GEOGRAFIE V- XII
Transcript of GEOGRAFIE V- XII
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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IMKIWDFNM IMLMWDEć ZEDLNFNBDWM BDEMLADWNRQNBć /CDBWKZWKNMBQDWMD NLRQW]NWNN.
7::>#7:4:Bedrd d#V#d
4 kwĂ+ rĂzqĂcçlĂLw,bwq,
]lnqdqmdam
ìlvĂŢdwm
BkczmqmlŢmm}wkzmlm
BkczmqmlŢm imlmwdem BkczmqmlŢm rzmbnfnbm Lw,kwm
RĂzqĂcçld
Kgr,
4, Zdcçlq}ebd zedlmqĂ
Bkc}lnbdwm ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢm am gdĂ ìl śqnnlŢmśn qmolkekinn
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}n rzm#bnfnb ìl zwmmlqdwmd śn mxzen#bdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkwmemcmlqm anl cdqmcdqnbĂ%śqnnlŢm śn qmolkekinm ìlrq}anmwmd cman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1, Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imk#iwdfnbm ed }l r}zkwq bdwqk#iwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkw amzwnl#amwn śn qmolnbn am e}bw} zml#qw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ,
4,4 Wmb}lkdśqmwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn ìlqmxqm anfmwnqm0
2,4 Qwdlrfmwdwmd memcmlqmekw anl cdqmcdqnbĂśn śqnnlŢm ìl akcmln}e imkiwdfnmn% zmlqw} ìlŢmem#imwmd śn amrbwnmwmd bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekw zedlmqmn bd ìlqwmi02,7 Namlqnfnbdwmd emiĂq}wnekw ìlqwm memcmlqm%fmlkcmlm śn zwkbmrm kgrmwvdgnem0 2,6 ]qnendwmd kzmwdŢnnekw śn lkŢn}lnekw cdqmcdqnbm ed lnvme memcmlqdw01,7 ]qnendwmd rmclmekw bklvmlŢnkldem0 1,1 ]qnendwmd wmzwmmlqĂwnekw iwdfnbm rnczem0
9,2 Namlqnfnbdwmd wmzmwmekw kgrmwvdgnem amqncz0
= 4#=
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7, Wmenmf}eZĂcçl#
q}e}n
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢm am gdĂ ìl śqnnlŢmśn qmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}n rzm#bnfnb ìl zwmmlqdwmd śn mxzen#bdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkwmemcmlqm anl cdqmcdqnbĂ%śqnnlŢm śn qmolkekinm ìlrq}anmwmd cman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1, Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imk#iwdfnbm ed }l r}zkwq bdwqk#iwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
=, Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnendwmdbklŢnl}q}wnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb zwnl qmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn śn bkc}lnbĂwnn0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkwamzwnlamwn śn qmolnbn am e}bw} zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ,
4,4 Wmb}lkdśqmwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn ìlqmxqm anfmwnqm04,7 Zwmbndwmd% ìl b}vnlqm zwkzwnn% d rmlr}e}nqmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn am gdĂ0
2,4 Qwdlrfmwdwmd memcmlqmekw anl cdqmcdqnbĂśn śqnnlŢm ìl akcmln}e imkiwdfnmn% zmlqw}ìlŢmemimwmd śn amrbwnmwmd bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekw zedlmqmn bd ìlqwmi02,7 Namlqnfnbdwmd emiĂq}wnekw ìlqwm memcmlqm%fmlkcmlm śn zwkbmrm kgrmwvdgnem0 2,2 Mxzenbdwmd fmlkcmlmekw śn zwkbmrmekw rzmbnfnbm cman}e}n ed lnvme}e kwnklq}e}n ekbdeśn de zedlmqmn0 2,= Mxzenbdwmd emiĂq}wnekw anlqwm wmdenqdqmdkgrmwvdqĂ śn fmlkcmlmekw anl akcmln}eśqnnlŢmekw ldq}wnn0 1,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd zwnlbnzdemekw memcmlqmldq}wdem śn rkbnk#mbklkcnbm wmzwmmlqdqm zm}l r}zkwq bdwqkiwdfnb01,7 ]qnendwmd rmclmekw bklvmlŢnkldem0 =,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb ìl gdm am adqm dbbmrngnem zwnlnlqmwlmq0
9,= Kwakldwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw śnzwkbmrmekw fkekrnla anfmwnqm bwnqmwnn ambedrnfnbdwm8 bdlqnqdqnvm% bdenqdqnvm śn qmwnqkwndem0 9,? Amrbwnmwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw śnzwkbmrmekw kgrmwvdqm/anwmbq rd} nlanwmbq.,
= 6#4:
2, Dqckrfmwd Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}n rzm#bnfnb ìl zwmmlqdwmd śn mxzen#bdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbm0
4,4 Wmb}lkdśqmwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn ìlqmxqm anfmwnqm04,7 Zwmbndwmd% ìl b}vnlqm zwkzwnn% d rmlr}e}n
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BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢm am
gdĂ ìl śqnnlŢmśn qmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwndq
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkwmemcmlqm anl cdqmcdqnbĂ%śqnnlŢm śn qmolkekinm ìl
rq}anmwmd cman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1, Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imk#iwdfnbm ed }l r}zkwq bdwqk#iwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
=, Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnendwmdbklŢnl}q}wnekw b} bdwdbqmwimkiwdfnb zwnl qmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn śn bkc}lnbĂwnn0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkw amzwnl#amwn śn qmolnbn am e}bw} zml#qw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ,
?,Medgkwdwmd }lkw ckamem śnrke}Ţnn am kwidlndwm d rzd##Ţn}e}n imkiwdfnb anl zmwr#zmbqnvd amvkeqĂwnn a}wdgnem,
qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn am gdĂ0 2,4 Qwdlrfmwdwmd memcmlqmekw anl cdqmcdqnbĂśn śqnnlŢm ìl akcmln}e imkiwdfnmn% zmlqw} ìlŢm#emimwmd śn amrbwnmwmd bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekw zedlmqmn
bd ìlqwmi02,7 Namlqnfnbdwmd emiĂq}wnekw ìlqwm memcmlqm%fmlkcmlm śn zwkbmrm kgrmwvdgnem0 2,2 Mxzenbdwmd fmlkcmlmekw śn zwkbmrmekw rzmbnfnbm cman}e}n ed lnvme}e kwnklq}e}n ekbdeśn de zedlmqmn0 2,= Mxzenbdwmd emiĂq}w nekw anlqwm wmdenqdqmdkgrmwvdqĂ śn fmlkcmlmekw anl akcmln}eśqnnlŢmekw ldq}wnn0 1,7 ]qnendwmd rmclmekw bklvmlŢnkldem0 1,2 ZknŢnkldwmd bkwmbqĂ d memcmlqmekw imkiwdfnbm zm wmzwmmlqĂwnem bdwqkiwdfnbmrzmbnfnbm0=,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb ìl gdm am adqm dbbmrngnem zwnlnlqmwlmq0
9,7 ]qnendwmd cmqkamekw rnczem amnlvmrqnidwm/ kgrmwvdwm% dldenĂ% nlqmwzwmqdwm.0
?,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd rke}Ţnnekw am zwkqmbŢnm dcman}e}n imkiwdfnb anl kwnklq}e ekbde rd}ìlamzĂwqdq,
1, Onawkrfmwd Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}n rzm#bnfnb ìl zwmmlqdwmd śn mxzen#bdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbm0
4,4 Wmb}lkdśqmwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn ìlqmxqm anfmwnqm04,7 Zwmbndwmd% ìl b}vnlqm zwkzwnn% d rmlr}e}n
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BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢm am
gdĂ ìl śqnnlŢmśn qmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwndq
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkwmemcmlqm anl cdqmcdqnbĂ%śqnnlŢm śn qmolkekinm ìl
rq}anmwmd cman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1, Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm ed }l r}zkwqbdwqkiwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
=, Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnendwmdbklŢnl}q}wnekw b} bdwdbqmwimkiwdfnb zwnl qmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn śn bkc}lnbĂwnn0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkw amzwnl#amwn śn qmolnbn am e}bw} zml#qw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
?,Medgkwdwmd }lkw ckamem śnrke}Ţnn am kwidlndwm d rzd#Ţn}e}n imkiwdfnb anl zmwrzmb#qnvd amvkeqĂwnn a}wdgnem,
qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn am gdĂ0 2,4 Qwdlrfmwdwmd memcmlqmekw anl cdqmcdqnbĂśn śqnnlŢm ìl akcmln}e imkiwdfnmn% zmlqw}ìlŢmemimwmd śn amrbwnmwmd bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekw
zedlmqmn bd ìlqwmi02,7 Namlqnfnbdwmd emiĂq}wnekw ìlqwm memcmlqm%fmlkcmlm śn zwkbmrm kgrmwvdgnem0 2,= Mxzenbdwmd emiĂq}wnekw anlqwm wmdenqdqmd kg#rmwvdqĂ śn fmlkcmlmekw anl akcmln}e śqnnlŢmekw ldq}wnn01,7 ]qnendwmd rmclmekw bklvmlŢnkldem0 1,2 ZknŢnkldwmd bkwmbqĂ d memcmlqmekw imk#iwdfnbm zm wmzwmmlqĂwnem bdwqkiwdfnbm rzmbnfnbm 1,1 ]qnendwmd wmzwmmlqĂwnekw iwdfnbm rnczem0 =,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb ìl gdm am adqm dbbmrngnem zwnlnlqmwlmq0
9,7 ]qnendwmd cmqkamekw rnczem am nlvmrqnidwm/kgrmwvdwm% dldenĂ% nlqmwzwmqdwm.0 9,1 Zwme}bwdwmd nlfkcdŢnmn8 bkczemqdwmd }l}nqdgme b} adqm mxqwdrm anl deqm r}wrm09,? Amrbwnmwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw śnzwkbmrmekw kgrmwvdqm /anwmbq rd} nlanwmbq.0?,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd rke}Ţnnekw am zwkqmbŢnm dcman}e}n imkiwdfnb anl kwnklq}e ekbde rd}ìlamzĂwqdq,
=, Gnkrfmwd śnzmakrfmwd
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}n rzm#bnfnb ìl zwmmlqdwmd śn mxzen#bdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbm0
4,4 Wmb}lkdśqmwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn ìlqmxqm anfmwnqm04,7 Zwmbndwmd% ìl b}vnlqm zwkzwnn% d rmlr}e}nqmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn am gdĂ0
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BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śn
bkczmqmlŢm am gdĂ ìl śqnnlŢmśn qmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwndq
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkwmemcmlqm anl cdqmcdqnbĂ%
śqnnlŢm śn qmolkekinm ìlrq}anmwmd cman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1, Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm ed }l r}zkwqbdwqkiwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
=, Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnendwmdbklŢnl}q}wnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb zwnl qmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn śn bkc}lnbĂwnn0
6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śn mxzenbdwmdancmlrn}lnn rkbndem% bnvnbm śnb}eq}wdem d bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢne}n imkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkw amzwnl#amwn śn qmolnbn am e}bw} zml#qw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
?,Medgkwdwmd }lkw ckamem śnrke}Ţnn am kwidlndwm d rzdŢn#}e}n imkiwdfnb anl zmwrzmb#qnvd amvkeqĂwnn a}wdgnem,
4,2 ]qnendwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn rnczen ìlbklqmxqm b}lkrb}qm rd} ìl bklqmxqm lkn02,4 Qwdlrfmwdwmd memcmlqmekw anl cdqmcdqnbĂśn śqnnlŢm ìl akcmln}e imkiwdfnmn% zmlqw}
ìlŢmemimwmd śn amrbwnmwmd bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekw zedlmqmn bd ìlqwmi02,7 Namlqnfnbdwmd emiĂq}wnekw ìlqwm memcmlqm%fmlkcmlm śn zwkbmrm kgrmwvdgnem0 2,1 Zwmmlqdwmd rqw}bq}wdeĂ d bkczklmlqmekwldq}wdem dem zedlmqmn bd ìlqwmi śn dem kwnkl#q}e}n ekbde01,2 ZknŢnkldwmd bkwmbqĂ d memcmlqmekw imkiwdfnbm zm wmzwmmlqĂwnem bdwqkiwdfnbmrzmbnfnbm0
=,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb ìl gdm am adqm dbbmrngnem zwnlnlqmwlmq0
6,4 Mxzenbdwmd nczkwqdlŢmn cman}e}n imkiwdfnb zmlqw} kc śn rkbnmqdqm0
9,2 Namlqnfnbdwmd wmzmwmekw kgrmwvdgnem ìlqncz0
?,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd rke}Ţnnekw am zwkqmbŢnm dcman}e}n imkiwdfnb anl kwnklq}e ekbde rd} ìlamzĂwqdq,
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6, Zkz}edŢnmśn dśmĂwn
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgnrqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢm am gdĂ ìl śqnnlŢmśn qmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}n rzm#bnfnb ìl zwmmlqdwmd śn mxzen#bdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbm0
7 ]qnendwmd bkwmbqĂ d l}cm#ekw zwkzwnn śn d qmwcmlnekw ìlencgn rqwĂnlm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkw memcml#qm anl cdqmcdqnbĂ% śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinm ìl rq}anmwmdcman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1, Wd zkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imk#iwdfnbm ed }l r}zkwq bdwqk#iwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
=, Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnendwmdbklŢnl}q}wnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb zwnl qmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn śn bkc}lnbĂwnn0
6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śn mxzenbdwmdancmlrn}lnn rkbndem% bnvnbm śnb}eq}wdem d bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢne}n imkiwdfnb,
4,4 Wmb}lkdśqmwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn ìlqmxqm anfmwnqm04,7 Zwmbndwmd% ìl b}vnlqm zwkzwnn% d rmlr}e}nqmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn am gdĂ0
7,7 Bnqnwmd bkwmbqĂ d aml}cnwnekw śn qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn anl encgnem rqwĂnlm0
2,7 Namlqnfnbdwmd emiĂq}wnekw ìlqwm memcmlqm%fmlkcmlm śn zwkbmrm kgrmwvdgnem0 2,6 ]qnendwmd kzmwdŢnnekw śn lkŢn}lnekw cdqmcdqnbm ed lnvme memcmlqdw0
1,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd zwnlbnzdemekw memcmlqmldq}wdem śn rkbnk#mbklkcnbm wmzwmmlqdqm zm}l r}zkwq bdwqkiwdfnb01,7 ]qnendwmd rmclmekw bklvmlŢnkldem0=,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb ìl gdm am adqm dbbmrngnem zmnlqmwlmq0
6,4 Mxzenbdwmd nczkwqdlŢmn cman}e}n imkiwdfnb zmlqw} kc śn rkbnmqdqm,
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9, Wmr}wrmśn
dbqnvnqĂŢnemmbklkcnbm
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgn
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}nrzmbnfnb ìl zwmmlqdwmd śnmxzenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm
7, ]qnendwmd bkwmbqĂ d l}#cmekw zwkzwnn śn d qmwcmlnekw
4,7, Zwmbndwmd% ìl b}vnlqm zwkzwnn% d rmlr}e}nqmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn am gdĂ0 4,1, Medgkwdwmd }l}n qmxq bkmwmlq }qnençlaqmwcmln imkiwdfnbn0
7,7, Bnqnwmd bkwmbqĂ d aml}cnwnekw śnqmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn anl encgnem rqwĂnlm0
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rqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śn
bkczmqmlŢm am gdĂ ìl śqnnlŢmśn qmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
ìl encgn rqwĂnlm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkwmemcmlqm anl cdqmcdqnbĂ%
śqnnlŢm śn qmolkekinm ìlrq}anmwmd cman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1, Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm ed }l r}zkwqbdwqkiwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
=, Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnendwmdbklŢnl}q}wnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb zwnl qmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn śn bkc}lnbĂwnn0
6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śn mxzenbdwmdancmlrn}lnn rkbndem% bnvnbm śnb}eq}wdem d bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢne}n imkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkw amzwnl#amwn śn qmolnbn am e}bw} zml#qw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
2,4 Qwdlrfmwdwmd memcmlqmekw anl cdqmcdqnbĂśn śqnnlŢm ìl akcmln}e imkiwdfnmn% zmlqw}ìlŢmemimwmd śn amrbwnmw md bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekw
zedlmqmn bd ìlqwmi02,7 Namlqnfnbdwmd emiĂq}wnekw ìlqwm memcmlqm%fmlkcmlm śn zwkbmrm kgrmwvdgnem0 2,= Mxzenbdwmd emiĂq}wnekw anlqwm wmdenqdqmdkgrmwvdqĂ śn fmlkcmlmekw anl akcmln}eśqnnlŢmekw ldq}wnn0 1,7 ]qnendwmd rmclmekw bklvmlŢnkldem01,2 ZknŢnkldwmd bkwmbqĂ d memcmlqmekw imkiwdfnbm zm wmzwmmlqĂwnem bdwqkiwdfnbmrzmbnfnbm0=,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb ìl gdm am adqm dbbmrngnem zwnlnlqmwlmq0
6,4 Mxzenbdwmd nczkwqdlŢmn cman}e}n imkiwdfnb zmlqw} kc śn rkbnmqdqm06,7 Mxzenbdwmd anvmwrnqĂŢnn ldq}wdem śn }cdlm de}cnn wmençla bkwmedŢnn b} nlfkwcdŢnnakgçlanqm ed deqm anrbnzenlm śbkedwm0 9,1 Zwme}bwdwmd nlfkcdŢnmn8 bkczemqdwmd }l}nqdgme b} adqm mxqwdrm anl deqm r}wrm09,= Kwakldwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw śnzwkbmrmekw fkekrnla anfmwnqm bwnqmwnn ambedrnfnbdwm8 bdlqnqdqnvm% bdenqdqnvm śn qmwnqkwndem,
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?, Rnlqmd śnmvde}dwm
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}nrzmbnfnb ìl zwmmlqdwmd śnmxzenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imk
=, Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnendwmdbklŢnl}q}wnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb zwnl qmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn śn bkc}lnbĂwnn0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkwamzwnlamwn śn qmolnbn am e}bw} zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
4,4 Wmb}lkdśqmwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdf nbn ìlqmxqm anfmwnqm04,7 Zwmbndwmd% ìl b}vnlqm zwkzwnn% d rmlr}e}nqmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn am gdĂ0 4,1,Medgkwdwmd }l}n qmxq bkmwmlq }qnençlaqmwcmln imkiwdfnbn0=,7 zwmmlqdwmd bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekw imkiwdfnbm zmgdd adqmekw dbbmrdqm zm nlqmwlmq
9,6,Bdwdbqmwndwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekwśn zwkbmrmekw a}zĂ }l deikwnqc adq0 9,9 Bkczdwdwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw śn zwkbmrmekw a}zĂ bdwdbqmwnrqnbnem imkiwdfnbmrkenbnqdqm% rqdgnenla drmcĂlĂwn śn amkrmgnwn0 9,> Wmzwmmlqdwmd zwnl amrml rbomcdqnb dmemcmlqmekw śn fmlkcmlmekw ìlvĂŢdqm,
2 22#2=
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]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8‒ ZĂcçlq}e bd zedlmqĂ Lw,kwm8 =
Lw,
bwq,
Amqdenmwn
ambklŢnl}q
BkczmqmlŢm
bomnm/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢm
imlmwdem
BkczmqmlŢm
rzmbnfnbm DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm
Wmr}wrm
cdqmwndem
Wmr}wrm
zwkbma}wdem Mvde}dwm
4,
7,
2,
1,
=,
ZĂcçlq}e ‒ bkwzbkrcnb
E}ld ‒ rdqmenq deZĂcçlq}#e}n
Wmzwmml#qdwmdr}zwdfmŢmnZdcçlq}#e}n ,Iekg}eimkiwdfnb
OdwqdimkiwdfnbĂ,Zedlniek#g}e
Wmzwmml#qdwmdkwnklq}e}nekbde
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìlencgdcdqmwlĂ
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śn
bkczmqmlŢm am gdĂ ìl śqnnlŢmśn qmolkekinn
4,]qnendwmdencgdh}e}nrzmbnfnb ìl
zwmmlqdwmd śnmxzenbdwmdwmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd}lkw memcmlqm
anlcdqmcdqnbĂ%śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinm ìlrq}anmwmdcman}e}nqmwmrqw}
1,WdzkwqdwmdwmdenqĂŢnn imk#iwdfnbm ed }lr}zkwq bdwqkiwd#fnb śn iwdfnb
4,4 Wmb}lkdśqmwmdqmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn
ìl qmxqm anfmwnqm0
2,4 Qwdlrfmwdwmdmemcmlqmekw anl cd#
qmcdqnbĂ śn śqnnlŢm ìlakcmln}e imkiwdfnmn%
zmlqw} ìlŢmemimwmd śnamrbwnmwmd bdwdbqmwnr#qnbnekw zedlmqmn bd
ìlqwmi02,7 Namlqnfnbdwmd emiĂ#q}wnekw ìlqwm memcmlqm%fmlkcmlm śn zwkbmrmkgrmwvdgnem02,6 ]qnendwmd kzmwd#
Ţnnekw śn lkŢn}lnekw cdqmcdqnbm ed lnvmememcmlqdw01,7 ]qnendwmd rmclm#ekw bklvmlŢnkldem0 1,1 ]qnendwmdwmzwmmlqĂwnekw iwdfnbm rnczem0
# wmb}lkdśqmwm dqmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn śn}qnendwmd ekw ìl bklqmxqmanfmwnqm0# amrbwnmwmd bdwdbqmwnrqn#bnekw zedlmqmn% fkekrnlancdinlnem anl cdl}de śnanl dqedrmem imkiwdfnbm%zwnl qwdlrfmwdwmd
memcmlqmekw anlcdqmcdqnbĂ śn śqnnlŢm ìlakcmln}e imkiwdfnmn0#mxmwbnŢnn am dzwmbnmwm d}lkw nlqmwvdem cdwn amqncz śn d anrqdlŢmekw anlrzdŢn}e bkrcnb0 #mxmwbnŢnn am rnq}dwm d
zedlmqmn nl rnrqmc}e rkedwśn d dbmrq}nd nl ]lnvmwr0 #mxmwbnŢnn am namlqnfnbdwm
śn dczedrdwm d z}lbqmekw bdwanldem zm k odwqĂ0 #mxmwbnŢnn am wdzkwqdwm dbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekw rmclmekwbklvmlŢnkldem ed drzmbq}ewmde de memcmlqmekw śnfmlkcmlmekw0#mxmwbnŢnn am bdeb}edwm danfmwnqmekw anrqdlŢm ìlf}lbŢnm am rbdwd oĂwŢnn0
# Deg}cm
# Dqedrmimkiwdfnbm
# Iekg}eimkiwdfnb
# Iekg}elmiw}
# OdwqdfnnbĂ de}cnn
# OĂwqn dembklqnlmlqm#ekw śn ŢĂwnekw
# Wmvnrqm
# Fnśm ame}bw}
#mxzenbdŢnd
#bklvmwrdŢnd
#amrbwnmwmd
#zwkgemcd#qndwmd
#mxzenbdŢnd
#bklvmwrdŢnd
#mxmwbnŢn}e
# kwdeĂ
# qmcĂzmlqw}
dbdrĂ
# zwkgĂrbwnrĂ
#kgrmwvd#wmd rnrqm#cdqnbĂ dmemvnekw
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 ‒ Wmenmf}e ZĂcçlq}e}n Lw, kwm8 =
Lw,bwq, BklŢnl}q}wn
BkczmqlŢm bomnm
/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢm imlmwdem BkczmqmlŢm rzmbnfnbm DbqnvnqĂŢn am nlvĂŢdwm
Wmr}wrmcdqmwndem
Wmr}wrmzwkbma}wdem Mvde}dwm
4,
7,
2,
Wmenmf}e ‒ bdwdbqmwnrqnbnimlmwdem
Fkwcmcdhkwm demwmenmf}e}nqmwmrqw}
Gdnlmemkbmdlnbm śnbklqnlmlqmem
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìlencgd cdqmwlĂ
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢm am
gdĂ ìl śqnnlŢmśn qmolkekinn
4,]qnendwmdencgdh}e}nrzmbnfnb ìl
zwmmlqdwmd śnmxzenbdwmdwmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkwmemcmlqm anlcdqmcdqnbĂ%śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinm ìlrq}anmwmdcman}e}nqmwmrqw}
4,4 Wmb}lkdśqmwmd qmw #cmlnekw imkiwdfnbn ìlqmxqm anfmwnqm04,7 Zwmbndwmd% ìl b}#vnlqm zwkzwnn% d rmlr}e}nqmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbnam gdĂ0 2,4 Qwdlrfmwdwmd mem#cmlqmekw anl cdqmcd#qnbĂ śn śqnnlŢm ìl akcm#ln}e imkiwdfnmn% zmlqw}ìlŢmemimwmd śn amrbwnmwmdbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekw zedlmqmnbd ìlqwmi02,7 Namlqnfnbdwmd emiĂq}#wnekw ìlqwm memcmlqm% fm#lkcmlm śn zwkbmrmkgrmwvdgnem02,2 Mxzenbdwmd fmlkcm#lmekw śn zwkbmrmekw rzm#
# wmb}lkdśqmwmd śnìlŢmemimwm d qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn ìl qmxqmanfmwnqm śn ìl bklqmxqmlkn0# qwdlrfmwdwmdmemcmlqmekw anl śqnnlŢm
ìl akcmln}e imkiwdfnmn% zmlqw} ìlŢmemimwmdbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwwmenmf}e}n ZĂcçlq}e}n0 #mxmwbnŢnn am bkczdwdwm%namlqnfnbçla drmcĂlĂwnśn amkrmgnwn% nlqwm bklqnlmlqm śnfkwcmem am wmenmf demdbmrqkwd nl f}lbŢnm am zknŢnm% nlqnlamwm%vçwrqd% cka am fkwcdwm%mqb,0
# Dqedrmimkiwdfnbm
# Deg}cm
# Cdl}de}e
# Zedlśm
# OdwqdfnnbĂ de}cnn
#mxzenbdŢnd
#bklvmwrdŢnd
zwkgemcdqnd#wmd
#ìlvĂŢdwmdzwnlamrbkzmwnwm
#bkczdwdŢnd
# kwdeĂ
#kgrmwvd#wm rnrqm#cdqnbĂ d memvnekw
# kwdeĂ
# qmcĂ zq, dbdrĂ
# kwdeĂ
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
9,Akgçlanwmd}lkw amzwnlamwnśn qmolnbn ame}bw} zmlqw}
zwmiĂqnwmd
zmwcdlmlqĂ
9,2, Namlqnfnbdwmdwmzmwmekw kgrmwvdgnemam qncz0
# mxzenbdwmd rnczeĂ%mcznwnbĂ0 # amfnlnwmd qmwcmlnekw am
gdĂ, # mxmwbnŢnn am ekbdendwm nl
kwnklq}e ekbde0
#bklvmwrdŢnd
#mxmwbnŢn}
# kwdeĂ
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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1,
=,
Wmenmf}ecdhkw debklqnlmlqm#
ekw
RbkdwŢdqmwmrqwĂ śnwmr}wrmemldq}wdem,Wmenmf}ekwnklq}e}n
ekbde
BkczmqmlŢd
aninqdeĂ
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
1,WdzkwqdwmdwmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm ed}l r}zkwqbdwqkiwdfnb śniwdfnb
=,Dbbmrdwmd
śn }qnendwmdbklŢnl}q}wnekw imkiwdfnbzwnlqmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn śnbkc}lnbĂwnn 9,Akgçlanwmd}lkwamzwnlamwn śnqmolnbn am
e}bw} zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ
bnfnbm cman}e}n ed lnvm#e}e kwnklq}e}n ekbde śnde zedlmqmn02,= Mxzenbdwmd emiĂq}#wnekw anlqwm wmdenqdqmd
kgrmwvdqĂ śn fmlkcmlm#ekw anl akcmln}eśqnnlŢmekw ldq}wnn0 1,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd zwnl#bnzdemekw memcmlqmldq}wdem śn rkbnk#mbk#lkcnbm wmzwmmlqdqm zm}l r}zkwq bdwqkiwdfnb01,7 ]qnendwmd rmclmekwbklvmlŢnkldem0 =,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd
nlfkwcdŢnnekw b}bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb ìlgdm am adqm dbbmrngnemzwnl nlqmwlmq0
9,= Kwakldwmd memcml#qmekw% fmlkcmlmekw śnzwkbmrmekw fkekrnla an#fmwnqm bwnqmwnn am bedrnfn#
bdwm8 bdlqnqdqnvm% bdenqd#qnvm śn qmwnqkwndem0 9,? Amrbwnmwmd memcml#qmekw% fmlkcmlmekw śnzwkbmrmekw kgrmwvd#qm/anwmbq rd} nlanwmbq.,
#mxmwbnŢnn am wdzkwqdwm dbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrmclmekw śn b}ekwnekw bklvmlŢnkldemed drzmbq}e wmde de
fmlkcmlmekw śnmemcmlqmekw0#mxmwbnŢnn am rqdgnenwm dbkwmrzklamlŢmn zknŢnmnmemcmlqmekwwmzwmmlqdqm zm odwqĂ b}
zknŢnd ekw wmdeĂ0 # amrbwnmwmd }lkw
zwkbmrm śn fmlkcmlmwmzwmmlqdqm iwdfnb rd}bdwqkiwdfnb0
#mxmwbnŢnn am kwakldwm dmemcmlqmekw fkekrnlabwnqmwn}e am bedrnfnbdwmbdlqnqdqnv /a}zĂìlqnlamwm% ìlĂeŢncm mqb,. # wmadbqdwmd }lmn zdinlnam b}wnknqĂŢn “śqndqnbĂ,,,;– }qnençla nlfkw #cdŢnn anl wmvnrqm%wmzkwqdhm QV%nlqmwlmq%wmfmwnqkdwm ed wmenmf}e
Zdcçlq}e}n0# bmwbmqdwmd cman}e}nanl kwnklq}e ekbde śndzwkzndq0# mxmczenfnbdwmd mem#cmlqmekw am amiwdadwm dcman}e}n anl kwnklq}eekbde,
#Iekg}eimkiwdfnb
# Ne}rqwdqm
# Embq}wnimkiwdfnbm
#WmvnrqdQmwwdcdidnl
bdeb}edqkw}e
#mxzenbdŢnd
#mxmwbnŢn}e
#amrbwnwmd
#mxmwbnŢn}e
#ìlvĂŢdwmd
zwnlamrbkzmwnwm
# qmcĂ zq, dbdrĂ
# zwkgĂ rbwnrĂ
#kgrmwvd#wm rnrqm#cdqnbĂ d memvnekw
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm#DqckrfmwdLw, kwm8 1
Lw,
bwq, BklŢnl}q}wn
BkczmqmlŢm
bomnm/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢm
imlmwdem BkczmqmlŢm rzmbnfnbm DbqnvnqĂŢn am nlvĂŢdwm
Wmr}wrm
cdqmwndem
Wmr}wrm
zwkbma}wdem Mvde}dwm
4,
7,
2,
1,
Dqckrfmwd#bdwdbqmwmimlmwdem
Qmczmwdq}#wd dmw}e}n
ZwmbnznqdŢnnemdqckrfmwnbm
Vwmcmd śnbencdkwnklq}e}nekbdeWmr}wrmemdqckrfmwmn
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
BkczmqmlŢm
cdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢm am gdĂ ìl śqnnlŢmśn qmolkekinn
4,]qnendwmdencgdh}e}nrzmbnfnb ìl
zwmmlqdwmd śnmxzenbdwmdwmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwm
d }lkwmemcmlqm anlcdqmcdqnbĂ%śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinm ìlrq}anmwmdcman}e}nqmwmrqw}0
4,4 Wmb}lkdśqmwmd qmw #cmlnekw imkiwdfnbn ìlqmxqm anfmwnqm04,7 Zwmbndwmd% ìl b}#vnlqm zwkzwnn% d rmlr}e}nqmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbnam gdĂ0
2,4 Qwdlrfmwdwmd mem#
cmlqmekw anl cdqmcd#qnbĂ śn śqnnlŢm ìl akcm#ln}e imkiwdfnmn% zmlqw}ìlŢmemimwmd śn amrbwnmwmdbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekw zedlmqmnbd ìlqwmi02,7 Namlqnfnbdwmd emiĂ#q}wnekw ìlqwm memcmlqm%fmlkcmlm śn zwkbmrmkgrmwvdgnem02,2 Mxzenbdwmd fmlk#
cmlmekw śn zwkbmrmekw rzmbnfnbm cman}e}n edlnvme}e kwnklq}e}n ekbdeśn de zedlmqmn0 2,= Mxzenbdwmd emiĂ#q}wnekw anlqwm wmdenqdqmdkgrmwvdqĂ śn fmlkcmlm#em anl akcmln}e śqnnlŢm#ekw ldq}wnn0
#mxmwbnŢnn am bkczemqdwmd }lkw qmxqm edb}ldwm b}}qnendwmd }lkw qmwcmlnr}imwdŢn% zwmbnçlarmlr}e dbmrqkwd0#zwmmlqdwmd }lkwr}bbmrn}ln wmdem/r}bbmrn}lmddlkqncz}wnekw.0
# mxzenbdwmd rnczeĂmcznwnbĂ d fmlkcmlmekw emidqm am dqckrfmwĂ0 # amrbwnmwmd /anwnhdqĂ rd}rqw}bq}wdqĂ. dfmlkcmlmekwdqckrfmwnbm wmzwmmlqdqmiwdfnb rd} bdwqkiwdfnb/qmczmwdq}wn cmann
dl}dem% śn d zwmbnznqdŢnnekw.0
#mxmwbnqnn am zknŢnkldwmbkwmbqĂ d memcmlqmekw emidqm am qmczmwdq}wĂ śn
zwmbnznqdŢnn zmwmzwmmlqĂwnembdwqkiwdfnbm rzmbnfnbm0# nlqmwzwmqdwmdmemcmlqmekw wmedŢnkldwm/qmczmwdq}wd#
zwmbnznqdŢnn.0
#OdwqdfnnbĂ d e}cnn
#Dqedrmimkiwdfnbm
#Cdl}de}e
#Deg}cm
#Odwqd zwmbnznqdŢnn#ekw
#Odwqdqmczmwdq}wnekw
#mxmwbnŢn}e
#bklvmwrdŢnd
zwkgemcdqnd#wmd
#mxzenbdŢnd
#amrbwnmwmd
#mxmwbnŢn}e
#e}bw}e b}odwqd
zwkgemcdqnd#wmd
#kwdeĂ
#kgrmwvd#wmd rnrqm#cdqnbĂ d
memvnekw
#qmcĂ zmlqw}dbdrĂ
#kwdeĂ
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwndq
1, WdzkwqdwmdwmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm ed}l r}zkwqbdwqkiwdfnb śn
iwdfnb0
=, Dbbmrdwmdśn }qnendwmdbklŢn#l}q}wnekw b}bdwdbqmwimkiwdfnbzwnlqmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn
śnbkc}lnbĂwnn0
9,Akgçlanwmd}lkwamzwnlamwn śnqmolnbn ame}bw} zmlqw}
zwmiĂqnwmdzmwcdlmlqĂ,
?,Medgkwdwmd}lkw ckamemśn rke}Ţnn amkwidlndwm drzdŢn}e}nimkiwd#fnbanl zmwrzmbqn#vd amvkeqĂwnna}wdgnem,
1,7 ]qnendwmd rmclmekwbklvmlŢnkldem0 1,2 ZknŢnkldwmd bkwmbqĂ d memcmlqmekw imkiwd#fnbm zm wmzwmmlqĂwnem
bdwqkiwdfnbm rzmbnfnbm0
=,4 NamlqnfnbdwmdnlfkwcdŢnnekw b}bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb ìlgdm am adqm dbbmrngnemzwnl nlqmwlmq0
9,7 ]qnendwmdcmqkamekw rnczem amnlvmrqnidwm /kgrmwvdwm%dldenĂ% nlqmwzwmqdwm.0
?,4 Namlqnfnbdwmdrke}Ţnnekw am zwkqmbŢnm dcman}e}n imkiwdfnb anlkwnklq}e ekbde rd}ìlamzĂwqdq,
# namlqnfnbdwmdnlfkwcdŢnnekw zwnvnlamvke}Ţnd vwmcnn zwnldbbmrdwmd adqmekw am zmnlqmwlmq 0
#mxmwbnŢnn am bmwbmqdwm dcman}e}n anl kwnklq}e}nekbde śn dzwkzndq anlz}lbq am vmamwmcmqmkwkekinb śn bencdqnbśn namlqnfnbdwmdwmr}wrmekw dqckrfmwnbm śnd ckadenqĂŢnekw am}qnendwm0# namlqnfnbdwmd r}wrmekwam zke}dwm d dqckrfmwmn
śn d rke}Ţnnekw am zwkqmbŢnm d cman}e}n anlkwnklq}e ekbde0
#Embq}wnimkiwdfnbm
#Wmvnrqm
#fnśm ame}bw}
#bklvmwrdŢnd
#amrbwnmwmd
#kwdeĂ
#qmrqrmbvmlŢnde
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aninqdeĂ
D ìlvĂŢd rĂ
ìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlk#wndq
wnekw b} bdwdbqmwimkiwdfnb zwnl qmo#lkekind nlfkwcdŢnmnśn bkc}lnbĂwnn0 9,Akgçlanwmd }lkw
amzwnlamwn śnqmolnbn am e}bw}
zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
?,Medgkwdwmd }lkwckamem śn rke}Ţnnam kwidlndwm drzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnbanl zmwrzmbqnvdamvkeqĂwnna}wdgnem,
imkiwdfnb ìl gdm am adqmdbbmrngnem zwnl nlqmwlmq0
9,7 ]qnendwmd cmqkamekw
rnczem am nlvmrqnidwm/kgrmwvdwm% dldenĂ%nlqmwzwmqdwm.09,1 Zwme}bwdwmd nlfkcdŢn#mn8 bkczemqdwmd }l}n qdgmeb} adqm mxqwdrm anl deqmr}wrm09,? Amrbwnmwmd memcmlqm#ekw% fmlkcmlmekw śn zwkbm#rmekw kgrmwvdqm /anwmbq rd}nlanwmbq.0
?,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd rke}Ţnnekw am zwkqmbŢnm d cman}e}nimkiwdfnb anl kwnklq}eekbde rd} ìlamzĂwqdq,
qwdlrvmwrde am vdem%mqb,.0# namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkwcd#Ţnnekw imkiwdfnbm%emidqmam onawkrfmwĂ% ìl r}wrm
cdrr#cmand% zwnlnlqmwlmq0#mxmwbnŢnn am amrbwnmwm dmemcmlqmekw śn zwkbm#rmekw kgrmwvdqm anwmbqrd} nlanwmbq ìl gdnl}eonawkiwdfnb de }l}n wç}/mx,Bwnś}e Wmzmam. #dbqnvnqĂŢn am bmwbmqdwm dcman}e}n anl kwnklq}eekbde śn dzwkzndq /naml#
qnfnbdwmd r}wrmekw am zke}dwm d dzmekw śn dcĂr}wnekw am bkcgdqmwmd dbmrqkwd.0
#mxmwbnŢn}
#mxzenbdŢnd
#kwdeĂ
#qmcĂ ambdrĂ
]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8#Gnkrfmwd śn zmakrfmwd Lw, kwm8 1
Lw,bwq, BklŢnl}q}wn
Bkczmqml#Ţm bomnm /m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢm imlmwdem BkczmqmlŢm rzmbnfnbm
DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm
Wmr}wrmcdqmwndem
Wmr}wrmzwkbma}wdem Mvde}dwm
4, Gnkrfmwd ‒ bdwdbqmwmimlmwdem
Bkc}ln#bdwmd ìlencgdcdqmwlĂ
4,]qnendwmdencgdh}e}nrzmbnfnb ìl
zwmmlqdwmd śnmxzenbdwmd
4,4 Wmb}lkdśqmwmd qmwcmln#ekw imkiwdfnbn ìl qmxqmanfmwnqm04,7 Zwmbndwmd% ìl b}vnlqmzwkzwnn% d rmlr}e}n qmwcmln#
#mxmwbnŢnn am wmedŢnk#ldwm d memcmlqmekwkgrmwvdqmfdŢĂ am z}lbqmembdwanldem zm odwqĂ śn
#OdwqdfnnbĂ d e}cnn
#Dqedrm
#mxmwbnŢn}e
#bklvmwrdŢnd
kwdeĂ
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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ìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śn
dlqwmzwmlk#wndq
}lkw amzwnlamwn śnqmolnbn am e}bw}
zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0 ?,Medgkwdwmd }lkw
ckamem śn rke}Ţnnam kwidlndwm drzdŢn}e}n imkiwd#fnb anl zmwrzmbqn#vd amvkeqĂwnna}wdgnem,
kgrmwvdgnem ìl qncz0
?,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd rke}Ţnnekw
am zwkqmbŢnm d cman}e}nimkiwdfnb anl kwnklq}eekbde rd} ìlamzĂwqdq,
d vmimqdŢnmn% fd}lmn śnrke}e}n anl kwnklq}eekbde śn dzwkzndq%namlqnfnbdwmd r}wrmekwam anrqw}imwm d
dbmrqkwd śn dcĂr}wnekw ambkcgdqmwm d dbmrqkwd,
]lnqdqmd am ì lvĂŢdwm8 Zkz}edŢnd śn dśmĂwnem kcmlmśqn Lw, kwm8 1
Lw,bwq, BklŢnl}q}wn
BkczmqmlŢm bomnm
/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢm imlmwdem
BkczmqmlŢmrzmbnfnbm DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm
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Wmr}wrmzwkbma}wdem Mvde}dwm
4,
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Bkc}lnbd#wmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
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BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbmśn
4,]qnendwmdencgdh}e}nrzmbnfnb ìl
zwmmlqdwmd śnmxzenbdwmd
wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm07 ]qnendwmd bk#wmbqĂ d l}cmekw
zwkzwnn śn d qmwcm#lnekw ìl encgnrqwĂnlm0 2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd}lkw memcmlqmanl cdqmcdqnbĂ%
4,4 Wmb}lkdśqmwmdqmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn
ìl qmxqm anfmwnqm04,7 Zwmbndwmd% ìlb}vnlqm zwkzwnn% d
rmlr}e}n qmwcmlnekwimkiwdfnbn am gdĂ0 7,7Bnqnwmd bkwmbqĂ daml}cnwnekw śnqmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbnanl encgnem rqwĂnlm0
2,7 Namlqnfnbdwmd emiĂ#q}wnekw ìlqwm memcmlqm%fmlkcmlm śn zw kbmrm
# mxzenbdwmd rnczeĂ dqmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbnnlqçelnŢn ìl embŢnnem amr#
zwm zkz}edŢnm śn dśmĂwnkcmlmśqn śn am fkekrnwmd
ekw ìl bklqmxqm lkn0# medgkwdwmd }lkw qmxqmzwnl }qnendwmd }lkwqmwcmln r}imwdŢn0 # bnqnwmd bkwmbqĂ d aml}#cnwnekw kwdśmekw ìl encgnrqwĂnlm0 #mxmwbnŢnn am rqdgnenwm dbkwmrzklamlŢmn memcml#qmekw wmzwmmlqdqm b}
#OdwqdfnnbĂ de}cnn
#Dqedrmimkiwdfnbm
#Embq}wn
#mxzenbdŢnd
#bklvmwrdŢnd
#mxmwbnŢn}e
#kwdeĂ
#qmcĂzmlqw}dbdrĂ
kgrmwvdwmd
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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2,
1,
DśmĂwnem}cdlm8
bdwdbqmwnrqnbnimlmwdem
DśmĂwnemw}wdem śndśmĂwnem}wgdlm
bkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinm ìlrq}anmwmd cman#}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1, WdzkwqdwmdwmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm ed }lr}zkwq bdwqkiwdfnbśn iwdfnb0
=, Dbbmrdwmd śn}qnendwmd bklŢn#l}q}wnekw b} bdwd#
bqmw imkiwdfnbzwnl qmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn śnbkc}lnbĂwnn0 6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śnmxzenbdwmd ancml#rn}lnn rkbndem% bn#vnbm śn b}eq}wdem dbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢne}nimkiwdfnb,
kgrmwvdgnem02,6 ]qnendwmd kzmwd#Ţnnekw śn lkŢn}lnekw cdqmcdqnbm ed lnvmememcmlqdw0
1,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd zwnl#bnzdemekw memcmlqmldq}wdem śn rkbnk#mbk#lkcnbm wmzwmmlqdqmzm }l r}zkwqbdwqkiwdfnb01,7 ]qnendwmd rmclm#ekw bklvmlŢnkldem0=,4 NamlqnfnbdwmdnlfkwcdŢnnekw b}bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb ìl
gdm am adqmdbbmrngnem zm nlqmwlmq0
6,4 MxzenbdwmdnczkwqdlŢmn cman}e}nimkiwdfnb zmlqw} kcśn rkbnmqdqm,
zknŢnd ekw wmdeĂ/dśmĂwnem kcmlmśqn.0 # amrbwnmwmd anwnhdqĂa}zĂ fmlkcmlm wmzwm#mlqdqm iwdfnb rd} bdwqk#
iwdfnb /wmzdwqnŢnd zkz}#edŢnmn% rqw}bq}wd zkz}ed#Ţnmn% qnz}wn am rdqm%wmzdwqnŢnd kwdśmekw% mqb,.0 #mxmwbnŢnn am ekbdendwmed odwqĂ /d cdwnekw kwdśmdem e}cnn%d wmin}lnekw b}amlrnqdqmd zkz}edŢnmnanfmwnqĂ.0 # ìlŢmemimwmd nczkwqdl#Ţmn drzmbq}e}n ekbdenqĂŢn#
ekw zmlqw} kc śnrkbnmqdqm0# namlqnfnbdwmd adqmekwamrzwm zkz}edŢnm śndśmĂwn kcmlmśqn ìlgdd am adqm dbbmrngnemzwnl nlqmwlmq0#mxmwbnŢnn am wmzwmml#qdwm bdwqkiwdfnbĂ d }lmnekbdenqĂŢn /ekbdenqdqmdldqdeĂ.0
imkiwdfnbm
#Cdl}de}e
#Wmvnrqm
#Ne}rqwdqm
#amrbwnmwmd
#bkczdwdŢnd
#mxmwbnŢn}e
#mxzenbdŢnd
#bklvmwrdŢnd
#mxmwbnŢn}e
rnrqmcdqnbĂdmemvnekw
#kwdeĂ
#kwdeĂ
#qmcĂ ambdrĂ
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8#Wmr}wrmem Qmwwmn śn dbqnvnqĂŢnem mbklkcnbm Lw,kwm, 6
Lw,
bwq, BklŢnl}q}wn
BkczmqmlŢm
Bomnm/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢm
imlmwdem BkczmqmlŢm rzmbnfnbm
DbqnvnqĂŢn am
ìlvĂŢdwm
Wmr}wrm
cdqmwndem
Wmr}wrm
zwkbma}wdem Mvde}dwm
4,
7,
2,
1,
Wmr}wrmemldq}wdem8bdwdbqmwnr#qnbn imlmwdem
Diwnb}eq}wd#bdwdbqmwnr#
qnbn imlmwdem
Nla}rqwnd#bdwdbqmwnrqn#bn imlmwdem
Qwdlrzkw#q}wnem8 bdwdbqmwnrqn#bn imlmwdem
Bkc}lnbd#wmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbd#wmd ìl encgnrqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbmśnbkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢd
4,]qnendwmdencgdh}e}n rzmbnfnbìl zwmmlqdwmd śnmxzenbdwmdwmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm7 ]qnendwmd bkwmb#qĂ d l}cmekw zwk#
zwnn śn d qmwcmlnekw
ìl encgn rqwĂnlm0 2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd}lkw memcmlqm anlcdqmcdqnbĂ%śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinm ìlrq}anmwmd cman}e}nqmwmrqw}0
1, WdzkwqdwmdwmdenqĂŢnn imkiwd#fnbm ed }l r}zkwqbdwqkiwdfnb śniwdfnb0
=, Dbbmrdwmd śn }#
4,7,Zwmbndwmd% ìl b}vnlqmzwkzwnn% d rmlr}e}n qmwcm#lnekw imkiwdfnbn am gdĂ0 4,1,Medgkwdwmd }l}n qmxqbkmwmlq }qnençla qmwcmlnimkiwdfnbn07,7,Bnqnwmd bkwmbqĂ daml}cnwnekw śn qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn anl encgnem
rqwĂnlm0 2,4 Qwdlrfmwdwmd memcmlqm#ekw anl cdqmcdqnbĂ śn śqnnlŢm
ìl akcmln}e imkiwdfnmn% zmlqw} ìlŢmemimwmd śnamrbwnmwmd bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwzedlmqmn bd ìlqwmi02,7 Namlqnfnbdwmd emiĂq}wnekw ìlqwm memcmlqm% fmlkcmlm śnzwkbmrm kgrmwvdgnem02,= Mxzenbdwmd emiĂq}wnekw
anlqwm wmdenqdqmd kgrmwvdqĂ śnfmlkcmlmekw anl akcm#ln}eśqnnlŢmekw ldq}wnn0 1,7 ]qnendwmd rmclmekwbklvmlŢnkldem01,2 ZknŢnkldwmd bkwmbqĂ dmemcmlqmekw imkiwdfnbm zmwmzwmmlqĂwnem bdwqkiwdfnbmrzmbnfnbm0=,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd
# medgkwdwmd }lkwqmxqm b} }qnendwmd}lkw qmwcmln r}im#wdŢn zwnvnla zkz}ed#Ţnd śn dśmdwnemkcmlmśqn0 #mxmwbnŢnn am rqdgnen#wm d bkwmrzklamlŢmn
zknŢnmn kgnmbqmekw
wmzwmmlqdqm ìl wd#zkwq b} z}lbqmembdwanldem/wmr}wrm%wmin}ln nla}rqwndem%klm diwnbkem. śn ammxzenbdwm d ekbden#Ăwnn0 #mxmwbnŢnn am bnqnwm drmclmekw bklvmlŢn#kldem zwnl wdzkwqd#wmd ed drzmbq}e wmde
de fmlkcmlmekw śnzwkbmrmekw0# nlqmwzwmqdwmd bk#lmxn}lnn anlqwm fm#lkcmlm śn zwkbmrm/wmr}wrm#wdc}wn nl#a}rqwndem% bencd#rk#e}wn#diwnb}eq}wĂ.0 # namlqnfnbdwmd nl#fkwcdŢnnekw emidqm
#OdwqdfnnbĂ de}cnn
#Odwqdwmr}wrmekwldq}wdem
#Dqedrimkiwdfnb
Cdl}de}e
#Qmrqm ammvde}dwm
#Ncdinln
bdeb}edqkw}e
#bklvmwrdŢnd
#mxmwbnŢn}e
#mxzenbdŢnd
Zwkgemcdqn#dwmd
amcklrqwdŢnd
#kwdeĂ
#kwdeĂ
kgrmwvdwmrnrqmcdqn#bĂ dmemvnekw
#kwdeĂ
#qmrqrmbvmlŢn#de
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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=,
6,
Q}wnrc}e8bdwdbqmwnrqnbn imlmwdem
DbqnvnqĂŢnmbklkcnbm
ìlekbdenqdqmdldqdeĂ śn ìlkwnklq}edzwkzndq
aninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂ ì lvmŢn
qnendwmd bklŢnl}#q}wnekw b} bdwdbqmwimkiwdfnb zwnlqmolkekind nlfkw#cdŢnmn śn
bkc}lnbĂwnn0 6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śnmxzenbdwmd ancml#rn}lnn rkbndem%bnvnbm śn b}eq}wdemd bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢne}n imkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkwamzwnlamwn śn
qmolnbn am e}bw} zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
nlfkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb ìl gdm am adqmdbbmrngnem zwnl nlqmwlmq0
6,4 Mxzenbdwmd nczkwqdl#Ţmncman}e}n imkiwdfnb zmlqw}kc śn rkbnmqdqm0 6,7 Mxzenbdwmd anvmwrnqĂŢnnldq}wdem śn }cdlm d e}cnnwmençla bkwmedŢnn b} nlfkw #cdŢnn akgçlanqm ed deqmanrbnzenlm śbkedwm0 9,1 Zwme}bwdwmd nlfkcdŢnmn8bkczemqdwmd }l}n qdgme b}
adqm mxqwdrm anl deqm r}wrm09,= Kwakldwmd memcmlqmekw%fmlkcmlmekw śn zwkbmrmekwfkekrnla anfmwnqm bwnqmwnn ambedrnfnbdwm8 bdlqnqdqnvm%bdenqdqnvm śn qmwnqkwndem,
am imkiwdfnd wmr}w#rmekw ldq}wdem śn db#qnvnqĂŢnem mbklkcnbm
ìl gdm am adqm db#bmrngnem zm nlqmwlmq0
# kwakldwmd mem#cmlqmekw emidqm amwmr}wrmem ldq}wdemfkekrnla bwnqmwn}ebdlqnqdqnv śnqmwnqkwnde0# namlqnfnbdwmd mem#cmlqmekw am amiwd#adwm d cman}e}n anlkwnklq}e ekbde ad#qkwnqĂ amrfĂś}wĂwnn
dbqnvnqĂŢnekw mbklk#cnbm0#mxmwbnŢnn am kwnml#qdwm d içlanwnn śnbkczkwqdcmlq}e}nmemvnekw0
#Odwqdwmr}wrmekwldq}wdem
##Odwqd h}amŢ}e}n
Gnokw
#mxzenbdŢnd
#mxmwbnŢn}e #qmcĂzmlqw}dbdrĂ
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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IMKIWDFND M]WKZMNZEDLNFNBDWM BDEMLADWNRQNBć /CDBWKZWKNMBQDWMD NLRQW]NWNN.
