 6amudra Ratna5ar <

e=uipment from 6 orea+%O# – developing tec! fore7ploration

2011 - ,!ina ac=uired 10'000 !aarea

2013 – > co in *acic ocean

*M+

%ndia

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>+ convention on ?a@s of t!eseas

1A3.0 countries signed

came into force in 1AA3

1) Decides t!e maritime(oundar$

2) Deep sea mining &%6'

ingston' Camaica)3) nvironment protection

4) Dispute settlement

>+,?O6

%6

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• Decidesterritorial

@aters'contiguousone and Efor coastal

countries• E – special

rig!t of t!estate toe7ploreminerals orproduce

energ$ fromt!e area

>+,?O6

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Mains

2014

F ,riticall$ evaluatet!e various resources oft!e oceans @!ic! can(e !arnessed to meet

t!e resource crisis int!e @orld &10)

>*6,

Fuestion

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4 t$pes of %slands:

1) ;olcanic &plateG !ot spot)

2) ,ontinental3) ,oral islands

4) 6and (ar islands

 #$pes of %slands

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Island Formation

continental Once part oflarge

continentvolcanic O-O plate

collision' Hot

spot

coral /ormed due

to coral reefs

 #$pes of %slands

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Continental IslandsVolcanic islands

 #$pes of %slands

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Sand-bar islandsCoral Islands

 #$pes of %slands

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Volcanic Continental Coral Sandbar

 Capan 6!ri

?an5a

?a5s!ad

@eep

?ong

%sland&+e@

 Ior5)

*!ilippines

Madagascar

Maldives

urile ;ancou

ver

Mauritiu

s

7ample of %slands

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•%ndicative of!ealt! ofMarineecolog$

• *rimar$food-c!ain

• 6ource of

great(iodiversit$

,oral Reefs

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• ,orals K tin$ "es!$ sea anemones pol$ps

•  #!e$ e7tract ,a from t!e sea @ater for t!eirs5eletons to protect t!eir (odies

•  One generation die on previous generation• ,orals live s$m(iotic relations!ip @it!

microscopic plant – Eoo7ant!alae'p!otos$nt!esis capa(ilities

•  Eoo7ant!alae provide food to corals andcorals provide protection to oo7ant!alae

,oral Reefs

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• +eed su(marine s!allo@ platform &0meter deep)– to receive sun lig!t

•  #emperature- 2-2L degree

• arm' tropical and lo@ latitude@aters

• 6alinit$ – 33 ppt

• +ot at mout! of river' +o tur(ulent@ater

• +eed circulating nutrient ric! @ater

,ondition for gro@t! of ,orals

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6patial distri(ution of ,orals

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• !en corals

are in stresst!e$ e7peloo7ant!alae –t!at9s @!$coral seem@!ite KN coral(leac!ing

>ltimatel$'@it!out foodcoral die

,oral Bleac!ing

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• lo(al @arming KN increase in seasurface temperature

• Oone depletion KN increase in solar

irradiation• Ocean acidication

• algal (loom

•%ncrease sedimentation from rivers

• Marine pollution – oil spill

• Diseases

Reason of coral Bleac!ing

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Distri(ution of ,oral Bleac!ing

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•

,orals can (edeveloped (ot!at t!e margins oft!e continents or

around islands• 3 stages of coral

formation

1) /ringing reef 

2) Barrier reef 

3) toll

 

/ormation of coral reef 

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•,oral reefdeveloped alongmargin of an island

• %f ap is created

(et@een corals andt!e surface ofisland

•

6mall @ater (odiesK lagoons

/ringing reef 

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• Reef is not

continuous (ut(ro5en

• ?agoon can

connect to openocean

• Most e7tensive

• %f t!e$ are parallel

to coast -N (arrierreef 

Barrier reef 

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•

 #!e !ill su(merged• Onl$ narro@ ring of

coral is visi(le

toll

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/ringing Reef  Atolls

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reat Barrier Reef' ustralia

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• Dangerous formarine(iodiversit$

• Marine diversit$is t!e @ealt! oft!e eart!