Bedrd d#VN#d
Lw, kwm+ rĂzqĂcçlĂ8 4 kwĂLw,bwq,
]lnqdqmd am ìlvdŢdwm
BkczmqmlŢmbomnm
/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢm imlmwdem BkczmqmlŢm rzmbnfnbm Lw,kwm
RĂzqç#cçld
Kgr,
4, M}wkzd#bdwdbqmwnrqnbnimlmwdem#imkiwdfnmfnnbĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìlencgd cdqmwlĂ
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śn
bkczmqmlŢm am gdĂ ìl śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}n rzmbnfnb ìl zwmmlqdwmd śn mxzenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkw memcmlqm anlcdqmcdqnbĂ% śqnnlŢm śn qmolkekinm ìl
rq}anmwmd cman}e}n qmwmrqw}
1,Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbmed }l r}zkwq bdwqkiwdfnb śn iwdfnb
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnendwmdbklŢnl}q}wnekw b} bodwdbqmw
4,4,Wmb}lkdśqmwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn śn }qnendwmd ekw ìlbklqmxqm b}lkrb}qm rd} ìlbklqmxqm lkn02,4 Qwdlrfmwdwmd memcmlqmekw anlcdqmcdqnbĂ śn śqnnlŢm zmlqw}
mxzenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbmm}wkzmlm02,7 Mxzenbdwmd fmlkcmlmekw śnzwkbmrmekw ldq}wdem rzmbnfnbmimkiwdfnmn M}wkzmn02,1 Dldend bkczdwdqnvĂ dmemcmlqmekw anl wmdenqdqmdimkiwdfnbĂ m}wkzmdlĂ a}zĂbdwdbqmwnrqnbnem rkenbnqdqm%rqdgnenla drmcĂlĂwn śn amkrmgnwn0
1,7 Bnqnwmd oĂwŢnn śn }qnendwmdbkwmbqĂ d rmclmekw śn b}ekwnekw bklvmlŢnkldem0 1,1 ]qnendwmd wmzwmmlqĂwnekw iwdfnbm rnczem zmlqw} ne}rqwdwmdmemcmlqmekw am imkiwdfn fnnbĂ dM}wkzmn0=,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b}bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb wmfmwnqkdwm ed
6 4#6
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D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
imkiwdfnb zwnl qmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn śn bkc}lnbĂwnn
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkw amzwnlamwn śnqmolnbn am e}bw} zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ
M}wkzd% ìl gdm am adqmdbbmrngnem zm nlqmwlmq0
9,7 ]qnendwmd cmqkamekw rnczemam nlvmrqnidwm /kgrmwvdwm%dldenĂ% nlqmwzwmqdwm.0 9,= Kwakldwmd mecmlqmekw%fmlkcmlmekw śn zwkbmrmekw fkekrnla anfmwnqm bwnqmwnn ambedrnfnbdwm 8bwklkekinbm śnqmwnqkwndem,
7, M}wkzd#imkiwdfnm}cdlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìlencgd cdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìlencgn rqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢm am gdĂ ìl śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢd
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}n rzmbnfnb ìl zwmmlqdwmd śn mxzenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm0
7,]qnendwmd bkwmbqĂ d l}cmekw zwkzwnn śn d qmwcmlnekw ìl encgnrqwĂnlm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkw memcmlqm anlcdqmcdqnbĂ% śqnnlŢm śn qmolkekinm ìlrq}anmwmd cman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1,Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbmed }l r}zkwq bdwqkiwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnendwmd
4,7 Zwmbndwmd% ìl b}vnlqmzwkzwnn% d rmlr}e}n qmwcmlnekwimkiwdfnbn am gdĂ
7,7 Bnqnwmd bkwmbqĂ d aml}cnwnekw śn d qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn anlencgnem rqwĂnlm m}wkzmlm
2,7 Mxzenbdwmd fmlkcmlmekw śnzwkbmrmekw }cdlm rzmbnfnbmM}wkzmn
1,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd zwnlbnzdemekwmemcmlqm rkbnk#mbklkcnbmwmzwmmlqdqm zm }l r}zkwqbdwqkiwdfnb=,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b}
6 9#47
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aninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwndq
bklŢnl}q}wnekw b} bodwdbqmw imkiwdfnb zwnl qmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn śn bkc}lnbĂwnn0
6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śn mxzenbdwmdancmlrn}lnn rkbndem% bnvnbm śnb}eq}wdem d bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkw amzwnlamwn śnqmolnbn am e}bw} zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
?,Medgkwdwmd }lkw ckamem śn rke}Ţnnam kwidlndwm d rzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnb
anl zmwrzmbqnvm amvkeqĂwnna}wdgnem,
bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb wmfmwnqkdwm edM}wkzd% ìl gdd am adqmdbbmrngnem zwnl nlqmwlmq
6,7 Mxzenbdwmd anvmwrnqĂŢnn }cdlmśn b}eq}wdem d M}wkzmn wmdençlabkwmedŢnn b} nlfkwcdŢnnemakgçlanqm ed deqm anrbnzenlmśbkedwm 9,7 ]qnendwmd cmqkamekw rnczemam nlvmrqnidwm /kgrmwvdwm% dldenĂ%nlqmwzwmqdwm.0
?,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd rke}Ţnnekw am zwkqmbŢnm d cman}e}n imkiwdfnb
M}wkzmdl,
2, Wmin}ln śnŢĂwn, M}wkzdBmlqwdeĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìlencgd cdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìlencgn rqwĂnlm
2,BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢm am gdĂ ìl śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}n rzmbnfnb ìl zwmmlqdwmd śn mxzenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm0
7,]qnendwmd bkwmbqĂ d l}cmekw zwkzwnn śn d qmwcmlnekw ìl encgnrqwĂnlm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkw memcmlqm anlcdqmcdqnbĂ% śqnnlŢm śn qmolkekinm ìlrq}anmwmd cman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
4,4Wmb}lkdśqmwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn śn }qnendwmd ekw ìlbklqmxqm b}lkrb}qm rd} ìlbklqmxqm lkn7,7 Bnqnwmd bkwmbqĂ d aml}cnwnekw śn d qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn anlencgnem rqwĂnlm m}wkzmlm
2,4Qwdlrfmwdwmd memcmlqmekw anlcdqmcdqnbĂ śn śqnnlŢm zmlqw}mxzenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbmm}wkzmlm2,7 Mxzenbdwmd fmlkcmlmekw śnzwkbmrmekw ldq}wdem rzmbnfnbmimkiwdfnmn M}wkzmn Bmlqwdem2,2 Zwmmlqdwmd rqw}bq}wdqĂ d
6 42#4?
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BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śn
dlqwmzwmlkwndq
1,Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbmed }l r}zkwq bdwqkiwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnendwmdbklŢnl}q}wnekw b} bodwdbqmw imkiwdfnb zwnl qmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn śn bkc}lnbĂwnn0
6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śn mxzenbdwmdancmlrn}lnn rkbndem% bnvnbm śnb}eq}wdem d bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkw amzwnlamwn śnqmolnbn am e}bw} zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
?,Medgkwdwmd }lkw ckamem śn rke}Ţnn
am kwidlndwm d rzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnbanl zmwrzmbqnvm amvkeqĂwnna}wdgnem,
bkczklmlqmekw imkiwdfnbm demM}wkzmn% dem wmin}lnekw śn demŢĂwnekw 1,7 Bnqnwmd oĂwŢnn śn }qnendwmdbkwmbqĂ d rmclmekw śn b}ekwnekw bklvmlŢnkldem 1,2 ZknŢnkldwmd bkwmbqĂ dmemcmlqmekw imkiwdfnbm zmwmzwmmlqĂwnem bdwqkiwdfnbm demM}wkzmn Bmlqwdem=,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b}bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb wmfmwnqkdwm edM}wkzd BmlqwdeĂ ìl gdd am adqmdbbmrngnem zwnl nlqmwlmq
6,7 Mxzenbdwmd anvmwrnqĂŢnn }cdlmśn b}eq}wdem d M}wkzmn Bmlqwdemwmdençla bkwmedŢnn b}nlfkwcdŢnnem akgçlanqm ed deqmanrbn zenlm śbkedwm 9,? Dldendwmd memcmlqmekw anlwmdenqdqmd m}wkzmdlĂ/anwmbq rd}nlanwmbq.
?,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd rke}Ţnnekw am
zwkqmbŢnm d cman}e}n imkiwdfnbm}wkzmdl,
1, M}wkzdCmanqmwd#lmdlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìlencgd cdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}n rzmbnfnb ìl zwmmlqdwmd śn mxzenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm0
7,]qnendwmd bkwmbqĂ d l}cmekw
4,4 Wmb}lkdśqmwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn śn }qnendwmd ekw ìlbklqmxqm b}lkrb}qm rd} ìlbklqmxqm lkn7,7 Bnqnwmd bkwmbqĂ d aml}cnwnekw
= 4>#72
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encgn rqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢm am gdĂ ìl śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
zwkzwnn śn d qmwcmlnekw ìl encgnrqwĂnlm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkw memcmlqm anlcdqmcdqnbĂ% śqnnlŢm śn qmolkekinm ìlrq}anmwmd cman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1,Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbm
ed }l r}zkwq bdwqkiwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnendwmdbklŢnl}q}wnekw b} bodwdbqmw imkiwdfnb zwnl qmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn śn bkc}lnbĂwnn0
6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śn mxzenbdwmdancmlrn}lnn rkbndem% bnvnbm śnb}eq}wdem d bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwr zdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkw amzwnlamwn śnqmolnbn am e}bw} zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
śn d qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn anlencgnem rqwĂnlm m}wkzmlm
2,4 Qwdlrfmwdwmd memcmlqmekw anlcdqmcdqnbĂ śn śqnnlŢm zmlqw}mxzenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbmm}wkzmlm2,7 Mxzenbdwmd fmlkcmlmekw śnzwkbmrmekw ldq}wdem rzmbnfnbmimkiwdfnmn M}wkzmn R}anbm2,2 Zwmmlqdwmd rqw}bq}wdqĂ dbkczklmlqmekw imkiwdfnbm demM}wkzmn% dem wmin}lnekw śn demŢĂwnekw 1,7 Bnqnwmd oĂwŢnn śn }qnendwmd
bkwmbqĂ d rmclmekw śn b}ekwnekw bklvmlŢnkldem 1,2 ZknŢnkldwmd bkwmbqĂ dmemcmlqmekw imkiwdfnbm zmwmzwmmlqĂwnem bdwqkiwdfnbm demM}wkzmn R}anbm=,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b}bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb wmfmwnqkdwm edM}wkzd R}anbĂ ìl gdd am adqmdbbmrngnem zwnl nlqmwlmq
6,7 Mxzenbdwmd anvmwrnqĂŢnn }cdlmśn b}eq}wdem d M}wkzmn R}anbmwmdençla bkwmedŢnn b}nlfkwcdŢnnem akgçlanqm ed deqmanrbnzenlm śbkedwm 9,? Dldendwmd memcmlqmekw anlwmdenqdqmd m}wkzmdlĂ/anwmbq rd}nlanwmbq.
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NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwndq
?,Medgkwdwmd }lkw ckamem śn rke}Ţnnam kwidlndwm d rzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnbanl zmwrzmbqnvm amvkeqĂwnna}wdgnem,
?,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd rke}Ţnnekw am zwkqmbŢnm d cman}e}n imkiwdfnbm}wkzmdl,
=, M}wkzdMrqnbĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìlencgd cdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìlencgn rqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śn
bkczmqmlŢm am gdĂ ìl śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}n rzmbnfnb ìl zwmmlqdwmd śn mxzenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm0
7,]qnendwmd bkwmbqĂ d l}cmekw zwkzwnn śn d qmwcmlnekw ìl encgnrqwĂnlm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkw memcmlqm anlcdqmcdqnbĂ% śqnnlŢm śn qmolkekinm ìl
rq}anmwmd cman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1,Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbm
ed }l r}zkwq bdwqkiwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnendwmdbklŢnl}q}wnekw b} bodwdbqmw
4,4Wmb}lkdśqmwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn śn }qnendwmd ekw ìlbklqmxqm b}lkrb}qm rd} ìlbklqmxqm lkn7,7 Bnqnwmd bkwmbqĂ d aml}cnwnekw śn d qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn anlencgnem rqwĂnlm m}wkzmlm /encgdw}rĂ. 2,4Qwdlrfmwdwmd memcmlqmekw anlcdqmcdqnbĂ śn śqnnlŢm zmlqw}
mxzenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbmm}wkzmlm2,7 Mxzenbdwmd fmlkcmlmekw śnzwkbmrmekw ldq}wdem rzmbnfnbmimkiwdfnmn M}wkzmn Mrqnbm2,2 Zwmmlqdwmd rqw}bq}wdqĂ dbkczklmlqmekw imkiwdfnbm demM}wkzmn% dem wmin}lnekw śn demŢĂwnekw 1,7 Bnqnwmd oĂwŢnn śn }qnendwmd
bkwmbqĂ d rmclmekw śn b}ekwnekw bklvmlŢnkldem 1,2 ZknŢnkldwmd bkwmbqĂ dmemcmlqmekw imkiwdfnbm zmwmzwmmlqĂwnem bdwqkiwdfnbm demM}wkzmn Mrqnbm=,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b}bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb wmfmwnqkdwm ed
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BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śn
bkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwndq
imkiwdfnb zwnl qmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn śn bkc}lnbĂwnn0
6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śn mxzenbdwmdancmlrn}lnn rkbndem% bnvnbm śn
b}eq}wdem d bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkw amzwnlamwn śnqmolnbn am e}bw} zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
?,Medgkwdwmd }lkw ckamem śn rke}Ţnnam kwidlndwm d rzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnbanl zmwr zmbqnvm amvkeqĂwnn
a}wdgnem,
M}wkzd Mrqnbm ìl gdd am adqmdbbmrngnem zwnl nlqmwlmq0
6,7 Mxzenbdwmd anvmwrnqĂŢnn }cdlmśn b}eq}wdem d M}wkzmn Mrqnbm
wmdençla bkwmedŢnn b}nlfkwcdŢnnem akgçlanqm ed deqmanrbnzenlm śbkedwm 9,? Dldendwmd memcmlqmekw anlwmdenqdqmd m}wkzmdlĂ/anwmbq rd}nlanwmbq.
?,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd rke}Ţnnekw am zwkqmbŢnm d cman}e}n imkiwdfnbm}wkzmdl,
6, M}wkzd amVmrq śn amLkwa
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìlencgd cdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìlencgn rqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢm
cdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢm am gdĂ ìl śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}n rzmbnfnb ìl zwmmlqdwmd śn mxzenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm0
7,]qnendwmd bkwmbqĂ d l}cmekw zwkzwnn śn d qmwcmlnekw ìl encgnrqwĂnlm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkw memcmlqm anl
cdqmcdqnbĂ% śqnnlŢm śn qmolkekinm ìlrq}anmwmd cman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
4,4Wmb}lkdśqmwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn śn }qnendwmd ekw ìlbklqmxqm b}lkrb}qm rd} ìlbklqmxqm lkn7,7 Bnqnwmd bkwmbqĂ d aml}cnwnekwśn d qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn anlencgnem rqwĂnlm m}wkzmlm
2,4Qwdlrfmwdwmd memcmlqmekw anl
cdqmcdqnbĂ śn śqnnlŢm zmlqw}mxzenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbmm}wkzmlm2,7 Mxzenbdwmd fmlkcmlmekw śnzwkbmrmekw ldq}wdem rzmbnfnbmimkiwdfnmn M}wkzmn Vmrqnbm śnLkwanbm2,2 Zwmmlqdwmd rqw}bq}wdqĂ d
6 79#27
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BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śn
dlqwmzwmlkwndq
1,Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbmed }l r}zkwq bdwqkiwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnendwmdbklŢnl}q}wnekw b} bodwdbqmw imkiwdfnb zwnl qmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn śn bkc}lnbĂwnn0
6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śn mxzenbdwmdancmlrn}lnn rkbndem% bnvnbm śnb}eq}wdem d bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkw amzwnlamwn śnqmolnbn am e}bw} zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
?,Medgkwdwmd }lkw ckamem śn rke}Ţnn
am kwidlndwm d rzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnbanl zmwrzmbqnvm amvkeqĂwnna}wdgnem,
bkczklmlqmekw imkiwdfnbm demM}wkzmn% dem wmin}lnekw śn demŢĂwnekw 1,7 Bnqnwmd oĂwŢnn śn }qnendwmdbkwmbqĂ d rmclmekw śn b}ekwnekw
bklvmlŢnkldem 1,2 ZknŢnkldwmd bkwmbqĂ dmemcmlqmekw imkiwdfnbm zmwmzwmmlqĂwnem bdwqkiwdfnbm demM}wkzmn Vmrqnbm śn Lkwanbm =,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b}bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb wmfmwnqkdwm edM}wkzd VmrqnbĂ śn LkwanbĂ ìlgdd am adqm dbbmrngnem zwnlnlqmwlmq
6,7 Mxzenbdwmd anvmwrnqĂŢnn }cdlmśn b}eq}wdem d M}wkzmn Vmrqnbm śn Lkwanbm wmdençla bkwmedŢnn b}nlfkwcdŢnnem akgçlanqm ed deqmanrbnzenlm śbkedwm 9,? Dldendwmd memcmlqmekw anlwmdenqdqmd m}wkzmdlĂ/anwmbq rd}nlanwmbq.
?,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd rke}Ţnnekw am
zwkqmbŢnm d cman}e}n imkiwdfnbm}wkzmdl,
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9, M}wkzd #rnlqmĂ śnmvde}dwm
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìlencgd cdqmwlĂ
BkczmqmlŢm
cdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢm am gdĂ ìl śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwndq
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}n rzmbnfnb ìl zwmmlqdwmd śn mxzenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkw memcmlqm anl
cdqmcdqnbĂ% śqnnlŢm śn qmolkekinm ìlrq}anmwmd cman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śn mxzenbdwmdancmlrn}lnn rkbndem% bnvnbm śnb}eq}wdem d bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkw amzwnlamwn śnqmolnbn am e}bw} zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd
zmwcdlmlqĂ0
?,Medgkwdwmd }lkw ckamem śn rke}Ţnnam kwidlndwm d rzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnbanl zmwrzmbqnvm amvkeqĂwnna}wdgnem,
4,4Wmb}lkdśqmwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn śn }qnendwmd ekw ìlbklqmxqm b}lkrb}qm rd} ìlbklqmxqm lkn2,6 Namlqnfnbdwmd nlfe}mlŢmekw
qmolkekinbm dr}zwdbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekw imkiwdfnbm demcman}e}n m}wkzmdl6,4 Mxzenbdwmd nczkwqdlŢmncman}e}n imkiwdfnb m}wkzmdl zmlqw} kc śn rkbnmqdqmdbklqnlmlq}e}n lkrqw}
9,? Dldendwmd memcmlqmekw anlwmdenqdqmd m}wkzmdlĂ/anwmbq rd}
nlanwmbq.
?,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd rke}Ţnnekw am zwkqmbŢnm d cman}e}n imkiwdfnbm}wkzmdl,
2 22#2=
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]lnqdqmd am nlvĂŢdwm8 M}wkzd ‒ imkiwdfnm fnnbĂ Lw,kwm8 6
Lw
bwq BklŢnl}q}wn
BkczmqmlŢm
bomnm/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢm
imlmwdem
BkczmqmlŢm
rzmbnfnbm DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm
Wmr}wrm
cdqmwndem
Wmr}wrm
zwkbma}wdem Mvde}dwm
4,
7,
2,
1,
=,
6,
Nlqwka}bmwm
ZknŢndimkiwdfnbĂ%encnqmem
ìlqnlamwmd śnŢĂwc}wnemM}wkzmn
Wmenmf}eM}wkzmn
BencdM}wkzmn
DzmemM}wkzmn
VmimqdŢnd%fd}ld śnrke}wnem
Bkc}lnbd#wmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbmśnbkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
4,]qnendwmdencgdh}e}nrzmbnfnb ìl
zwmmlqdwmd śnmxzenbdwmdwmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm02,Qwdlrfmwdwmd}lkw memcmlqmanl cdqmcdqnbĂ%śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinm ìlrq}anmwmdcman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1,WdzkwqdwmdwmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm ed }lr}zkwq bdwqkiwdfnbśn iwdfnb0
4,4Wmb}lkdśqmwmdqmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbnśn }qnendwmd ekw ìlbklqmxqm b}lkrb}qmrd} ìl bklqmxqm lkn0
2,4Qwdlrfmwdwmd mem#cmlqmekw anl cdqm#cdqnbĂ śn śqnnlŢm zml#qw} mxzenbdwmd wmden#qĂŢnn imkiwdfnbmm}wkzmlm02,7 Mxzenbdwmd fmlk#cmlmekw śn zwkbmrmekw ldq}wdem rzmbnfnbmimkiwdfnmn M}wkzmn02,1 Dldend bkczd#wdqnvĂ d memcmlqmekw anl wmdenqdqmd imkiwd#fnbĂ m}wkzmdlĂ a}zĂbdwdbqmwnrqnbnem rkenbn#qdqm% rqdgnenla drmcĂ#lĂwn śn amkrmgnwn0 1,7 Bnqnwmd oĂwŢnn śn}qnendwmd bkwmbqĂ drmclmekw śn b}ekwnekw bklvmlŢnkldem0 1,1 ]qnendwmd wmzwm#
# namlqnfnbdwmd l}cmekw zwkzwnn nl qmxq śn zm odwqĂ0 # bklrqw}nwmd }l}n qmxqbkmwmlq }qnençla lkŢn}lnśn aml}cnwn imkiwdfnbm0 # wdzkwqdwmd qmxq}e}n rbwnred ncdinlmd bdwqkiwdfnbĂanl cdl}de śn dqedrm rd}oĂwŢn c}wdem0 #mxmwbnŢnn am cĂr}wdwm danrqdlŢmekw zm odwqd c}wd#eĂ d M}wkzmn śn bmd anldqedrm ed rbĂwn anfmwnqm0 # amrbwnmwmd a}zĂ k ncdin#lm bdwqkiwdfnbĂ /d zknqnmnM}wkzmn% d wmenmf}e}n% dbencmn% d onawkiwdfnmn.0#bkczdwdwmd memcmlqmekw%fmlkcmlmekw śn zwkbmrmekw rqdgnenla drmcĂlĂwn śnamkrmgnwn nl f}lbŢnm am an#fmwnqm bwnqmwnn /zknŢnm imk#iwdfnbĂ% vçwrqd% cka}e amfkwcdwm% bdwdbqmwnrqnbn demmemcmlqmekw bencdqnbm% demwmŢmemn onawkiwdfnbm mqb,.# namlqnfnbdwmd śn ìlŢmemim#wmd rmclmekw bklvmlŢnk#ldem am zm oĂwŢnem anl
# OdwqdfnnbĂ de}cnn
# OdwqdfnnbĂ śn
zkenqnbĂ d M}wkzmn
# Dqedrmimkiwdfn#bm
# Dqedrmgkqdlnbmśnkkekinbm
# OĂwŢnbklq}w
# BkembŢnnam wmvnrqm
bklvmwrdŢnd
#mxmwbnŢn}e
#amrbwnmwmd
bkczdwdŢnd
#mxzenbdŢnd
zwkgemcdqn#dwmd
# kwdeĂ
# kwdeĂ
kgrmwvd#wmd rnrqm#cdqnbĂ
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]lnqdqmd am nlvĂŢdwm8 M}wkzd ‒ imkiwdfnm }cdlĂ Lw, kwm8 6
Lw,bwq, BklŢnl}q}wn BkczmqmlŢm bomnm/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢmimlmwdem BkczmqmlŢmrzmbnfnbm DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm Wmr}wrmcdqmwndem Wmr}wrmzwkbma}wdem Mvde}dwm
4,
7,
2,
1,
=,
Zkz}edŢndM}wkzmn
DśmĂwnem
}cdlm
OdwqdzkenqnbĂ
Wmr}wrmemldq}wdem
DbqnvnqĂŢnemmbklkcnbm8diwnb}eq}wĂ%nla}rqwnm% bĂnambkc}lnbdŢnm% qwdlrzkwq}wn
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgnrqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢm am
gdĂ ìl śqnnlŢmśn qmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
4,]qnendwmd enc#gdh}e}n rzmbnfnb ìl
zwmmlqdwmd śn mx# zenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm07,]qnendwmdbkwmbqĂ d l}cmekw
zwkzwnn śn d
qmwcmlnekw ìl encgnrqwĂnlm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd}lkw memcmlqm anlcdqmcdqnbĂ% śqnnlŢmśn qmolkekinm ìlrq}anmwmd cman}e}nqmwmrqw}01,WdzkwqdwmdwmdenqĂŢnn
imkiwdfnbm ed }lr}zkwq bdwqkiwdfnbśn iwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn}qnendwmdbklŢnl}q}wnekw b}bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnbzwnl qmolkekind
4,7 Zwmbndwmd% ìl b}vnlqm zwk#zwnn% d rmlr}e}nqmwcmlnekw imk#iwdfnbn am gdĂ 07,7 Bnqnwmd bk#wmbqĂ d aml}cn#wnekw śn d qmwcm#
lnekw imkiwdfnbnanl encgnem rqwĂ#nlm m}wkzmlm 02,7 Mxzenbdwmdfmlkcmlmekw śnzwkbmrmekw}cdlm rzmbnfnbmM}wkzmn 0
1,4 Namlqnfnbdwmdzwnlbnzdemekw
memcmlqm rkbnk#mbklkcnbm wm#zwmmlqdqm zm }lr}zkwqbdwqkiwdfnb0=,4 NamlqnfnbdwmdnlfkwcdŢnnekw b}bdwdbqmw imk#iwdfnb wmfmwn#qkdwm ed M}wkzd%
# namlqnfnbdwmd l}cmekw zwkzwnn nl qmxq śn zm odwqĂ0 # bklrqw}nwmd }l}n qmxq bkm#wmlq }qnençla lkŢn}ln śnaml}cnwn imkiwdfnbm0#mxmwbnŢnn am bnqnwm bkwmbqĂd aml}cnwnekw śn qmwcmlnekwimkiwdfnbn anl encgnem
rqwĂnlm0 #mxzenbdwmd fmlkcmlmekw śnzwkbmrmekw }cdlm rzmbn#fnbm M}wkzmn8 zkz}edwmdqmwnqkwn}e}n M}wkzmn% wĂr#
zçlanwmd zkz}edŢnmn% iwda}eam }wgdlndwmd% iwda}e amamvkeqdwm mbklkcnbĂ mqb, # wdzkwqdwmd qmxq}e}n rbwnred ncdinlmd bdwqkiwdfnbĂanl cdl}de śn dqedrm rd}
oĂwŢn c}wdem0 # namlqnfnbdwmd śn ìlŢmemi#mwmd rmclmekw śn b}ekwnekw bklvmlŢnkldem fkekrnqm zmoĂwŢnem qmcdqnbm anlcdl}de0#mxmwbnŢnn am ekbdendwm d
zknŢnmn imkiwdfnbm d ŢĂwnekw anl M}wkzd0#rmembqdwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw
# OdwqdfnnbĂ śn
zkenqnbĂ dM}wkzmn
# Odwqd
bklq}w
# Dqedrmimkiwdfnbm
# Cdl}de}e
# Ne}rqdwqm
# Embq}wnimkiwdfnbm
#bklvmwrdŢnd
#mxmwbnŢn}e
#mxzenbdŢnd
zwkgemcdqn#dwmd
#e}bw}e b}odwqd
#mxmwbnŢn}e
# kwdeĂ
# kwdeĂ
Kgrmwvd#wmd rnrqm#cdqnbĂ dmemvnekw
# kwdeĂ
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 33/155
6,
bkcmwŢ%q}wnrc,
M}wkzd ‒ mvde}dwm
imkiwdfnmimlmwdeĂ /rnlqmĂ.
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śn
bkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwndq
nlf kwcdŢnmn śnbkc}lnbĂwnn0
6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śnmxzenbdwmd
ancmlrn}lnnrkbndem% bnvnbm śnb}eq}wdem dbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}nimkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkwamzwnlamwn śnqmolnbn am e}bw}
zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd
zmwcdlmlqĂ0
?,Medgkwdwmd }lkwckamem śn rke}Ţnnam kwidlndwm drzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnbanl zmwrzmbqnvmamvkeqĂwnna}wdgnem,
ìl gdd am adqmdbbmrngnem zwnlnlqmwlmq 06,7 MxzenbdwmdanvmwrnqĂŢnn }cd#
lm śn b}eq}wdem dM}wkzmn wmden#çla bkwmedŢnn b}nlfkwcdŢnnem ak#gçlanqm ed deqmanrbnzenlmśbkedwm 09,7 ]qnendwmdcmqkamekwrnczem amnlvmrqnidwm
/kgrmwvdwm%dldenĂ%nlqmwzwmqdwm. 0?,4 Namlqnfnbdwmdrke}Ţnnekw am
zwkqmbŢnm dcman}e}nimkiwdfnbm}wkzmdl,
emidqm am zkz}edŢnm% dśmĂwnkcmlmśqn% mbklkcnm anl
gdd am adqm dbbmrngneĂ zmnlqmwlmq0# bklr}eqdwmd anbŢnkldwmekw
b} qmwcmln imkiwdfnbn śn ddqedrmekw imkiwdfnbm0#mxmwbnŢnn am kgrmwvdwm% amrmembqdwm d }lkw memcmlqmrnczem śn amrbwnmwmd dbmr#qkwd zm gdd ncdinlnekw amed fnmbdwm embŢnm0 #mxzenbdwmd anvmwrnqĂŢnn }#cdlm śn b}eq}wdem d M}wk#
zmn wmdençla bkwmedŢnn b}nrqkwnd% wmenind mqb,
#mxmwbnŢnn am namlqnfnbdwm d}lkw bklanŢnklĂwn /zwmm#lŢd wmr}wrmekw ldq}wdem ‒ amvkeqdwmd nla}rqwnmn.0# nlqmwzwmqdwmd }lkw nlfkw#cdŢnn wmadqm bdwqkiwdfnb/zm oĂwqnem am ed zkz}edŢnm%wmr}wrm ldq}wdem śn dbqnvn#qĂŢn mbklkcnbm.0 #namlqnfnbdwmd klmekw z}#qmwlnb zke}dqm dem M}wkzmn
śn zwkz}lmwmd }lkw rke}Ţnnam bkcgdqmwm d zke}Ăwnn,
Bdeb}edqkw
# BkembŢnnam wmvnrqm
#amrbwnmwmd
#mxzenbdŢnd
amcklrqwdŢnd
# kwdeĂ
# qmrqrmbvmlŢnde /zwkgĂ
rbwnrĂ.
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 35/155
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂ
ìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwn#dq
1,WdzkwqdwmdwmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbmed }l r}zkwqbdwqkiwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn}qnendwmdbklŢnl}q}wnekw b}bodwdbqmw imkiwdfnbzwnl qmolkekind
nlfkwcdŢnmn śnbkc}lnbĂwnn0 6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śnmxzenbdwmdancmlrn}lnn rkbndem%bnvnbm śn b}eq}wdem dbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkw
amzwnlamwn śn qmolnbnam e}bw} zmlqw} zwmiĂqnw md zmwcdlmlqĂ0 ?,Medgkwdwmd }lkwckamem śn rke}Ţnn amkwidlndwm d rzdŢn}#e}n imkiwdfnb anlzmwrzmbqnvmamvkeqĂwnn a}wdgnem,
dem ŢĂwnekw0 1,7 Bnqnwmd oĂwŢnn śn}qnendwmd bkwmbqĂ drmclmekw śn b}ekwn#ekw bklvmlŢnkldem 0
1,2 ZknŢnkldwmdbkwmbqĂ d memcmlqm#ekw imkiwdfnbm zmwmzwmmlqĂw nem bdw#qkiwdfnbm demM}wkzmn Bmlqwdem 0=,4 NamlqnfnbdwmdnlfkwcdŢnnekw b} bd#wdbqmw imkiwdfnbwmfmwnqkdwm ed M}#wkzd BmlqwdeĂ ìl
gdd am adqm dbbm#rngnem zwnl nlqmwlmq06,7 Mxzenbdwmd an#vmwrnqĂŢnn }cdlm śnb}eq}wdem d M}wkzmnBmlqwdem wmdençlabkwmedŢnn b} nlfkw #cdŢnnem akgçlanqmed deqm anrbnzenlmśbkedwm0 9,? Dldendwmd
memcmlqmekw anlwmdenqdqmd m}wk# zmdlĂ /anwmbq rd}nlanwmbq.0?,4 Namlqnfnbdwmdrke}Ţnnekw am zwk#qmbŢnm d cman}e}nimkiwdfnbm}wkzmdl,
b}lkśqnlŢm0 # zwmmlqdwmd rqw}bq}wdqĂd bkczklmlqmekw imk#iwdfnbm dem M}wkzmnBmlqwdem śn d ŢĂwnekw
nlrnrqçla zm drzmbqmemrzmbnfnbm0# namlqnfnbdwmd śn am mx#
zenbdwmd ekbdenĂwnn mem#cmlqmekw bencdqnbm śngnkimkiwdfnbm0# mxzenbdwmd wmedŢnnekw anlqwm memcmlqmem wm#zwmmlqdqm /bencd#vmimqdŢnm#fd}ld#rke}wn%wmr}wrm#wdc}wn
nla}rqwndem.0# amrbwnmwmd }lkw mem#cmlqm rnczem /onawk#iwdfnm% wmr}wrm ldq}wdem%wdc}wn nla}rqwndem.0#namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkw#cdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb wmfmwnqkdwm edŢĂwnem M}wkzmn Bmlqwdem
ìl gdd am adqmdbbmrngnem zwnl nlqmwlmq0
#mxzenbdwmd anvmwrnqĂŢnn}cdlm śn b}eq}wdem dM}wkzmn wmdençlabkwmedŢnn b} nrqkwnd%wmenind mqb,#dbqnvnqĂŢn am bmwbmqdwm/dldenĂ% nlqmwzwmqdwm. dcman}e}n anl kwnklq}eekbde śn dzwkzndq0
#Deg}cm
Bdeb}edqkw
#mxzenbdŢnd
#amrbwnmwmd
bklvmwrdŢnd # zwkgĂrbwnrĂ
#qmcĂ ambdrĂ
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 36/155
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 37/155
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwn#
1,Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm ed }lr}zkwq bdwqkiwdfnb śn
iwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn}qnendwmdbklŢnl}q}wnekw b}
bodwdbqmw imkiwdfnbzwnl qmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn śnbkc}lnbĂwnn0
6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śnmxzenbdwmdancmlrn}lnn rkbndem%bnvnbm śn b}eq}wdem dbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkwamzwnlamwn śn qmolnbnam e}bw} zmlqw}
zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0 ?,Medgkwdwmd }lkwckamem śn rke}Ţnn am
in}lnekw śn demŢĂwnekw 01,7 Bnqnwmd oĂwŢnnśn }qnendwmd bk#wmbqĂ d rmclmekw
śn b}ekwnekw bklvmlŢnkldem0 1,2 ZknŢnkldwmdbkwmbqĂ d memcml#qmekw imkiwdfnbm
zm wmzwmmlqĂwnembdwqkiwdfnbm demM}wkzmn R}anbm0=,4 NamlqnfnbdwmdnlfkwcdŢnnekw b}bdwdbqmw imkiwd#
fnb wmfmwnqkdwm edM}wkzd R}anbĂ ìlgdd am adqm db#bmrngnem zwnlnlqmwlmq06,7 MxzenbdwmdanvmwrnqĂŢnn }cdlmśn b}eq}wdem d M}#wkzmn R}anbm wmd#ençla bkwmedŢnn b}nlfkwcdŢnnem ak#
gçlanqm ed deqmanrbnzenlmśbkedwm0 9,? Dldendwmdmemcmlqmekw anlwmdenqdqmd m}wk#
zmdlĂ /anwmbq rd}nlanwmbq.0?,4 Namlqnfnbdwmdrke}Ţnnekw am zwk#
dem M}wkzmn R}anbm śn dŢĂwnekw nlrnrqçla zmdrzmbqmem rzmbnfnbm0# nlqmwzwmqdwmd r}zkwq}e}nbdwqkiwdfnb0
# namlqnfnbdwmd l}cmekw zwkzwnn zm oĂwŢnem ŢĂwnekw M}wkzmn R}anbm0#namlqnfnbdwmdnlfkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb wmfmwnqkdwm edŢĂwnem M}wkzmnR}anbm ìlgdd am adqm dbbmrngnemzwnl nlqmwlmq0#mxzenbdwmd anvmwrnqĂŢnn}cdlm śn b}eq}wdem d
M}wkzmn wmdençlanlqmwanrbnzenldwnqdqmd b}nrqkwnd% wmenind mqb,#mxmwbnŢnn am bklr}eqdwm danbŢnkldwmekw śn dqedrmekw0 #mxmwbnŢnn am nlqmwzwmqdwm dncdinlnekw anl cdl}de0#mxmwbnŢnn am kgrmwvdwm śnrmembqdwm d }lkw memcmlqmrnczem /onawkiwdfnm%wmr}wrm% wdc}wn
nla}rqwndem. rzmbnfnbmM}wkzmn R}anbm0#dbqnvnqĂŢn am bmwbmqdwm/dldenĂ% nlqmwzwmqdwm. dcman}e}n anl kwnklq}eekbde śn dzwkzndq0
imkiwdfnbm
#wmvnrqm
#qmrqm
bdeb}edqkw
#mxzenbdŢnd
amrbwnmwmd
bklvmwrdŢnd
qmcĂ ambdrĂ
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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dq kwidlndwm d rzdŢn}e}nimkiwdfnb anl zmwr#
zmbqnvm amvkeqĂwnna}wdgnem,
qmbŢnm d cman}e}nimkiwdfnbm}wkzmdl,
]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 M}wkzd MrqnbĂ Lw, kwm8 2
Lw,bwq, BklŢnl}q}wn
BkczmqmlŢmbomnm
/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢmimlmwdem
BkczmqmlŢmrzmbnfnbm DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm
Wmr}wrmcdqmwndem
Wmr}wrmzwkbma}wdem Mvde}dwm
4,
7,
2,
M}wkzdMrqnbĂ#rzmbnfnb}e
imkiwdfnb śnrqdqmem
FmamwdŢndW}rĂ#BklanŢnnldq}wdem
FmamwdŢndW}rĂ#Zkz}edŢnd% dśmĂwnemkcmlmśqn śnmbklkcnd
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgnrqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìl
śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
4,]qnendwmd enc#gdh}e}n rzmbnfnb ìl
zwmmlqdwmd śn mx#
zenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm07,]qnendwmd bk#wmbqĂ d l}cmekw
zwkzwnn śn d qmwcm#lnekw ìl encgnrqwĂnlm0 2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd}lkw memcmlqmanl cdqmcdqnbĂ%śqnnlŢm śn
qmolkekinm ìlrq}anmwmdcman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
4,4,Wmb}lkdśqmwmdqmwcmlnekw imk#iwdfnbnśn }qnend#wmd ekw ìl
bklqmx#qm b}lkrb}qmrd} ìl bklqmxqm lkn07,7, Bnqnwmd bkwmbqĂ daml}cnwnekw śn d qmw #cmlnekw imkiwdfnbnanl encgnem rqwĂnlm m}#wkzmlm /encgd w}rĂ. 02,4,Qwdlrfmwdwmd mem#cmlqmekw anl cdqmcd#qnbĂ śn śqnnlŢm zmlqw}mxzenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn
imkiwdfnbm m}wkzmlm 02,7, Mxzenbdwmd fmlk#cmlmekw śn zwkbmrmekw ldq}wdem rzmbnfnbmimkiwdfnmn M}wkzmnMrqnbm0
2,2, Zwmmlqdwmdrqw}bq}wdqĂ d bkczk#lmlqmekw imkiwdfnbm
# namlqnfnbdwmd l}cmekwzwkzwnn nl qmxq śn zm odwqĂ0 # bklrqw}nwmd }l}n qmxq
bkmwmlq }qnençla lkŢn}lnśn aml}cnwn imkiwdfnbmrzmbnfnbm M}wkzmn Mrqnbm0#mxmwbnŢnn am bklr}eqdwm danbŢnkldwmekw śn dqedrmekw0 ## bnqnwmd bkwmbqĂ daml}cnwnekw śn qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn anl encgnemrqwĂnlm ‒ encgd w}rĂ0 #amrbwnmwmd a}zĂ kncdinlm bdwqkiwdfnbĂ d
wmenmf}e}n% bencmn%vmimqdŢnmn% dzmekw%mbklkcnmn0#mxmwbnŢnn am kgrmwvdwmanwnhdqĂ śn am bkczdwdwm /dr}zwdfmŢmekw%d fe}vnnekw%dkwdśmekw ŢĂwnekw M}wkzmnMrqnbm b} dem ŢĂwnekw nlvĂŢdqm.0
#OdwqdfnnbĂ d E}cnn
#Odwqd zkenqnbĂ d E}cnn
#Dqedrmimkiwdfnbm
bklvmwrdŢnd
#mxmwbnŢn}e
amrbwnmwmd
zwkgemcdqnd#wmd
#kwdeĂ
kgrmwvdwm
rnrqmcdqn#bĂ d memvnekw
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwn#dq
1,WdzkwqdwmdwmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm ed }l
r}zkwq bdwqkiwdfnbśn iwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn}qnendwmd bklŢn#l}q}wnekw b} bd#wdbqmw imkiwdfnbzwnl qmolkekind
nlfkwcdŢnmn śnbkc}lnbĂwnn0 6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śnmxzenbdwmd ancml#rn}lnn rkbndem% bn#vnbm śn b}eq}wdem dbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}nimkiwdfnb09,Akgçlanwmd}lkw amzwnlamwn śn
qmolnbn am e}bw} zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmdzmwcdlmlqĂ0 ?,Medgkwdwmd }lkwckamem śn rke}Ţnnam kwidlndwm drzdŢn}e}n imkiwd#fnb anl zmwrzmbqn#vm amvkeqĂwnna}wdgnem,
dem M}wkzmn% dem wm#in}lnekw śn dem ŢĂwnekw 01,7 Bnqnwmd oĂwŢnn śn}qnendwmd bkwmbqĂ drmclmekw śn b}ekwnekw
bklvmlŢnkldem 01,2 ZknŢnkldwmd bk#wmbqĂ d memcmlqmekw imkiwdfnbm zm wmzwm#mlqĂwnem bdwqkiwdfnbmdem M}wkzmn Mrqnbm 0=,4 NamlqnfnbdwmdnlfkwcdŢnnekw b}bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnbwmfmwnqkdwm ed M}wkzdMrqnbm ìl gdd am adqm
dbbmrngnem zwnlnlqmwlmq06,7 Mxzenbdwmd anvmw#rnqĂŢnn }cdlm śn b}eq}#wdem d M}wkzmn Mrqnbmwmdençla bkwmedŢnn b}nlfkwcdŢnnem akgçl#anqm ed deqm anrbnzenlmśbkedwm0 9,? Dldendwmdmemcmlqmekw anl
wmdenqdqmd m}wk# zmdlĂ/anwmbq rd} nlanwmbq.0
?,4 Namlqnfnbdwmdrke}Ţnnekw am zwkqmbŢnmd cman}e}n imkiwdfnbm}wkzmdl,
#zwmmlqdwmd rqw}bq}wdqĂ dbkczklmlqmekw imkiwdfnbmdem M}wkzmn Mrqnbm śn dŢĂwnekw nlrnrqçla zmdrzmbqmem rzmbnfnbm0
# namlqnfnbdwmd śn ammxzenbdwmd ekbdenĂwnnmemcmlqmekw bencdqnbm śngnkimkiwdfnbm0#mxmwbnŢnn am kgrmwvdwm%amrmembqdwm d }lkw memcmlqmrnczem śn am amrbwnmwm dekw/wmenmf%onawkiwdfnm%wmr}wrmldq}wdem%wdc}wnnla}rqwndem.0
#namlqnfnbdwmdnlfkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb wmfmwnqkdwm edŢĂwnem M}wkzmn Mrqnbm ìlgdd am adqm dbbmrngnemzwnl nlqmwlmq0#mxzenbdwmd anvmwrnqĂŢnn}cdlm śn b}eq}wdem dM}wkzmn Mrqnbm wmdençlabkwmedŢnn b} nrqkwnd% wmenindmqb,
#mxmwbnŢnn am bmwbmqdwm dcman}e}n imkiwdfnb deM}wkzmn Mrqnbm zm gddr}wrmekw anl cdrr#cmandśn am namlqnfnbdwm drke}Ţnnekw am zwkqmbŢnm ddbmrq}nd,
#Embq}wnimkiwdfnbm
#Ne}rqwdqm
#Dqedrmgkqdlnb
Deg}c
Bdeb}edqkw
e}bw}e b}odwqd
#mxmwbnŢn}e
mxzenbdŢnd
bklvmwrdŢnd
#kwdeĂ
kgrmwvdwmrnrqmcdqn#bĂ d memvnekw
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 40/155
]lnqdqmd am ì lvĂŢdwm8 M}wkzd DqedlqnbĂ śn LkwanbĂ Lw,kwm8 6
Lw,bwq, BklŢnl}q}wn
BkczmqmlŢmbomnm
/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢmimlmwdem
BkczmqmlŢmrzmbnfnbm DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm
Wmr}wrmcdqmwndem
Wmr}wrmzwkbma}wdem Mvde}dwm
4,
7,
2,
1,
=,
6,
M}wkzdDqedlqnbĂ#rzmbnfnb}eimkiwdfnb śnrqdqmem
FwdlŢd
CdwmdGwnqdlnm
M}wkzdLkwanbĂ#rzmbnfnb}eimkiwdfnb
Lkwvmind
R}mand
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgnrqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
4,]qnendwmd enc#gdh}e}n rzmbnfnb ìl
zwmmlqdwmd śn mx# zenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm07,]qnendwmdbkwmbqĂ d l}cmekw
zwkzwnn śn dqmwcmlnekw ìlencgn rqwĂnlm0 2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd}lkw memcmlqmanl cdqmcdqnbĂ%śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinm ìlrq}anmwmdcman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1,WdzkwqdwmdwmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm ed }lr}zkwq bdwqkiwdfnb
4,4Wmb}lkdśqmwmdqmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbnśn }qnendwmd ekw ìlbklqmxqm b}lkrb}qmrd} ìl bklqmxqm lkn07,7 Bnqnwmd bkwmbqĂ daml}cnwnekw śn dqmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbnanl encgnem rqwĂnlmm}wkzmlm02,4Qwdlrfmwdwmd mem#cmlqmekw anl cdqm#cdqnbĂ śn śqnnlŢmzmlqw} mxzenbdwmdwmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbmm}wkzmlm02,7 Mxzenbdwmd fmlk#cmlmekw śn zwkbmrmekw ldq}wdem rzmbnfnbmimkiwdfnmnM}wkzmnVmrqnbm śn Lkwanbm0 2,2 Zwmmlqdwmd rqw}b#q}wdqĂ d bkczklml#qmekw imkiwdfnbm demM}wkzmn% dem wmin}ln#ekw śn dem ŢĂwnekw0 1,7 Bnqnwmd oĂwŢnn śn}qnendwmd bkwmbqĂ drmclmekw śn b}ekwnekw bklvmlŢnkldem0
# namlqnfnbdwmd l}cmekw zwkzwnn nl qmxq śn zm odwqĂ0 # bklrqw}nwmd }l}n qmxqbkmwmlq }qnençla lkŢn}lnśn aml}cnwn imkiwdfnbm0 # wdzkwqdwmd qmxq}e}n rbwnred ncdinlmd bdwqkiwdfnbĂanl cdl}de śn dqedrm rd}oĂwŢn c}wdem0 # bnqnwmd bkwmbqĂ daml}cnwnekw śn qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn anl encgnemrqwĂnlm0 #mxmwbnŢnn am kgrmwvdwm śnam bkczdwdwm d rqdqmekwM}wkzmn Vmrqnbm śn
Lkwanbm a}zĂ dl}cnqmbwnqmwnn0# nlqmwzwmqdwmdwmzwmmlqĂwnekw bdwqkiwdfnbm śn dncdinlnekw anl cdl}de0# zwmmlqdwmd rqw}bq}wdqĂ dbkczklmlqmekw imkiwdfnbmdem M}wkzmn Vmrqnbm śn
Lkwanbm d ŢĂwnekw nlrnrqçlazm drzmbqmem rzmbnfnbm0# amrbwnmwmd a}zĂ }lr}zkwq bdwqkiwdfnb /oĂwŢnemŢĂwnekw M}wkzmn Vmrqnbm śn
#OdwqdfnnbĂ śn
zkenqnbĂ dM}wkzmn
#Dqedrimkiwdfnb
Cdl}de}e
#Embq}wnimkiwdfn#bm
#Wmvnrqm
#Deg}cm
bklvmwrdŢnd
#mxmwbnŢn}e
#amrbwnmwmd
Zwkgemcdqnd#wmd
e}bw}e b}odwqd
#mxmwbnŢn}e
#kwdeĂ
kgrmwvdwmrnrqmcdqn#bĂ d memvnekw
#kwdeĂ
# zwkgĂrbwnrĂ
#qmcĂ am
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢm
bnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śn
dlqwmzwmlkwn#dq
śn iwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn}qnendwmdbklŢnl}q}wnekw b}bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnbzwnl qmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn śnbkc}lnbĂwnn0 6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śnmxzenbdwmd ancml#rn}lnn rkbndem% bn#
vnbm śn b}eq}wdem dbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}nimkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd}lkw amzwnlamwn śnqmolnbn am e}bw}
zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0 ?,Medgkwdwmd }lkw
ckamem śn rke}Ţnnam kwidlndwm drzdŢn}e}n imkiwd#fnb anl zmwrzmb#qnvm amvkeqĂwnna}wdgnem,
1,2 ZknŢnkldwmd bk#wmbqĂ d memcmlqmekw imkiwdfnbm zm wmzwm#mlqĂwnem bdwqkiwdfnbmdem M}wkzmn Vmrqnbm śn
Lkwanbm0=,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd nl#fkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdb#qmw imkiwdfnb wmfm#wnqkdwm ed M}wkzdVmrqnbĂ śn LkwanbĂ ìlgdd am adqm dbbm#rngnem zwnl nlqmwlmq06,7 Mxzenbdwmd anvmw#rnqĂŢnn }cdlm śn b}e#q}wdem d M}wkzmn
Vmrqnbm śn Lkwanbmwmdençla bkwmedŢnn b}nlfkwcdŢnnem akgçl#anqm ed deqm anrbnzenlmśbkedwm0 9,? Dldendwmdmemcmlqmekw anlwmdenqdqmd m}wkzmdlĂ/anwmbq rd} nlanwmbq.0
?,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd
rke}Ţnnekw am zwkqmbŢnmd cman}e}n imkiwdfnbm}wkzmdl,
Lkwanbm.0#mxmwbnŢnn am ekbdendwm zmodwqĂ d bkczklmlqmekw imkiwdfnbmdem M}wkzmn Vmrqnbm śn
Lkwanbm0#namlqnfnbdwmdnlfkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb wmfmwnqkdwm edŢĂwnem M}wkzmn Bmlqwdem ìlgdd am adqm dbbmrngnemzwnl nlqmwlmq0#mxzenbdwmd anvmwrnqĂŢnn}cdlm śn b}eq}wdem dM}wkzmn Vmrqnbm śnLkwanbm wmdençla
nqmwanrbnzenldwnqdqmd b}nrqkwnd% wmenind mqb,# namlqnfnbdwmd wmedŢnnekw anlqwm fmlkcmlmemimkiwdfnbm /wmenmf#bencd#vmimqdŢnm#rke}wn#diwnb}eq}wĂ.0 #mxmwbnŢnn am bmwbmqdwm dcman}e}n imkiwdfnb deM}wkzmn Vmrqnbm śnLkwanbm zm gdd r}wrmekw
anl cdrr#cmand śn amnamlqnfnbdwm d rke}Ţnnekw am zwkqmbŢnm d dbmrq}nd,
Bdeb}edqkw
#mxzenbdŢnd
bklvmwrdŢnd
bdrĂ
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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IMKIWDFND BKLQNLMLQMEKW M_QWDM]WKZMLMZEDLNFNBDWM BDEMLADWNRQNBć /CDBWKZWKNMBQDWMD NLRQW]NWNN.
Bedrd d#VNN#d
4 kwĂ+ rĂzqĂcçlĂ
Lw,bwq,
]lnqdqmdam ìlvĂŢdwm
BkczmqmlŢmbomnm/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢm imlmwdem BkczmqmlŢm rzmbnfnbm Lw,kwm
RĂzqĂ#cçld
Kgr,
4, Drnd #bdwdbqmwnr#qnbnimlmwdem
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgnrqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqn#bmśn bkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}n rzmbn#fnb ìl zwmmlqdwmd śn mxzen#bdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbm0
7,]qnendwmd bkwmbqĂ d l}cmekw zwkzwnn śn d qmwcmlnekw ìl encgnrqwĂnlm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkw memcmlqmanl cdqmcdqnbĂ% śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinm ìl rq}anmwmdcman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1,Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm ed }l r}zkwqbdwqkiwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnendwmdbklŢnl}q}wnekw b} bdwdbqmw
4,7,Zwmbndwmd% ìl b}vnlqm zwkzwnn% d rmlr}e}nqmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn am gdĂ0 4,1,Bklrqw}nwmd }l}n qmxq bkmwmlq }qnençlaqmwcmln imkiwdfnbn0
7,7,Bnqnwmd bkwmbqĂ d aml}cnwnekw śn qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn anl encgn rwĂnlm0
2,7,Mxzenbdwmd fmlkcmlmekw śn zwkbmrmekw rzm#bnfnbm imkiwdfnmn bklqnlmlqmekw mxqdm}wkzmlm02,1,Dldend bkczdwdqnvĂ d memcmlqmekw anlwmdenqdqmd imkiwdfnbĂ mxqwdm}wkzmdlĂ a}zĂbdwdbqmwnrqnbnem rkenbnqdqm% rqdgnenla drmcĂlĂwnśn amkrmgnwn0
1,4,Namlqnfnbdwmd zwnlbnzdemekw memcmlqm ldq}#wdem śn rkbnk#mbklkcnbm wmzwmmlqdqm zm oĂwŢndem bklqnlmlqmekw mxqwdm}wkzmlm01,2,ZknŢnkldwmd bkwmbqĂ d memcmlqmekw imkiwdfnbm zm wmzwmmlqĂwnem bdwqkiwdfnbm dembklqnlmlqmekw mxqwdm}wkzmlm0=,4,]qnendwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imk#iwdfnb wmfmwnqkdwm ed bklqnlmlqmem mxqwdm}wkzm#
9 4#9
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śn
bkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndqwmzwmlkwndq
Rmlrngnendwmśn mxzwncdwmb}eq}wdeĂ
imkiwdfnb zwnl qmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn śn bkc}lnbĂwnn0
6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śn mxzenbdwmdancmlrn}lnn rkbndem% bnvnbm śn
b}eq}wdem d bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkw amzwnlamwnśn qmolnbn am e}bw} zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
?,Medgkwdwmd }lkw ckamem śnrke}Ţnn am kwidlndwm d rzdŢn}#e}n imkiwdfnb anl zmwrzmbqnvdamvkeqĂwnn a}wdgnem0
lm% ed wmin}lnem śn ed ŢĂwnem dbmrqkwd anl gdm amadqm dbbmrngnem zm nlqmwlmq0
6,7,Mxzenbdwmd anvmwrnqĂŢnn ldq}wdem% }cdlm śnb}eq}wdem d bklqnlmlqmekw mxqwdm}wkzmlm wmd#
ençla bkwmedŢnn b} nlfkwcdŢnnem akgçlanqm eddeqm anrbnzenlm śbkedwm0
9,1,Kwakldwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw śnzwkbmrmekw fkekrnla anfmwnqm bwnqmwnn am bedrnfn#bdwm8 bdlqnqdqnvm% bdenqdqnvm% bwklkekinbm%qmwnqkwndem09,9,Mxzenbdwmd wmedŢnnekw ìlqwm iw}z}wn am mem#cmlqm% fmlkcmlm śn zwkbmrm dem cman}e}nimkiwdfnb0
?,4,Namlqnfnbdwmd }lkw rke}Ţnn am zwkqmbŢnm dcman}e}n imkiwdfnb mxqwdm}wkzmdl,
7, Drnd#wmin}ln śnŢĂwn
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgnrqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcd#qnbmśn bkczmqmlŢm
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}n rzmbn#fnb ìl zwmmlqdwmd śn mxzenbd#wmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbm0
7,]qnendwmd bkwmbqĂ d l}cmekw zwkzwnn śn d qmwcmlnekw ìl encgnrqwĂnlm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkw memcmlqmanl cdqmcdqnbĂ% śqnnlŢm śn qmo#lkekinm ìl rq}anmwmd cman}e}n
4,4,Wmb}lkdśqmwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn ìlqmxqm anfmwnqm04,2, ]qnendwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn rnczen ìl
bklqmxqm b}lkrb}qm rd} ìl bklqmxqm lkn07,7,Bnqnwmd bkwmbqĂ d aml}cnwnekw śn qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn anl encgn rwĂnlm0
2,2, Zwmmlqdwmd rqw}bq}wdqĂ d bkczklmlqmekw imkiwdfnbm dem bklqnlmlqmekw mxqwdm}wkzmlm% dwmin}lnekw śn ŢĂwnekw dbmrqkwd0
9 ?#41
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am gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndqwmzwmlkwndq
Rmlrngnendwmśn mxzwncdwmb}eq}wdeĂ
qmwmrqw}0
1,Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwd#
fnbm ed }l r}zkwq bdwqkiwdfnb śniwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnendwmd bkl#Ţnl}q}wnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwd#fnb zwnl qmolkekind nlfkwcdŢnmnśn bkc}lnbĂwnn0
6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śn mxzenbdwmdancmlrn}lnn rkbndem% bnvnbm śnb}eq}wdem d bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkw amzwnlamwnśn qmolnbn am e}bw} zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
?,Medgkwdwmd }lkw ckamem śnrke}Ţnn am kwidlndwm d rzdŢn#}e}n imkiwdfnb anl zmwrzmbqnvdamvkeqĂwnn a}wdgnem0
2,1, Dldend bkczdwdqnvĂ d memcmlqmekw anlwmd#enqdqmd imkiwdfnbĂ mxqwdm}wkzmdlĂ a}zĂbdwdb#qmwnrqnbnem rkenbnqdqm% rqdgnenla drmcĂlĂwnśn amkrmgnwn0 1,4, Namlqnfnbdwmd zwnlbnzdemekw memcmlqm ldq}#
wdem śn rkbnk#mbklkcnbm wmzwmmlqdqm zm oĂwŢndem bklqnlmlqmekw mxqwdm}wkzmlm01,2, ZknŢnkldwmd bkwmbqĂ d memcmlqmekw imk#iwdfnbm zm wmzwmmlqĂwnem bdwqkiwdfnbm dem bkl#qnlmlqmekw mxqwdm}wkzmlm0=,4]qnendwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb wmfmwnqkdwm ed bklqnlmlqmemmxqwdm}wkzmlm% ed wmin}lnem śn ed ŢĂwnemdbmrqkwd% anl gdm am adqm dbbmrngnem zmnlqmwlmq0
6,7,Mxzenbdwmd anvmwrnqĂŢnn ldq}wdem% }cdlm śnb}eq}wdem d bklqnlmlqmekw mxqwdm}wkzmlm wmden#çla bkwmedŢnn b} nlfkwcdŢnnem akgçlanqm ed deqmanrbnzenlm śbkedwm0
9,1,Kwakldwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw śnzwkbmrmekw fkekrnla anfmwnqm bwnqmwnn am bedrnfn#bdwm8 bdlqnqdqnvm% bdenqdqnvm% bwklkekinbm%qmwnqkwndem09,9,Mxzenbdwmd wmedŢnnekw ìlqwm iw}z}wn am
memcmlqm% fmlkcmlm śn zwkbmrm dem cman}e}nimkiwdfnb0?,4,Namlqnfnbdwmd }lkw rke}Ţnn am zwkqmbŢnm dcman}e}n imkiwdfnb mxqwdm}wkzmdl,
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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2, Dfwnbd Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd
ìl encgnrqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcd#qnbmśn bkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}n rzmbn#fnb ìl zwmmlqdwmd śn mxzenbd#wmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbm0
7,]qnendwmd bkwmbqĂ d l}cmekw
zwkzwnn śn d qmwcmlnekw ìl encgnrqwĂnlm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkw memcmlqmanl cdqmcdqnbĂ% śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinm ìl rq}anmwmdcman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1,Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn
imkiwdfnbm ed }l r}zkwqbdwqkiwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnendwmd bk#Ţnl}q}wnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwd#fnb zwnl qmolkekind nlfkwcdŢnmnśn bkc}lnbĂwnn0
6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śn mxzenbdwmdancmlrn}lnn rkbndem% bnvnbm śnb}eq}wdem d bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkw amzwnlamwnśn qmolnbn am e}bw} zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
4,7,Zwmbndwmd% ìl b}vnlqm zwkzwnn% d rmlr}e}nqmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn am gdĂ0 4,1,Bklrqw}nwmd }l}n qmxq bkmwmlq }qnençlaqmwcmln imkiwdfnbn07,7,Bnqnwmd bkwmbqĂ d aml}cnwnekw śn qmwcmlnekw
imkiwdfnbn anl encgn rwĂnlm0
2,7,Mxzenbdwmd fmlkcmlmekw śn zwkbmrmekw rzm#bnfnbm imkiwdfnmn bklqnlmlqmekw mxqdm}wkzmlm02,1,Dldend bkczdwdqnvĂ d memcmlqmekw anlwmdenqdqmd imkiwdfnbĂ mxqwdm}wkzmdlĂ a}zĂbdwdbqmwnrqnbnem rkenbnqdqm% rqdgnenla drmcĂlĂwnśn amkrmgnwn0 1,4,Namlqnfnbdwmd zwnlbnzdemekw memcmlqm ldq}#
wdem śn rkbnk#mbklkcnbm wmzwmmlqdqm zm oĂwŢndem bklqnlmlqmekw mxqwdm}wkzmlm01,2,ZknŢnkldwmd bkwmbqĂ d memcmlqmekw imk#iwdfnbm zm wmzwmmlqĂwnem bdwqkiwdfnbm dembklqnlmlqmekw mxqwdm}wkzmlm0=,4,]qnendwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imk#iwdfnb wmfmwnqkdwm ed bklqnlmlqmem mxqwdm}wk# zmlm% ed wmin}lnem śn ed ŢĂwnem dbmrqkwd% anl gdmam adqm dbbmrngnem zm nlqmwlmq0
6,7,Mxzenbdwmd anvmwrnqĂŢnn ldq}wdem% }cdlm śnb}eq}wdem d bklqnlmlqmekw mxqwdm}wkzmlm wmden#çla bkwmedŢnn b} nlfkwcdŢnnem akgçlanqm ed deqmanrbnzenlm śbkedwm0
9,1, Kwakldwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw śnzwkbmrmekw fkekrnla anfmwnqm bwnqmwnn am bedrnfn#bdwm8 bdlqnqdqnvm% bdenqdqnvm% bwklkekinbm%qmwnqkwndem0
= 4=#4>
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NlnŢndqnvĂ śndqwmzwmlkwndq
Rmlrngnendwm
śn mxzwncdwmb}eq}wdeĂ
?,Medgkwdwmd }lkw ckamem śnrke}Ţnn am kwidlndwm d rzdŢn#
}e}n imkiwdfnb anl zmwrzmbqnvdamvkeqĂwnn a}wdgnem0
9,9, Mxzenbdwmd wmedŢnnekw ìlqwm iw}z}wn am mem#cmlqm% fmlkcmlm śn zwkbmrm dem cman}e}nimkiwdfnb0?,4, Namlqnfnbdwmd }lkw rke}Ţnn am zwkqmbŢnm dcman}e}n imkiwdfnb mxqwdm}wkzmdl,
1, Dcmwnbd ‒ memcmlqmamdlrdcge}
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgnrqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcd#qnbmśn bkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢd
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}n rzmbn#fnb ìl zwmmlqdwmd śn mxzen#bdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbm0
7,]qnendwmd bkwmbqĂ d l}cmekw zwkzwnn śn d qmwcmlnekw ìl encgnrqwĂnlm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkw memcmlqmanl cdqmcdqnbĂ% śqnnlŢm śn qmo#lkekinm ìl rq}anmwmd cman}e}nqmwmrqw}0
1, Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imk#iwdfnbm ed }l r}zkwq bdwqk#iwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
=, Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnendwmd bkl#Ţnl}q}wnekw b} bdwdbqmw imk#iwdfnb zwnl qmolkekind nlfkw#cdŢnmn śn bkc}lnbĂwnn0
6, Namlqnfnbdwmd śn mxzenbdwmd
4,7, Zwmbndwmd% ìl b}vnlqm zwkzwnn% d rmlr}e}nqmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn am gdĂ0 4,1, Bklrqw}nwmd }l}n qmxq bkmwmlq }qnençlaqmwcmln imkiwdfnbn07,7, Bnqnwmd bkwmbqĂ d aml}cnwnekw śnqmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn anl encgn rwĂnlm0
2,7, Mxzenbdwmd fmlkcmlmekw śn zwkbmrmekw rzm#bnfnbm imkiwdfnmn bklqnlmlqmekw mxqdm}wkzmlm02,1, Dldend bkczdwdqnvĂ d memcmlqmekw anlwmd#enqdqmd imkiwdfnbĂ mxqwdm}wkzmdlĂ a}zĂbdwdb#qmwnrqnbnem rkenbnqdqm% rqdgnenla drmcĂlĂwnśn amkrmgnwn0 1,4,Namlqnfnbdwmd zwnlbnzdemekw memcmlqm ldq}#wdem śn rkbnk#mbklkcnbm wmzwmmlqdqm zm oĂwŢndem bklqnlmlqmekw mxqwdm}wkzmlm01,2,ZknŢnkldwmd bkwmbqĂ d memcmlqmekw imk#
iwdfnbm zm wmzwmmlqĂwnem bdwqkiwdfnbm dembklqnlmlqmekw mxqwdm}wkzmlm0=,4,]qnendwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imk#iwdfnb wmfmwnqkdwm ed bklqnlmlqmem mxqwdm}wk# zmlm% ed wmin}lnem śn ed ŢĂwnem dbmrqkwd% anl gdmam adqm dbbmrngnem zm nlqmwlmq0
6,7,Mxzenbdwmd anvmwrnqĂŢnn ldq}wdem% }cdlm śn
6 7:#7=
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rkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂ
ìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndqwmzwmlkwndq
Rmlrngnendwmśn mxzwncdwmb}eq}wdeĂ
ancmlrn}lnn rkbndem% bnvnbm śnb}eq}wdem d bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnb0
9, Akgçlanwmd }lkw amzwnlamwn
śn qmolnbn am e}bw} zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
?, Medgkwdwmd }lkw ckamem śnrke}Ţnn am kwidlndwm d rzdŢn#}e}n imkiwdfnb anl zmwrzmbqnvdamvkeqĂwnn a}wdgnem0
b}eq}wdem d bklqnlmlqmekw mxqwdm}wkzmlmwmdençla bkwmedŢnn b} nlfkwcdŢnnem akgçlanqm eddeqm anrbnzenlm śbkedwm0
9,1,Kwakldwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw śn
zwkbmrmekw fkekrnla anfmwnqm bwnqmwnn am bedrn#fnbdwm8 bdlqnqdqnvm% bdenqdqnvm% bwklkekinbm%qmwnqkwndem09,9,Mxzenbdwmd wmedŢnnekw ìlqwm iw}z}wn ammemcmlqm% fmlkcmlm śn zwkbmrm dem cman}e}nimkiwdfnb0?,4,Namlqnfnbdwmd }lkw rke}Ţnn am zwkqmbŢnm dcman}e}n imkiwdfnb mxqwdm}wkzmdl,
=, Dcmwnbdam Lkwa%BmlqwdeĂśn am R}a #ŢĂwnem
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgnrqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcd#qnbm
śn bkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}n rzmbn#fnb ìl zwmmlqdwmd śn mxzen#bdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbm0
7,]qnendwmd bkwmbqĂ d l}cmekw zwkzwnn śn d qmwcmlnekw ìl encgnrqwĂnlm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkw memcmlqmanl cdqmcdqnbĂ% śqnnlŢm śn qmo#
lkekinm ìl rq}anmwmd cman}e}nqmwmrqw}0
1, Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imk#iwdfnbm ed }l r}zkwq bdwqk#iwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
4,4,Wmb}lkdśqmwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn ìlqmxqm anfmwnqm04,2, ]qnendwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn rnczen ìlbklqmxqm b}lkrb}qm rd} ìl bklqmxqm lkn07,7,Bnqnwmd bkwmbqĂ d aml}cnwnekw śn qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn anl encgn rwĂnlm0
2,2,Zwmmlqdwmd rqw}bq}wdqĂ d bkczklmlqmekw imkiwdfnbm dem bklqnlmlqmekw mxqwdm}wkzmlm% d
wmin}lnekw śn ŢĂwnekw dbmrqkwd0 2,1,Dldend bkczdwdqnvĂ d memcmlqmekw anlwmdenqdqmd imkiwdfnbĂ mxqwdm}wkzmdlĂ a}zĂbdwdbqmwnrqnbnem rkenbnqdqm% rqdgnenla drmcĂlĂwnśn amkrmgnwn0 1,4,Namlqnfnbdwmd zwnlbnzdemekw memcmlqm ldq}#wdem śn rkbnk#mbklkcnbm wmzwmmlqdqm zm oĂwŢndem bklqnlmlqmekw mxqwdm}wkzmlm0
= 76#2:
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BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndqwmzwmlkwndq
Rmlrngnendwmśn mxzwncdwmb}eq}wdeĂ
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnendwmd bkl#Ţnl}q}wnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwd#
fnb zwnl qmolkekind nlfkwcdŢnmnśn bkc}lnbĂwnn0
6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śn mxzenbdwmdancmlrn}lnn rkbndem% bnvnbm śnb}eq}wdem d bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkw amzwnlamwnśn qmolnbn am e}bw} zmlqw}
zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
?,Medgkwdwmd }lkw ckamem śnrke}Ţnn am kwidlndwm d rzdŢn#}e}n imkiwdfnb anl zmwrzmbqnvdamvkeqĂwnn a}wdgnem0
1,2, ZknŢnkldwmd bkwmbqĂ d memcmlqmekw imk#iwdfnbm zm wmzwmmlqĂwnem bdwqkiwdfnbm dembklqnlmlqmekw mxqwdm}wkzmlm0=,4,]qnendwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imk#iwdfnb wmfmwnqkdwm ed bklqnlmlqmem mxqwdm}wk#
zmlm% ed wmin}lnem śn ed ŢĂwnem dbmrqkwd% anl gdmam adqm dbbmrngnem zm nlqmwlmq0
6,7, Mxzenbdwmd anvmwrnqĂŢnn ldq}wdem% }cdlm śnb}eq}wdem d bklqnlmlqmekw mxqwdm}wkzmlmwmdençla bkwmedŢnn b} nlfkwcdŢnnem akgçlanqm eddeqm anrbnzenlm śbkedwm0
9,1, Kwakldwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw śnzwkbmrmekw fkekrnla anfmwnqm bwnqmwnn am
bedrnfnbdwm8 bdlqnqdqnvm% bdenqdqnvm% bwklkekinbm%qmwnqkwndem09,9, Mxzenbdwmd wmedŢnnekw ìlqwm iw}z}wn ammemcmlqm% fmlkcmlm śn zwkbmrm dem cman}e}nimkiwdfnb0?,4,Namlqnfnbdwmd }lkw rke}Ţnn am zwkqmbŢnm dcman}e}n imkiwdfnb mxqwdm}wkzmdl,
6, D}rqwdend
śnDlqdwbqnbd
Bkc}lnbdwmd
ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgnrqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢm
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}n rzmbn#
fnb ìl zwmmlqdwmd śn mxzen#bdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbm0
7,]qnendwmd bkwmbqĂ d l}cmekw zwkzwnn śn d qmwcmlnekw ìl encgnrqwĂnlm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkw memcmlqm
4,7, Zwmbndwmd% ìl b}vnlqm zwkzwnn% d rmlr}e}n
qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn am gdĂ0 4,1, Bklrqw}nwmd }l}n qmxq bkmwmlq }qnençlaqmwcmln imkiwdfnbn07,7, Bnqnwmd bkwmbqĂ d aml}cnwnekw śnqmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn anl encgn rwĂnlm0
2,7,Mxzenbdwmd fmlkcmlmekw śn zwkbmrmekw rzm#
2 24#22
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cdqmcd#qnbmśn bkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndqwmzwmlkwndq
Rmlrngnendwmśn mxzwncdwmb}eq}wdeĂ
anl cdqmcdqnbĂ% śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinm ìl rq}anmwmdcman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1,Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwd#fnbm ed }l r}zkwq bdwqkiwdfnb śniwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnendwmd bkl#Ţnl}q}wnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwd#fnb zwnl qmolkekind nlfkwcdŢnmnśn bkc}lnbĂwnn0
6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śn mxzenbdwmdancmlrn}lnn rkbndem% bnvnbm śnb}eq}wdem d bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkw amzwnlamwnśn qmolnbn am e}bw} zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
?,Medgkwdwmd }lkw ckamem śnrke}Ţnn am kwidlndwm d rzdŢn#}e}n imkiwdfnb anl zmwrzmbqnvdamvkeqĂwnn a}wdgnem0
bnfnbm imkiwdfnmn bklqnlmlqmekw mxqdm}wkzmlm02,1, Dldend bkczdwdqnvĂ d memcmlqmekw anlwmdenqdqmd imkiwdfnbĂ mxqwdm}wkzmdlĂ a}zĂbdwdbqmwnrqnbnem rkenbnqdqm% rqdgnenla drmcĂlĂwnśn amkrmgnwn0
1,4, Namlqnfnbdwmd zwnlbnzdemekw memcmlqm ldq}#wdem śn rkbnk#mbklkcnbm wmzwmmlqdqm zm oĂwŢndem bklqnlmlqmekw mxqwdm}wkzmlm01,2,ZknŢnkldwmd bkwmbqĂ d memcmlqmekw imkiwdfnbm zm wmzwmmlqĂwnem bdwqkiwdfnbm dembklqnlmlqmekw mxqwdm}wkzmlm0=,4,]qnendwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imk#iwdfnb wmfmwnqkdwm ed bklqnlmlqmem mxqwdm}wkzm#lm% ed wmin}lnem śn ed ŢĂwnem dbmrqkwd% anl gdmam adqm dbbmrngnem zm nlqmwlmq0
6,7,Mxzenbdwmd anvmwrnqĂŢnn ldq}wdem% }cdlm śnb}eq}wdem d bklqnlmlqmekw mxqwdm}wkzmlmwmdençla bkwmedŢnn b} nlfkwcdŢnnem akgçlanqm eddeqm anrbnzenlm śbkedwm0
9,1,Kwakldwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw śnzwkbmrmekw fkekrnla anfmwnqm bwnqmwnn ambedrnfnbdwm8 bdlqnqdqnvm% bdenqdqnvm% bwklkekinbm%qmwnqkwndem0
9,9,Mxzenbdwmd wmedŢnnekw ìlqwm iw}z}wn ammemcmlqm% fmlkcmlm śn zwkbmrm dem cman}e}nimkiwdfnb0?,4, Namlqnfnbdwmd }lkw rke}Ţnn am zwkqmbŢnm dcman}e}n imkiwdfnb mxqwdm}wkzmdl,
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9, Imkiwdfndbklqnlml#qmekwmxqwdm}#wkzmlm
/rnlqmĂ.