•

Harmful to glo(alenvironment

Marine pollution

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Marine pollutionIssue efect

Oil spill Marine life –devoid ofsunlig!t ando7$gen

Run-oP fromland

utrop!ication -lgal (loom

tmosp!ericinput

ma5es ocean@ater acidic

Dumping of #o7icit$ !arms

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•  #ar (alls Q lumpsof petroleum

• oil spillage fromtan5ers

•  #!e @a7-li5elumps are causeddue to t!ereaction of t!e oil@it! sea @ater

• 6tic5$ and greas$

 #ar (alls

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Ocean (ottom relief:

1) ,ontinental s!elf 

2) ,ontinental slope

3) ,ontinental rise

4) ($ssal plain

 #$pes of islands

/ormation of coral

Marine pollution

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HoriontalMotion of Ocean @ater

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• ,reation of @aves:

• @ind pus!es t!e @ater (od$

•  gravit$ pulls t!e crests of t!e @avesdo@n@ard' t!e falling @ater pus!est!e former troug!s up@ard

• ctual motion of @ater (eneat! t!e

@ave is circular

aves

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•

@!en t!edept! of@ater is lesst!an !alf t!e

@avelengt!of t!e @ave't!e @ave(rea5s

Brea5ing up of t!e @aves

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HoriontalMotion of Ocean @ater

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• Ocean currents are narro@ ands!allo@ &up to 00 meter deep)'stream of @ater circulating along t!e

Ocean margins• ,ircumnavigate t!e eart!

Ocean ,urrents

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• Heatdistri(ution – from

*oles to=

•

@arm@aterfrom

e uator

Ocean currents

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ind

/orces responsi(le for Ocean,urrent

8/17/2019 geograpi l5 1

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• Most oft!ecurrentsfollo@ t!edirection

of t!etrade@inds'esterlie

s andpolareasterlies

Dominant force : @ind

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• ater e7pands under !ig! temperature

• ,old @ater near poles

• ater lig!ter near e=uator' t!an at t!e

poles

• ,old @ater - !eavier &denser) sin5sdo@n@ard

• ,old @ater from pole "o@ to@ardse=uator at su(surface level' to (alanceloss of @ater at e=uator

%nsolation: temperature gradient

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%nsolation: temperature gradient

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• 6alinit$ increases densit$ of @ater

• Denser @ater sin5s at dept!

• ?ess saline @ater move to@ards !ig!saline @ater on t!e surface

• Hig! saline @ater move to@ards lesssaline @ater at su(-surface

• =uator – rainfall –less saline @ater

• *oles – ice(erg – !ig! saline @ater

%nsolation: 6alinit$ gradient

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• /actor de"ect t!e pat! of t!ecurrents:

• ,oastlines modif$ t!e pat! of t!e

currents

• coriolis force de"ect t!e pat!

/actors modif$ing t!e ocean

currents

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• Due to

art!9srotation -N

• De"ectiveforce-de"ect t!edirection of

currents• ,loc5@ise –

+

• nti-

cloc5@ise -6

,oriolis ePect

oceano

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 *relims

 

2012

F ,onsider t!e follo@ingfactors:

1 Rotation of t!e eart!2 ir pressure and @ind

3 Densit$ of ocean @ater

4 Revolution of t!e eart!

!ic! of t!e a(ove factors

in"uence ocean currents

>*6,

oceano

oceano

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 *relims

 

2012

a) 1 and 2

() 1'2'3c) 1 and 4

d) 2'3'4

ns B)

Rotation of t!e eart! -N coriolisforce

ir pressure and @ind -Nplanetar$ @inds

Densit$ of @ater -N salinit$

>*6,

oceano

oceano

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 *relims

 

2002

F ,onsider t!e follo@ingstatements:

1 Ocean currents are slo@-surface movement of@ater in ocean

2 Ocean current assist inmaintaining t!e eart!9s!eat (alance

3 Ocean currents are set inmotion primaril$ ($prevailing @inds

>*6,

oceano

oceano

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 *relims

 