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
BkczmqmlŢm
cdqmcd#qnbmśn bkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndqwmzwmlkwndq
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}n rzmbn#fnb ìl zwmmlqdwmd śn mxzen#bdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkw memcmlqm
anl cdqmcdqnbĂ% śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinm ìl rq}anmwmdcman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1, Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imk#iwdfnbm ed }l r}zkwqbdwqkiwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkw amzwnlamwnśn qmolnbn am e}bw} zmlqw}
zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
?,Medgkwdwmd }lkw ckamem śnrke}Ţnn am kwidlndwm d rzdŢn#}e}n imkiwdfnb anl zmwrzmbqnvdamvkeqĂwnn a}wdgnem0
4,1, Bklrqw}nwmd }l}n qmxq bkmwmlq }qnençlaqmwcmln imkiwdfnbn0
2,1, Dldend bkczdwdqnvĂ d memcmlqmekw anl
wmdenqdqmd imkiwdfnbĂ mxqwdm}wkzmdlĂ a}zĂbdwdbqmwnrqnbnem rkenbnqdqm% rqdgnenla drmcĂlĂwnśn amkrmgnwn0
1,2, ZknŢnkldwmd bkwmbqĂ d memcmlqmekw imkiwdfnbm zm wmzwmmlqĂwnem bdwqkiwdfnbm dembklqnlmlqmekw mxqwdm}wkzmlm0
9,9, Mxzenbdwmd wmedŢnnekw ìlqwm iw}z}wn ammemcmlqm% fmlkcmlm śn zwkbmrm dem cman}e}n
imkiwdfnb0
?,4, Namlqnfnbdwmd }lkw rke}Ţnn am zwkqmbŢnm dcman}e}n imkiwdfnb mxqwdm}wkzmdl,
7 21#2=
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]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 Drnd ‒ bdwdbqmwnrqnbn imlmwdemLw, kwm8 9
Lw,bwq, BklŢnl}q}wn BkczmqmlŢm bomnm/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢmimlmwdem BkczmqmlŢmrzmbnfnbm DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm Wmr}wrmcdqmwndem Wmr}wrmzwkbma}wdem Mvde}dwm
4,
7,
2,
1,
=,
Drnd ‒ zknŢndimkiwdfnbĂ%encnqmem%
ìlqnlamwmd
Wmenmf}eDrnmn
Bencd Drnmn
OnawkiwdfndDrnmn
VmimqdŢnd%fd}ld śnrke}wnemDrnmn
Bkc}lnbd#wmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbd#wmd ìl encgnrqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcd#qnbmśnbkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
4,]qnendwmd enc#gdh}e}n rzmbnfnb ìl
zwmmlqdwmd śn mx# zenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm0
7,]qnendwmd bkwm#bqĂ d l}cmekw zwk# zwnn śn d qmwcmlnekw ìl encgn rqwĂnlm0 2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd}lkw memcmlqm anlcdqmcdqnbĂ%śqnnlŢm śn qmolkek#inm ìl rq}anmwmdcman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1,Wdzkwqdwmd wmd#enqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbmed }l r}zkwq bdwqk#iwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
4,7,Zwmbndwmd% ìl b}#vnlqm zwkzwnn% d rml#r}e}n qmwcmlnekw imk#iwdfnbn am gdĂ0 4,1,Bklrqw}nwmd }l}nqmxq bkmwmlq }qnençlaqmwcmln imkiwdfnbn0
7,7,Bnqnwmd bkwmbqĂ daml}cnwnekw śn qmw #cmlnekw imkiwdfnbnanl encgn rwĂnlm0 2,7,Mxzenbdwmd fmlk#cmlmekw śn zwkbmrmekw rzmbnfnbm imkiwdfnmnbklqnlmlqmekwmxqdm}wkzmlm02,1,Dldend bkczdwd#qnvĂ d memcmlqmekw anl
wmdenqdqmd imkiwdfnbĂmxqwdm}wkzmdlĂ a}zĂbdwdbqmwnrqnbnem rkenbn#qdqm% rqdgnenla drmcĂ#lĂwn śn amkrmgnwn0 1,4,Namlqnfnbdwmd zwnl#bnzdemekw memcmlqmldq}wdem śn rkbnk#mbk#lkcnbm wmzwmmlqdqm
# namlqnfnbdwmd l}cmekw zwkzwnn nl qmxq śn zm odwqdfnnbĂ d Drnmn0 # bklrqw}nwmd }l}n qmxq bk#mwmlq }qnençla lkŢn}ln śnaml}cnwn imkiwdfnbm0# wdzkwqdwmd qmxq}e}n rbwnr
ed ncdinlmd bdwqkiwdfnbĂanl cdl}de śn dqedrm rd}oĂwŢn c}wdem0 # bnqnwmd bkwmbqĂ d aml}#cnwnekw śn qmwcmlnekw imk#iwdfnbn anl encgnem rqwĂnlm0 # kgrmwvdwmd engmwĂ śn anwn#
hdqĂ d oĂwŢnn fnnbm d Drnmnśn d oĂwŢnekw qmcdqnbm śnncdinlnekw anl cdl}de0#bkczdwdwmd memcmlqmekw%
fmlkcmlmekw śn zwkbmrmekw rqdgnenla drmcĂlĂwn śn am#krmgnwn nl f}lbŢnm am anfm#wnqm bwnqmwnn /zknŢnm imk#iwdfnbĂ% vçwrqd% cka}e am fkwcdwm% bdwdbqmwnrqnbndem memcmlqmekw bencdqnbm%dem wmŢmemn onawkiwdfnbmmqb,.
# OdwqdfnnbĂ de}cnn
# OdwqdfnnbĂ śn
zkenqnbĂ dDrnmn
#Dqedrmimkiwdfnbm
Embq}wnimkiwdfnbm
BkembŢnn amwmvnrqm
bklvmwrdŢnd
mxzenbdŢnd
#e}bw}e b}odwqd
bkczdwdŢnd
amrbwnmwmd
# kwdeĂ
# kwdeĂ
kgrmwvdwmrnrqmcd#qnbĂ dmemvnekw
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6,
9,
Zkz}edŢnd%dśmĂwnem}cdlm śnodwqdzkenqnbĂ dDrnmn
Wmr}wrmemldq}wdem śnmbklkcndDrnmn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śn
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn}qnendwmdbklŢnl}q}wnekw b}bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnbzwnl qmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn śnbkc}lnbĂwnn0
6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śnmxzenbdwmd ancml#rn}lnn rkbndem% bn#vnbm śn b}eq}wdem dbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}nimkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkwamzwnlamwn śnqmolnbn am e}bw}
zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
?, Medgkwdwmd }lkw
zm oĂwŢn dem bklqnlml#qmekw mxqwdm}wkzmlm01,2, ZknŢnkldwmd bk#wmbqĂ d memcmlqmekw imkiwdfnbm zm wmzwm#mlqĂwnem bdwqkiwdfnbmdem bklqnlmlqmekwmxqwdm}wkzmlm0=,4, ]qnendwmd nlfkw#cdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb wmfmwnqkdwmed bklqnlmlqmem mxqwd#m}wkzmlm% ed wmin}lnemśn ed ŢĂwnem dbmrqkwd%anl gdm am adqmdbbmrngnem zm nlqmwlmq06,7, Mxzenbdwmd anvmw#rnqĂŢnn ldq}wdem% }cd#lm śn b}eq}wdem d bkl#qnlmlqmekw mxqwdm}wk#zmlm wmdençla bkwm#edŢnn b} nlfkwcdŢnnemakgçlanqm ed deqmanrbnzenlm śbkedwm0 9,1, Kwakldwmd mem#cmlqmekw% fmlkcmlm#ekw śn zwkbmrmekw fkek#rnla anfmwnqm bwnqmwnnam bedrnfnbdwm8 bdlqnqd#qnvm% bdenqdqnvm% bwklk#ekinbm% qmwnqkwndem09,9, ,Mxzenbdwmd wmed#Ţnnekw ìlqwm iw}z}wn ammemcmlqm% fmlkcmlmśn zwkbmrm dem cman}#e}n imkiwdfnb0?, 4Namlqnfnbdwmd }lkw
# amrbwnmwmd a}zĂ k ncd#inlm bdwqkiwdfnbĂ /odwqĂwmenmf}e}n% bencdqmekw% oĂw #Ţn dem memcmlqmekw bencd#qnbm% d vmimqdŢnmn% d rke}#wnekw% mqb,.0# wdzkwqdwmd qmxq}e}n rbwnred ncdinlmd bdwqkiwdfnbĂśn zknŢnkldwmd bkwmbqĂ dmemcmlqmekw zm odwqdfnnbĂ d Drnmn0 #mxmwbnŢnn am wmadbqdwm d}lmn zdinln am b}wnknqĂŢn“śqndqn bĂ,,,;–%}qnençla nl#fkwcdŢnd anl wmvnrqm% wm#zkwqdhm QV% nlqmwlmq wmfm#wnqkdwm ed drzmbqm anfmwnqmanl bklqnlmlq}e Drnd,0#mxzenbdwmd anvmwrnqĂŢnn}cdlm śn b}eq}wdem d Drnmnwmdençla bkwmedŢnn b} nrqk#wnd% wmenind mqb,#mxmwbnŢnn am iw}zdwm d am#l}cnwnekw a}zĂ bwnqmwnn ad#qm /qwmzqm am wmenmf% edb}wnqmbqklnbm% am db}c}edwm%fe}vnn b} vĂwrdwm nl Kbmd#l}e Dwbqnb% Zdbnfnb% Nlan#dl%mqb,.0#mxmwbnŢnn am bkwmedwm dmemcmlqmekw am bencĂ ‒ vmimqdqnm ‒ fd}lĂ śnrke}wn% wmr}wrm ‒ mbklk#cnm% rzmbnfnbm Drnmn0# }qnendwmd% nl bklqmxqlk}% d nlfkwcdŢnnekw zwn#cnqm anl anfmwnqm r}wrm0
# Cdl}de}e
# Ncdinln śnfkqkiwdfnn
Bdeb}edqkw}e
# Fnśm ame}bw}
#Deg}cm
Zwkgemcdqn#dwmd
#mxmwbnŢn}e
#mxzenbdŢnd
bklvmwrdŢnd
amcklrqwdŢnd
# kwdeĂ
# zwkgĂ rbwnrĂ
Kgrmwvdwmrnrqmcd#qnbĂ dmemvnekw
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]lnqdqmd am ì lvĂŢdwm8 Drnd ‒ wmin}ln śn ŢĂwn Lw, kwm8 6
Lw,bwq, BklŢnl}q}wn BkczmqmlŢm bomnm/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢmimlmwdem BkczmqmlŢmrzmbnfnbm DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm Wmr}wrmcdqmwndem Wmr}wrmzwkbma}wdem Mvde}dwm
4,
7,
2,
Drnd am Vmrqśn R}a#Vmrq/Kwnmlq}eDzwkzndq śnCnhekbn}.Bdwdbqmwnd#
wm imlmwdeĂ
Nrwdme śnQ}wbnd
Drnd am R}a,Nland
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgnrqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìl
4,]qnendwmd enc#gdh}e}n rzmbnfnb ìl
zwmmlqdwmd śn mx# zenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm0
7,]qnendwmd bk#wmbqĂ d l}cmekw zwkzwnn śn d qmwcm#lnekw ìl encgnrqwĂnlm0 2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd}lkw memcmlqmanl cdqmcdqnbĂ%śqnnlŢm śn
4,4,Wmb}lkdśqmwmdqmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn
ìl qmxqm anfmwnqm04,2 ]qnendwmd qmwcm#lnekw imkiwdfnbn rnc#zen ìl bklqmxqm b}lkr#b}qm rd} ìl bklqmxqmlkn0
7,7,Bnqnwmd bkwmbqĂ daml}cnwnekw śn qmwcm#lnekw imkiwdfnbn anlencgn rwĂnlm0
2,2, Zwmmlqdwmdrqw}bq}wdqĂ d bkczk#lmlqmekw imkiwdfnbmdem bklqnlmlqmekw
# namlqnfnbdwmd l}cmekw zwkzwnn ìl qmxq śn zm odwqdfnnbĂ śn zkenqnbĂ d Drnmn0 #}qnendwmd qmwcmlnekwimkiwdfnbn ìl bklqmxqmlkn0# wdzkwqdwmd qmxq}e}n rbwnred ncdinlmd bdwqkiwdfnbĂ
anl cdl}de śn dqedrm rd}oĂwŢn c}wdem dem Drnmn0 # bnqnwmd bkwmbqĂ daml}cnwnekw śn qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn anl encgnemrqwĂnlm0 # zwmmlqdwmd rqw}bq}wdqĂ dbkczklmlqmekw imkiwdfnbmdem wmin}lnekw Drnmn śn d
# OdwqdfnnbĂ śn
zkenqnbĂ d Drnmn
# Dqedrmimkiwdfnbm
# Cdl}de}e
bklvmwrdŢnd
#mxzenbdŢnd
#e}bw}e b}odwqd
bkczdwdŢnd
# kwdeĂ
# kwdeĂ
Kgrmwvd#wmdrnrqmcd#qnbĂd memvnekw
dqwmzwmlkwndq
Rmlrngnen#dwm śnmxzwncdwmb}eq}wdeĂ
ckamem śn rke}Ţnnam kwidlndwm drzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnb anl zmwrzmbqnvdamvkeqĂwnna}wdgnem0
rke}Ţnn am zwkqmbŢnm dcman}e}n imkiwdfnbmxqwdm}wkzmdl,
# bkwmedwmd nlfkwcdŢnmn anlcdrr#cmand b} nlvĂŢdwmdśbkedwĂ0 # namlqnfnbdwmd }lkw fmlk#cmlm am amiwdadwm d cm#an}e}n /anl zwmrĂ% QV. śn
zwkz}lmwmd }lkw rke}Ţnnam bkcgdqmwm damiwdaĂwnn0
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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1,
=,
6,
Drnd am Mrqśn R}a#Mrq#bdwdbqmwnd#wm imlmwdeĂ# Bonld
Hdzklnd
Drnd #rnlqmĂ
śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
qmolkekinm ìlrq}anmwmdcman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1,WdzkwqdwmdwmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm ed }lr}zkwq bdwqkiwdfnbśn iwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn}qnendwmdbklŢnl}q}wnekw b}bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnbzwnl qmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn śnbkc}lnbĂwnn0
6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śnmxzenbdwmd ancml#rn}lnn rkbndem% bn#vnbm śn b}eq}wdem dbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}n
mxqwdm}wkzmlm% dwmin}lnekw śn ŢĂwnekw dbmrqkwd02,1, Dldend bkczd#wdqnvĂ d memcmlqmekw anl wmdenqdqmd imkiwd#fnbĂ mxqwdm}wkzmdlĂa}zĂ bdwdbqmwnrqnbnemrkenbnqdqm% rqdgnenladrmcĂlĂwn śn amkrm#gnwn01,4,Namlqnfnbdwmd zwnl#bnzdemekw memcmlqmldq}wdem śn rkbnk#mbk#lkcnbm wmzwmmlqdqm
zm oĂwŢn dem bklqnlml#qmekw mxqwdm}wkzmlm01,2, ZknŢnkldwmd bk#wmbqĂ d memcmlqmekw imkiwdfnbm zm wmzwm#mlqĂwnem bdwqkiwdfnbmdem bklqnlmlqmekwmxqwdm}wkzmlm0=,4,]qnendwmd nlfkw#cdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmwimkiwdfnb wmfmwnqkdwmed bklqnlmlqmem mxqwd#m}wkzmlm% ed wmin}lnemśn ed ŢĂwnem dbmrqkwd%anl gdm am adqm dbbm#rngnem zm nlqmwlmq06,7, Mxzenbdwmd anvmw#rnqĂŢnn ldq}wdem% }cd#lm śn b}eq}wdem d bkl#qnlmlqmekw mxqwdm}wk#zmlm wmdençla bkwm#edŢnn b} nlfkwcdŢnnem
ŢĂwnekw nlrnrqçla zmdrzmbqmem rzmbnfnbm0# bkczdwdwmd%namlqnfnbçla drmcĂlĂwn śnamkrmgnwn ìlqwm ak}Ăwmin}ln rd} ak}Ă rqdqm demDrnmn,# amrbwnmwmd a}zĂncdinlnem bdwqkiwdfnbm anlcdl}de dem wmin}lnekwimkiwdfnbm dem Drnmn śn demrqdqmekw bm rm rq}andĂ0 # wdzkwqdwmd qmxq}e}n rbwnred ncdinlmd bdwqkiwdfnbĂ0 #mxmwbnŢnn am wmbklrqnq}nwmmrmlqndendqĂ d rbonŢmekw am odwqĂ dem rqdqmekw Nrwdme% Q}wbnd% Nland%Hdzklnd śn Bonld0 # bkwmedwmd nlfkwcdŢnmn anlcdrr#cmand b} nlvĂŢdwmdśbkedwĂ0 #mxzenbdwmd anvmwrnqĂŢnn}cdlm śn b}eq}wdem d Drnmnwmdençla bkwmedŢnn b}nrqkwnd% wmenind mqb,#kwakldwmd memcmlqmekw śnfmlkcmlmekw fkekrnlabwnqmwn}e am bedrnfnbdwmbdlqnqdqnv /kwakldwmdrqdqmekw ìl f}lbŢnm amr}zwdfdŢĂ% l}cĂw}e
zkz}edŢnmn mqb,.% bdenqdqnv / ìl f}lbŢnm am iwda}e amamvkeqdwm mbklkcnbĂ.rd} qmwnqkwnde0# bkwmedwmd memcmlqmekw am
# Ne}rqwdqm
# BkembŢnnam wmvnrqm
# Embq}wnimkiwdfnbm
Bdeb}edqkw
#Deg}cm
#amrbwnmwmd
zwkgemcdqndwmd
#mxmwbnŢn}e
#mxzenbdŢnd
bklvmwrdŢnd
amcklrqwdŢnd
# kwdeĂ
# kwdeĂ
#qmcĂ ambdrĂ
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndqwmzwmlkwndq
Rmlrngnendwmśn mxzwncdwmb}eq}wdeĂ
imkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd}lkw amzwnlamwn śnqmolnbn am e}bw}
zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
?,Medgkwdwmd }lkwckamem śn rke}Ţnnam kwidlndwm drzdŢn}e}n imkiwd#fnb anl zmwrzmbqn#vd amvkeqĂwnna}wdgnem0
akgçlanqm ed deqmanrbnzenlm śbkedwm0 9,1, Kwakldwmd mem#cmlqmekw% fmlkcm#lmekw śn zwkbmrmekw fkekrnla anfmwnqm bwnqm#wnn am bedrnfnbdwm8 bdl#qnqdqnvm% bdenqdqnvm%bwklkekinbm%qmwnqkwndem09,9, Mxzenbdwmd wmed#Ţnnekw ìlqwm iw}z}wn ammemcmlqm% fmlkcmlmśn zwkbmrm dem cman}#e}n imkiwdfnb0?,4, Namlqnfnbdwmd}lkw rke}Ţnn am
zwkqmbŢnm d cman}e}nimkiwdfnbmxqwdm}wkzmdl,
bencĂ ‒ vmimqdqnm ‒ fd}lĂśn rke}wn% wmr}wrm ‒ mbklkcnm% rzmbnfnbmwmin}lnekw śn ŢĂwnekw Drnmn0 # namlqnfnbdwmd }lkwfmlkcmlm am amiwdadwm dcman}e}n /anl zwmrĂ% QV.śn zwkz}lmwmd }lkw rke}Ţnnam bkcgdqmwm damiwdaĂwnn0
]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 DfwnbdLw, kwm8 =
Lw,bwq, BklŢnl}q}wn
BkczmqmlŢm bomnm
/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢmimlmwdem
BkczmqmlŢmrzmbnfnbm DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm
Wmr}wrmcdqmwndem
Wmr}wrmzwkbma}wdem Mvde}dwm
4, Dfwnbd#zknŢnm%encnqm śnwmenmf}eDfwnbnn
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
4,]qnendwmd enc#gdh}e}n rzmbnfnb ìl
zwmmlqdwmd śn mx# zenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm0
4,7,Zwmbndwmd% ìl b}#vnlqm zwkzwnn% d rmlr}#e}n qmwcmlnekw imk#iwdfnbn am gdĂ0 4,1,Bklrqw}nwmd }l}n
# namlqnfnbdwmd l}cmekw zwkzwnn ìl qmxq śn zm odwqdfnnbĂ d Dfwnbnn0 # bklrqw}nwmd }l}n qmxqbkmwmlq }qnençla lkŢn}ln
#OdwqdfnnbĂ de}cnn
bklvmwrdŢnd #kwdeĂ
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8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndqwmzwmlkwndq
Rmlrngnendwmśn mxzwncdwmb}eq}wdeĂ
qmolkekind nlfkw#cdŢnmn śnbkc}lnbĂwnn0
6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śnmxzenbdwmd ancml#rn}lnn rkbndem% bn#vnbm śn b}eq}wdem dbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}nimkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd}lkw amzwnlamwn śnqmolnbn am e}bw}
zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
?,Medgkwdwmd }lkwckamem śn rke}Ţnnam kwidlndwm drzdŢn}e}n imkiwd#fnb anl zmwrzmb#qnvd amvkeqĂwnna}wdgnem0
m}wkzmlm% ed wmin}lnemśn ed ŢĂwnem dbmrqkwd%anl gdm am adqmdbbmrngnem zm nlqmwlmq06,7,Mxzenbdwmd anvmw#rnqĂŢnn ldq}wdem% }cd#lm śn b}eq}wdem d bkl#qnlmlqmekw mxqwdm}wk#zmlm wmdençla bkwm#edŢnn b} nlfkwcdŢnnemakgçlanqm ed deqmanrbnzenlm śbkedwm0 9,1, Kwakldwmd mem#cmlqmekw% fmlkcmlm#ekw śn zwkbmrmekw fkek#rnla anfmwnqm bwnqmwnnam bedrnfnbdwm8 bdlqn#qdqnvm% bdenqdqnvm% bwk#lkekinbm% qmwnqkwndem09,9, Mxzenbdwmd wmed#Ţnnekw ìlqwm iw}z}wn ammemcmlqm% fmlkcmlmśn zwkbmrm dem cman}#e}n imkiwdfnb0?,4,Namlqnfnbdwmd }lkwrke}Ţnn am zwkqmbŢnm dcman}e}n imkiwdfnbmxqwdm}wkzmdl,
“śqndŢn bĂ,,,;–% }qnençlanlfkwcdŢnd anl wmvnrqm%wmzkwqdhm QV% nlqmwlmqwmfmwnqkdwm ed drzmbqmanfmwnqm anl bklqnlmlq}eDfwnbd0#mxzenbdwmd anvmwrnqĂŢnn}cdlm śn b}eq}wdem dDfwnbnn wmdençla bkwmedŢnnb} nrqkwnd% wmenind mqb,# iw}zdwmd aml}cnwnekwa}zĂ bwnqmwnn adqm /qwmzqmam wmenmf% edb}wn qmbqklnbm%am db}c}edwm% fe}vnn b}vĂwrdwm ìl Kbmdl}eDqedlqnb rd} Nlandl0#mxmwbnŢnn am bkwmedwm dmemcmlqmekw am bencĂ#vmimqdŢnm#fd}lĂ#rke}wn0# bkwmedwmd nlfkwcdŢnmn anlcdrr#cmand b} ìlvĂŢdwmdśbkedwĂ0 # namlqnfnbdwmd }lkwfmlkcmlm am amiwdadwm dcman}e}n /anl zwmrĂ% QV.śn zwkz}lmwmd }lkw rke}Ţnnam bkcgdqmwm damiwdaĂwnn0
# Fnśm ame}bw}
amcklrqwdŢnd
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=,
Cmxnb
Gwdnend
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
cman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1,Wdzkwqdwmd wmd#enqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbmed }l r}zkwq bdw#qkiwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn}qnendwmd bklŢn#l}q}wnekw b} bd#wdbqmw imkiwdfnbzwnl qmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn śnbkc}lnbĂwnn0
6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śnmxzenbdwmd ancml#rn}lnn rkbndem% bn#vnbm śn b}eq}wdem dbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}nimkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd}lkw amzwnlamwn śn
2,1,Dldend bkczdwd#qnvĂ d memcmlqmekw anlwmdenqdqmd imkiwdfnbĂmxqwdm}wkzmdlĂ a}zĂbdwdbqmwnrqnbnem rken#bnqdqm% rqdgnenla drm#cĂlĂwn śn amkrmgnwn0 1,4,Namlqnfnbdwmd zwnl#bnzdemekw memcmlqmldq}wdem śn rkbnk#mbk#lkcnbm wmzwmmlqdqm
zm oĂwŢn dem bklqnlml#qmekw mxqwdm}wkzmlm01,2,ZknŢnkldwmd bk#wmbqĂ d memcmlqmekw imkiwdfnbm zm wmzwm#mlqĂwnem bdwqkiwdfnbmdem bklqnlmlqmekwmxqwdm}wkzmlm0=,4,]qnendwmd nlfkw#cdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb wmfmwnqkdwmed bklqnlmlqmem mxqwd#m}wkzmlm% ed wmin}lnemśn ed ŢĂwnem dbmrqkwd%anl gdm am adqmdbbmrngnem zm nlqmwlmq06,7,Mxzenbdwmd anvmw#rnqĂŢnn ldq}wdem% }cd#lm śn b}eq}wdem d bkl#qnlmlqmekw mxqwdm}wk#zmlm wmdençla bkwm#edŢnn b} nlfkwcdŢnnemakgçlanqm ed deqmanrbnzenlm śbkedwm0 9,1,Kwakldwmd mem#cmlqmekw% fmlkcmlm#
ìl f}lbŢnm am anfmwnqmbwnqmwnn/zknŢnm imkiwd#fnbĂ% vçwrqd% cka}e amfkwcdwm% bdwdbqmwnrqnbndem memcmlqmekw bencd#qnbm% dem wmŢmemn onawk#iwdfnbm mqb,.# amrbwnmwmd }lkw mem#cmlqm rnczem /wmenmf%onawkiwdfnm% wmr}wrm ld#q}wdem% wdc}wn nla}rqwnd#em. a}zĂ k ncdinlmbdwqkiwdfnbĂ0 #mxmwbnŢnn am }qnendwm drmclmekw śn b}ekwnekw bklvmlŢnkldem0 #mxmwbnŢnn am wmbklrqnq}#nwm mrmlŢndendqĂ d }lmnrbonŢm am odwqĂ /d Bdld#amn% R]D%Cmxnb.0# namlqnfnbdwmd śn zwme}#bwdwmd nlfkwcdqnnekwzwme}dqm anl wmvnrqm%nlqmwlmq śn cdrr#cmandwmfmwnqkdwm ed ŢĂwnemrq}andqm0#mxzenbdwmd anvmwrnqĂŢnn}cdlm śn b}eq}wdem anlanfmwnqm klm dem Dcm#wnbnn wmdençla bkwmedŢnnb} nrqkwnd% wmenind mqb,#mxmwbnŢnn am iw}zdwm daml}cnwnekw a}zĂ bwnqm#wnn adqm /qwmzqm am wmenmf%edb}wn qmbqklnbm% am db}#c}edwm% fe}vnn b} vĂw #rdwm nl Kb, Dwbqnb%
#Cdl}de}e
Deg}cm
Bdeb}edqkw}e
#amrbwnmwmd
zwkgemcdqndwmd
#mxmwbnŢn}e
#mxzenbdŢnd
#bklvmwrdŢnd
amcklrqwdŢnd
kwdeĂ
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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7,
2,
D}rqwdend ‒ bdwdbqmwnd#wmimkiwdfnbĂ/7.
Dlqdwbqnbd
rqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcd#qnbmśn bkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢd
zwkzwnn śn d qmw #cmlnekw ìl encgnrqwĂnlm0 2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd}lkw memcmlqmanl cdqmcdqnbĂ%śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinm ìlrq}anmwmdcman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1,WdzkwqdwmdwmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm ed }lr}zkwq bdwqkiwdfnbśn iwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn}qnendwmdbklŢnl}q}wnekw b}bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnbzwnl qmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn śnbkc}lnbĂwnn0
6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śn
cmlnekw imkiwdfnbnanl encgn rwĂnlm0
2,2,Zwmmlqdwmd rqw}b#q}wdqĂ d bkczklml#qmekw imkiwdfnbm dembklqnlmlqmekw mxqwdm}#wkzmlm% d wmin}lnekw śnŢĂwnekw dbmrqkwd0 2,1,Dldend bkczdwd#qnvĂ d memcmlqmekw anlwmdenqdqmd imkiwdfnbĂmxqwdm}wkzmdlĂ a}zĂbdwdbqmwnrqnbnem rkenbn#qdqm% rqdgnenla drmcĂ#lĂwn śn amkrmgnwn0 1,4,Namlqnfnbdwmd zwnl#bnzdemekw memcmlqmldq}wdem śn rkbnk#mbk#lkcnbm wmzwmmlqdqm
zm oĂwŢn dem bklqnlml#qmekw mxqwdm}wkzmlm01,2,ZknŢnkldwmd bk#wmbqĂ d memcmlqmekw imkiwdfnbm zm wmzwm#mlqĂwnem bdwqkiwdfnbmdem bklqnlmlqmekwmxqwdm}wkzmlm0=,4,]qnendwmd nlfkw#cdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb wmfmwnqkdwmed bklqnlmlqmem mxqwd#m}wkzmlm% ed wmin}lnemśn ed ŢĂwnem dbmrqkwd%anl gdm am adqm dbbm#rngnem zm nlqmwlmq06,7,Mxzenbdwmd
śn dqedrm rd} oĂwŢnc}wdem0# bnqnwmd bkwmbqĂ daml}cnwnekw śnqmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbnanl encgnem rqwĂnlm0 #bkczdwdwmdmemcmlqmekw%fmlkcmlmekw śnzwkbmrmekw rqdgnenladrmcĂlĂwn śn amkrmgnwnnl f}lbŢnm am anfmwnqmbwnqmwnn/ zknŢnmimkiwdfnbĂ% vçwrqd%cka}e am fkwcdwm%bdwdbqmwnrqnbn demmemcmlqmekw bencdqnbm%dem wmŢmemn onawkiwdfnbm%dem fd}lmn mqb,.# amrbwnmwmd }lkwmemcmlqm rnczem/wmenmf% onawkiwdfnm%wmr}wrm ldq}wdem% wdc}wnnla}rqwndem. a}zĂ kncdinlm bdwqkiwdfnbĂ0#mxmwbnŢnn am }qnendwm drmclmekw śn b}ekwnekw bklvmlŢnkldem0 #mxmwbnŢnn amwmbklrqnq}nwmmrmlŢndendqĂ d }lmnrbonŢm am odwqĂ / odwqdD}rqwdenmn.0#mxmwbnŢnn am namlqnfnbdwmśn zwme}bwdwm dnlfkwcdqnnekw zwme}dqmanl wmvnrqm% nlqmwlmq śn
#Dqedrmimkiwdfnbm
#Embq}wnimkiwdfnbm
#Wmvnrqm
#Cdl}de}e
Bdeb}edqkw
#Deg}cm
#e}bw}e b}odwqd
bkczdwdŢnd
amrbwnmwmd
zwkgemcdqnd#wmd
#mxmwbnŢn}e
#mxzenbdŢnd
#kwdeĂ
kgrmwvd#wmdrnrqmcd#qnbĂ d memvnekw
#kwdeĂ
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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lmdBkenldwĂ dQwdlrnevd#lnmn
cdqmwlĂ
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢm am gdĂ ìl śqnnlŢmśn qmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śn
bkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
śn mxzenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkwmemcmlqm anl cdqmcd#qnbĂ% śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinm ìl rq}anmwmdcman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1, Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm ed }l r}zkwqbdwqkiwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnend#wmd bklŢnl}q}wnekw b}bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb zwnlqmolkekind nlfkwcdŢnmnśn bkc}lnbĂwnn0
6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śn mxzen#bdwmd ancmlrn}lnn rkbn#
dem% bnvnbm śn b}eq}wdem dbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkwamzwnlamwn śn qmolnbn ame}bw} zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
4,2 ]qnendwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn ìl bklqmxqmb}lkrb}qm rd} ìl bklqmxqm lkn04,= Amrbwnmwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw%zwkbmrmekw rd} rnrqmcmekw imkiwdfnbm }qnençlaqmwcmln imkiwdfnbn0
2,2 Zwmmlqdwmd rqw}bq}wdqĂ d rnrqmc}e}n qmwnqkwndeimkiwdfnb de Wkcçlnmn02,1 Bkwmedwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbm b} fmlkcmlm anlakcmln}e deqkw śqnnlŢm0
1,2 Medgkwdwmd }lkw amrmlm rbomcdqnbm demmemcmlqmekw śn fmlkcmlmekw ldq}wdem0 1,1 Ekbdendwmd }lkw memcmlqm anl wmdenqdqm zmwmzwmmlqĂwn bdwqkiwdfnbm0
1,6, Nlqmwzwmqdwmd wmzwmmlqĂwnekw bdwqkiwdfnbm śniwdfnbm rnczem0=,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb ìl gdd am adqm dbbmrngnem zm nlqmwlmq0
6,4 Mxzenbdwmd nczkwqdlŢmn cman}e}n imkiwdfnb deWkcçlnmn zmlqw} kc śn rkbnmqdqm0
9,7 ]qnendwmd cmqkamekw rnczem am nlvmrqnidwm/kgrmwvdwm% dldenĂ% nlqmwzwmqdwm. d wmdenqĂŢnn kfmwnqmam imkiwdfnd Wkcçlnmn09,1 Kwakldwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw śn zwkbm#rmekw fkekrnla bwnqmwnn am bedrnfnbdwm8 bdlqnqdqnvm%
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NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwndq ?,Medgkwdwmd }lkw ck#amem śn rke}Ţnn am kwid#lndwm d rzdŢn}e}n imk#iwdfnb anl zmwrzmbqnvmamvkeqĂwnn a}wdgnem,
bdenqdqnvm% bwklkekinbm śn qmwnqkwndem0 9,6 Bkczdwdwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw% zwkbm#rmekw śn rqw}bq}wnekw qmwnqkwndem a}zĂ bdwdbqmwnrqnbnemrkenbnqdqm% rqdgnenla drmcĂlĂwn śn amkrmgnwn0
?,7 Namlqnfnbdwmd rke}Ţnnekw am kwidlndwm d rzdŢn}e}nanl zmwrzmbqnvd amvkeqĂwnn a}wdgnem,
2, Amde}wnem śnzkanś}wnem
Bkc}lnbdwm ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢm am gdĂ ìl śqnnlŢmśn qmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}nrzmbnfnb ìl zwmmlqdwmdśn mxzenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkwmemcmlqm anl cdqmcd#qnbĂ% śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinm ìl rq}anmwmdcman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1, Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm ed }l r}zkwq
bdwqkiwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnend#wmd bklŢnl}q}wnekw b}bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb zwnlqmolkekind nlfkwcdŢnmn
4,7 Amfnlnwmd% ìl b}vnlqm zwkzwnn% d rmlr}e}nqmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn am gdĂ0 4,2 ]qnendwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn ìl bklqmxqmb}lkrb}qm rd} ìl bklqmxqm lkn04,= Amrbwnmwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw%
zwkbmrmekw rd} rnrqmcmekw imkiwdfnbm }qnençlaqmwcmln imkiwdfnbn02,2 Zwmmlqdwmd rqw}bq}wdqĂ d rnrqmc}e}n qmwnqkwndeimkiwdfnb de Wkcçlnmn02,1, Bkwmedwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbm b} fmlkcmlm anlakcmln}e deqkw śqnnlŢm0
1,2 Medgkwdwmd }lkw amrmlm rbomcdqnbm demmemcmlqmekw śn fmlkcmlmekw ldq}wdem0
1,1 Ekbdendwmd }lkw memcmlqm anl wmdenqdqm zmwmzwmmlqĂwn bdwqkiwdfnbm0 1,6 Nlqmwzwmqdwmd wmzwmmlqĂwnekw bdwqkiwdfnbm śniwdfnbm rnczem0=,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb ìl gdd am adqm dbbmrngnem zm nlqmwlmq0
6 ?#4:
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BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢm
bnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwndq
śn bkc}lnbĂwnn0
6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śn mxzen#bdwmd ancmlrn}lnn rkbn#dem% bnvnbm śn b}eq}wdem d
bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkwamzwnlamwn śn qmolnbn ame}bw} zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
?,Medgkwdwmd }lkw ck#amem śn rke}Ţnn am kwid#lndwm d rzdŢn}e}n imk#iwdfnb anl zmwrzmbqnvmamvkeqĂwnn a}wdgnem,
6,4 Mxzenbdwmd nczkwqdlŢmn cman}e}n imkiwdfnb deWkcçlnmn zmlqw} kc śn rkbnmqdqm0
9,7 ]qnendwmd cmqkamekw rnczem am nlvmrqnidwm/kgrmwvdwm% dldenĂ% nlqmwzwmqdwm. d wmdenqĂŢnn kfmwnqmam imkiwdfnd Wkcçlnmn09,1 Kwakldwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw śnzwkbmrmekw fkekrnla bwnqmwnn am bedrnfnbdwm8bdlqnqdqnvm% bdenqdqnvm% bwklkekinbm śn qmwnqkwndem0 9,6 Bkczdwdwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw%
zwkbmrmekw śn rqw}bq}wnekw qmwnqkwndem a}zĂ bdwdbqm#wnrqnbnem rkenbnqdqm% rqdgnenla drmcĂlĂwn śn amkrmgnwn0 ?,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd rke}Ţnnekw am zwkqmbŢnm d cman}e}nimkiwdfnb anl Ţdwd lkdrqwĂ,
1, Bçcznnem Bkc}lnbdwm ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢm am gdĂ ìl śqnnlŢm
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}nrzmbnfnb ìl zwmmlqdwmdśn mxzenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn
imkiwdfnbm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkwmemcmlqm anl cdqmcd#qnbĂ% śqnnlŢm śn qmolkek#inm ìl rq}anmwmd
4,7 Amfnlnwmd% ìl b}vnlqm zwkzwnn% d rmlr}e}nqmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn am gdĂ0 4,2 ]qnendwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn ìl bklqmxqm
b}lkrb}qm rd} ìl bklqmxqm lkn04,= Amrbwnmwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw%zwkbmrmekw rd} rnrqmcmekw imkiwdfnbm }qnençlaqmwcmln imkiwdfnbn02,2 Zwmmlqdwmd rqw}bq}wdqĂ d rnrqmc}e}n qmwnqkwndeimkiwdfnb de Wkcçlnmn02,1, Bkwmedwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbm b} fmlkcmlm anlakcmln}e deqkw śqnnlŢm0
= 44#42
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śn qmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢd
rkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwndq
cman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1, Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm ed }l r}zkwqbdwqkiwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnend#wmd bklŢnl}q}wnekw b}bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb zwnlqmolkekind nlfkwcdŢnmnśn bkc}lnbĂwnn0
6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śn mxzen#
bdwmd ancmlrn}lnn rkbn#dem% bnvnbm śn b}eq}wdem dbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkwamzwnlamwn śn qmolnbn ame}bw} zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
?,Medgkwdwmd }lkw ck#amem śn rke}Ţnn am kwid#lndwm d rzdŢn}e}n imk#iwdfnb anl zmwrzmbqnvmamvkeqĂwnn a}wdgnem,
1,2 Medgkwdwmd }lkw amrmlm rbomcdqnbm demmemcmlqmekw śn fmlkcmlmekw ldq}wdem0 1,1 Ekbdendwmd }lkw memcmlqm anl wmdenqdqm zm
wmzwmmlqĂwn bdwqkiwdfnbm0 1,6 Nlqmwzwmqdwmd wmzwmmlqĂwnekw bdwqkiwdfnbm śniwdfnbm rnczem0=,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb ìl gdd am adqm dbbmrngnem zm nlqmwlmq0
6,4 Mxzenbdwmd nczkwqdlŢmn cman}e}n imkiwdfnb de
Wkcçlnmn zmlqw} kc śn rkbnmqdqm0
9,7 ]qnendwmd cmqkamekw rnczem am nlvmrqnidwm/kgrmwvdwm% dldenĂ% nlqmwzwmqdwm. d wmdenqĂŢnn kfmwnqmam imkiwdfnd Wkcçlnmn09,1 Kwakldwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw śnzwkbmrmekw fkekrnla bwnqmwnn am bedrnfnbdwm8
bdlqnqdqnvm% bdenqdqnvm% bwklkekinbm śn qmwnqkwndem0 9,6 Bkczdwdwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw% zwkbm#rmekw śn rqw}bq}wnekw qmwnqkwndem a}zĂ bdwdbqmwnrqnbnemrkenbnqdqm% rqdgnenla drmcĂlĂwn śn amkrmgnwn0 ?,7 Namlqnfnbdwmd rke}Ţnnekw am kwidlndwm d rzdŢn}e}nanl zmwrzmbqnvd amvkeqĂwnn a}wdgnem,
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=, Bencd śnonawkiwdfnd
Bkc}lnbdwm ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢm am gdĂ ìl śqnnlŢmśn qmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}nrzmbnfnb ìl zwmmlqdwmdśn mxzenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkwmemcmlqm anl cdqmcd#qnbĂ% śqnnlŢm śn qmolkek#inm ìl rq}anmwmdcman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1, Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm ed }l r}zkwq
bdwqkiwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnend#wmd bklŢnl}q}wnekw b}bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb zwnlqmolkekind nlfkwcdŢnmnśn bkc}lnbĂwnn0
6, Namlqnfnbdwmd śn mxzen#bdwmd ancmlrn}lnn rkbn#dem% bnvnbm śn b}eq}wdem dbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnb0 9,Akgçlanwmd }lkwamzwnlamwn śn qmolnbn ame}bw} zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
4,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn ìl qmxqmanfmwnqm04,2 ]qnendwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn ìl bklqmxqmb}lkrb}qm rd} ìl bklqmxqm lkn04,= Amrbwnmwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw%
zwkbmrmekw rd} rnrqmcmekw imkiwdfnbm }qnençlaqmwcmln imkiwdfnbn02,2 Zwmmlqdwmd rqw}bq}wdqĂ d rnrqmc}e}n qmwnqkwndeimkiwdfnb de Wkcçlnmn02,1 Bkwmedwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbm b} fmlkcmlm anlakcmln}e deqkw śqnnlŢm0
1,2 Medgkwdwmd }lkw amrmlm rbomcdqnbm demmemcmlqmekw śn fmlkcmlmekw ldq}wdem0
1,1 Ekbdendwmd }lkw memcmlqm anl wmdenqdqm zmwmzwmmlqĂwn bdwqkiwdfnbm0 1,6, Nlqmwzwmqdwmd wmzwmmlqĂwnekw bdwqkiwdfnbm śniwdfnbm rnczem0=,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb ìl gdd am adqm dbbmrngnem zm nlqmwlmq0
6,4 Mxzenbdwmd nczkwqdlŢmn cman}e}n imkiwdfnb deWkcçlnmn zmlqw} kc śn rkbnmqdqm0
9,7 ]qnendwmd cmqkamekw rnczem am nlvmrqnidwm/kgrmwvdwm% dldenĂ% nlqmwzwmqdwm. d wmdenqĂŢnn kfmwnqmam imkiwdfnd Wkcçlnmn09,1 Kwakldwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw śn
4: 42#49
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NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwndq ?,Medgkwdwmd }lkwckamem śn rke}Ţnn amkwidlndwm d rzdŢn}e}nimkiwdfnb anl zmwrzmbqnvm amvkeqĂwnna}wdgnem,
zwkbmrmekw fkekrnla bwnqmwnn am bedrnfnbdwm8bdlqnqdqnvm% bdenqdqnvm% bwklkekinbm śn qmwnqkwndem0 9,6 Bkczdwdwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw% zwkbm#rmekw śn rqw}bq}wnekw qmwnqkwndem a}zĂ bdwdbqmwnrqnbnemrkenbnqdqm% rqdgnenla drmcĂlĂwn śn amkrmgnwn0
?,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd rke}Ţnnekw am zwkqmbŢnm d cman}e}nimkiwdfnb anl Ţdwd lkdrqwĂ,
6, VmimqdŢnd%fd}ld%rke}wn śndldend
wminkldeĂ
Bkc}lnbdwm ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢm am gdĂ ìl śqnnlŢmśn qmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}nrzmbnfnb ìl zwmmlqdwmdśn mxzenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkwmemcmlqm anl cdqmcd#qnbĂ% śqnnlŢm śn qmolkek#inm ìl rq}anmwmdcman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1, Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm ed }l r}zkwqbdwqkiwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
=, Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnend#wmd bklŢnl}q}wnekw b}
4,7 Amfnlnwmd% ìl b}vnlqm zwkzwnn% d rmlr}e}nqmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn am gdĂ0 4,2 ]qnendwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn ìl bklqmxqmb}lkrb}qm rd} ìl bklqmxqm lkn0
4,= Amrbwnmwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw%zwkbmrmekw rd} rnrqmcmekw imkiwdfnbm }qnençlaqmwcmln imkiwdfnbn02,2 Zwmmlqdwmd rqw}bq}wdqĂ d rnrqmc}e}n qmwnqkwndeimkiwdfnb de Wkcçlnmn02,1, Bkwmedwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbm b} fmlkcmlm anlakcmln}e deqkw śqnnlŢm0
1,2 Medgkwdwmd }lkw amrmlm rbomcdqnbm demmemcmlqmekw śn fmlkcmlmekw ldq}wdem0 1,1 Ekbdendwmd }lkw memcmlqm anl wmdenqdqm zmwmzwmmlqĂwn bdwqkiwdfnbm0 1,6 Nlqmwzwmqdwmd wmzwmmlqĂwnekw bdwqkiwdfnbm śniwdfnbm rnczem0=,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb ìl gdd am adqm dbbmrngnem zm nlqmwlmq0
= 49#4>
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BkczmqmlŢd
rkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwndq
bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb zwnlqmolkekind nlfkwcdŢnmnśn bkc}lnbĂwnn0
6, Namlqnfnbdwmd śn mxzen#
bdwmd ancmlrn}lnn rkbn#dem% bnvnbm śn b}eq}wdem dbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnb0
9, Akgçlanwmd }lkwamzwnlamwn śn qmolnbn ame}bw} zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
?,Medgkwdwmd }lkw ck#amem śn rke}Ţnn am kwid#lndwm d rzdŢn}e}n imk#iwdfnb anl zmwrzmbqnvmamvkeqĂwnn a}wdgnem,
6,4 Mxzenbdwmd nczkwqdlŢmn cman}e}n imkiwdfnb de
Wkcçlnmn zmlqw} kc śn rkbnmqdqm0
9,7 ]qnendwmd cmqkamekw rnczem am nlvmrqnidwm/kgrmwvdwm% dldenĂ% nlqmwzwmqdwm. d wmdenqĂŢnn kfmwnqmam imkiwdfnd Wkcçlnmn09,1 Kwakldwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw śn zwkbmrm#ekw fkekrnla bwnqmwnn am bedrnfnbdwm8 bdlqnqdqnvm%
bdenqdqnvm% bwklkekinbm śn qmwnqkwndem09,6 Bkczdwdwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw% zwkbmrm#ekw śn rqw}bq}wnekw qmwnqkwndem a}zĂ bdwdbqmwnrqnbnemrkenbnqdqm% rqdgnenla drmcĂlĂwn śn amkrmgnwn0 ?,7 Namlqnfnbdwmd rke}Ţnnekw am kwidlndwm d rzdŢn}e}nanl zmwrzmbqnvd amvkeqĂwnn a}wdgnem,
9, Zkz}edŢnd Bkc}lnbdwm
ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śn
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}n
rzmbnfnb ìl zwmmlqdwmdśn mxzenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkwmemcmlqm anl cdqmcd#
4,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn ìl qmxqm
anfmwnqm04,2 ]qnendwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn ìl bklqmxqmb}lkrb}qm rd} ìl bklqmxqm lkn04,= Amrbwnmwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw%zwkbmrmekw rd} rnrqmcmekw imkiwdfnbm }qnençlaqmwcmln imkiwdfnbn02,1 Bkwmedwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbm b} fmlkcmlm anlakcmln}e deqkw śqnnlŢm0
6 7:#77
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bkczmqmlŢm am gdĂ ìl śqnnlŢmśn qmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
qnbĂ% śqnnlŢm śn qmolkek#inm ìl rq}anmwmdcman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1, Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn
imkiwdfnbm ed }l r}zkwqbdwqkiwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnend#wmd bklŢnl}q}wnekw b}bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb zwnlqmolkekind nlfkwcdŢnmnśn bkc}lnbĂwnn0
6, Namlqnfnbdwmd śn mxzen#bdwmd ancmlrn}lnn rkbn#dem% bnvnbm śn b}eq}wdem dbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkwamzwnlamwn śn qmolnbn ame}bw} zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd
zmwcdlmlqĂ0
2,= ]qnendwmd kzmwdŢnnekw śn lkŢn}lnekw cdqmcdqnbm edlnvme memcmlqdw0
1,1, Ekbdendwmd }lkw memcmlqm anl wmdenqdqm zm
wmzwmmlqĂwn bdwqkiwdfnbm01,= Wmdendwmd wmzwmmlqĂwnekw iwdfnbm rnczem% zmgdd }lkw adqm kfmwqdqm01,6 Nlqmwzwmqdwmd wmzwmmlqĂwnekw bdwqkiwdfnbm śniwdfnbm rnczem0=,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb ìl gdd am adqm dbbmrngnem zm nlqmwlmq0
6,4 Mxzenbdwmd nczkwqdlŢmn cman}e}n imkiwdfnb deWkcçlnmn zmlqw} kc śn rkbnmqdqm0 6,7 Mxzenbdwmd anvmwrnqĂŢnn ldq}wdem% }cdcm śnb}eq}wdem d ŢĂwnn lkdrqwm% wmdençla bkwmedŢnn b}nlfkwcdŢnnem akgçlanqm ed deqm anrbnzenlm0
9,7 ]qnendwmd cmqkamekw rnczem am nlvmrqnidwm/kgrmwvdwm% dldenĂ% nlqmwzwmqdwm. d wmdenqĂŢnn kfmwnqmam imkiwdfnd Wkcçlnmn0
9,2 Zwme}bwdwmd nlfkwcdŢnmn8 dldendwmd adqmekw anlqdgmem % nlqmwzwmqdwmd }lmn andiwdcm rnczem%dldendwmd }lmn andiwdcm rnczem% medgkwdwmd }l}nqmxq zm gdd }lmn andiwdcm% memgkwdwmd am rbomcm09,1 Kwakldwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw śnzwkbmrmekw fkekrnla bwnqmwnn am bedrnfnbdwm8bdlqnqdqnvm% bdenqdqnvm% bwklkekinbm śn qmwnqkwndem0 9,6 Bkczdwdwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw% zwkbmrm#ekw śn rqw}bq}wnekw qmwnqkwndem a}zĂ bdwdbqmwnrqnbnem
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rkenbnqdqm% rqdgnenla drmcĂlĂwn śn amkrmgnwn0 ?, DśmĂwnem
kcmlmśqn Bkc}lnbdwm ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢm am gdĂ ìl śqnnlŢmśn qmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢd
rkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}nrzmbnfnb ìl zwmmlqdwmdśn mxzenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkwmemcmlqm anl cdqmcd#qnbĂ% śqnnlŢm śn qmolkek#inm ìl rq}anmwmdcman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1,Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn
imkiwdfnbm ed }l r}zkwqbdwqkiwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnend#wmd bklŢnl}q}wnekw b}bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb zwnlqmolkekind nlfkwcdŢnmnśn bkc}lnbĂwnn0
6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śn mxzen#
bdwmd ancmlrn}lnn rkbn#dem% bnvnbm śn b}eq}wdem dbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkwamzwnlamwn śn qmolnbn ame}bw} zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd
4,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn ìl qmxqmanfmwnqm04,2 ]qnendwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn ìl bklqmxqmb}lkrb}qm rd} ìl bklqmxqm lkn0
4,= Amrbwnmwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw%zwkbmrmekw rd} rnrqmcmekw imkiwdfnbm }qnençlaqmwcmln imkiwdfnbn02,2 Zwmmlqdwmd rqw}bq}wdqĂ d rnrqmc}e}n qmwnqkwndeimkiwdfnb de Wkcçlnmn02,1 Bkwmedwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbm b} fmlkcmlm anlakcmln}e deqkw śqnnlŢm0
1,1 Ekbdendwmd }lkw memcmlqm anl wmdenqdqm zm
wmzwmmlqĂwn bdwqkiwdfnbm0 1,6Nlqmwzwmqdwmd wmzwmmlqĂwnekw bdwqkiwdfnbm śniwdfnbm rnczem0=,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb ìl gdd am adqm dbbmrngnem zm nlqmwlmq0
6,4 Mxzenbdwmd nczkwqdlŢmn cman}e}n imkiwdfnb de
Wkcçlnmn zmlqw} kc śn rkbnmqdqm0 6,7 Mxzenbdwmd anvmwrnqĂŢnn ldq}wdem% }cdcm śnb}eq}wdem d ŢĂwnn lkdrqwm% wmdençla bkwmedŢnn b}nlfkwcdŢnnem akgçlanqm ed deqm anrbnzenlm0
9,7 ]qnendwmd cmqkamekw rnczem am nlvmrqnidwm/kgrmwvdwm% dldenĂ% nlqmwzwmqdwm. d wmdenqĂŢnn kfmwnqmam imkiwdfnd Wkcçlnmn0
? 72#76
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 75/155
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwndq
zmwcdlmlqĂ0
?,Medgkwdwmd }lkw ck#amem śn rke}Ţnn am kwid#lndwm d rzdŢn}e}n imk#iwdfnb anl zmwrzmbqnvmamvkeqĂwnn a}wdgnem,
9,1 Kwakldwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw śnzwkbmrmekw fkekrnla bwnqmwnn am bedrnfnbdwm8bdlqnqdqnvm% bdenqdqnvm% bwklkekinbm śn qmwnqkwndem0 9,6 Bkczdwdwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw% zwkbm#rmekw śn rqw}bq}wnekw qmwnqkwndem a}zĂ bdwdbqmwnrqnbnem
rkenbnqdqm% rqdgnenla drmcĂlĂwn śn amkrmgnwn0 ?,7 Namlqnfnbdwmd rke}Ţnnekw am kwidlndwm d rzdŢn}e}nanl zmwrzmbqnvd amvkeqĂwnn a}wdgnem,
>, DbqnvnqĂŢnemmbklkcnbm
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢm am gdĂ ìl śqnnlŢmśn qmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
4,]qnendwmd encgdh}e}nrzmbnfnb ìl zwmmlqdwmdśn mxzenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd }lkwmemcmlqm anl cdqmcd#qnbĂ% śqnnlŢm śn qmolkek#inm ìl rq}anmwmdcman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1,Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn
imkiwdfnbm ed }l r}zkwqbdwqkiwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnend#wmd bklŢnl}q}wnekw b}bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb zwnl
4,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn ìl qmxqmanfmwnqm04,2 ]qnendwmd qmwcmlnekw imkiwdfnbn ìl bklqmxqmb}lkrb}qm rd} ìl bklqmxqm lkn0
4,= Amrbwnmwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw%zwkbmrmekw rd} rnrqmcmekw imkiwdfnbm }qnençlaqmwcmln imkiwdfnbn02,2 Zwmmlqdwmd rqw}bq}wdqĂ d rnrqmc}e}n qmwnqkwndeimkiwdfnb de Wkcçlnmn02,1 Bkwmedwmd wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbm b} fmlkcmlm anlakcmln}e deqkw śqnnlŢm0
1,2 Medgkwdwmd }lkw amrmlm rbomcdqnbm dem
memcmlqmekw śn fmlkcmlmekw ldq}wdem0 1,1 Ekbdendwmd }lkw memcmlqm anl wmdenqdqm zmwmzwmmlqĂwn bdwqkiwdfnbm0 1,6Nlqmwzwmqdwmd wmzwmmlqĂwnekw bdwqkiwdfnbm śniwdfnbm rnczem0=,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb ìl gdd am adqm dbbmrngnem zm nlqmwlmq0
4: 79#24
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8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 77/155
imkiwdfnbmdemWkcçlnmn,Memcmlqmdem
amvkeqĂwnna}wdgnem
śn qmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢm
bnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwndq
cman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1,Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm ed }l r}zkwqbdwqkiwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnend#wmd bklŢnl}q}wnekw b}bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb zwnlqmolkekind nlfkwcdŢnmnśn bkc}lnbĂwnn0
6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śn mxzen#bdwmd ancmlrn}lnn rk#bndem% bnvnbm śn b}eq}wdem
d bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}n imkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkwamzwnlamwn śn qmolnbn ame}bw} zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
?,Medgkwdwmd }lkw ck#amem śn rke}Ţnn am kwid#lndwm d rzdŢn}e}n imk#iwdfnb anl zmwrzmbqnvmamvkeqĂwnn a}wdgnem,
2,6 Namlqnfnbdwmd nlfe}mlŢmekw qmolkekinnekw dr}zwdbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekw imkiwdfnbm dem Wkcçlnmn01,1 Ekbdendwmd }lkw memcmlqm anl wmdenqdqm zmwmzwmmlqĂwn bdwqkiwdfnbm0
=,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb ìl gdd am adqm dbbmrngnem zm nlqmwlmq0
6,4 Mxzenbdwmd nczkwqdlŢmn cman}e}n imkiwdfnb deWkcçlnmn zmlqw} kc śn rkbnmqdqm0
9,7 ]qnendwmd cmqkamekw rnczem am nlvmrqnidwm/kgrmwvdwm% dldenĂ% nlqmwzwmqdwm. d wmdenqĂŢnn kfmwnqmam imkiwdfnd Wkcçlnmn0
?,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd rke}Ţnnekw am zwkqmbŢnm d cman}e}nimkiwdfnb anl Ţdwd lkdrqwĂ0 ?,7 Namlqnfnbdwmd rke}Ţnnekw am kwidlndwm d rzdŢn}e}nanl zmwrzmbqnvd amvkeqĂwnn a}wdgnem,
44, RnlqmĂ śnmvde}dwmImkiwdfndWkcçlnmn
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
9,Akgçlanwmd }lkwamzwnlamwn śn qmolnbn ame}bw} zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
9,6 Bkczdwdwmd memcmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw% zwkbmrmekw śn rqw}bq}wnekw qmwnqkwndem a}zĂbdwdbqmwnrqnbnem rkenbnqdqm% rqdgnenla drmcĂlĂwn śnamkrmgnwn0
7 9 #44VN
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwndq
?,Medgkwdwmd }lkw ck#amem śn rke}Ţnn am kwid#lndwm d rzdŢn}e}n imk#iwdfnb anl zmwrzmbqnvmamvkeqĂwnn a}wdgnem,
?,7 Namlqnfnbdwmd rke}Ţnnekw am kwidlndwm d rzdŢn}e}nanl zmwrzmbqnvd amvkeqĂwnn a}wdgnem,
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 Imkiwdfnd Wkcçlnmn#memcmlqm nlqwka}bqnvmLw,kwm8 1
Lw,bwq,
BklŢnl}q}wn BkczmqmlŢmbomnm
/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢmimlmwdem
Bkczmqmlqmrzmbnfnbm
DbqnvnqĂŢn am nlvĂŢdwm Wmr}wrmcdqmwndem
Wmr}wrmzwkbma}wdem
Mvde}dwm
4,
7,
2,
1,
ZknŢndimkiwdfnbĂ dWkcçlnmn
Bdwdbqmwmemimlmwdem demwmenmf}e}n/qwmzqm amwmenmf% fkwcmam wmenmf%
qnz}wn amwmenmf.
Bdwdbqmwmemimlmwdem demwmenmf}e}n/zwkzkwŢnkldenqdqmd%vdwnmqdqmd%bklbmlqwnbnqdqmd mqb,.
]lnqĂŢnemcdhkwm amwmenmf
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
4,]qnendwmd enc#gdh}e}n rzmbnfnb ìl
zwmmlqdwmd śn mx# zenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd}lkw memcmlqmanl cdqmcdqnbĂ%śqnnlŢm śn qmolk#ekinm ìl rq}anmwmdcman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1,Wdzkwqdwmd
wmdenqĂŢnn imkiwd#fnbm ed }l r}zkwqbdwqkiwdfnb śniwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd}lkw amzwnlamwn śnqmolnbn am e}bw}
zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd
4,7, Amfnlnwmd% ìl b}#vnlqm zwkzwnn% d rmlr}#e}n qmwcmlnekw imk#iwdfnbn am gdĂ0 4,=, Amrbwnmwmd mem#cmlqmekw% fmlkcmlm#ekw% zwkbmrmekw rd}rnrqmcmekw imkiwdfnbm}qnençla qmwcmlnimkiwdfnbn0
2,4 Qwdlrfmwdwmdmemcmlqmekw anl cdqm#cdqnbĂ śn śqnnlŢm zml#qw} mxzenbdwmd wmden#qĂŢnn imkiwdfnbm dWkcçlnmn02,= ]qnendwmd kzmwd#Ţnnekw śn lkŢn}lnekw cdqmcdqnbm ed lnvmememcmlqdw01,7 Bnqnwmd oĂwŢnn śn
}qnendwmd rmclmekwbklvmlŢnkldem 1,6 NlqmwzwmqdwmdwmzwmmlqĂwnekw iwdfnbm rnczem09,2 Zwme}bwdwmd nlfkw#cdŢnmn8 nlqmwzwmqdwmd}lmn andiwdcm rnc#zem% medgkwdwmd }l}n
# bklrqw}nwmd }l}n qmxqbkmwmlq }qnençla lkŢn#}ln śn aml}cnwnimkiwdfnbm0# wdzkwqdwmd qmxq}e}nrbwnr ed ncdinlmd bdwqk#iwdfnbĂ anl cdl}de śndqedrm rd} oĂwŢn c}wdem0 # mxmwbnŢnn am ekbdendwm/ zm }l r}zkwq adq#bkl#
q}w}e Wkcçlnmn% zmodwqd c}wdeĂ.0 #mxmwbnŢnn am bdeb}edwm danrqdlŢmekw Ţnlçla rmd#cd am anfmwmlŢd am edqn#q}anlm śn am rbdwd oĂwŢnn0# amrbwnmwmd }lkw rnrqm#cm f}lbŢnldem /mx, mwk#n}lm#qwdlrzkwq# db}#c}edwm. b} rbkz}e nlŢm#emimwnn cka}e}n am fkw#
cdwm d qnz}wnekw amwmenmf0# mxmwbnŢnn am namlqnfn#bdwm d memcmlqmekw bkc#zklmlqm zm odwqdWkcçlnmn0# mxmwbnŢnn am qwdlrfmwdwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw zm r}#
zkwq}wn bdwqkiwdfnbm śn
# OdwqdfnnbĂ de}cnn
# OdwqdfnnbĂ śn
zkenqnbĂ
d M}wkzmn
# OdwqdfnnbĂ dWkcçlnmn
# Dqedrm
imkiwdfnbm
# OdwqdimkekinbĂdWkcçlnmn
BklvmwrdŢnd
MxmwbnŢn}e
E}bw}e b}
odwqd
Amrbwnmwmd
Zwkgemcdqn#dwmd
MxmwbnŢn}e
#kwdeĂ
kgrmwvd#wmd rnrqm#cdqnbĂ dmemvnekw
#kwdeĂ
#qmcĂ zq, dbdrĂ
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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zmwcdlmlqĂ qmxq zm gdd }lmnandiwdcm% medgkwdwmd}lmn rbomcm,
iwdfnbm emidqm am zknŢndimkiwdfnbĂ d Wkcçlnmnśn d bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekw wmenmf}e}n0
# Cdl}de}e #kwdeĂ
]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 BdwzdŢnn śn Amzwmrn}lmd BkenldwĂ d Qwdlrnevdlnmn Lw, kwm8 4:
Lw,bwq, BklŢnl}q}wn
BkczmqmlŢmbomnm
/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢmimlmwdem
BkczmqmlŢmrzmbnfnbm DbqnvnqĂŢn am nlvĂŢdwm
Wmr}wrmcdqmwndem
Wmr}wrmzwkbma}wdem Mvde}dwm
4,
7,
2,
1,
=,
BdwzdŢnnKwnmlqden#bdwdbqmwm
imlmwdem
BdwzdŢnnCdwdc}wm#r}e}n śnG}bkvnlmn
BdwzdŢnnCkeak#Qwdlrnevdln
BdwzdŢnnB}wg}wnn
BdwzdŢnnCmwnanklden#bdwdbqmwmimlmwdemIw}zdG}bmin
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
BkczmqmlŢm
cdqmcd#qnbmśn bkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
4,]qnendwmd enc#gdh}e}n rzmbnfnb ìl
zwmmlqdwmd śn mx#
zenbdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd
}lkw memcmlqmanl cdqmcdqnbĂ%śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinm ìlrq}anmwmdcman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1,WdzkwqdwmdwmdenqĂŢnn
4,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd qmw#cmlnekw imkiwdfnbn ìlqmxqm anfmwnqm0
4,2 ]qnendwmd qmwcm#lnekw imkiwdfnbn ìlbklqmxqm b}lkrb}qmrd} ìl bklqmxqm lkn04,= Amrbwnmwmd mem#
cmlqmekw% fmlkcmlm#ekw% zwkbmrmekw rd}rnrqmcmekw imkiwdfnbm}qnençla qmwcmlnimkiwdfnbn02,2 Zwmmlqdwmd rqw}b#
q}wdqĂ d rnrqmc}e}nqmwnqkwnde imkiwdfnb deWkcçlnmn02,1 Bkwmedwmd wmdenqĂ#Ţnn imkiwdfnbm b} fm#lkcmlm anl akcmln}edeqkw śqnnlŢm0 1,2 Medgkwdwmd }lkwamrmlm rbomcdqnbm dem
# bklrqw}nwmd }l}n qmxqbkmwmlq }qnençla lkŢn#}ln śn aml}cnwn
imkiwdfnbm0# wdzkwqdwmd qmxq}e}nrbwnr ed ncdinlmd bdwqk#iwdfnbĂ anl cdl}de śndqedrm rd} oĂwŢn c}wdem0# rmembqdwmd aml}cnwnekwśn nlfkwcdŢnnekw mrmlŢndem0 # amrbwnmwmd }lkw rnrqm#cm rzdŢndem śn kgrmwvd#gnem anwmbq rd} nlanwmbq d
edlŢ}e}n bdwzdqnb% d mem#cmlqmekw zwkbmrmekw śnfmlkcmlmekw emidqm amdbmrqd0# rnq}dwmd nl qncz d }lkwfmlkcmlm nlvĂŢdqm emid#qm am BdwzdŢn śn Amzwm#rn}lmd BkenldwĂ dQwdlrnevdlnmn0
#OdwqdfnnbĂ de}cnn
#OdwqdfnnbĂ dM}wkzmn
# OdwqdfnnbĂ dWkcçlnmn
#fnśm ame}bw}
#Dqedrmimkiwdfnbm
bklvmwrdŢnd
mxzenbdŢnd
mxmwbnŢn}e
Zwkgemcdqn#dwmd
#kwdeĂ
kgrmwvd#wmd rnrqm#cdqnbĂ d memvnekw
#kwdeĂ
#kwdeĂ
#kwdeĂ
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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6,
9,
?,
>,
4:,
Iw}zmemFĂiĂwdś%Zdwçli śnWmqmdq#Ikamdl}
BdwzdŢnnKbbnamlqden#bdwdbqmwmimlmwdemC}lŢnnGdldq}e}n
C}lŢnnDz}rmln
Amzwmrn}lmdBkenldwĂ dQwdlrnevd#lnmn
RnlqmĂ8Bdwdbqmwmbkc}lm śnanfmwmlŢnmwn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
imkiwdfnbm ed }lr}zkwq bdwqkiwdfnbśn iwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn}qnendwmd bklŢn#l}q}wnekw b} bd#wdbqmw imkiwdfnbzwnl qmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn śnbkc}lnbĂwnn0
6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śnmxzenbdwmd ancml#rn}lnn rkbndem% bn#vnbm śn b}eq}wdem dbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}nimkiwdfnb09,Akgçlanwmd}lkw amzwnlamwn śnqmolnbn am e}bw}
zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd
zmwcdlmlqĂ0
memcmlqmekw śn fmlk#cmlmekw ldq}wdem01,1 Ekbdendwmd }lkwmemcmlqm anl wmdenqdqm
zm wmzwmmlqĂwnbdwqkiwdfnbm0
1,6, Nlqmwzwmqdwmd wm# zwmmlqĂwnekw bdwqk #iwdfnbm śn iwdfnbmrnczem0=,4 NamlqnfnbdwmdnlfkwcdŢnnekw b}bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb ìlgdd am adqmdbbmrngnem zm nlqmwlmq0
6,4 MxzenbdwmdnczkwqdlŢmn cman}e}nimkiwdfnb deWkcçlnmn zmlqw} kcśn rkbnmqdqm0
9,7 ]qnendwmd cmqk#amekw rnczem am nl#vmrqnidwm /kgrmwvdwm%dldenĂ% nlqmwzwmqdwm.
d wmdenqĂŢnn kfmwnqm amimkiwdfnd Wkcçlnmn09,1 Kwakldwmd mem#cmlqmekw% fmlkcm#lmekw śn zwkbmrmekw fkekrnla bwnqmwnn ambedrnfnbdwm8 bdlqnqd#qnvm% bdenqdqnvm% bwklk#ekinbm śn qmwnqkwndem0
# namlqnfnbdwmd memcml#qmekw am nlqmiwdwm0# mxmwbnŢnn am ekbdendwm/zm }l r}zkwq adq% zmodwqd c}wdeĂ. d edlŢ}e}nbdwzdqnb0
# mxmwbnŢnn am ekbdendwmzm }l r}zkwq adq / encn#qm% vçwf}wn% r}g}lnqĂŢn amwmenmf% fkwcm amkrmgnqm.0#namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkwcd#Ţnnekw amrzwm BdwzdŢn śnAmzwmr, Qwdlrnevdlnmn ìlgdd am adqm dbbmrngnemzm nlqmwlmq0# dldend zknŢnmn śn ek#bdenĂwnn bkczklmlqmekw
imkiwdfnbm /qnz}wn am wm#enmf8 iedbndw% v}ebdlnbbdwrqnb.0# nlqmwzwmqdwmd nlfkwcd#Ţnnekw bdwqkiwdfnbmmxnrqmlqm nl cdl}de0# kgrmwvdwmd anwnhdqĂ śndldend /iwda am fwdi#cmlqdwm%wmzdwqnŢnd deqn#q}anlnekw% debdq}nwmimkekinbĂ%qnz}wn am
wmenmf .0# namlqnfnbdwmd bdwdbqm#wnrqnbnekw rzmbnfnbm zml#qw} fnmbdwm }lnqdqm śniw}zĂ am wmenmf0 # mxmwbnŢnn am iw}zdwm śnnmwdwondwm / iw}zdwmdìl f}lbŢnm am cka}e amfkwcdwm% am qnz}wnem am
#Zwkfnem amwmenmf
# Wmvnrqm
# Embq}wnimkiwdfnbm
# Cdl}de}e
#qmrqm ammvde}dwm
#e}bw}e b}odwqd
mxzenbdŢnd
amrbwnmwmd
bklvmwrdŢnd
Kgrmwvd#wmd rnrqm#
cdqnbĂd memvnekw
#kwdeĂ
# zwkgĂ
rbwnrĂ
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1,
=,
6,
Zkanr}eAkgwkimn
Amde}wnem amVmrq
RnlqmĂ ‒ bdwdbqmwmbkc}lmśn
anfmwmlŢnmwn
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcd#qnbmśn bkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìl
śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂ
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd}lkw memcmlqmanl cdqmcdqnbĂ%śqnnlŢm śn qmolk#
ekinm ìl rq}anmwmdcman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1,WdzkwqdwmdwmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm ed }lr}zkwq bdwqkiwdfnbśn iwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn}qnendwmd bklŢn#l}q}wnekw b} bd#wdbqmw imkiwdfnbzwnl qmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn śn
bkc}lnbĂwnn0 6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śnmxzenbdwmd ancml#rn}lnn rkbndem% bn#vnbm śn b}eq}wdem dbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}nimkiwdfnb09,Akgçlanwmd
}qnençla qmwcmlnimkiwdfnbn02,2 Zwmmlqdwmd rqw}b#q}wdqĂ d rnrqmc}e}nqmwnqkwnde imkiwdfnb deWkcçlnmn0
2,1 Bkwmedwmd wmdenqĂ#Ţnn imkiwdfnbm b} fm#lkcmlm anl akcmln}edeqkw śqnnlŢm0 1,2 Medgkwdwmd }lkwamrmlm rbomcdqnbm demmemcmlqmekw śnfmlkcmlmekw ldq}wdem01,1 Ekbdendwmd }lkwmemcmlqm anl wmdenqdqm
zm wmzwmmlqĂwn
bdwqkiwdfnbm01,6 Nlqmwzwmqdwmd wm#
zwmmlqĂwnekw bdwqk #iwdfnbm śn iwdfnbmrnczem0=,4 NamlqnfnbdwmdnlfkwcdŢnnekw b}bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb ìlgdd am adqmdbbmrngnem zm nlqmwlmq0
6,4 Mxzenbdwmd nczkw#qdlŢmn cman}e}n imk#iwdfnb de Wkcçlnmn
zmlqw} kc śnrkbnmqdqm0
ekw0# amrbwnmwmd }lkwrnrqmcm rzdŢndem śnkgrmwvdgnem anwmbq rd}nlanwmbq /d amde}wnekw śn
zkanś}wnekw% d
memcmlqmekw zwkbmrmekwśn fmlkcmlmekw emidqmam dbmrqmd0# rnq}dwmd ìl qncz d }lkwfmlkcmlm nlvĂŢdqmemidqm amde}wn śn
zkanś}wn0 #medgkwdwmd }lkw amrmlmrbomcdqnbm b} rbkz}eìlŢmemimwnn }lkw fmlkcmlm śn zwkbmrm
emidqm am wmin}lnemame}wkdrm0#mxmwbnŢnn am ekbdendwm
zm }l r}zkwq adq śn zmodwqd c}wdeĂ damde}wnekw śn
zkanś}wnekw%d encnqmekw śn anvnn}lnekw ekw0 # nlqmwzwmqdwmdnlfkwcdŢnnekw bdwqkiwdfnbm mxnrqmlqm nl
cdl}de% emidqm amamde}wn śn zkanś}wn0 # dldend zknŢnmn śnekbdenĂwnnbkczklmlqmekwimkiwdfnbm / encnqm%r}ganvnn}ln śn fkwcmam wmenmf .0#namlqnfnbdwmd
#Wmvnrqm
#Zwkfnem amwmenmf
#Cdl}de}e
#fnśm ame}bw}
#qmrqm ammvde}dwm
bdeb}edqkw
Zwkgemcdqnd#
wmd
#e}bw}e b}odwqd
#mxzenbdŢnd
#amrbwnmwmd
bklvmwrdŢnd
#kwdeĂ
# zwkgĂrbwnrĂ
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 84/155
ìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwn#dq
}lkw amzwnlamwn śnqmolnbn am e}bw}
zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
?,Medgkwdwmd }lkwckamem śn rke}Ţnnam kwidlndwm drzdŢn}e}n imkiwd#fnb anl zmwrzmb#qnvm amvkeqĂwnna}wdgnem
9,7 ]qnendwmd cmqk#amekw rnczem am nl#vmrqnidwm /kgrmwvdwm%dldenĂ% nlqmwzwmqdwm.d wmdenqĂŢnn kfmwnqm amimkiwdfnd Wkcçlnmn0
9,1 Kwakldwmd mem#cmlqmekw% fmlkcmlm#ekw śn zwkbmrmekw fk#ekrnla bwnqmwnn am bed#rnfnbdwm8 bdlqnqdqnvm%bdenqdqnvm% bwklkekin#bm śn qmwnqkwndem0 9,6 Bkczdwdwmd mem#cmlqmekw% fmlkcmlm#ekw% zwkbmrmekw śnrqw}bq}wnekw qmwnqkwndem
a}zĂ bdwdbqmwnrqnbnemrkenbnqdqm% rqdgnenladrmcĂlĂwn śnamkrmgnwn0?,4 Namlqnfnbdwmdrke}Ţnnekw am zwkqmbŢnmd cman}e}n imkiwdfnbanl Ţdwd lkdrqwĂ,
nlfkwcdŢnnekw amrzwmwmin}lnem ame}wkdrm ìlgdd am adqm dbbmrngnemzm nlqmwlmq0# kgrmwvdwmd anwnhdqĂ śndldend }lnqĂŢnekw
ame}wkdrm / iwda amfwdicmlqdwm%wmzdwqnŢnddeqnq}anlnekw% debdq}nwmimkekinbĂ% qnz}wn amwmenmf .0# bkczdwdwmd }lnqĂŢnekw am amde}wn śn zkanś}wn śnd anvnn}lnekw ekw a}zĂbdwdbqmwnrqnbnem rkenbn#qdqm rqdgnenla drmcĂlĂwnśn amkrmgnwn0
# namlqnfnbdwmd fkwcmekwam amqmwnkwdwm d cman}#e}n ìl wmin}lnem b} q}#wnrc nlqmlrnv + nla}r#qwnm amvkeqdqĂ śn zwk#
z}lmwmd }lkw rke}Ţnn amkwidlndwm d rzd#Ţn}e}nanl zmwrzmbqnvdamvkeqĂwnn a}wdgnem0
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 85/155
]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 Bçcznnem WkcçlnmnLw, kwm8 =
Lw,bwq, BklŢnl}q}wn
BkczmqmlŢmbomnm
/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢmimlmwdem
BkczmqmlŢmrzmbnfnbm DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm
Wmr}wrmcdqmwndem
Wmr}wrmzwkbma}wdem Mvde}dwm
4,
7,
2,
1,
=,
Bçcznd amVmrq
BçczndWkcçlĂ
AmeqdA}lĂwnn śne}lbnem
ZedqfkwcdbklqnlmlqdeĂd C, Lmiwm
]lnqĂŢnem amwmenmf #rnlqmĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
4,]qnendwmdencgdh}e}nrzmbnfnb ìl
zwmmlqdwmd śnmxzenbdwmdwmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd}lkw memcmlqmanl cdqmcdqnbĂ%śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinm ìlrq}anmwmdcman}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1,Wdzkwqdwmd wmd#enqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbmed }l r}zkwqbdwqkiwdfnb śn
4,7 Amfnlnwmd% ìl b}#vnlqm zwkzwnn% d rmlr}#e}n qmwcmlnekw imkiwd#fnbn am gdĂ0 4,2 ]qnendwmd qmwcm#lnekw imkiwdfnbn ìlbklqmxqm b}lkrb}qmrd} ìl bklqmxqm lkn04,= Amrbwnmwmd mem#
cmlqmekw% fmlkcmlm#
ekw% zwkbmrmekw rd}rnrqmcmekw imkiwdfnbm}qnençla qmwcmlnimkiwdfnbn02,2 Zwmmlqdwmd rqw}b#q}wdqĂ d rnrqmc}e}nqmwnqkwnde imkiwdfnb deWkcçlnmn02,1, Bkwmedwmd wmdenqĂ#Ţnn imkiwdfnbm b} fm#lkcmlm anl akcmln}e
deqkw śqnnlŢm0 1,2 Medgkwdwmd }lkwamrmlm rbomcdqnbm demmemcmlqmekw śn fmlk#cmlmekw ldq}wdem01,1 Ekbdendwmd }lkwmemcmlqm anl wmdenqdqm
zm wmzwmmlqĂwnbdwqkiwdfnbm0
# bklrqw}nwmd }l}n qmxqbkmwmlq }qnençla lkŢn}#ln śn aml}cnwn imkiwd#fnbm0# wdzkwqdwmd qmxq}e}nrbwnr ed ncdinlmd bdw#qkiwdfnbĂ anl cdl}de śndqedrm rd} oĂwŢn c}wdem0# rmembqdwmd aml}cnwnekwśn nlfkwcdŢnnekw mrml#
Ţndem śn mxzenbdwmd ekw0 # amrbwnmwmd }lkw rnr#qmcm rzdŢndem śn kgrmw #dgnem anwmbq rd} nlanwmbq/ d }lnqĂŢnekw am bçcznm%d memcmlqmekw zwkbmrm#ekw śn fmlkcmlmekw emidqm am dbmrqmd0# rmembqdwmd nlfkwcdŢnmnśn namlqnfnbdwmd memcml#qmekw rzmbnfnbm fnmbdwmn
}lnqĂŢn am bçcznm0 #medgkwdwmd }lkw amrmlmrbomcdqnbm zmlqw} ìlŢm#emimwmd fmlkcmlmekw śnzwkbmrmekw emidqm am}lnqĂŢnem am bçcznm0 #mxmwbnŢnn am ekbdendwmzm odwqd c}wdeĂ śn zm }lr}zkwq adq d anvnn}lnekw
#OdwqdfnnbĂ d Wkcçlnmn
#Dqedrmimkiwdfnbm
#OdwqdAmeqmnA}lĂwnn
#Zedlśm b}cnbwkfkwcmam wmenmf
#Embq}wn
imkiwdfnbm
#Cdl}de}e
#Fnśm ame}bw}
bklvmwrdŢnd
#mxzenbdŢnd
#mxmwbnŢn}e
Zwkgemcdqndwmd
#e}bw}e b}odwqd
#mxzenbdŢnd
#kwdeĂ
kgrmwvdwmdrnrqmcdqn
bĂ d memvnekw
#kwdeĂ
#qmrqrmbvmlŢnde
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 86/155
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
iwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn}qnendwmd bklŢn#
l}q}wnekw b} bd#wdbqmw imkiwdfnbzwnl qmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn śnbkc}lnbĂwnn0 6,Namlqnfnbdwmd śnmxzenbdwmd ancml#rn}lnn rkbndem% bn#vnbm śn b}eq}wdem dbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}n
imkiwdfnb09,Akgçlanwmd}lkw amzwnlamwn śnqmolnbn am e}bw}
zmlqw} zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
1,6 Nlqmwzwmqdwmd wm# zwmmlqĂwnekw bdwqk #iwdfnbm śn iwdfnbmrnczem0=,4 NamlqnfnbdwmdnlfkwcdŢnnekw b}
bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb ìlgdd am adqmdbbmrngnem zm nlqmwlmq0
6,4 MxzenbdwmdnczkwqdlŢmn cman}e}nimkiwdfnb deWkcçlnmn zmlqw} kcśn rkbnmqdqm0
9,7 ]qnendwmd cmqk#amekw rnczem am nl#vmrqnidwm /kgrmwvdwm%dldenĂ% nlqmwzwmqdwm.d wmdenqĂŢnn kfmwnqm amimkiwdfnd Wkcçlnmn09,1 Kwakldwmd mem#cmlqmekw% fmlkcmlm#ekw śn zwkbmrmekw fk#ekrnla bwnqmwnn am bed#
rnfnbdwm8 bdlqnqdqnvm%bdenqdqnvm% bwklkekin#bm śn qmwnqkwndem0 9,6 Bkczdwdwmd mem#cmlqmekw% fmlkcmlm#ekw% zwkbmrmekw śnrqw}bq}wnekw qmwnqkwndema}zĂ bdwdbqmwnrqnbnemrkenbnqdqm% rqdgnenla
bçcznnekw0#nlqmwzwmqdwmd wmzwm#mlqĂwnekw bdwqkiwdfnbmśn iwdfnbmekw rnczem0 # rmembqdwmd nlfkwcdŢnmnśn am namlqnfnbdwmd mem#
cmlqmekw rzmbnfnbm fnm#bĂwmn }lnqĂŢn am bçcznm0 # amrbwnmwmd ncdinlnekwanl cdl}de śn anl deqmr}wrm wmfmwnqkdwm ed}lnqĂŢnem am bçcznm0 #namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkw#cdŢnnekw amrzwm bçcznn
ìl gdd am adqm dbbmrn#gnem zm nlqmwlmq0# kgrmwvdwmd anwnhdqĂ śn
dldend }lnqĂŢnekw ambçcznm / iwda am fwdi#cmlqdwm% wmzdwqnŢnddeqnq}anlnekw% debdq}nwmimkekinbĂ% qnz}wn amwmenmf .0#kwakldwmd anvnn}lnekwbçcznnekw fkekrnla bwn#qmwn}e qmwnqkwnde0# bkczdwdwmd }lnqĂŢnekw am bçcznm śn d anvnn#
}lnekw ekw a}zĂ bdwdb#qmwnrqnbnem rkenbnqdqmrqdgnenla drmcĂlĂwn śnamkrmgnwn0#mxmwbnŢnn am namlqnfnbdwmd fkwcmekw am amqmwnk#wdwm d cman}e}n nl wmin#}lnem nla}rqwndem śn b}q}wnrc nlqmlrnv anl kld
#qmrqm ammvde}dwm
bdeb}edqkw}e
#amrbwnmwmd
bklvmwrdŢnd
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 87/155
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwn#dq
?,Medgkwdwmd }lkwckamem śn rke}Ţnnam kwidlndwm drzdŢn}e}n imkiw d#
fnb anl zmwrzmbqn#vm amvkeqĂwnna}wdgnem,
drmcĂlĂwn śnamkrmgnwn0?,7 Namlqnfnbdwmdrke}Ţnnekw amkwidlndwm d rzdŢn}e}nanl zmwrzmbqnvd
amvkeqĂwnn a}wdgnem,
bçcznnekw śn d enqkwde}e}nśn zwmbndwmd cĂr}wnekw am bkcgdqmwm d amiwd#aĂwnn śn am kwidlndwm drzdŢn}e}n anl zmwrzmb#qnvd amvkeqĂwnn
a}wdgnem0
]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8#Bencd śn onawkiwdfnd Lw,kwm84:
Lwbwq, BklŢnl}q}wn
BkczmqmlŢm bomnm
/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢmimlmwdem
BkczmqmlŢm rzmbnfnbm DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm Wmr}wrmcdqmwndem
Wmr}wrmzwkbma}wdem
Mvde}dwm
4,
7,
2
Fdbqkwnn bdwmnlfe}lŢmdĂbencd
Bdwdbqmwnrqn#bnemmemcmlqmekwbencdqnbm ‒ qmczmwdq}wd
dmw}e}nBdwdbqmwnrqn#bnemmemcmlqmekwbencdqnbm ‒ zwmbnznqdŢnnemśn vçlq}wnem
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcd#qnbmśn bkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
4,]qnendwmdencgdh}e}nrzmbnfnb ìl
zwmmlqdwmd śnmxzenbdwmdwmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd}lkw memcmlqmanl cdqmcd#qnbĂ% śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinm ìlrq}anmwmd
4,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd qmwcm#lnekw imkiwdfnbn ìl qmxqmanfmwnqm04,2 ]qnendwmd qmwcmln#ekw imkiwdfnbn ìl bkl#qmxqm b}lkrb}qm rd} ìlbklqmxqm lkn04,= Amrbwnmwmd memcml#
qmekw% fmlkcmlmekw% zwk#
bmrmekw rd} rnrqmcmekwimkiwdfnbm }qnençlaqmwcmln imkiwdfnbn02,1 Bkwmedwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm b} fmlkcmlmanl akcmln}e deqkwśqnnlŢm0 2,6 Namlqnfnbdwmd nlfe}#mlŢmekw qmolkekinbm d#
#mxzenbdwmd qmwcmlnekwimkiwdfnbn ìlqçelnŢn ìlqmxqm anfmwnqm0# bklrqw}nwmd }l}n qmxqbkmwmlq }qnençla lkŢn#}ln śn aml}cnwn imkiwd#fnbm0# wdzkwqdwmd qmxq}e}nrbwnr ed ncdinlmd bdwqk#iwdfnbĂ anl cdl}de śndqedrm rd} oĂwŢn c}wdem0# amrbwnmwmd }lkw rnrqm#cm rzdŢndem% kgrmwvdgnemanwmbq rd} nlanwmbq /dfe}vn}e}n A}lĂwmd% dwmŢmemn onawkiwdfnbm anlnlqmwnkw.0#namlqnfnbdwmd nlfe}mlŢm#
#OdwqdfnnbĂ dE}cnn śn dM}wkzmn
#OdwqdfnnbĂ dWkcçlnmn
#Dqedrimkiwdfnb
#Cdl}de}e
bklvmwrdŢnd
mxzenbdŢnd
mxmwbnŢn}e
Zwkgemcdqnd
#kwdeĂ
kgrmwvd#wmd rnrqm#cdqnbĂ dmemvnekw
#kwdeĂ
#kwdeĂ
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 88/155
1,
=,
6,
9,
?