2002

4 #ropical currents areaPected ($ t!e

conguration of t!e ocean!ic! of t!e statementsare correct

a) 1 and 2

() 2'3 and 4

c) 1'3 and 4

d) 1'2'3 and 4

ns B)

>*6,

oceano

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+ort! tlantic Ocean ,urrents

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• Meeting of gulfstream and?a(rador current

at ne@ found land• s!ing ground K

grand (an5s

•/ogg$ area –dangerous fors!ipping

+e@ found land

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•  ports of+or@a$+arvi5'Hammerfest

operating in@inter- atsame

latitudeports in

Russia

+ort! tlantic drift

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cold current

*asses nearcanar$ islands

desiccatingePect to6a!ara desert

,anar$ current

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• $re of nort!

e=uatorial current'gulf stream andcanar$ current

• ater conned –

calm andmotionless

• H* one – !ig!salinit$

•

86argassum9- sea@eed –o(structnavigation

• Devoid of nutrients

– poor marine life

6argasso sea

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6out! tlantic Ocean ,urrents

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• Meeting of

@armBrailianand cold

/al5landcurrent

•

%mportants!ingground

Ba!ia Blanca

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• ,old current

• Desiccating

ePect to +ami(desert

Benguela current

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+ort! *acic Ocean ,urrents

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• cold ,aliforniancurrent

• ,!illing ePect on

@estern coast of +merica

• Dr$ing ePect toMoSave desert'

6onoran desert in,alifornia

Desiccating ePect of cold current

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6out! *acic Ocean ,urrents

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• ,old

*eruGHum(oldtcurrent –desiccating ePectto tacamadessert

• *eruvian coast –up@elling – ric!

s!ing ground

>p@elling on *eruvian coast

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+ort! %ndian Ocean ,urrents

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• %n summer: @indand current "o@to@ards %ndia –ra(ia to %ndia

•

%n @inter: @ind <current "o@to@ards ra(ia -sea vessel from

%ndia to ra(ia• %mportant for sea-

trade' culturalinteraction

+avigation in %ndian Ocean

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6out! %ndian Ocean ,urrents

F !ic! one t!e follo@ing factor oceano

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 *relims

 

1AAL

F !ic! one t!e follo@ing factoris responsi(le for t!e c!ange inregular direction of t!e oceancurrents in t!e %ndian ocean

a) %ndian ocean is !alf an ocean

() %ndian ocean !as monsoon

driftc) %ndian ocean is a land-loc5ed

ocean

d) %ndian ocean !as greatervariation in salinit$

ns B)

>*6,

ocea o

F #!e most important s!ing oceano

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 *relims

 

2013

F #!e most important s!ingground of t!e @orld are found

in t!e regions @!ere:a) arm and cold

atmosp!eric currents meet

() Rivers drain out largeamount of fres! @ater intosea

c) arm and cold oceaniccurrents meet

>*6,

d) ,ontinental s!elf isoceano

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 *relims

 

2013

d) ,ontinental s!elf isinundating

ns ,)

1) +e@ found land2) Ba!ia Blanca

3) Capanese coast

>*6,

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HoriontalMotion of Ocean @ater

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•  #!e @ind e7erts

stress on t!eocean surfaceproportional tot!e s=uare of t!e

@ind speed andin t!e directionof t!e @ind

•  #!is motion

e7tends to adept! of T 100m

5man la$er

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• ind force(alanced ($coriolis force andfriction

•

ater defect 4deg undercoriolis force

• Dept! – @ind

force reduce-de"ect a@a$from @inddirection

5man spiral

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5man spiral A0deg K 5mantransport