>,
4:,
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Iw}zdwç}wnekw am
R}a
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Cdwmd
LmdiwĂ
BkczmqmlŢŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
cman}e}nqmwmrqw}0
1,WdzkwqdwmdwmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm ed
}l r}zkwqbdwqkiwdfnb śniwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn}qnendwmd bklŢn#l}q}wnekw b} bd#
wdbqmw imkiwdfnbzwnl qmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn śnbkc}lnbĂwnn0 6,Namlqnfnbdwmdśn mxzenbdwmdancmlrn}lnn rk#bndem% bnvnbm śnb}eq}wdem d bd#wdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}n
imkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd}lkw amzwnlamwnśn qmolnbn ame}bw} zmlqw}
zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
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ekw ldq}wdem01,1 Ekbdendwmd }lkwmemcmlqm anl wmdenqdqm
zm wmzwmmlqĂwnbdwqkiwdfnbm01,6,Nlqmwzwmqdwmd wmzwm#mlqĂwnekw bdwqkiwdfnbmśn iwdfnbm rnczem0 =,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkw#cdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb ìl gdd am
adqm dbbmrngnem zmnlqmwlmq0
6,4 Mxzenbdwmd nczkw#qdlŢmn cman}e}n imkiwd#fnb de Wkcçlnmn zmlqw}kc śn rkbnmqdqm0
9,7 ]qnendwmd cmqkam#ekw rnczem am nlvmrqnid#wm /kgrmwvdwm% dldenĂ%nlqmwzwmqdwm. d wmdenqĂŢnnkfmwnqm am imkiwdfndWkcçlnmn09,1 Kwakldwmd memcml#
ekw qmolkekinbm dr}zwdwmŢmemn onawkiwdfnbm/bklrqw}bŢnnem am gdwdhm%ìlani}nwnem% bdldenĂwnemmqb,.#wmdendwmd am bkwmedŢnn
ìlqwm bencĂ śn onawk#iwdfnm0#mxmwbnŢnn am ekbdendwm dvdekwnekw memcmlqmekwbencdqnbm% mqdhmekw ben#cdqnbm% d akcmlnnekw amnlfe}mlŢĂ bencdqnbĂ zm}l r}zkwq adq0#wmdendwmd }lkw amrmlmrbomcdqnbm dem memcml#qmekw śn fmlkcmlmekw
ldq}wdem emidqm amonawkiwdfnm0#mxmwbnŢnn am namlqnfnbdwmśn ekbdendwm d wmŢmemnonawkiwdfnbm zm odwqdc}wdeĂ 0 # namlqnfnbdwm d memcml#qmekw am nlqmiwdwm /qnz}wnam bencĂ%mqdhm ambencĂ.0 #namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkwcd#
Ţnnekw amrzwm bencĂ śnonawkiwdfnm ìl gdd amadqm dbbmrngnem zmnlqmwlmq0# amrbwnmwmd }lkw rnrqm#cm rzdŢndem śn f}lbŢnk#ldem /rnrqmcm onawkiwd#fnbm% rqĂwn am vwmcm%mwkn}lm ‒ qwdlrzkwq
#Embq}wnImkiwdfnbm
#Fnśm ame}bw}
#Deg}cm
Bdeb}edqkw}e
#Qmrqm ammvde}dwm
wmd
#e}bw}e b}odwqd
mxzenbdŢnd
Amrbwnmwmd
bklvmwrdŢnd
kgrmwvd#wmd rnrqm#cdqnbĂ d memvnekw
#qmrqrmbvmlŢn#de
#kwdeĂ
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 89/155
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwn#dq
?,Medgkwdwmd}lkw ckamem śnrke}Ţnn amkwidlndwm d
rzdŢn}e}nimkiwdfnb anlzmwrzmbqnvdamvkeqĂwnna}wdgnem,
qmekw% fmlkcmlmekw śnzwkbmrmekw fkekrnlabwnqmwnn am bedrnfnbdwm8bdlqnqdqnvm% bdenqdqnvm%bwklkekinbm śnqmwnqkwndem0
9,6 Bkczdwdwmd mem#cmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw% zwkbmrmekw śn rqw}bq}wn #ekw qmwnqkwndem a}zĂ bd#wdbqmwnrqnbnem rkenbnqdqm%rqdgnenla drmcĂlĂwn śnamkrmgnwn0?,4 Namlqnfnbdwmdrke}Ţnnekw am zwkqmbŢnm dcman}e}n imkiwdfnb anlŢdwd lkdrqwĂ,
db}c}edwm.0# nlqmwzwmqdwmd nlfkwcd#Ţnnekw iwdfnbm śn bdwqk#iwdfnbm anl cdl}de0#kwakldwmd memcmlqmekwśn fmlkcmlmekw fkekrnla
bwnqmwn}e am bedrnfnbdwmbdlqnqdqnv / ìl f}lbŢnm amqmczmwdq}wĂ% bdlqnqdqmdam zwmbnznqdŢnn% am e}lin#cmd wç}wnekw mqb,.% rd}bwnqmwn}e qmwnqkwnde0# bkczdwdwmd lkŢn}lnekw nlr}śnqm dlqmwnkw b} fdz#qm kgrmwvdqm anwmbq /mx,g}emqnl}e cmqmk% onawk#ekinb% r}bbmrn}lmd fmlk#
cmlmekw nl b}wr}edl}e}n.0# namlqnfnbdwmd fkwcmekwam amqmwnkwdwm d cman}#e}n% d qwdlrfkwcĂwnekw ldq}wdem śn rkbnk#mbklk#cnbm /mx, qwdlrfkwcdwmdzmnrdh}e}n am ed }l dl eddeq}e . śn zw kz}lmwmd}lkw rke}Ţnn am zwkqmbŢnmd dbmrq}nd0
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 VmimqdŢnd% dlncdemem% rke}wnem śn dldend wminkldeĂ Lw, kwm8 =
Lw,bwq, BklŢnl}q}wn
BkczmqmlŢm bomnm
/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢmimlmwdem BkczmqmlŢm rzmbnfnbm DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm
Wmr}wrmcdqmwndem
Wmr}wrmzwkbma}wdem Mvde}dwm
4,
7,
2,
1,
=,
VmimqdŢnd%fd}ld śnrke}wnemWkcçlnmn
VmimqdŢnd% fd}ld śnrke}wnemWkcçlnmn
Ckl}cmlqmemldq}wnn
ImkiwdfndfnnbĂ d kwnklq}e}nekbde
RnlqmĂ śnmvde}dwm#imkiwdfnmfnnbĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
4,]qnendwmdencgdh}e}nrzmbnfnb ìl
zwmmlqdwmd śnmxzenbdwmdwmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd}lkw memcmlqmanl cdqmcdqn#bĂ% śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinm ìlrq}anmwmd cm#an}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1,WdzkwqdwmdwmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm ed}l r}zkwqbdwqkiwdfnb śn iwdfnb0
4,7 Amfnlnwmd% ìl b}#vnlqm zwkzwnn% d rmlr}#e}n qmwcmlnekw imkiwd#fnbn am gdĂ0 4,2 ]qnendwmd qmwcmln#ekw imkiwdfnbn ìl bkl#qmxqm b}lkrb}qm rd} ìlbklqmxqm lkn04,= Amrbwnmwmd mem#cmlqmekw% fmlkcmlm#
ekw% zwkbmrmekw rd} rnr#qmcmekw imkiwdfnbm }#qnençla qmwcmlnimkiwdfnbn02,2 Zwmmlqdwmd rqw}b#q}wdqĂ d rnrqmc}e}nqmwnqkwnde imkiwdfnb deWkcçlnmn02,1, Bkwmedwmd wmdenqĂ#Ţnn imkiwdfnbm b} fmlk#cmlm anl akcmln}e
deqkw śqnnlŢm0 1,2 Medgkwdwmd }lkwamrmlm rbomcdqnbm demmemcmlqmekw śn fmlk#cmlmekw ldq}wdem01,1 Ekbdendwmd }lkwmemcmlqm anl wmdenqdqm
zm wmzwmmlqĂwnbdwqkiwdfnbm0
#mxzenbdwmd qmwcmlnekwimkiwdfnbn ìlqçelnŢn ìlqmxqm anfmwnqm0# bklrqw}nwmd }l}n qmxqbkmwmlq }qnençla lkŢn}#ln śn aml}cnwnimkiwdfnbm0# wdzkwqdwmd qmxq}e}nrbwnr ed ncdinlmd bdwqk#iwdfnbĂ anl cdl}de śn
dqedrm rd} oĂwŢn c}wdem0# amrbwnmwmd }lkw mem#cmlqm rzdŢndem śn kgrmw #vdgnem /mqdhm am vmim#qdŢnm.0 # namlqnfnbdwmd /zm odwqĂśn nl wmdenqdqm. d mem#cmlqmekw am nlqmiwdwm/memcmlqm rzmbnfnbmmqdhmekw am vmimqdŢnm.0 #wmdendwmd am bkwmedŢnn
ìlqwm wmenmf% bencĂ% vmim#qdŢnm% fd}lĂ śn rke}wn0# nlqmwzwmqdwmd nlfkwcd#Ţnnekw bdwqkiwdfnbm% amr#
zwm wmzdwqnŢnd klmekw śnmqdhmekw am vmimqdŢnm śnd qnz}wnekw am rke}wn%anl cdl}de śn dqedrmimkiwdfnbm0
#OdwqdfnnbĂ d Wkcçlnmn
#Dqedrmimkwdfnbm
#Dqedrmgkqdlnbmśnkkekinbm
#Cdl}de}e
#Deg}cm
#Qmrqm ammvde}dwm
bklvmwrdŢnd
#mxzenbdŢnd
#mxmwbnŢn}e
Zwkgemcdqn#dwmd
#kwdeĂ
kgrmwvd#wmd rnrqm#cdqnbĂ d memv}e}n
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śn qmolnbn ame}bw} zmlqw}
zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
vmrqnidwm /kgrmwvdwm%dldenĂ% nlqmwzwmqdwm.d wmdenqĂŢnn kfmwnqm amimkiwdfnd Wkcçlnmn09,2 Zwme}bwdwmd nlfkw#cdŢnmn8 dldendwmd ad#
qmekw anl qdgmem % nl#qmwzwmqdwmd }lmn and#iwdcm rnczem% dlden#dwmd }lmn andiwdcmrnczem% medgkwdwmd}l}n qmxq zm gdd }lmnandiwdcm% medgkwdwmdam rbomcm09,1 Kwakldwmd mem#cmlqmekw% fmlkcmlm#ekw śn zwkbmrmekw fkek#
rnla bwnqmwnn am bedrnfn#bdwm8 bdlqnqdqnvm% bden#qdqnvm% bwklkekinbm śnqmwnqkwndem09,6 Bkczdwdwmd mem#cmlqmekw% fmlkcmlm#ekw% zwkbmrmekw śnrqw}bq}wnekw qmwnqkwndema}zĂ bdwdbqmwnrqnbnemrkenbnqdqm% rqdgnenladrmcĂlĂwn śn
amkrmgnwn0
# namlqnfnbdwmd nl r}wrmemam nlfkwcdŢnm d fdzqmekw rzmbnfnbm#adqm amrzwmmvke}Ţnd l}cmwnbĂ%amrzwm rqw}bq}wd
zkz}edŢnmn0
#dldend śn nlqmwzwmqdwmdadqmekw anl qdgmem%nlqmwzwmqdwmdandiwdcmekw rnczem śnmedgkwdwmd }lkw qmxqmfkekrnla lkŢn}ln emidqmam zkz}edŢnm0 #kwakldwmd memcmlqmekwśn fmlkcmlmekw fkekrnlabwnqmwnn am bedrnfnbdwmanfmwnqm8 qmwnqkwnde%
bwklkekinb śn bdlqnqdqnv0 #bkczdwdwmd anfmwnqmekwklm dem Wkcçlnmn a}zĂbdwdbqmwnrqnbnemrkenbnqdqm/vdekdwmd rzkw}e}nldq}wde% amlrnqdqmd
zkz}edŢnmn% rqw}bq}wdldŢnkldeĂ mqb .
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 DśmĂwnem kcmlmśqn Lw, kwm8 ?
Lw,bwq
BklŢnl}q}wn BkczmqmlŢmbomnm
/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢmimlmwdem
BkczmqmlŢmrzmbnfnbm
DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm Wmr}wrmcdqmwndem
Wmr}wrmzwkbma}wdem
Mvde}dwm
4,
7,
2,
1,
=,
6,
9,
Vmboncmd śnmvke}Ţnd dśmĂwnekwkcmlmśqn
DśmĂwnemw}wdem śn qnzkekind ekw
DśmĂwnem
}wgdlm
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Bdwdbqmwndwmd imkiwdfnbĂ d kwdś}e}nG}b}wmrqn
Bdwdbqmwndwmd kwdśmekwzwnlbnzdem
Kwidlndwmdacnlnrqwdqnv#qmwnqkwnded
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcd#qnbmśn bkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢd
4,]qnendwmdencgdh}e}nrzmbnfnb ìl
zwmmlqdwmd śnmxzenbdwmdwmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm0
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd}lkw memcmlqmanl cdqmcd#qnbĂ% śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinm ìlrq}anmwmd cm#an}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1,WdzkwqdwmdwmdenqĂŢnn imk#iwdfnbm ed }lr}zkwq bdwqkiwd#fnb śn iwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn
4,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd qmw#cmlnekw imkiwdfnbn ìlqmxqm anfmwnqm04,2 ]qnendwmd qmwcm#lnekw imkiwdfnbn ìlbklqmxqm b}lkrb}qmrd} ìl bklqmxqm lkn04,= Amrbwnmwmd mem#
cmlqmekw% fmlkcmlm#ekw% zwkbmrmekw rd}
rnrqmcmekw imkiwdfnbm}qnençla qmwcmlnimkiwdfnbn02,2 Zwmmlqdwmd rqw}b#q}wdqĂ d rnrqmc}e}nqmwnqkwnde imkiwdfnb deWkcçlnmn02,1 Bkwmedwmd wmdenqĂ#Ţnn imkiwdfnbm b} fm#lkcmlm anl akcmln}edeqkw śqnnlŢm0
1,1 Ekbdendwmd }lkwmemcmlqm anl wmdenqdqm zm wmzwmmlqĂwnbdwqkiwdfnbm01,6,Nlqmwzwmqdwmd wm#
zwmmlqĂwnekw bdwqk #iwdfnbm śn iwdfnbmrnczem0=,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd nl#
#mxzenbdwmd qmwcmlnekwimkiwdfnbn ìlqçelnŢn ìlqmxqm anfmwnqm0# bklrqw}nwmd }l}n qmxqbkmwmlq }qnençla lkŢn}#ln śn aml}cnwn imkiwdfn#bm0# wdzkwqdwmd qmxq}e}nrbwnr ed ncdinlmd bdwqk#iwdfnbĂ anl cdl}de śn
dqedrm rd} oĂwŢn c}wdem0# amrbwnmwmd }lkw rnrqm#cm rzdŢndem% kgrmwvdgnemanwmbq rd} nlanwmbq /ddśmĂwnekw w}wdem śn}wgdlm.0#bkwmedwmd b}lkśqnlŢmekw amrzwm dśmĂwnem kcmlm#śqn b} b}lkśqnlŢm anl ak#cmln}e nrqkwnmn0#mxmwbnŢnn am ekbdendwm
zm odwqd c}wdeĂ śn zm }lr}zkwq adq d qnz}wnekw amrdqm śn d kwdśmekw0 # amrbwnmwmd }lkw rnrqm#cm rzdŢndem śn f}lbŢnk#ldem/rnrqmcm }wgdlm%kwidlndwm dacnlnrqwd#qnvĂ.0 # nlqmwzwmqdwmd nlfkwcd#
#OdwqdfnnbĂ d Wkcçlnmn
#Odwqddacnlnrqwd#qnvĂ d Wkcçlnmn
#OdwqdmbklkcnbĂdWkcçlnmn
Cdl}de}e
#Dqedrmimkiwdfnbm
bklvmwrdŢnd
#mxzenbdŢnd
#mxmwbnŢn}e
zwkgemcdqndwmd
#e}bw}e b}odwqd
#mxzenbdŢnd
#kwdeĂ
kgrmwvd#wmd rnrqm#
cdqnbĂ d memvnekw
#kwdeĂ
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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?,Rnlqmd#Zkz}edŢnd śndśmĂwnem kcmlmśqn
aninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
}qnendwmd bkl#Ţnl}q}wnekw b}bdwdbqmw imk#iwdfnb zwnl qmo#lkekind nlfkw#cdŢnmn śn
bkc}lnbĂwnn0 6,Namlqnfnbdwmdśn mxzenbdwmdancmlrn}lnnrkbndem% bnvnbmśn b}eq}wdem dbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}nimkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd}lkw amzwnlamwnśn qmolnbn ame}bw} zmlqw}
zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
fkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdb#qmw imkiwdfnb ìl gddam adqm dbbmrngnem zmnlqmwlmq0
6,4 Mxzenbdwmd nczkw#qdlŢmn cman}e}n imk#iwdfnb de Wkcçlnmn
zmlqw} kc śn rkbnmqqm0 6,7 Mxzenbdwmd anvmw#rnqĂŢnn ldq}wdem% }cd#lm śn b}eq}wdem d ŢĂwnnlkdrqwm% wmdençla bk#wmedŢnn b} nlfkwcdŢnnemakgçlanqm ed deqm
anrbnzenlm09,7 ]qnendwmd cmqk#amekw rnczem am nl#vmrqnidwm /kgrmwvdwm%dldenĂ% nlqmwzwmqdwm.d wmdenqĂŢnn kfmwnqm amimkiwdfnd Wkcçlnmn09,1 Kwakldwmd mem#cmlqmekw% fmlkcmlm#ekw śn zwkbmrmekw fkek#rnla bwnqmwnn am bedrnfn#
bdwm8 bdlqnqdqnvm% bden#qdqnvm% bwklkekinbm śnqmwnqkwndem09,6 Bkczdwdwmd mem#cmlqmekw% fmlkcmlm#ekw% zwkbmrmekw śnrqw}bq}wnekw qmwnqkwndema}zĂ bdwdbqmwnrqnbnemrkenbnqdqm% rqdgnenla
Ţnnekw bdwqkiwdfnbm anlcdl}de zwnvnla dśmĂwn#em kcmlmśqn śn kwidlnd#wmd dacnlnrqwdqnvĂ0 # dldend ekbdenĂwnnbkczklmlqmekw rkbndem
zwnl }qnendwmd nlfkwcd#Ţnnekw bdwqkiwdfnbm0 #mxmwbnŢnn am qwdlrfmwdwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw zm r}#zkwq}wn bdwqkiwdfnbm /dkwdśmekw cdwn śncnhekbnn śn d h}amŢmekw.0 #namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkw#cdŢnnekw amrzwm dśmĂ#wnem kcmlmśqn śn amrzwmkwidlndwmd dacnlnr#
qwdqnv qmwnqkwndeĂ ìl gddam adqm dbbmrngnem zmnlqmwlmq0#mxzenbdwmd anvmwrnqĂŢnnldq}wdem śn b}eq}wdem demŢĂwnn lkdrqwm0 #dldend śn nlqmwzwmqdwmdncdinlnekw śn oĂwŢnekw qmcdqnbm anl cdl}de0#kwakldwmd memcmlqmekwfkekrnla bwnqmwn}e am
bedrnfnbdwm qmwnqkwnde0#bkczdwdwmd h}amŢmekw ìlqwm mem % rqdgnenladrmcĂlĂwn śn amkrmgnwn%ìl f}lbŢnm am bdwdbqm#wnrqnbnem rkenbnqdqm0# namlqnfnbdwmd fkwcmekwam amqmwnkwdwm d cman}#e}n% d qwdlrfkwcĂwnekw
#Embq}wnimkiwdfnbm
#Ne}rqwdqm
Bdeb}edqkw
#amrbwnmwmd
bklvmwrdŢnd
#kwdeĂ
#kwdeĂ
#qmrqrmbvmlŢnde
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=,
6,
9,
?,
>,
4:,
Nla}rqwndcmqde}winbĂ śnbklrqw}bqkdwmam cdśnln
Nla}rqwndboncnbĂ% demcl}e}n śn dcdqmwndemekwam bklrqw}bŢnn
WmzdwqnŢndimkiwdfnbĂ dnla}rqwnmn
BkcmwŢ}enlqmwnkw śnq}wnrc}e
Qwdlrzkwq}wn#em fmwkvndwm śnw}qnmwmQwdlrzkwq}wn#em fe}vndem%cdwnqncm%
dmwnmlm śnqmembkc}lnbd#Ţnnem
ImkiwdfndmbklkcnbĂ#rnlqmĂ
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
1,WdzkwqdwmdwmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm ed}l r}zkwqbdwqkiwdfnb śn
iwdfnb0
=,Dbbmrdwmd śn}qnendwmd bklŢn#l}q}wnekw b} bd#wdbqmw imkiwdfnb
zwnl qmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn śnbkc}lnbĂwnn0 6,Namlqnfnbdwmdśn mxzenbdwmdancmlrn}lnn rk#bndem% bnvnbm śnb}eq}wdem d bd#wdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}nimkiwdfnb0
9,Akgçlanwmd}lkw amzwnlamwnśn qmolnbn ame}bw} zmlqw}
zwmiĂqnwmd zmwcdlmlqĂ0
śqnnlŢm0 1,2 Medgkwdwmd }lkw am#rmlm rbomcdqnbm dem mem#cmlqmekw śn fmlkcm#lmekw ldq}wdem01,1 Ekbdendwmd }lkw
memcmlqm anl wmdenqdqm zm wmzwmmlqĂwn bdwqk#iwdfnbm01,6Nlqmwzwmqdwmd wm#
zwmmlqĂwnekw bdwqk #iwdfnbm śn iwdfnbmrnczem0=,4 NamlqnfnbdwmdnlfkwcdŢnnekw b}bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb ìlgdd am adqm dbbmrngnem
zm nlqmwlmq0
6,4 Mxzenbdwmd nczkw#qdlŢmn cman}e}n imkiwd#fnb de Wkcçlnmn zmlqw}kc śn rkbnmqdqm0
9,7 ]qnendwmd cmqkam#ekw rnczem am nlvmrqnid#wm /kgrmwvdwm% dldenĂ%nlqmwzwmqdwm. d wmdenqĂŢnnkfmwnqm am imkiwdfndWkcçlnmn09,1 Kwakldwmd memcml#qmekw% fmlkcmlmekw śnzwkbmrmekw fkekrnla
nla}rqwndem.0# namlqnfnbdwmd ìlr}wrmem am nlfkwcdŢnmd fdzqmekw rzmbnfnbm/adqm% aml}cnwn%ekbdenĂwn.0
#mxmwbnŢnn amekbdendwm zm odwqdc}wdeĂ śn zm }lr}zkwq adq dwmin}lnekw diwnbkem% dwmr}wrmekw ldq}wdem śnd bmlqwmekwnla}rqwndem0# amrbwnmwmd }lkwrnrqmcm kgrmwvdgnem0# amrbwnmwmd }lkw
rnrqmcm rzdŢndem /rnrqmc am qwdlrzkwq .0# dldend zknŢnmn śnekbdenĂwnnbkczklmlqmekwimkiwdfnbm /dwmin}lnekw diwnbkem śnnla}rqwndem.0#mxmwbnŢnn amnlqmwzwmqdwm dnlfkwcdŢnnekw
bdwqkiwdfnbm anlcdl}de wmfmwnqkdwm ednla}rqwnm% diwnb}eq}wĂśn qwdlrzkwq}wn0 # qwdlrfmwdwmdnlfkwcdŢnnekw wmfmwnqkdwm eddiwnb}eq}wĂ rd} wdc}wnnla}rqwndem zm
#Cdl}de}e
#Embq}wnimkiwdfnbm
#Wmvnrqm
Bdeb}edqkw
zwkgemcdqn#dwmd
#e}bw}e b}odwqd
mxzenbdŢnd
amrbwnmwm
bklvmwrdŢnd
#kwdeĂ
#kwdeĂ
#qmrqrmbvmlŢn#de
n nn a e nfn n
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NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwn#dq
?,Medgkwdwmd}lkw ckamem śnrke}Ţnn am kwid#lndwm d rzdŢn}#e}n imkiwdfnbanl zmwrzmbqnvm
amvkeqĂwnna}wdgnem
bwnqmwnn am bedrnfnbdwm8bdlqnqdqnvm% bdenqdqnvm%bwklkekinbm śnqmwnqkwndem09,6 Bkczdwdwmd mem#cmlqmekw% fmlkcmlmekw%
zwkbmrmekw śn rqw}bq}#wnekw qmwnqkwndem a}zĂbdwdbqmwnrqnbnem rkenbnqd#qm% rqdgnenla drmcĂlĂwnśn amkrmgnwn0?,4 Namlqnfnbdwmdrke}Ţnnekw am zwkqmbŢnm dcman}e}n imkiwdfnb anlŢdwd lkdrqwĂ, ?,7 Namlqnfnbdwmd rke}#Ţnnekw am kwidlndwm d
rzdŢn}e}n anl zmwrzmb#qnvd amvkeqĂwnna}wdgnem,
r}zkwq}wnbdwqkiwdfnbm0#namlqnfnbdwmd nlfkw#cdŢnnekw amrzwm mbk#lkcnd Wkcçlnmn anlanfmwnqm r}wrm0
# bkczdwdwmd anfmwnqm#ekw klm dem ŢĂwnn anlz}lbq am vmamwm mbk#lkcnb rqdgnenla drm#cĂlĂwn śn amkrmgnwn0 #namlqnfnbdwmd klmekwamiwdadqm dem cman}#e}n imkiwdfnb0#namlqnfnbdwmd rke}Ţnn#ekw am zwkqmbŢnm d cm#an}e}n śn namlqnfnbdwmd
rke}Ţnnekw am kwidlnd#wmd d rzdŢn}e}n imk#iwdfnb anl zmwrzmbqnvdamvkeqĂwnn a}wdgnem0
]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8#Wkcçlnd ì l M}wkzd śn ìl e}cm śn zwkgemcm dem cman}e}n ìlbklh}wĂqkw Lw, kwm8 1
Lw,
bwq BklŢnl}q}wn
BkczmqmlŢm
bomnm/m}wkzmlm.
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imlmwdem
Bkczmqmlqm
rzmbnfnbm DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm
Wmr}wrm
cdqmwndem
Wmr}wrm
zwkbma}wdem Mvde}dwm
4, Ekb}eWkcçlnmn ìlmbklkcndm}wkzmdlĂ śncklandeĂ,
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
4,]qnendwmdencgdh}e}n rzm#bnfnb ìl zwmml#qdwmd śn mxzenbd#wmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm0
4,2 ]qnendwmd qmwcm#lnekw imkiwdfnbn ìlbklqmxqm b}lkrb}qmrd} ìl bklqmxqm lkn04,1 Medgkwdwmd }l}nqmxq bkmwmlq }qnençlaqmwcmln imkiwdfnbn0
#mxzenbdwmd qmwcmlnekwimkiwdfnbn ìlqçelnŢn ìlqmxqm anfmwnqm0# bklrqw}nwmd }l}n qmxqbkmwmlq }qnençlalkŢn}ln śn aml}cnwnimkiwdfnbm0
#Odwqd zkenqnbĂ d e}cnn
bklvmwrdŢnd
mxzenbdŢnd #kwdeĂ
7 B q n qn n B q Ţ 2 Q f 2 7 M en f q q q e n
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 100/155
7,
2,
1,
Bdwdbqmwnrqnbndem cman}e}n
ìlbklh}wĂqkw
Wmin}lnem
imkiwdfnbm demWkcçlnmn,Dldend }lmnwmin}lnimkiwdfnbm
Memcmlqm demamvkeqĂwnna}wdgnem
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢd
rkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
2,Qwdlrfmwdwmd}lkw memcmlqmanl cdqmcd#qnbĂ% śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinm ìlrq}anmwmd cm#
an}e}n qmwmrqw}0
1,WdzkwqdwmdwmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm ed
}l r}zkwqbdwqkiwdfnb śniwdfnb0=,Dbbmrdwmd śn}qnendwmd bklŢn#l}q}wnekw b} bd#wdbqmw imkiwdfnbzwnl qmolkekindnlfkwcdŢnmn śnbkc}lnbĂwnn0 6,Namlqnfnbdwmd
śn mxzenbdwmdancmlrn}lnnrkbndem% bnvnbmśn b}eq}wdem dbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekwrzdŢn}e}nimkiwdfnb09,Akgçlanwmd}lkw amzwnlamwn
2,7 Mxzenbdwmd fmlk#cmlmekw śn zwkbmrmekw rzmbnfnbm cman}e}nìlbklh}wĂqkw anl ŢdwdlkdrqwĂ0 2,2 Zwmmlqdwmd rqw}b#
q}wdqĂ d rnrqmc}e}nqmwnqkwnde imkiwdfnb deWkcçlnmn02,6 Namlqnfnbdwmd nl#fe}mlŢmekw qmolkekinn#ekw dr}zwd bdwdbqmwnr#qnbnekw imkiwdfnbm demWkcçlnmn01,1 Ekbdendwmd }lkwmemcmlqm anl wmdenqdqm
zm wmzwmmlqĂwn
bdwqkiwdfnbm0
=,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd nl#fkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdb#qmw imkiwdfnb ìl gddam adqm dbbmrngnem zmnlqmwlmq0
6,4 Mxzenbdwmd
nczkwqdlŢmn cman}e}nimkiwdfnb deWkcçlnmn zmlqw} kcśn rkbnmqdqm0
9,7 ]qnendwmd cmqk#amekw rnczem am nl#
# wdzkwqdwmd qmxq}e}nrbwnr ed ncdinlmdbdwqkiwdfnbĂ anl cdl}deśn dqedrm rd} oĂwŢnc}wdem0# kgrmwvdwmd anwnhdqĂ śn
dldendrnq}dŢnmn Wkcçlnmn zmzedl cklande anl z}lbqam vmamwm mbklkcnb0#mxmwbnŢnn am fkekrnwm dbklbmzqmekw rq}andqm ìlrnq}dŢnn lkn0 # wmdendwmd śn r}rŢnlmwmd}lmn e}bwĂwn nlamzmlamlqm zwnvnlacman}e imkiwdfnb0
# namlqnfnbdwmdbkczklmlqmekwrzmbnfnbm dem cman}e}nnlbklh}wĂqkw / fnnbk#imkiwdfnbm śn rkbnde#mbklkcnbm.0#namlqnfnbdwmdnlfkwcdŢnnekw b} zwnvnwmed cman}e ìlbklh}wĂqkw
ìl gdd am adqmdbbmrngnem zm nlqmwlmq0
# namlqnfnbdwmd fkwcmekwam amqmwnkwdwm dcman}e}n0# dldendqwdlrfkwcĂwnekw śnnamlqnfnbdwmd }lkwrke}Ţnn am bkcgdqmwm damiwdaĂwnn cman}e}n0 #namlqnfnbdwmd rke}Ţnnekw
#OdwqdfnnbĂ dWkcçlnmn
Cdl}de}e
#Wmvnrqm
bdeb}edqkw
mxmwbnŢn}e
zwkgemcdqnd#wmd
#e}bw}e b}odwqd
mxzenbdŢnd
amrbwnmwmd
bklvmwrdŢnd
#qmcĂzmlqw}dbdrĂ
#kwdeĂ
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 102/155
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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rnrqmcm r}bbmrn}ln
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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rnrqmcm% r}bbmrn}ln6,4 ‒ amvkeqdwmd nlqmwmr}e}n zmlqw} bmwbmqdwmd śqnnlŢnfnbĂ dbkc}lnqĂŢnn
1, DqckrfmwdqmwmrqwĂ
DebĂq}nwmd śn rqw}bq}wddqckrfmwmn
Fdbqkwnn imlmqnbn dn bencmn
Bencdqmem Qmwwmn
Mvke}Ţnd śn qmlanlŢmem ammvke}Ţnm dem bencmn
OĂwŢnem bencdqnbm śn odwqdrnlkzqnbĂ
Dldend śn nlqmwzwmqdwmdadqmekw
Bencd śn rkbnmqdqmdkcmlmdrbĂ
Bencd kwnklq}e}n ekbde
4,4 ‒ }qnendwmd qmwcnlkekinmn śqnnlŢnfnbm śn anrbnzenldwmrzmbnfnbm /bklbmzqm% lkŢn}ln. zmlqw} zwmmlqdwmd }lmnnlfkwcdŢnn zmwqnlmlqm 4,7 ‒ dwi}cmlqdwmd }l}n amcmwr mxzenbdqnv7,4 ‒ kzmwdwmd b} rnrqmc}e bklbmzq}de śn cmqkakekinb rzmbnfnbśqnnlŢmekw 7,7 ‒ fkwcdendwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw 2,7 ‒ dldend nlqmwdbŢn}lnekw anlqwm memcmlqmem ldq}wdem1,1 ‒ qwmbmwmd am ed k rbdwĂ ed deqd1,= ‒ wmedŢnkldwmd f}lbŢnkldeĂ d }lkw memcmlqm ldq}wdem śnrkbndem /zwnl rq}ann am bd.1,6 ‒ amrbwnmwmd śn mxzenbdwmd fdzqmekw kgrmwvdqm zm qmwml rd}namlqnfnbdqm zm ckamem
=,7 ‒ }qnendwmd qmolkekinmn akb}cmlqĂwnn gngenkiwdfnbmmfnbnmlqm=,1 ‒ }qnendwmd }lkw cmqkam śn qmolnbn rnczem% rzmbnfnbmanfmwnqmekw anrbnzenlm rqnnlŢnfnbm% zmlqw} dldend }lkw memcmlqmdem bencmn% onawkiwdfnmn śn ìlvmenś}e}n gnkimkiwdfnb ìlbklqmxq}e cman}e}n ìlbklh}wĂqkw 6,7 ‒ ìcgnldwmd anfmwnqmekw qnz}wn am dldenĂ /mcznwnbĂ%okenrqnbĂ% mqb,.
? 4=#77
=, DzmemQmwwmn
Bkczklmqmem onawkrfmwmn
Dzmem bklqnlmlqdem śnkbmdlnbm
Dldend śn nlqmwzwmqdwmd}lkw adqm onawkekinbm
Onawkrfmwd śn rkbnmqdqmd
4,4 ‒ }qnendwmd qmwcnlkekinmn śqnnlŢnfnbm śn anrbnzenldwmrzmbnfnbm /bklbmzqm% lkŢn}ln. zmlqw} zwmmlqdwmd }lmn
nlfkwcdŢnn zmwqnlmlqm 4,7 ‒ dwi}cmlqdwmd }l}n amcmwr mxzenbdqnv7,4 ‒ kzmwdwmd b} rnrqmc}e bklbmzq}de śn cmqkakekinb rzmbnfnbśqnnlŢmekw 7,7 ‒ fkwcdendwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw 2,7 ‒ dldend nlqmwdbŢn}lnekw anlqwm memcmlqmem ldq}wdem 1,4 ‒ bnqnwmd śn nlqmwzwmqdwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw iwdfnbm śn
= 72#79
}cdlĂ bdwqkiwdfnbm
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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}cdlĂ
Onawkiwdfnd kwnklq}e}nekbde
DzenbdŢnn zwdbqnbm ìlkwnklq}e ekbde
bdwqkiwdfnbm1,2 ‒ medgkwdwmd }lkw amrmlm rbomcdqnbm dem memcmlqmekw śnfmlkcmlmekw ldq}wdem1,6 ‒ Amrbwnmwmd śn mxzenbdwmd fdzqmekw kgrmwvdqm zm qmwml rd}namlqnfnbdqm zm ckamem=,4 ‒ namlqnfnbdwmd r}wrmekw am nlfkwcdwm śn d nlfkwcdŢnmn }qnem ìl rnrqmcmem c}eqncmand=,7 ‒ }qnendwmd qmolkekinmn akb}cmlqĂwnn gngenkiwdfnbmmfnbnmlqm=,2 ‒ }qnendwmd }lkw cmqkam am dldenĂ anwmbqĂ rd} cmandqĂ =,1 ‒ }qnendwmd }lkw cmqkam śn qmolnbn rnczem% rzmbnfnbmanfmwnqmekw anrbnzenlm rqnnlŢnfnbm% zmlqw} dldend }lkw memcmlqmdem bencmn% onawkiwdfnmn śn ìlvmenś}e}n gnkimkiwdfnb ìlbklqmxq}e cman}e}n ìlbklh}wĂqkw 6,4 ‒ amvkeqdwmd nlqmwmr}e}n zmlqw} bmwbmqdwmd śqnnlŢnfnbĂ dbkc}lnqĂŢnn
6, VndŢd śnrke}wnem zm
Qmwwd
Gnkrfmwd śn kwidlndwmd mn
Mvke}Ţnd vnmŢnn zm Qmwwd
Zmakrfmwd
Xklmem gnkzmakbencdqnbm
Gnkrfmwd% rke}wnem śndbqnvnqdqmd }cdlĂ
DzenbdŢnn zwdbqnbm ìlkwnklq}e ekbde
4,4 ‒ }qnendwmd qmwcnlkekinmn śqnnlŢnfnbm śn anrbnzenldwmrzmbnfnbm /bklbmzqm% lkŢn}ln. zmlqw} zwmmlqdwmd }lmnnlfkwcdŢnn zmwqnlmlqm 4,7 ‒ dwi}cmlqdwmd }l}n amcmwr mxzenbdqnv7,4 ‒ kzmwdwmd b} rnrqmc}e bklbmzq}de śn cmqkakekinb rzmbnfnbśqnnlŢmekw 7,7 ‒ fkwcdendwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw 2,7 ‒ dldend nlqmwdbŢn}lnekw anlqwm memcmlqmem ldq}wdem 1,4 ‒ bnqnwmd śn nlqmwzwmqdwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw iwdfnbm śnbdwqkiwdfnbm
1,7 ‒ bnqnwmd oĂwŢnekw śn }qnendwmd rmclmekw bklvmlŢnkldem =,4 ‒ namlqnfnbdwmd r}wrmekw am nlfkwcdwm d nlfkwcdŢnmn }qnem ìlrnrqmcmem c}eqncmand=,7 ‒ }qnendwmd qmolkekinmn akb}cmlqĂwnn gngenkiwdfnbmmfnbnmlqm=,1 ‒ }qnendwmd }lkw cmqkam śn qmolnbn rnczem% rzmbnfnbmanfmwnqmekw anrbnzenlm rqnnlŢnfnbm% zmlqw} dldend }lkw memcmlqm
1 7?#24
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]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 N ZĂcçlq}e k mlqnqdqm d ]lnvmwr}e}n
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 N, ZĂcçlq}e# k mlqnqdqm d ]lnvmwr}e}n Lw, kwm8 1
Lw,bwq,
BklŢnl}q}wn BkczmqmlŢmbomnm
/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢmimlmwdem
BkczmqmlŢmrzmbnfnbm
DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm
Wmr}wrm Mvde}dwm
Zwkbma}wdem Cdqmwndem
4,
7,
]lnvmwr}e śnRnrqmc}e rkedw
Mvke}Ţnd]lnvmwr}e}n śnd Qmwwmn
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìlencgd cdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìlencgn rqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm/2,4,.śn bkczmqmlŢm am
gdĂ ìl śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn/2,7,.
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
4, ]qnendwmdbkwmbqĂ dqmwcnlkekinmnrzmbnfnbm zmlqw}mxzenbdwmdcman}e}nimkiwdfnb}qnençla encgdhmanfmwnqm
7, Wdzkwqdwmdmemcmlqmekw rmc#lnfnbdqnvm anl rk#bnmqdqm% śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinm ed cm#an}e ìlbklh}wĂqkw bd ìlqwmi śn rnrqm#cmem rdem bkczk#lmlqm2, Nlqmiwdwmd dr#zmbqmekw anl ldq}#wĂ śn rkbnmqdqm ìl#qw#k rqw}bq}wĂkgnmbqnvĂ /cman}eìlbklh}wĂqkw. śn k
4,4, ]qnendwmd qmw#cnlkekinmn śqnnlŢn#fnbm śn anrbnzenldwmrzmbnfnbm/bklbmzqm%lkŢn}ln. zmlqw}zwmmlqdwmd }lmnnlfkwcdŢnnzmwqnlmlqm04,7, Dwi}cmlqdwmd}l}n amcmwr mxzen#bdqnv04,2, ]qnendwmd}lkw memcmlqm qmw#cnlkekinbm cnln#cm anl encgnemrqwĂnlm 7,4, Kzmwdwmd b}rnrqmc}e bklbmz#q}de śn cmqkakekinbrzmbnfnb śqnnlŢmekw 7,7, FkwcdendwmdnlfkwcdŢnnekw
2,7, DldendnlqmwdbŢn}lnekw anlqwm memcmlqmemldq}wdem
# zwmmlqdwmd śn mxzen#bdwmd lkŢn}lnekw śnfdzqmekw rzmbnfnbm8}lnvmwr% idedxnm%bklrqmedŢnm% rqmd% rnr#qmc rkedw% bkcmqĂ%cmqmkwnq% cnśbdwm amwkqdŢnm śn am wmvke}Ţnmmqb,#mxzenbdwmd fkwcĂwnn]lnvmwr}e}n% Rnrqm#c}e}n rkedw śn Qmwwmn0 #}qnendwmd qmwcmlnekwimkiwdfnbn ìlvĂŢdŢn ìlbklqmxqm b}lkrb}qm śn
ìl bklqmxqm lkn0#namlqnfnbdwmd śn dld#endwmd emiĂq}wnekw ìl#qwm memcmlqmem% fmlk#cmlmem śn zwkbmrmemìlvĂŢdqm0 #qwdlrfmwdwmd memcml#qmekw anl cdqmcdqnbĂśn śqnnlŢm ìl akcmln}eimkiwdfnmn0#}qnendwmd r}zkwq}wn#ekw iwdfnbm śnckamem#ekw zmlqw}amrbwnmwmd%#mxzenbdwmd śnbkczd#wdwmd
BklvmwrdŢndm}wnrqnbĂ
Amcklrqwd#Ţnd
MxzenbdŢnd
Zwkgemcdqn#dwmd
ÌlvĂŢdwmdzwnl amrbkzm#wnwm
Dbqnvnqdqm amiw}z
Cdl}de
DqedrmMlbnbek#zmann
Iwdfnbm
Iwdfnbm
Ncdinlnrdqmenqdwm
Bdeb}ed#qkw
Qmrqzwmanbqnv
KgrmwvdwmrnrqmcdqnbĂ
KwdeĂ
KgrmwvdwmrnrqmcdqnbĂ
KwdeĂ
KwdeĂ
anrbnzenlĂ am bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekw
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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2,BdwdbqmwnrqnbnemZĂcçlq}e}n śnbklrmbnlŢmem
imkiwdfnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ/QRN ‒ Qmolkekind
RkbnmqĂŢnnNlfkwcdŢnmn.
a rb z Ă amrnlqmĂ/imkiwdfnd.1, WmedŢnkldwmdmemcmlqmekw śnfmlkcmlmekw anlwmdenqdqm/ldq}wĂ śn
rkbnmqdqm. b}wmzwmmlqĂwnem ekw bdwqkiwdfnbm%iwdfnbm% zmncdinln rdqmenqdwmrd} ckamem
=, Akgçlanwmd}lkw zwnbmzmwn%amzwnlamwn%
cmqkanbn imlmwdemam ìlvĂŢdwm/nlbe}rnv QNB.%bdwm rĂ fdbnenqmmk zwmiĂqnw m
zmwcdlmlqĂdr}cdqĂ
1,4, Bnqnwmd śn nl#qmwzwmqdwmd nlfkw#cdŢnmn bdwqkiwdfnbmśn iwdfnbm
1,7, Kzmwdwmd b}rncgke}wn% rmclmśn bklvmlŢnn 1,6, Amrbwnmwmd śnmxzenbdwmd fdzqmekwkgrmwvdqm zm qmwmlrd} namlqnfnbdqm zmckamem=,4, Namlqnfnbdwmdr}wrmekw am nlfkw#cdwm śn d nlfkwcd#
Ţnmn }qnem ìl rnrqm#cmem c}eqncmand=,7, ]qnendwmd qmo#lkekinmn akb}cml#qĂwnn gngenkiwdfnbmmfnbnmlqm=,1, ]qnendwmd}lkw cmqkam śn qmolnbn rnczem rzm#bnfnbm anfmwnqmekwnrbnzenlm śqnnlŢnfnbm
zmlqw} dldend}lkw bdwdbqmwnrqnbndem Qmwwmn=,6, Dzenbdwmd ck#adenqĂŢnekw am dlden#Ă zm memcmlqmrnczem% rnrqmcm%r}bbmrn}ln=,9, ]qnendwmd
bd dbqm rq b kimkiwdfnbm demQmwwmn0#namlqnfnbdwmd bklrm#bnlŢmekw imkiwdfnbmdem bdwdbqmwnrqnbnekw
Qmwwmn0#rmrndwmd bklrmbnl#Ţmekw imkiwdfnbm dembdwdbqmwnrqnbnekw Qm#wwmn zwnl }qnendwmd}lkw cmqkam rnczemam nlvmrqnidwm /kg#rmwvdwm% dldenĂ%nlqmwzwmqdwm.0#rmembqdwmd śn zwme}#bwdwmd nlf kwcdŢnnekw
b} bdwdbqmw imkiwdfnb ìl gdm am adqm dbbm#rngnem zwnl nlqmwlmqrd} ìl cdrr#cmand0#dzenbdwmd b}lkśqnl#Ţmekw śn amzwnlamwnekw ìlvĂŢdqm ìl rnc}eĂwnDME rd} zm bdeb}ed#qkw0#namlqnfnbdwmd wmzm#wmekw kgrmwvdgnem am
qncz0#rmembqdwmd śn zwme}#bwdwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b} bdwdbqmw imkiwd#fnb% }qnençla cmqkamśn qmolnbn rzmbnfnbmdeqkw anrbnzenlmśqnnlŢnfnbm0 #namlqnfnbdwmd emiĂq}#
AmcklrqwdŢnd
BkczdwdŢnd
Dbqnvnqdqm amiw}z
ÌlvĂŢdwmd zwnlamrbkzmwnwm
BklvmwrdŢndm}wnrqnbĂ
Iekgimkiwdfnb
Iekgimkiwdfnb
NlqmwlmqCdrr#cmand
Bdeb}ed#qkwDME
KgrmwvdwmrnrqmcdqnbĂ
KgrmwvdwmrnrqmcdqnbĂ
KwdeĂ
}lkw cmqkam mx# wnekw ìlqwm memcml# Dbqnvnqdqm am
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BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwndq
Rmlrngnendwm śnmxzwncdwmb}eq}wdeĂ
6, Akgçlanwmd}lkw bkczmqmlŢmrkbndem% nlqmwzmw#
rkldem% nlqmwb}e#q}wdem% bnvnbm śndlqwmzwmlkwndemzm gdd rq}anmwnnimkiwdfnmn
zmwncmlqdem śn amrnc}edwm6,4, Amvkeqdwmdnlqmwmr}e}n zmlqw}bmwbmqdwmd śqnnlŢn#
fnbĂ d bkc}lnqĂŢnn6,7, Ìcgnldwmdanfmwnqmekw qnz}wn amdldenĂ/mcznwnbĂ%okenrqnbĂ mqb,.
qmem% zwkbmrmem śn fm#lkcmlmem ìlvĂŢdqm%}qnençla cmqkamrnczem am nlvmrqnidwmśn anfmwnqm ckamem am
rnc}edwm0#dzenbdwmd b}lkśqnl#Ţmekw śn amzwnlamwnekw ìlvĂŢdqm ìl vmamwmdrqnc}eĂwnn nlqmwmr}e}nzmlqw} bmwbmqdwmśqnnlŢnfnbĂ0
iw}z Iwdfnbm
Iekg
imkiwdfnb
KgrmwvdwmrnrqmcdqnbĂ
KwdeĂ
]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm
8CĂr}wdwmd śn wmzwmmlqdwmd rzdŢn}e}n qmwmrqw}
Lw,kwm8 1
Lw,bwq BklŢnl}q}wn
BkczmqmlŢm bomnm
/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢm imlmwdem
BkczmqmlŢm rzmbnfnbm
DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm
Wmr}wrmMvde}dwm
Zwkbma}wdem Cdqmwndem
4, Bkkwakldqmemimkiwdfnbm
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìlencgd cdqmwlĂ
4,]qnendwmd bkwmbqĂd qmwcnlkekinmnrzmbnfnbm zmlqw}mxzenbdwmd
cman}e}n imkiwdfnb}qnençla encgdhmanfmwnqm
4,4, ]qnendwmd qmw#cnlkekinmn śqnnlŢnfn#bm śn anrbnzenldwmrzmbnfnbm /bklbmzq#
qm%lkŢn}ln. zmlqw}zwmmlqdwmd }lmn nl#fkwcdŢnn wmfmwnqkdwmed bkkwakldqmemimkiwdfnbm4,7,Dwi}cmlqdwmd}l}n amcmwr mxzen#bdqnv4,2, ]qnendwmd }lkw
# zwmmlqdwmd śn mx# zenbdwmd lkŢn}lnekw am mcnrfmwm% cmwn#andlm% zdwdemem% edqn#
q}anlm% eklinq}anlm% zwknmbŢnn bdwqkiwd #fnbm% zedl%rbdwĂ am
zwkzkwŢnm%oĂwŢnqmcdqnbm mqb#}qnendwmd qmwcmln#ekw imkiwdfnbn ìlbklqmxqm b}lkrb}qmśn ìl bklqmxqm lkn
BklvmwrdŢndm}wnrqnbĂ
MxzenbdŢnd
Amcklrqwd#Ţnd
E}bw}e b}
OdwqdfnnbĂ de}cnn
Cdl}de
Dqedrmimkiwdfnbm
KwdeĂ
Kgrmwvd#wmd rnrqm#cdqnbĂ
memcmlqm qmwcnlk# #bnqnwmd śn nlqmwzwm# odwqd
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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7,
2,
1,
WmzwmmlqĂwnbdwqkiwdfnbm
Wmzwmmlqd#wmd śn bdeb}e}eanrqdlŢmekw śnr}zwdfmŢmekwzm oĂwŢnimkiwdfnbm śn
ìl kwnklq}eekbde
WmzwmmlqĂ#wnem bdwqkiwd#fnbm śnrkbnmqdqmd}cdlĂ
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm/2,4. śn bkczmqmlŢm
am gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn/2,7.
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ/QRN#QmolkekindRkbnmqĂŢnnNlfkwcdŢnmn.
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbmNlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwndq
7,Wdzkwqdwmd mem#cmlqmekw rmclnfn#bdqnvm anl rkbnmqd#
qm% śqnnlŢĂ śnqmolkekinm edcman}e ìlbklh}wĂqkw bd ìlqwmi śnrnrqmcmem rdembkczklmlqm1,WmedŢnkldwmd mem#cmlqmekw śn fmlk#cmlmekw anl wmdenqd#qm /ldq}wĂ śn rkbn#mqdqm. b} wmzwmml#
qĂwnem ekw iwdfnbm%bdwqkiwdfnbm% zmncdinln rdqmenqdwmrd} ckamem
=,Akgçlanwmd }lkwzwnbmzmwn% amzwnlam#wn%cmqkam śn qmolnbnimlmwdem am ìlvĂŢd#wm /nlbe}rnv QNB.
bdwm rĂ fdbnenqmm k zwmiĂqnwm zmwcd#lmlqĂ dr}cdqĂ 6,Akgçlanwmd }lkwbkczmqmlŢm rkbndem%nlqmwb}eq}wdem%bnvnbmśn dlqwmzwmlkwndemzm gdd rq}anmwnnimkiwdfnmn
ekinbm cnlncm anlencgnem rqwĂnlm7,4,Kzmwdwmd b} rnr#qmc}e bklbmzq}de śncmqkakekinb
rzmbnfnb śqnnlŢmekw
1,4,Bnqnwmd śn nlqmw # zwmqdwmd nlfkwcdŢnmniwdfnbm śn bdwqkiwd#fnbm1,7,Kzmwdwmd b}rncgke}wn%rmclm śn
bklvmlŢnn 1,1,Qwmbmwmd am ed krbdwĂ ed deqd 1,=,Bklrqw}nwmd }#lkw rbonŢm bdwqkiwd#fnbm rnczem=,4, Namlqnfnbdwmdr}wrmekw am nlfkw#cdwm śn d nlfkwcd#Ţnmn ìl rnrqmcmemc}eqncmand
=,7,]qnendwmd qmo#lkekinmn akb}cml#qĂwnn gngenkiwdfnbmmfnbnmlqm6,4,Amvkeqdwmdnlqmwmr}e}n zmlqw}bmwbmqdwmd śqnnlŢn#fnbĂ d bkc}lnqĂŢnn,
ś zqdwmd }lkw oĂwŢn lknśn d nlfkwcdŢnnekw bdwqkiwdfnbm#bkczdwdwmd ncdin#lnekw anl wmdenqdqm
b} wmzwmmlqdwmd ekwiwdfnbĂ #amvkeqdwmd encgd#
h}e}n fkwcde zwnlkzmwdwmd b} rncgk#e}wn śn bklvmlŢnn #mxmwbnŢnn am bdeb}ed anfmwnqmekw anrqdl#Ţm ìl f}lbŢnm am rbd#wd oĂwŢnn%zm anfmwnqmqnz}wn am oĂwŢn% nl#
be}rnv anl r}wrmc}eqncmand#}qnendwmd oĂwŢnn bdcnhekb am nlfkwcdwm#bnqnwmd śn nlqmwzwm#qdwmd }lkw oĂwŢn lknśn d nlfkwcdŢnnekw bdwqkiwdfnbm
E}bw}e b}odwqd
BkczdwdŢnd
BklvmwrdŢndm}wnrqnbĂ
Dbqnvnqdqm amiw}z
Dbqnvnqdqm amiw}z
BklvmwrdŢndm}wnrqnbĂ
Zwkgemcdqn#dwmd
OĂwŢn dembklqnlmlqmekw% Wkcç#
lnmn%h}am#Ţ}e}n Gnokw
Zedl}ekwdś}e}nKwdamdZedl}erĂenn ambedrĂ RbonŢmbdwqkiwd#
fnbmOĂwŢnanfmwnqm
R}wrmc}eqncm#and
OĂwŢnanfmwnqm
KwdeĂ
Kgrmwvd#wmd rnrqm#cdqnbĂ
]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 Wmenmf}e qmwmrqw}
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 111/155
]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 Wmenmf}e qmwmrqw} Lw, kwm8 6
Lw, bwq, BklŢnl}q}wn
BkczmqmlŢmbomnm
/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢmimlmwdem BkczmqmlŢm rzmbnfnbm DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm
Wmr}wrm Mvde}dwm
Zwkbma}wdem Cdqmwndem 4,
7,
2,
RbkdwŢdqmwmrqwĂ bdr}zkwq dewmenmf}e}n8rqw}bq}wĂ śndebĂq}nwmzmqwkiwdfnbĂ
]lnqĂŢnemcdhkwm demwmenmf}e}nqmwmrqw}
DimlŢn%zwkbmrm śn
fkwcm amwmenmf
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgnrqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢmcdqm#cdqnbm/2,4,.śn bkczm#qmlŢm am
gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn /2,7,.
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
4, ]qnendwmdbkwmbqĂ d qmw #cnlkekinmn rzm#bnfnbm zmlqw}mxzenbdwmd cm#an}e}n imkiwd#fnb }qnençlaencgdhm anfmwnqm
7, Wdzkwqdwmdmemcmlqmekwrmclnfnbdqnvmanl rkbnmqdqm%śqnnlŢm śn qmolk#ekinm ed cman}eìlbklh}wĂqkw bdìlqwmi śn rnrqm#cmem rdembkczklmlqm
1, WmedŢnkldwmdmemcmlqmekw śnfmlkcmlmekwanl wmdenqdqm/ldq}wĂ śn rk#bnmqdqm. b} wm#
zwmmlqĂwnem ekw bdwqkiwdfnbm%
4,4, ]qnendwmd qmwcnlk#ekinmn śqnnlŢnfnbm śn anrbn#zenldwm rzmbnfnbm /bkl#bmzqm% lkŢn}ln. zmlqw}zwmmlqdwmd }lmn nlfkw#cdŢnn zmwqnlmlqm0 4,7, Dwi}cmlqdwmd }l}namcmwr mxzenbdqnv0 4,2, ]qnendwmd }lkw mem#cmlqm qmwcnlkekinbm cn#lncm anl encgnem rqwĂnlm
7,4, Kzmwdwmd b}rnrqmc}e bklbmzq}de śncmqkakekinb rzmbnfnbśqnnlŢmekw
1,4, Bnqnwmd śn nlqmwzwmqd#wmd nlfkwcdŢnmn bdwqkiwd#fnbm śn iwdfnbm 1,7, Kzmwdwmd b} rncgk#e}wn% rmclm śn bklvmlŢnn 1,6, Amrbwnmwmd śn mxzen#bdwmd fdzqmekw kgrmwvdqmzm qmwml rd} namlqnfnbdqm
# amfnlnwmd lkŢn}lnn amwmenmf # zwmmlqdwmd rqwdq}wnekwrbkdwŢmn qmwmrqwm # b}lkdśqmwmd debĂq}nwnn
zmqwkiwdfnbm d rbkdwŢmnqmwmrqwm # zwmmlqdwmd zwnlbnzd#emekw qnz}wn am wkbn # namlqnfnbdwmd }lkw r}b#bmrn}ln am fmlkcmlm śnzwkbmrm # dwi}cmlqdwmd }lkw wm#denqĂŢn kgrmwvdqm anwmbqrd} nlanwmbq# namlqnfnbdwmd śn ekbden#dwmd }lnqĂŢnekw cdhkwmam wmenmf #dldend śqnnlŢnfnbĂ d wm#enmf}e}n zm gdd }lkwncdinln%ckamem mqb, # ìlŢmemimwmd wmenmf}e}n bd
gdĂ d dcmldhĂwnnqmwnqkwn}e}n # namlqnfnbdwmd zwnlbnzd#enekw dimlŢn ckwfkimlm#qnbn # zwmmlqdwmd dimlŢnekw nlqmwln śn mxqmwln # amrbwnmwmd fkwcĂwnn śn
BklvmwrdŢndm}wnrqnbĂ
MxzenbdŢnd
Zwkgemcdqn#dwmd
Amcklrqwd#Ţnd
E}bw}e b}odwqd
BklvmwrdŢndm}wnrqnbĂ
ÌlvĂŢdwmd zwnlamrbkzmwnwm
Cdl}de
Zedlśm b}anldcnbdenqkrfmwmn
BkembŢnmamcnlmwdem
śn wkbn Zedlśmdzdwdqv}ebdlnb
OdwqdfnnbĂ de}cnn
Ncdinln
Ckamem
Zedlśm b}mvke}Ţndbklqnlml#qmekw
Kwded
Kwded
Kwdem
Kgrmwvd# wm rnrqm#cdqnbĂ
iwdfnbm% zm ncd# zm ckamem mvke}Ţnmn bklqnlmlqmekw śn
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 112/155
1,
=,
6,
Qnz}wn śn}lnqĂŢn am
wmenmf
Dldend śnnlqmwzwmqd#wmdwmenmf}e}n
Wmenmf}e śnrkbnmqdqmdkcmlmdrbĂ, Wmenmf}ekwnklq}e}nekbdeDzenbdŢnn
zwdbqnbm nlkwnklq}eekbde
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
/QRN#QmolkekindRkbnmqĂŢnnNlfkwcdŢnmn.
inln rdqmenqdwmrd} ckamem =, Akgçlanwmd}lkw zwnbmzmwn%amzwnlamwn% cm#
qkam śn qmolnbnimlmwdem am ìl#vĂŢdwm /nlbe}rnvQNB.% bdwm rĂfdbnenqmm k zwm#iĂqnwm zmwcd#lmlqĂ dr}cdqĂ
6, Akgçlanwmd
=,4 Namlqnfnbdwmd r}wrm#ekw am nlfkwcdwm śn d nl#fkwcdŢnmn }qnem ìl
rnrqmcmem c}eqncmand =,7 ]qnendwmd qmolkek#inmn akb}cmlqĂwnngngenkiwdfnbm mfnbnmlqm =,2 ]qnendwmd }lkw cm#qkam am dldenĂ anwmbqĂrd} cmandqĂ =,1, ]qnendwmd }lkw cm#qkam śn qmolnbn rnczem%rzmbnfnbm anfmwnqmekw anr#bnzenlm rqnnlŢnfnbm% zmlqw}
dldend }lkw memcmlqmdem bencmn% onawkiwdfnmnśn ìlvmenś}e}n gnkimkiwd#fnb ìl bklqmxq}e cman}e}nìlbklh}wĂqkw =,6, Dzenbdwmd ckadenqĂ#Ţnekw am dldenĂ zm mem#cmlqm rnczem% rnrqmcm%r}bbmrn}ln =,9, ]qnendwmd }lkw cm#qkam mxzmwncmlqdem śn am
rnc}edwm =,> ‒ fkwcdwmd }l}nbkczkwqdcmlq bwnqnbbklrqw}bqnv ìl wdzkwq b}memcmlqmem bdenqdqnvm demcman}e}n 6,4, Amvkeqdwmd nlqmwm#r}e}n zmlqw} bmwbmqdwmd
d gdmn dbmrqkwd # amfnlnwmd }lkw zwkbmrmimkckwfkekinbm # amrbwnmwmd wmenmf}e}ncdhkw de gdnlmekw
kbmdlnbm # amrbwnmwmd wmenmf}e}ncdhkw de bklqnlmlqmekw # zwmmlqdwmd }lkw qnz}wnimlmwnbm am wmenmf # bkczdwdwmd qnz}wnekwimlmwnbm am wmenmf anlz}lbq am vmamwm de d#imlŢnekw imkckwfkekinbnckamedqkwn śn d zwkbm#rmekw imkckwfkekinbm
bdwm rm zwka}b # wmb}lkdśqmwmd fkwcm#ekw am wmenmf zm anfmwnqmr}zkwq}wn iwdfnbm śn bdw #qkiwdfnbm # bkczdwdwmd }lkw}lnqĂŢn am wmenmf # b}lkdśqmwmd cmbdlnr#c}e}n mwkn}lnn qmwml}#wnekw adqkwnqĂ nlqmwvml#Ţnmn }cdlm
# wmdendwmd }lkw nlvmr#qnidŢnn anwmbqm dr}zwdwmenmf}e}n kwnklq}e}nekbde # zwmmlqdwmd wmenmf}e}nkwnklq}e}n ekbde # namlqnfnbdwmd fkwcmekwam wmenmf anl kwnklq}eekbde }qnençla oĂwŢn
BklvmwrdŢndm}wnrqnbĂ
Zwkgemcdqn#dwmd
BklvmwrdŢndm}wnrqnbĂ
ÌlvĂŢdwm zwnlamrbkzmwnwm
Dbqnvnqdqm amiw}z
ÌlvĂŢdwm zwnlamrbkzmwnwm
Zedlśm b}wmenmf}eiedbndw%wmenmf}ev}ebdlnb%
wmenmf}ebdwrqnb% wmenmf}eenqkwde%wmenmf fe}vndemqb,
Nlqmwlmq
Cdrr#cmand
Bdeb}edqkwDME
Cdbomqm
Nmśnwmd zmqmwml
CdbomqdekbdenqĂŢnn
KwdeĂ
Kwded
Kgrmwvd# wm rnrqm#cdqnbĂ
KwdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢd }lkw bkczm# śqnnlŢnfnbĂ d bkc}lnqĂŢnnÌ
qkzkiwdfnbm RbonŢm am
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 113/155
rkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbmD ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlk#wndq
qmlŢm rkbndem%nlqmwzmwrkldem%nlqmwb}eq}wdem%bnvnbm śn dlqwm#zwmlkwndem zm
gdd rq}anmwnnimkiwdfnmn
6,7, Ìcgnldwmdanfmwnqmekw qnz}wn amdldenĂ/mcznwnbĂ%okenrqnbĂ mqb,.
# ìlqkbcnwmd }lkw oĂwŢnimlmwdem dem wmenmf}e}n
ìcgnlçla cdn c}eqmcmqkam am dldendwm śnwmzwmmlqdwm
Ckamedwmd oĂwŢn
]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 Dqckrfmwd qmwmrqwĂ Lw, kwm8 ?
Lw, bwq,
BklŢnl}q}wn BkczmqmlŢmbomnm
/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢmimlmwdem
BkczmqmlŢmrzmbnfnbm
DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm Wmr}wrm Mvde}dwm
Zwkbma}wdem Cdqmwndem 4,
7,
2,
DebĂq}nwmdśn rqw}bq}wddqckrfmwmn
Fdbqkwnn
imlmqnbn dnbencmn
Bencdqmem
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìlencgd cdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìlencgn rqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm/2,4,.
4, ]qnendwmd bk#wmbqĂ d qmwcnlk#ekinmn rzmbnfnbmzmlqw} mxzenbdwmdcman}e}n imkiwd#fnb }qnençlaencgdhm anfmwnqm
7, Wdzkwqdwmdmemcmlqmekw rmc#
4,4, ]qnendwmd qmwcn#lkekinmn śqnnlŢnfnbm śnanrbnzenldwmrzmbnfnbm /bklbmzqm%lkŢn}ln. zmlqw}zwmmlqdwmd }lmnnlfkwcdŢnnzmwqnlmlqm0 4,7, Dwi}cmlqdwmd}l}n amcmwr mxzenbd#qnv0 4,2, ]qnendwmd }lkwmemcmlqm qmwcnlkek#inbm cnlncm anlencgnem rqwĂnlm 7,4, Kzmwdwmd b} rnr#qmc}e bklbmzq}de śn
# amfnlnwmd qmwcmlnekw ambencĂ /bnbekl% dlqnbnbekl%cdilmqkrfmwĂ%kklkrfmwĂ% mqb,. # }qnendwmd qmwcnlkekinmnśqnnlŢnfnbm wmfmwnqkdwm edbencĂ # mxzenbdwmd }lkwfmlkcmlm bencdqnbm # amrbwnmwmd rqw}bq}wnn dq#ckrfmwmn śnbdwdbqmwnrqnbnekw fnmbĂw}nrqwdq # zwmbndwmd bkczknŢnmndqckrfmwmn # amfnlnwmd }lkw lkŢn}lnben#cdqnbm8 fwklq
BklvmwrdŢndm}wnrqnbĂ
Zwkgemcdqn#dwmd
MxzenbdŢnd
ÌlvĂŢdwmdzwnl
OdwqdbencdqnbĂd Qmwwmn
Cdl}de
Dqedrm
Zedlśm
Bdeb}edqkw
Kwded
Kgrmwvd# wm rnrqm#cdqnbĂ
Qmwwmn śn bkczmqmlŢm am lnfnbdqnvm anl rk# cmqkakekinb rzmbnfnb dqckrfmwnb% cdrĂ am dmw% amrbkzmwnwm DME
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 114/155
1,
=,
6,
9,
?,
Mvke}Ţnd śnqmlanlŢmemam mvke}Ţnmd bencmn
OĂwŢnbencdqnbm śnoĂwŢnrnlkzqbm
Dldend śnnlqmwzwmqd#wmd adqmekw
Bencd śnrkbnmqdqmd
}cdlĂ
Bencdkwnklq}e}n
gdĂ ìl śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn /2,7,.
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ /QRN#QmolkekindRkbnmqĂŢnnNlfkwcdŢnmn.
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwndq
bnmqdqm% śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinm ed cm#an}e ìlbklh}wĂqkw bd ìlqwmi śn rnr#qmcmem rdem
bkczklmlqm 1, WmedŢnkldwmdmemcmlqmekw śnfmlkcmlmekw anlwmdenqdqm/ldq}wĂ śnrkbnmqdqm. b}wmzwmmlqĂwnem ekw bdwqkiwdfnbm%iwdfnbm% zmncdinln rdqmenqdwmrd} ckamem
=, Akgçlanwmd}lkw zwnbmzmwn%amzwnlamwn%cmqkam śn qmolnbnimlmwdem amìlvĂŢdwm/nlbe}rnvQNB.% bdwm rĂfdbnenqmm k
zwmiĂqnwm zmwcdlmlqĂdr}cdqĂ
6, Akgçlanwmd}lkw bkczmqmlŢmrkbndem% nlqmwzmw#rkldem% nlqmwb}e#
śqnnlŢmekw
1,4, Bnqnwmd śn nlqmw # zwmqdwmd nlfkwcdŢnmnbdwqkiwdfnbm śniwdfnbm 1,7, Kzmwdwmd b}rnc# gke}wn% rmclm śnbklvmlŢnn 1,6, Amrbwnmwmd śnmx#zenbdwmd fdzqmekwkg#rmwvdqm zm qmwml
rd} namlqnfnbdqm zmckamem =,1, ]qnendwmd }lkwcmqkam śn qmolnbnrnc#zem% rzmbnfnbmanfmwn#qmekwanrbnzenlm śqnnl#Ţnfnbm% zmlqw} dldend}lkw memcmlqm demben#cmn% ìl bklqmxq}ecman}e}n
ìlbklh}wĂqkw =,6, Dzenbdwmd ckad#enqĂŢnekw am dldenĂ zmmemcmlqm rnczem%rnrqmcm% r}bbmrn}ln =,9, ]qnendwmd }lkwcmqkammxzmwncmlqdem śn am
gnedlŢ wdandqnv%dczenq}anlm qmwcnbĂ mqb # bedrnfnbdwmd cdrmekw amdmw a}zĂ wmin}lmd amfkwcdwm
# ìlŢmemimwmdcmbdlnrc}e}n fkwcĂwnnc}rkl}wnekw śn d gw nmekw # bkczdwdwmd d ak}Ăqnz}wn am bencdqm # rmrndwmd bklrmbnlŢmekw imkiwdfnbm dem fdbqkwnekwfnnbk#imkiwdfnbn dr}zwdQmwwmn% zwnl }qnendwmd}lkw }lmeqm rnczem amnlvmr#qnidŢnm /kgrmwvdŢnd%
dldend% mqb. # rmrndwmd qmlanlŢmekw ammvke}Ţnm d bencmn # zwmmlqdwmd }lkw bklrm#bnlŢm dem ìlbĂenwnnimlmwdem d bencmn # rmembŢnkldwmd śnzwme}bwd#wmd }lkw adqmbencdqnbm zm gdd }lkwkgrmwvdŢnn nlanvna}dem # debĂq}nwmd }l}n rbmldwn}
zmlqw} }l vnnqkw dfmbqdqam zke}dwm # amrbwnmwmdqkzkbencdq}e}nkwnklq}e}n ekbde # ìlqkbcnwmd }lkwg}emqnlm cmqmk zm gddadqmekw am ed rqdŢnd cmqmkekbdeĂ
Dbqnvnqdqm amiw}z
Bkczdwd# Ţnd
ÌlvĂŢdwmdzwnlamrbkzmwnwm
Nlqmwlmq
Cdrr#cmand
RqdŢndcmqmk
Qmwck# cmqwm
KwdeĂ
Kgrmwvd# wm rnrqm#
cdqnbĂ
KwdeĂ
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 115/155
]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 Dzmem Qmwwmn
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 116/155
Ţ zLw,kwm8 =
Lw,bwq
BklŢnl}q}wn BkczmqmlŢm bomnm
/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢm imlmwdem
BkczmqmlŢm rzmbnfnbm
DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm
Wmr}wrm Mvde}dwm
Zwkbma}wdem Cdqmwndem
4
7
2
1
Bkczklml#qmemonawkrfmwmn
Dzmembklqnlmlqdemśn
kbmdlnbm
Dldend śnnlqmwzwmqd#wmd}lkw adqmonawkekinbm
Onawkrfmwdśn rkbnmqdqmdkcmlmdrbĂ
Bkc}lnbd#wmd ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgnrqwĂnlm
Bkczmqml#Ţmcdqmcd#qnbm/2,4. śnbkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn#/2,7.
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
4,]qnendwmd bkwmbqĂd qmwcnlkekinmnzmlqw} mxzenbdwmdcman}e}n imkiwdfnb}qnençla encgdhmanfmwnqm
7,Wdzkwqdwmd mem#cmlqmekw rmclnfn#bdqnvm anl rkbnmqdqm%śqnnlŢĂ śn qmolkekinmed cman}e ìlbklh}#wĂqkw bd ìlqwmi śnrnrqmcmem rdem bkc#zklmlqm
2,Nlqmiwdwmd drzmb#qmekw anl ldq}wĂ śnrkbnmqdqm ìlqw#krqw}bq}wĂ kgnmbqnvĂ/cman}e ìlbklh}wĂ#qkw. śn k anrbnzenlĂam rnlqmĂ /imkiwdfnd.