• De"ect Rig!t in+ !emi

• De"ect ?eft in6 !emi

• Due to coriolisforce

5man #ransport

lli

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•

!en 5mantransport inducedivergence att!e coast

• divergencedra@s @aterfrom (elo@ tot!e surface

>p-@elling

5man transport in sout!ern

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Ekman transport

Peruvian coast

5man transport in sout!ern

!emisp!ere

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>p-@elling• cool and

nutrient ric!@ater come att!e surface

• *!$toplan5tonreproducerapidl$ in t!is

condition –ooplan5ton -Nne5ton

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•

,old current• Hum(oldt

current K*eruvian coast

• ulf of uinea'%(erian coast

•

>p-@elling – ric!nutrients KNs!ing

>p-@elling regions

lli

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•

!en 5mantransportinduceconvergence

at t!e coast• convergence

forces surface@ater

do@n@ard

Do@n-@elling

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M ti f O t

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HoriontalMotion of Ocean @ater

O tid

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• Rise and fall ofsea @ater dueto gravitationforces of sunand moon iscalled tides

• ravitational <

centrifugalforces

Ocean tide

O tid

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•

%f moonstationar$ –ever$ place oneart!

e7perience 2 H#and 2 ?# in 24!ours

Ocean tides

O tid

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• But moon also

revolves aroundeart! in 2L da$s

• 6o' same location

comes under moonnot e7actl$ after 24!ours (ut 242min

• 6o' diurnalfre=uenc$ of H#and ?# is 122. min

Ocean tides

#id l

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• DiPerence

(et@een Hig!tide and ?o@ #ide

• Depends upon:

1) Dept! ofocean @ater

2) ,ongurationof coastline

3) Opennessand closenessof t!e sea

 #idal range

Hi ! t tid l

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World: Ba Fund

India: !ul" o"#$amb$at

Hig!est tidal range

(( /l dG/l

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•  #!e time (et@een t!e !ig! tide andlo@ tide' @!en t!e @ater level isfalling' is called t!e ebb

•  #!e time (et@een t!e lo@ tide and!ig! tide' @!en t!e tide is rising' is

called t!e fow or food 

(( – /loodG/lo@

d * i tid

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• Moon9s or(itaround t!eeart! –elliptical

• *erigee tides –!ig!er t!anapogee tides

pogee and *erigee tides

6 iti

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6$$g$ positions• t!e sun' t!e

moon and t!eeart! are in astraig!t line&6$$g$)

• occur t@ice amont!

• ,onSuction –

+e@ moon•  opposition –

full moon

F d t iti

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Fuadrature positionsun and moon

are at rig!tangles toeac! ot!er&Fuadrature)

 #!e forces oft!e sun andmoon –counteract

LG D of ever$fortnig!t

6pring +eap #ide

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- 6pring ' neap K

Hig! tide6pring – !ig!estH#

+eap – ?o@est H#

- t!ere is a LDa$s interval(et@een t!e

spring tides andneap tides

6pring – +eap #ide

comparison

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Sprin% tide

• H# !ig!er t!anusual

• ?# lo@er t!anusual

• 6$$g$ position

•ravitational forcefrom (ot! sun andmoon toget!er

• H# lo@er t!an usual

•

?# !ig!er t!anusual

• Fuadrature position

• ravitational forceof sun and mooncounter-act

&eap tide

comparison

) During t!e neapFuestio

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*relims2001

) During t!e neaptides' !ig! tide is

lo@er and lo@ tide is!ig!er t!an usual

R) #!e neap tide' unli5espring tide' occurs onne@ moon instead of

full moon

ns true R is

>*6,

n

#idal currents

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• !en t!e tide is

c!annelled(et@een islands orinto (a$s andestuaries

• ,oast@ard K "oodcurrent

• 6ea@ard K e((

current•  Reversing tidal

currents greatvelocit$

 #idal currents

#idal (ores

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• @!en sea@aterenters into mout!sof lo@ l$ing riversduring H#

• +arro@ opening –gentle gradient ofriver (asin

• O(structed ($ river@ater – so steep@all of tidal (ore

 #idal (ores

F !ic! of t!e follo@ing Fuestio

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*relims2004

statement is &'( correct

a) ulf @it! narro@ fronts and@ider rears e7perience !ig!tide

() #idal currents ta5e place

@!en a gulf is connected@it! open sea ($ narro@c!annel

c)  #idal (ore occurs @!en a tideenters t!e narro@ s!allo@estuar$ of river

>*6,

n

stuar$

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%f a mout! of ariver is lo@-l$ingand su(mergedunder sea-@ater

River depositcreate long-narro@ delta Kestuar$ deltas

7 Deltas of #api'+armada

stuar$

d) #!e tidal nature of t!e Fuestio

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*relims2004

mout! of river Hoog!l$ is of

t!e crucial importance tool5ata port

 

ns D) #idal (ores at Hoog!l$ areconstraints for s!ipping at

port- Rus!ing current im(alancet!e doc5ing s!ips

>*6,

n

Hoog!l$ river

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Hoog!l$-Distri(utar$ ofanga

•

ol5ata on left(an5 of Hoog!l$

•  #idal (ores inol5ata port

Hoog!l$ river

%mportance of #ide

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• #idal !eig!t important for Har(ours @it!s!allo@ 8(ars9 at t!e entrance' @!ic!prevent s!ips and (oats from entering intot!e !ar(our

• #ides are also !elpful in desilting t!esediments and in removing polluted @aterfrom river estuaries

• #idal energ$ to generate electrical po@er

%mportance of #ide

F ,onsider t!eFuestio

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*relims

 2000

F ,o s de efollo@ing statements:

1) #ides are great !elpin navigation and

s!ing2) Hig! tide ena(le (ig

s!ips to enter or

leave t!e !ar(oursafel$

3) #ide prevents

>*6,

n

a) 1 and 4 Fuestio

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*relims

2000

() 2'3 and 4

c) 1'2 and 3d) 1'2'3 and 4

 6tatement 1 is @rong

 #ide not !elpful in navigation

ns B)

>*6,

n

#idal ports

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#andla port

)iamond $arbour

 #idal ports

*orts

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(idal ports

• /eed ($ sea @aterduring !ig! tide

• ?ocated on coast

• 7 andla

• /eed ($ rivers

• Relativel$ in-land

• 7 ol5ata port

&on-tidal ports

*orts

12 maSor ports of %ndia

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port "acts

andla /irst port developed after

independence

 C+*# #o decongest Mum(ai port

Murmagao' + no@n for iron ore e7port

+e@ Manglore port 7port iron ore from udremu5!

mine in +oc!i t t!e entrance of a lagoon

 #uticorin port lso Handles cargo of 6!ri ?an5aand Maldives

,!ennai Oldest articial port

vis!a5!apatnam Deepest landloc5ed port' e7portiron ore

ol5ata port Riverine port

Haldia #o decongest ol5ata port

12 maSor ports of %ndia

Motion of ocean @ater

8/17/2019 geograpi l5 1

105/110

Horiontal – @ave'

current;ertical – tide

#idal energ$

8/17/2019 geograpi l5 1

106/110

• *o@er is !arnessed

ta5ing advantage ofdiPerence of level(et@een H# and ?#

• dam is

constructed tocloc5 receding@ater during ?#

• ater is released

from dam – tur(ine- electricit$

 #idal energ$

#idal energ$ in @orld

8/17/2019 geograpi l5 1

107/110

• ?a Rance' /rance

• 6cotland' > 

• potential of

000M in %ndia• ulf of ,am(a$'

gulf of utc!'6undar(an &B)

• 0 M plant in gulfof utc! 2012

 #idal energ$ in @orld

#idal stream energ$

8/17/2019 geograpi l5 1

108/110

•  #ur(ines areplaced on ocean

"oor

•  #ur(ine are run ($fast moving ocean

currents• /astest ocean

currents: gulfstream oP ast

>6

 #idal stream energ$

Motion of Ocean @ater

8/17/2019 geograpi l5 1

109/110

HoriontalMotion of Ocean @ater

Motion of ocean @ater

8/17/2019 geograpi l5 1

110/110

Horiontal – @ave'

current;ertical – tide'

up@elling –do@n @elling #idal energ$