4,4,]qnendwmd qmwcn#lkekinmn śqnnlŢnfnbm śnanrbnzenldwm rzmbnfnbm/bklbmzqm%lkŢn}ln.zmlqw} zwmmlqdwmd}lmn nlfkwcdŢnn wmfmwn#qkdwm ed onawkrfmwĂ 4,7,Dwi}cmlqdwmd }#l}n amcmwr mxzenbdqnv4,2,]qnendwmd }lkw m#
emcmlqm qmwcnlkekin#bm cnlncm anl encgnemrqwĂnlm 7,4,Kzmwdwmd b} rnr#qmc}e bklbmzq}de śncmqkakekinb rzmbnfnbśqnnlŢmekw 7,7,FkwcdendwmdnlfkwcdŢnnekw
2,7,DldendnlqmwdbŢn}lnekw anlqwmmemcmlqmem ldq}wdem
# amfnlnwmd qmwcmlnekwśn lkŢn}lnekw lkn8 on#awkrfmwĂ% onawkekinm%gdnl onawkiwdfnb%
gdlbonĂ% cdwmm% b}wmlŢn kbmdlnbn% rden#lnqdqm% amrdenlndwm%amgnq% lnvme% wminconawkekinb% lnvde% ze}#vnde% degnm cnlkwĂ% de#
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8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 117/155
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8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 118/155
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8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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=,
6,
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=,Akgçlanwmd }lkwzwnbmzmwn%amzwnlamwn%
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8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 120/155
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8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 121/155
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=,4,Namlqnfnbdwmd r}wrmekwam nlfkwcdwm śn d nlfkw #cdŢnmn }qnem ìl rnrqmcmemc}eqncmand=,7,]qnendwmd qmolkekin#mn akb}cmlqĂwnn gngenk#iwdfnbm mfnbnmlqm=,=,]qnendwmd wmzwmml#qĂwnekw bdwqkiwdfnbm ìlnlvmrqnidwmd cman}e}nimkiwdfnb=,>,Fkwcdwmd }l}n bkc#zkwqdcmlq bwnqnb bkl#rqw}bqnv ìl wdzkwq b} mem#cmlqmem bdenqdqnvm demcman}e}n6,4,Amvkeqdwmd nlqmwmr}#e}n zmlqw} bmwbmqdwmdśqnnlŢnfnbĂ d bkc}lnqĂŢnn
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KwdeĂ
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IMKIWDFNM ]CDLć ć
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 122/155
ZEDLNFNBDWM DL]DEć /CDBWKZWKNMBQDWMD NLRQW]NWNN.BEDRD d _#d
BkczmqmlŢm imlmwdem 4,]qnendwmd bkwmbqĂ d qmwcnlkekinmn rzmbnfnbm zmlqw} mxzenbdwmd cman}e}n imkiwdfnb }qnençla encgdhm anfmwnqm,
7, Wdzkwqdwmd memcmlqmekw rmclnfnbdqnvm anl rkbnmqdqm% śqnnlqĂ śn qmolkekinm ed cman}e ìlbklh}wĂqkw bĂ ìlqwmi śn rnrqmcmem rdembkczklmlqm,2, Nlqmiwdwmd drzmbqmekw anl ldq}wĂ śn rkbnmqdqm ìlqw#k rqw}bq}wĂ kgnmbqnvĂ /cman}e ìlbklh}wĂqkw. śn k anrbnzenlĂ am rnlqmĂ /imkiwdfnd., 1, WmedŢnkldwmd memcmlqmekw śn fmlkcmlmekw anl wmdenqdqm /ldq}wĂ śn rkbnmqdqm. b} wmzwmmlqĂwnem ekw bdwqkiwdfnbm% iwdfnbm% zm ncdinlnrdqmenqmwm rd} ckamem,=, Akgçlanwmd }lkw zwnbmzmwn% amzwnlamwn% cmqkam śn qmolnbn imlmwdem am ìlvĂŢdwm /nlbe}rnv QNB. bdwm rĂ fdbnenqmm k zwmimqnwmzmwcdlmlqĂ dr}cdqĂ
Lw,
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ìlvĂŢdwm
BklŢnl}q}wn BkczmqmlŢm rzmbnfnbm vndqm Lw,
kwm
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N, ImkiwdfnmzkenqnbĂ
Rqdqmem śn iw}zĂwnem wminkldem amrqdqm
Mvke}Ţnd ìl qncz d oĂwŢnn zkenqnbm
Zwnlbnzdemem zwkgemcm dbq}dem amimkiwdfnm zkenqnbĂ
4,4, ]qnendwmd qmwcnlkekinmn rqnnlŢnfnbm śn anrbnzenldwmrzmbnfnbm /bklbmzqm% lkŢn}ln. zmlqw} zwmmlqdwmd }lmnnlfkwcdŢnn wmfmwnqkdwm ed imkiwdfnm zkenqnbĂ 4,2, ]qnendwmd }lkw memcmlqm qmwcnlkekinbm cnlncmanl encgnem rqwĂnlm 1,4, Bnqnwmd śn nlqmwzwmqdwmd nlfkwcdŢnmn bdwqkiwdfnbm śniwdfnbm wmfmwnqkdwm ed rqdqm
6 4#6
NN, Imkiwdfndzkz}edŢnmn
D, Imkiwdfnd zkz}edŢnmn Anldcnbd zkz}edŢnmn
4,4, ]qnendwmd qmwcnlkekinmn rqnnlŢnfnbm śn anrbnzenldwmrzmbnfnbm /bklbmzqm lkŢn}ln. zmlqw} zwmmlqdwmd }lmn
6 9#47
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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zkz}edŢnmnśn ddśmĂwnekw}cdlm
Anldcnbd zkz}edŢnmn GnedlŢ}e ldq}wde de zkz}edŢnmn Ckgnenqdqmd qmwnqkwndeĂ d zkz}edŢnmn GnedlŢ}e qkqde de zkz}edŢnmn Mvke}Ţnd l}cmwnbĂ d zkz}edŢnmn
Qnz}wn am cmann am vndŢĂ WĂrzçlanwmd imkiwdfnbĂ d zkz}edŢnmn Rqw}bq}wn amckiwdfnbm /wdrndeĂ%bklfmrnkldeĂ% mqlkenlivnrqnbĂ% zmiw}zm am vçwrqĂ śn rmxm%rkbnkmbklkcnbĂ% zm cmann. Zkz}edŢnd% zwkqmbŢnd cman}e}nìlbklh}wĂqkw śn amvkeqdwmda}wdgneĂ,
rzmbnfnbm /bklbmzqm% lkŢn}ln. zmlqw} zwmmlqdwmd }lmnnlfkwcdŢnn wmfmwnqkdwm ed zkz}edŢnm4,7, Dwi}cmlqdwmd }l}n amcmwr mxzenbdqnv7,7, Fkwcdendwmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw2,7, Dldend nlqmwdbŢn}lnekw anlqwm cman}e ldq}wde śn
zkz}edŢnm1,4, Bnqnwmd śn nlqmwzwmqdwmd nlfkwcdŢnmn bdwqkiwdfnbm śniwdfnbm wmfmwnqkdwm ed zkz}edŢnm1,7, Kzmwdwmd b} rncgke}wn% rmclm śn bklvmlŢnn1,1, Qwmbmwmd am ed k rbdwĂ ed deqd1,=, Bklrqw}nwmd }lkw rbonŢm bdwqkiwdfnbm rnczem=,4, Namlqnfnbdwmd r}wrmekw am nlfkwcdwm śn dnlfkwcdŢnmn }qnem ìl rnrqmcmem c}eqncmand=,7, ]qnendwmd qmolkekinmn akb}cmlqĂwnn gngenkiwdfnbmmfnbnmlqm
G,Imkiwdfnd dśmĂwnekw }cdlm Odgnqdq}e }cdl8 amfnlnŢnm śnbkczklmlqm]wgdlndwmdAnldcnbd }wgdlĂ śn mxzeknd}wgdlĂ F}lbŢnnem śn rqw}bq}wd f}lbŢnkldeĂ ddśmĂwnekw kcmlmśqnFkwcm am diekcmwdwm }cdlĂ Cmqwkzkem#cmidekzkenr}wn
Zmnrdhm w}wdemKwidlndwmd rzdŢn}e}n }wgdl śnw}wdeZedl}e kwdś}e}nDcmldhdwmd ekbdeĂ śn wminkldeĂ
4,4, ]qnendwmd qmwcnlkekinmn śqnnlŢnfnbm śn anrbnzenldwmrzmbnfnbm /bklbmzqm% lkŢn}ln. zmlqw} zwmmlqdwmd }lmnnlfkwcdŢnn wmfmwnqkdwm ed dśmĂwn4,7, Dwi}cmlqdwmd }l}n amcmwr mxzenbdqnv4,2, ]qnendwmd }lkw memcmlqm qmwcnlkekinbm cnlncmanl encgnem rqwĂnlm2,7, Rmrndwmd }lkw r}bbmrn}ln ìl mvke}Ţnd drmĂwnekw1,7, Kzmwdwmd b} rncgke}wn% rmclm śn bklvmlŢnn1,=, Bklrqw}nwmd }l}n qmxq rqw}bq}wdq }qnençla knlfkwcdŢnm bdwqkiwdfnbĂ rd} iwdfnbĂ
=,2, ]qnendwmd }lkw cmqkam am dldend anwmbqĂ rd}ncmandqĂ d dśmĂwnekw }cdlm=,1, ]qnendwmd }lkw cmqkam śn qmolnbn rnczem%rzmbnfnbm anfmwnqmekw anrbnzenlm śqnnlŢnfnbm% zmlqw}dldend }lkw memcmlqm dem dśmĂwnekw kcmlmśqn=,6, Dzenbdwmd ckadenqdqnekw am dldend zm memcmlqmrnczem% rnrqmcm% r}bbmrn}ln
6 42#4?
=,9, ]qnendwmd }lkw cmqkam mxzmwncmlqdem śn amrnc}edwm
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rnc}edwm6,4, Amvkeqdwmd nlqmwmr}e}n zmlqw} bmwbmqdwmdśqnnlŢnfnbĂ d bkc}lnqĂŢnn
NNN, Imkiwdfnm
mbklkcnbĂ
D, Wmr}wrm ldq}wdem
Wmr}wrm mxqwddqckrfmwnbm śn demdqckrfmwmnWmr}wrmem enqkrfmwmnWmr}wrmem onawkrfmwmnWmr}wrmem gnkrfmwmn
G, Diwnb}eq}wdMvke}Ţnd ìl qncz śn rzdŢn} dzwdbqnbnekw diwnbkemQnz}wn śn rqw}bq}wn qmwnqkwndem
diwnbkemWmin}ln śn zmnrhm diwnbkem
B, Nla}rqwndMvke}Ţnd dbqnvnqĂŢnekw nla}rqwndemNla}rqwnd mlmwinmn membqwnbmWmin}lnem nla}rqwndemRq}an} am bd8 dldend d ak}Ăwmin}ln nla}rqwndem /k wmin}lm anlM}wkzd śn k wmin}lm anl
bklqnlmlqmem mxqwdm}wkzmlm.
A, RmwvnbnnemAmfnlnŢnm śn qnz}wnBĂn am bkc}lnbdŢnm śn qwdlrzkwq}wnBkcmwŢ% q}wnrc
4,4, ]qnendwmd qmwcnlkekinmn rqnnlqnfnbm rn anrbnzenldwm
rzmbnfnbm /bklbmzqm% lkqn}ln. zmlqw} zwmmlqdwmd }lmnnlfkwcdŢnn am Imkiwdfnm mbklkcnbĂ 4,7, Dwi}cmlqdwmd }l}n amcmwr mxzenbdqnv2,7, Rmrndwmd }lkw r}bbmrn}ln am fmlkcmlm śnzwkbmrm rkbnde#mbklkcnbm1,4,Bnqnwmd śn nlqmwzwmqdwmd nlfkwcdqnmn iwdfnbm śnbdwqkiwdfnbm am imkiwdfnm mbklkcnbĂ 1,=, Bklrqw}nwmd }l}n qmxq rqw}bq}wdq }qnençla knlfkwcdŢnm bdwqkiwdfnbĂ rd} iwdfnbĂ 1,6, Amrbwnmwmd śn mxzenbdwmd fdzqmekw kgrmwvdqm zm
qmwml rd} namlqnfnbdqm zm ckamem=,1, ]qnendwmd }lkw cmqkam śn qmolnbn rnczem%rzmbnfnbm anfmwnqmekw anrbnzenlm śqnnlŢnfnbm% zmlqw}dldend }lkw memcmlqm wmfmwnqkdwm ed wmr}wrm%diwnb}eq}wd% nla}rqwnm śn rmwvnbnn=,=, ]qnendwmd wmzwmmlqĂwnekw bdwqkiwdfnbm ìlnlvmrqnidwmd cman}e}n imkiwdfnb=,4, Namlqnfnbdwmd r}wrmekw am nlfkwcdwm śn dnlfkwcdŢnmn }qnem ìl rnrqmcmem c}eqncmand=,7, ]qnendwmd qmolkekinmn akb}cmlqĂwnn gngenkiwdfnbm
mfnbnmlqm=,?, WmedŢnkldwmd f}lbŢnkldeĂ d }lkw memcmlqmldq}wdem śn rkbndem /zwnl rq}ann am bd.6,7, Ìcgnldwmd anfmwnqmekw qnz}wn am dldenĂ /mcznwnbĂ%okenrqnbĂ.
42 4>#24
NV, Dlrdcge}#wnem
Cdwnem dlrdcge}wn mbklkcnbm śnimkzkenqnbm dem e}cnn
4,4, ]qnendwmd qmwcnlkekinmn rqnnlŢnfnbm śn anrbnzenldwmrzmbnfnbm /bklbmzqm lkŢn}ln. zmlqw} zwmmlqdwmd }lmn
1 27#2=
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wnemmbklkcnbmśnimkzkenqnbmdem e}lnn
imkzkenqnbm dem e}cnn
]ln}lmd M}wkzmdlĂ śn }ldlrdcge} mxqwdm}wkzmdl
rzmbnfnbm /bklbmzqm% lkŢn}ln. zmlqw} zwmmlqdwmd }lmnnlfkwcdŢnn7,1, WmedŢnkldwmd rzdŢndeĂ d memcmlqmekw mbklkcnbm śnimkzkenqnbm7,=, Rmrndwmd }lkw emiĂq}wn kgrmwvdgnem ìlqwm
memcmlqmem mbklkcnbm śn zkenqnbm =,=, ]qnendwmd wmzwmmlqĂwnekw bdwqkiwdfnbm ìl dldendancmlrn}lnn imkzkenqnbm d e}cnn=,>, Fkwcdwmd }l}n bkczkwqdcmlq bklrqw}bqnv ìlwdzkwq b} zwkgemcmem e}cnn bklqmczkwdlm
]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 Imkiwdfnm zkenqnbĂ Lw kwm8 6
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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Lw, kwm8 6
Lw, bwq, BklŢnl}q}wn
BkczmqmlŢmbomnm
/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢmimlmwdem BkczmqmlŢm rzmbnfnbm
DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm
Wmr}wrm Mvde}dwm
Cdqmwndem Zwkbma}wdem
4,
7,
2,
Rqdqmem śniw}zĂwnemwminkldem amrqdqm
Mvke}Ţnd ìlqncz d oĂwŢnnzkenqnbm
Zwnlbnzdememzwkgemcmdbq}dem amimkiwdfnmzkenqnbĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmdìl encgĂcdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgnrqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
4, ]qnendwmdbkwmbqĂ dqmwcnlkekinmnrzmbnfnbm zmlqw}mxzenbdwmd cman}e}nimkiwdfnb }qnençlaencgdhm anfmwnqm,
1, WmedŢnkldwmdmemcmlqmekw śnfmlkcmlmekw anlwmdenqdqm /ldq}wĂ śnrkbnmqdqm. b}wmzwmmlqĂwnem ekw bdwqkiwdfnbm%iwdfnbm% zm ncdinln
rdqmenqmwm rd}ckamem,
4,4,]qnendwmdqmwcnlkekinmn śqnnlŢnfnbm śnanrbnzenldwm rzmbnfnbm /bklbmzqm% lkŢn}ln. zmlqw}zwmmlqdwmd }lmnnlfkwcdŢnn wmfmwnqkdwm edimkiwdfnd zkenqnbĂ
4,2,]qnendwmd }lkwmemcmlqm qmwcnlkekinbmcnlncm anl encgnem
rqwĂnlm
1,4,Bnqnwmd śn nlqmwzwmqdwmdnlfkwcdŢnmn bdwqkiwdfnbm śniwdfnbm wmfmwnqkdwm ed rqdqm
#}qnendwmdencgdh}e}nrzmbnfnb ìl
zwmmlqdwmd śnmxzenbdwmdlkŢn}lnekw amimkzkenqnbĂ% imkiwdfnm zkenqnbĂ%rqdq0 #}qnendwmd bkwmbqĂd l}cmekwimkiwdfnbmmxnrqmlqm ìl
zwkiwdcd śbkedwĂ0 #bnqnwmd śnnlqmwzwmqdwmdr}zkwq}wnekwbdwqkiwdfnbmzmlqw} mxzenbdwmdqmwcnlkekinmnbklbmzqmekw śnqmwcmln rzmbnfnbn
Cdl}de
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]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 Imkiwdfnd zkz}edŢnmn śn d dśmĂwnekw }cdlm Lw kwm8 47
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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Lw,kwm8 47
Lw, bwq BklŢnl}q}wn
BkczmqmlŢmbomnm
/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢmimlmwdem BkczmqmlŢm rzmbnfnbm DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm
Wmr}wrm Mvde}dwm Cdqmwndem Zwkbma}wdem
4,
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zkz}edŢnmn Mvke}Ţndl}cmwnbĂ dzkz}edŢnmn Qnz}wn amcmann amvndŢĂ WĂrzçlanwmdimkiwdfnbĂ dzkz}edŢnmn Rqw}bq}wn
amckiwdfnbm/wdrndeĂ%bklfmrnkldeĂ%mqlkenlivnrqnbĂ% zm iw}zmam vçwrqĂ śnrmxm% rkbnk#mbklkcnbĂ%
Bkc}lnbd#wmd ìl encgĂcdqmwlĂ
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
4,]qnendwmdbkwmbqĂ dqmwcnlkekinmnrzmbnfnbm zmlqw}mxzenbdwmdcman}e}nimkiwdfnb}qnençlaencgdhmanfmwnqm,
7, Wdzkwqdwmdmemcmlqmekwrmclnfnbdqnvmanl rkbnmqdqm%śqnnlqĂ śn qmolk#ekinm ed cman}eìlbklh}wĂqkw bĂìlqwmi śn rnrqm#cmem rdem bkc#zklmlqm,2, Nlqmiwdwmddrzmbqmekw anlldq}wĂ śn rkbnm#qdqm ìlqw#krqw}bq}wĂkgnmbqnvĂ/cman}e ìlbklh}wĂqkw.
4,4,]qnendwmd qmwcnlk#ekinmn śqnnlŢnfnbm śn anr#bnzenldwm rzmbnfnbm/bklbmzqm% lkqn}ln. zml#qw} zwmmlqdwmd }lmn nl#fkwcdŢnn wmfmwnqkdwm edzkz}edŢnm4,7,Dwi}cmlqdwmd }l}namcmwr mxzenbdqnv 4,2,]qnendwmd }lkw mem#cmlqm qmwcnlkekinbm
cnlncm anl encgnemrqwĂnlm 7,7,FkwcdendwmdnlfkwcdŢnnekw
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#namlqnfnbdwmd wmedŢnnekwanlqwm zkz}edŢnm% fdbqkwnldq}wden śn bmnmbklkcnbn% mqb, #b}lkdśqmwmd lknekw bklbmzqm wmfmwnqkdwm edanldcnbd zkz}edŢnmn #dldend anfmwmlŢndqĂ zmbdqmikwnn am rqdqm d
gnedlŢ}e}n qkqde śn dmvke}Ţnmn l}cmwnbm d
zkz}edŢnmn zm gddcdqmwnde}e}n iwdfnb śnbdwqkiwdfnb #medgkwdwmd }l}n qmxqbkmwmlq wmfmwnqkw edanvmwrnqdqmd rqw}bq}wnekwimkam#ckiwdfnbm śnbkwmedwmd dbmrqkwd b}drzmbqm rzmbnfnbmcman}e}n anlqw#}ldl}cnq qmwnqkwn} zm gddcdqmwnde}e}n bdwqkiwdfnb #dldend śn nlqmwzwmqdwmd
znwdcnamn zkz}edŢnmnak}Ă rqdqm b} lnvme amamvkeqdwm mbklkcnbĂanfmwnq #dldend memcmlqmekwdl#qwkznbm% bdwmamqmwcnlĂ qwdlrfkwcĂwn
Cdl}de
OĂwŢnzkenqnbm Iwdfnbm
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zm cmann. Zkz}edŢnd%
śn k anrbnzenlĂam rnlqmĂ
anwmbqm ed ln#vme}ecman}e}n śn dem zmn#
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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D ìlvĂŢd rĂ
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/imkiwdfnd., 1, WmedŢnkldwmdmemcmlqmekw śnfmlkcmlmekwanl wmdenqdqm/ldq}wĂ śn rkbn#mqdqm. b} wmzwm#mlqĂwnem ekw bdwqkiwdfnbm%iwdfnbm% zm ncd#inln rdqmenqmwmrd} ckamem, =,Akgçlanwmd}lkw zwnbmzmwn%am#zwnlamwn%cmqkam śnqmolnbn imlmwdemam ìlvĂŢdwm/nlbe}rnv QNB.bdwm rĂ fdbnen#qmm k zwmimqnwm
zmwcdlmlqĂ dr}cdqĂ,
1,4,Bnqnwmd śn nlqmwzwmqd#wmd nlfkwcdqnmn bdwqk#iwdfnbm śn iwdfnbm
wmfmwnqkdwm ed zkz}edŢnm 1,7,Kzmwdwmd b} rncgk#e}wn% rmclm śn bklvmlŢnn 1,1,Qwmbmwmd am ed krbdwd ed deqd 1,=,Bklrqw}nwmd }lkwrbonŢm bdwqkiwdfnbmrnczem =,4,Namlqnfnbdwmd r}wrm#ekw am nlfkwcdwm śn d nl#fkwcdŢnmn }qnem ìl rnrqm#
cmem c}eqncmand =,7,]qnendwmd qmolkek#inmn akb}cmlqĂwnn gngen#kiwdfnbm mfnbnmlqm =,2,]qnendwmd }lkw cm#qkam am dldend anwmbqĂrd} cmandqĂ d dśmĂ#wnekw }cdlm =,1,]qnendwmd }lkw cm#qkam rn qmolnbn rnczem%rzmbnfnbm anfmwnqmekw anr#
bnzenlm rqnnlqnfnbm% zml#qw} dldend }lkw mem#cmlqm dem dśmĂwnekw kcmlmśqn =,6,Dzenbdwmd ckadenqĂ#Ţnekw am dldenĂ zm mem#cmlqm rnczem% rnrqmcm%r}bbmrn}ln
rdhmekw }qnençlaqmwcmln imkiwdfnbn śnzwmmlqdwmd ekw ìlfkwcdq membqwklnb # dldend śn nlqmwzwmqdwmd}lkw oĂwŢn qmcdqnbm #zwmmlqdwmd śnmxzenbdwmd }lkw lkŢn}lnrzmbnfnbm0 odgnqdq%bkczklmlqmem od#gnqdq}e}n% }wgdlndwm #}qnendwmd bkwmbqĂ d l}#cmekw imkiwdfnbmmxnrqmlqm ìl zwkiwdcdśbkedwĂ0 #namlqnfnbdwmd d = dwmdemnlqmlr }wgdlndqm zmgdd cdqmwnde}e}nbdwqkiwdfnb zwmbnçlabd}mem bdwm amqmwcnlĂrnq}dŢnd wmrzmbqnvĂ#bkczdwdwmd anfmwnqmekwfkwcm am kwidlndwm ddśmĂwnekw #dldend memcmlqmekw%zwk#bmrmekw śnfmlkcmlmekw%wmfmwnqkdwm edkwidlndwmd rzdŢn}e}nkgrmwvdqm/anwmbq rd}nlanwmbq. rqdgnenladrmcĂlĂwn rd} amkrmgnwn #namlqnfnbdwmdzwnlbnzdem#ekw wmedŢnnrzdŢndem% qmczk#wdem śn
Iwdfnbm
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am bklanŢnkldwm wm# zwmmlqdqm zm oĂwŢn BklvmwrdŢnd
wmd rnrqm#cdqnbĂ
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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49
4?
DcmldhdwmdekbdeĂ śn wminkldeĂ
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwn#dq
6,Akgçlanwmd}lkw bkczmqml#Ţm rkbndem% nl#
qmwzmwrkldem%nlqmwb}eq}wdem%bnvnbm śn dl#qwmzwmlkwndem zmgdd rq}anmwnnimkiwdfnmn
am rnc}edwm 6,4,Amvkeqdwmdnlqmwmr}e}n zmlqw}bmwbmqdwmd śqnnlŢnfnbĂ dbkc}lnqĂŢnn
# wmzwmmlqdwmd iwdfnbĂd }lkw rnq}dŢnn anlwmdenqdqmdìlbklh}wĂqkdwm #medgkwdwmd }lkwzwknmbqm am dcmldhdwmekbdeĂ śn wminkldeĂ
Dqedrm
#Fkqkiwdfnn qmcdqnbm
MxzenbdŢnd
NlvmrqnidŢnd
Mvde}dwm r}cdqnvĂ
]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 Imkiwdfnm mbklkcnbĂ Lw,kwm8 42
Lw, bwq BklŢnl}q}wn
BkczmqmlŢmbomnm
/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢmimlmwdem
BkczmqmlŢmrzmbnfnbm DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm
Wmr}wrm Mvde}dwm Cdqmwndem Zwkbma}wdem
4,
7,
2,
1,
D, Wmr}wrmldq}wdem
Wmr}wrmmxqwddqckrfmwnbm śn demdqckrfmwmn, Wmr}wrmemenqkrfmwmn Wmr}wrmemonawkrfmwmn,
Bkc}lnbdwmdìl encgĂ
cdqmwlĂ
BkczmqmlŢm
4,]qnendwmd bk#wmbqĂ d qmwcnlk#
ekinmn rzmbnfnbmzmlqw} mxzenbd#wmd cman}e}nimkiwdfnb }qnen#çla encgdhmanfmwnqm
2, Nlqmiwdwmd
4,4,]qnendwmd qmwcn#lkekinmn śqnnlŢnfnbm śn
anrbnzenldwm rzmbnfnbm/bklbmzqm% lkŢn}ln. zmlqw} zwmmlqdwmd}lmn nlfkwcdŢnn amImkiwdfnm mbklkcnbĂ 4,7,Dwi}cmlqdwmd }#l}n amcmwr mxzenbdqnv 2,7,Rmrndwmd }lkw
#namlqnfnbdwmd zm gddcdqmwnde}e}n bdwqkiwdfnb
d anfmwnqmekw bdqmikwnn amwmr}wrm ldq}wdem # dldend fdbqkwnekw bdwmamqmwcnlĂ wĂrzçlanwmdlm}lnfkwcĂ d wmr}wrmekw ldq}wdem ed lnvme}ecman}e}n imkiwdfnb #dldend bdqmikwnnekw am
Cdl}de
Odwqnzkenqnbm
Iwdfnbm
BklvmwrdŢnd
MxzenbdŢnd
Zwkgemcdqn# dwm
AmcklrqwdŢnd Kgrmwvdwm
Wmr}wrmemgnkrfmwmn,
cdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢm
drzmbqmekw anlldq}wĂ śn rkbnm#
r}bbmrn}ln am fmlk#cmlm rn zwkbmrm
zwdbqnbn śn dbqnvnqĂŢnn diwnbkem
rnrqmcdqn#bĂ
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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=,
6,
9,
?,
>,
4:,
44,
G,Diwnb}eq}wd Mvke}Ţnd ìlqncz śnrzdŢn} d zwdbqnbnekwdiwnbkem, Qnz}wn śnrqw}bq}wnqmwnqkwndemdiwnbkem,Wmin}ln śnzmnrdhmdiwnbkem B, Nla}rqwndMvke}ŢnddbqnvnqĂŢnekwnla}rqwndem, Nla}rqwndmlmwinmnmembqwnbm, Wmin}lnemnla}rqwndem, Rq}an} ambd8dldend dak}Ă wmin}lnnla}rqwndem/k wmin}lmanl M}wkzdśn k wmin}lmanlbklqnlmlqmemmxqwdm}wkzmlm.
am gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
qdqm ìlqw#krqw}bq}wĂ kgnmb#qnvĂ /cman}e ìl#bklh}wĂqkw. śn kanrbnzenlĂ amrnlqmĂ/imkiwdfnd., 1, WmedŢnkldwmdmemcmlqmekw śnfmlkcmlmekwanl wmdenqdqm/ldq}wĂ śnrkbnmqdqm.b}wmzwmmlqĂwnemekwbdwqkiwdfnbm%iwdfnbm% zmncdinlnrdqmenqmwm rd}ckamem, =, Akgçlanwmd}lkw zwnbmzmwn%amzwnlamwn%cmqkam śnqmolnbn imlmwdemam ìlvĂŢdwm/nlbe}rnv QNB.bdwm rĂfdbnenqmm kzwmimqnwm
zmwcdlmlqĂdr}cdqĂ,
rkbnde#mbklkcnbm
1,4,Bnqnwmd śn nlqmwzwm#qdwmd nlfkwcdŢnmn iwd#fnbm śn bdwqkiwdfnbm am imkiwdfnm mbklkcnbĂ 1,=,Bklrqw}nwmd }l}nqmxq rqw}bq}wdq }qnen#çla k nlfkwcdŢnm bdwqkiwdfnbĂ rd}
iwdfnbĂ 1,6,Amrbwnmwmd śn mx#zenbdwmd fdzqmekw kg#rmwvdqm zm qmwml rd} namlqnfnbdqm zmckamem=,4,Namlqnfnbdwmd r}w#rmekw am nlfkwcdwm śnd nlfkwcdŢnmn }qnem
ìl rnrqmcmemc}eqncmand
=,1,]qnendwmd }lkwcmqkam śn qmolnbnrnczem% rzmbnfnbmanfmwnqmekw anrbnzenlmśqnnlŢnfnbm% zmlqw} dld#end }lkw memcmlqmwmfmwnqkdwm ed wmr}wrm%diwnb}eq}wd% nla}rqwnm
#namlqnfnbdwmd zm gddcdqmwnde}e}n bdwqkiwdfnbd zwnlbnzdemekw wmin}lnśn zmnrdhm diwnbkem #namlqnfnbdwmd qnz}wnekwam rqw}bq}wn qmwnqkwndediwnbkem anl kwnklq}eekbde #namlqnfnbdwmd zm gddcdqmwnde}e}n bdwqkiwdfnbd 7 wmin}ln nla}rqwnd#endqm#namlqnfnbdwmd memcml#qmekw amfnlnqkwnn ìl kwid#lndwmd rzdŢn}e}n }lkw wmin}ln nla}rqwndem #dldend bkczdwdqnvĂ dak}Ă wmin}ln nla}rqwnd#endqm zm gdd nlfkwcd#Ţnnekw anl wmvnrqmem amrzmbndenqdqm #namlqnfnbdwmd d = w}qmam qwdlrzkwq b}lkrb}qmzm gdd cdqmwnde}e}nbdwqkiwdfnb #medgkwdwmd }lkwcdqmwndem bdwqkiwdfnbm
b} dh}qkw}e }lkwmemcmlqm aninqdemrzmbnfnbm #dldend bkczdwdqnvĂ danfmwnqmekw qnz}wn amrmwvnbnn bkwmedqm b}dbqnvnqĂŢnem mbklkcnbmrzmbnfnbm wmin}lnn
Dqedrm
Wmvnrqm amrzmbndenqdqm
#OdwqdfnnbĂ de}cnn
Cdl}de
#Fkqkiwdfnnqmcdqnbm
Iwdfnbm
Dqedrm
OĂwŢnqmcdqnbm
Wmvnrqm amrzmbndenqdqm
NlvmrqnidŢnd
BklvmwrdŢnd
MxzenbdŢnd
Zwkgemcdqnd#wm
AmcklrqwdŢnd Kgrmwvdwmrnrqmcdqn#bĂ
47, A, Rmwvnbnnem AmfnlnŢnm śn
śn rmwvnbnn=,=,]qnendwmd wmzwm#
ne
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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42,
qnz}wn, BĂnam bkc}ln#bdŢnm śnqwdlrzkwq}wn BkcmwŢ%q}wnrc
mlqĂwnekw bdwqkiwd#fnbm ìl nlvmrqnidwmdcman}e}n imkiwdfnb=,?,WmedŢnkldwmdf}lbŢnkldeĂ d }lkwmemcmlqm ldq}wdem śnrkbndem /zwnl rq}ann ambd.
Mvde}dwm r}cdqnvĂ
]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 Cdwnem dlrdcge}wn mbklkcnbm śn imkzkenqnbm dem e}cnn Lw, kwm8 1
Lw, bwq, BklŢnl}q}wn
BkczmqmlŢm
bomnm/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢm
imlmwdem BkczmqmlŢm rzmbnfnbm DbqnvnqĂŢn am
ìlvĂŢdwm Wmr}wrm
Mvde}dwm Cdqmwndem Zwkbma}wdem
4,
7,
Cdwnemdlrdcge}wnmbklkcnbm śnimkzkenqnbmdem e}cnn
]ln}lmdM}wkzmdlĂśn }ldlrdcge}mxqwdm}wk#zmdl
Bkc}lnbdwmdìl encgĂcdqmwlĂ
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śn
bkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinbm
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
4,]qnendwmd bkwmbqĂd qmwcnlkekinmn rzm#bnfnbm zmlqw} mxzen#bdwmd cman}e}nimkiwdfnb }qnençlaencgdhm anfmwnqm, 7, Wdzkwqdwmd mem#cmlqmekw rmclnfn#bdqnvm anl rkbnmqdqm%śqnnlqĂ śn qmolkekinm ed cman}e ìlbklh}#wĂqkw bĂ ìlqwmi śnrnrqmcmem rdem bkc#zklmlqm,=, Akgçlanwmd}lkw zwnbmzmwn% am#
zwnlamwn% cmqkam śn
4,4, ]qnendwmd qmwcn#lkekinmn rqnnlŢnfnbm śnanrbnzenldwm rzmbnfnbm /bklbmzqm% lkŢn}ln.zmlqw} zwmmlqdwmd }lmnnlfkwcdŢnn 7,1, WmedŢnkldwmd rzd#ŢndeĂ d memcmlqmekw mbk#lkcnbm śn imkzkenqnbm 7,=, Rmrndwmd }lkwemiĂq}wn kgrmwvdgnem
ìlqwm memcmlqmemmbklkcnbm śn zkenqnbm
=,=, ]qnendwmd wmzwm#mlqĂwnekw bdwqkiwdfnbm
ìl dldend ancmlrn}lnn
#}qnendwmdencgdh}e}n rzmbnfnbìl zwmmlqdwmd śnmxzenbdwmdlkŢn}lnekw amimkzkenqnbĂ
#medgkwdwmd }l}nqmxq bkmwmlq ìlvmamwmd mvnamlŢnmwnnqwĂrĂq}wnekw bkc}lm% mbklkcnbmśn imkzkenqnbmncz}rm am zknŢndimkiwdfnbĂ #kwidlndwmd }lkwykw`rokz#}wn
Cdl}de
OĂwqnzkenqnbm
Dqedrm
Wmvnrqm am
BklvmwrdŢnd
MxzenbdŢnd
Zwkgemcdqn#dwm
amcklrqwdŢnd
Kgrmwvdwmrnrqmcdqn# bĂ
D ìlvĂŢd rĂ
qmolnbn imlmwdem amìlvĂŢdwm /nlbe}rnvQNB. Ă f n
imkzkenqnbm d e}cnn =,>, Fkwcdwmd }l}n
zwnvnla anfmwnqmiw}zĂwn wminkldema
rzmbndenqdqm
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ìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwn#
dq
QNB. bdwm rĂ fdbn#enqmm k zwmiĂqnwm
zmwcdlmlqĂdr}cdqĂ,
bkczkwqdcmlq bklr#qw}bqnv ìl wdzkwq b}zwkgemcmem e}cnnbklqmczkwdlm
am rqdqm
Mvde}dwm r}cdqnvĂ
IMKIWDFNM8 ZWKGEMCM F]LADCMLQDEM DEM E]CNN BKLQMCZKWDLMZEDLNFNBDWMD DL]DEć /CDBWKZWKNMBQDWMD NLRQW]NWNN.
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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ZEDLNFNBDWMD DL]DEć /CDBWKZWKNMBQDWMD NLRQW]NWNN.BER, d _N#d
BkczmqmlŢm imlmwdem 4,]qnendwmd dambvdqĂ d qmwcnlkekinmn śn encgdhmekw rzmbnnbm% zmlqw} mxzenbdwmd cman}e}n imkiwdfnb 7,Wdzkwqdwmd memcmlqmekw rmclnfnbdqnvm anl rkbnmqdqm% śqnnlŢĂ śn qmolkekinm ed cman}e ìlbklh}wĂqkw bd ìlqwmi śn ed rnrqmcmem rdembkczklmlqm2,WmedŢnkldwmd memcmlqmekw śn d fmlkcmlmekw anl ldq}wĂ śn anl rkbnmqdqm b} wmzwmmlqĂwnem ekw bdwqkiwdfnbm% iwdfnbm rd} zm ckamem
Lw,bwq,
]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm
BklŢnl}q}wn BkczmqmlŢm rzmbnfnbm vndqm Lw,kwm
RĂzqĂcçld
Kgr,
4, Cman}e ìlbklh}wĂ#
qkw
Cman}e ìlbklh}wĂqkw ‒ drzmbqm imlmwdem
Fdbqkwnn imkmbkekinbn ‒ drzmbqm imlmwdem
Imkrnrqmc}e% mbkrnrqmc}eśn zmnrdh}e imkiwdfnb
Qnz}wnem am cmannimkiwdfnbm
Qnz}wnem am zmnrdhmimkiwdfnbm
4,4, Zwmmlqdwmd ìl rbwnr śn kwdeĂ d drzmbqmekw amfnlnqkwnn demcman}e}n ìlbklh}wĂqkw% }qnençla bkwmbq śn bkmwmlq qmwcnlkekind
rzmbnfnbĂ akcmln}e}n 4,7, Zwmmlqdwmd wm}eqdqmekw nlvmrqnidŢnnekw wmdendqm dr}zwdcman}e}n ìlbklh}wĂqkw% b} dh}qkw}e qmwcnlkekinmn rzmbnfnbmimkiwdfnmn4,2, Mxzenbdwmd }lmn wmdenqĂŢn nlvmrqnidqm /anwmbq rd} nlanwmbq.% zwnl }qnendwmd encgdh}e}n śqnnlŢnfnb rzmbnfnb akcmln}e}n 4,1, Akb}cmlqdwmd dr}zwd zwkgemcdqnbnn akcmln}e}n%vdekwnfnbçla dambvdq rmclnfnbdŢnnem qmwcmlnekw bomnm amrzmbndenqdqm7,4, Mxzenbdwmd zwkbmrmekw ldq}wdem anl cman}e ìlbklh}wĂqkw
/imkiwdfnb. bd wmfembqdwm d fmlkcmlmekw śn d zwkbmrmekw rq}andqmìl bdaw}e śqnnlŢmekw ldq}wnn /FnnbĂ% Gnkekinm% Imkekinm% Boncnm. 7,7, Dzenbdwmd memcmlqmekw rmclnfnbdqnvm% bklbmzq}dem śncmqkakekinbm% rzmbnfnbm śqnnlŢmekw ldq}wnn śn śqnnlŢmekw rkbndem% zmlqw} rq}anmwmd cman}e}n ìlbklh}wĂqkw 7,2, Mxzenbdwmd wmedŢnnekw kgrmwvdgnem anlqwm śqnnlŢm% qmolkekinmśn cman}e ìlbklh}wĂqkw% zwnl dldend }lkw rnrqmcm śn rqw}bq}wn/qmwnqkwndem śn f}lbŢnkldem.
47 4#47
7,1, Mxzenbdwmd wmedŢnnekw kgrmwvdgnem anlqwm rnrqmcmem 2,4, ]qnendwmd }lkw wmzwmmlqĂwn iwdfnbm śn bdwqkiwdfnbm% zmlqw}n n en nn g
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nlqmwzwmqdwmd śn zwmmlqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn kgrmwvdqm 7, Cman}e
ìlbklh}wĂ#qkw
/Amiwdad#wmd śnzwkqmbŢnd cman}e}n.
Oddwam ldq}wdem śndlqwkznbm
AmrzĂa}wnwnem%amśmwqnfnbdwmd śn zke}dwmd ‒ mfmbqm dem dbqnvnqĂŢnekw }cdlm dr}zwd cman}e}n
ZwkqmbŢnd% bklrmwvdwmd śnkbwkqnwmd cman}e}n
Cdldimcmlq}e cman}e}nìlbklh}wĂqkw
4,4, Zwmmlqdwmd ìl rbwnr śn kwdeĂ d drzmbqmekw amfnlnqkwnn demcman}e}n ìlbklh}wĂqkw% }qnençla bkwmbq śn bkmwmlq qmwcnlkekindrzmbnfnbĂ akcmln}e}n
4,7, Zwmmlqdwmd wm}eqdqmekw nlvmrqnidŢnnekw wmdendqm dr}zwdcman}e}n ìlbklh}wĂqkw% b} dh}qkw}e qmwcnlkekinmn rzmbnfnbmimkiwdfnmn4,1, Akb}cmlqdwmd dr}zwd zwkgemcdqnbnn akcmln}e}n%vdekwnfnbçla dambvdq rmclnfnbdŢnnem qmwcmlnekw bomnm amrzmbndenqdqm7,2, Mxzenbdwmd wmedŢnnekw kgrmwvdgnem anlqwm śqnnlŢm% qmolkekinmśn cman}e ìlbklh}wĂqkw% zwnl dldend }lkw rnrqmcm śn rqw}bq}wn/qmwnqkwndem śn f}lbŢnkldem.2,4, ]qnendwmd }lkw wmzwmmlqĂwn iwdfnbm śn bdwqkiwdfnbm% zmlqw}
nlqmwzwmqdwmd śn zwmmlqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnn kgrmwvdqm
6 42#4?
2, Wminklden#dwmd śniekgdend#wmd e}cnnbklqmczk#wdlm
Ancmlrn}lnem śn akcmlnnemwminkldenĂwnn śn iekgdenĂwnn
Namlqnqdqmd% }lnfkwcndwmdśn anvmwrnqdqmd e}cnnbklqmczkwdlm
4,=, Fkwc}edwmd am zwkgemcm wmfmwnqkdwm ed wminkldendwm śniekgdendwm% }qnençla bkwmbq śn bkmwmlq qmwcnlkekind rzmbnfnbĂakcmln}e}n7,4, Mxzenbdwmd zwkbmrmekw ldq}wdem anl cman}e ìlbklh}wĂqkw /imkiwdfnb. bd wmfembqdwm d fmlkcmlmekw śn d zwkbmrmekw rq}andqmìl bdaw}e śqnnlŢmekw ldq}wnn /FnnbĂ% Gnkekinm% Imkekinm% Boncnm. 7,9, Dzenbdwmd am memcmlqm mxzenbdqnvm rmclnfnbdqnvm% rzmbnfnbmśqnnlŢmekw rkbndem% ìl nlqmwzwmqdwmd zwkbmrmekw wmfmwnqkdwm ediekgdendwm
2,7, ]qnendwmd nlfkwcdŢnmn bdwqkiwdfnbm% zmlqw} mxzenbdwmd zwkgemcmekw emidqm am wminkldendwm śn iekgdendwm
= 4>#72
1, Zkz}edŢnd wmr}wrmemldq}wdem śn amvkeqdwmde}cnn
Mvke}Ţnn imkamckiwdfnbmbklqmczkwdlm, AnfmwmlŢnmwnwminkldemWmr}wrmem }cdlm śnamvkeqdwmd
4,4, Zwmmlqdwmd ìl rbwnr śn kwdeĂ d drzmbqmekw amfnlnqkwnnwmfmwnqkdwm ed zkz}edŢnm% ed wmr}wrm śn ed amvkeqdwmd e}cnnbklqmczkwdlm% }qnençla bkwmbq śn bkmwmlq qmwcnlkekindrzmbnfnbĂ akcmln}e}n 4,1, Akb}cmlqdwmd dr}zwd zwkgemcdqnbnn akcmln}e}n%
9 71#2:
bklqmczk#wdlm0e a
Wdzkwq}e anlqwm dśmĂwn śnamvkeqdwm, QmlanlŢm dem
e n n Ă ne
vdekwnfnbçla dambvdq rmclnfnbdŢnnem qmwcmlnekw bomnm amrzmbndenqdqm7 2 M en e nne g gne an nn o e n
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memcmlqm amimkiwdfnmrkbndeĂ
mvke}Ţnmn dśmĂwnekw }cdlm Wmr}wrmem ldq}wdem śndiwnbkem, Nczdbq}emxzekdqĂwnn śn vdekwnfnbĂwnn
wmr}wrmekw dr}zwd cman}e}n,Imrqnkldwmd wmr}wrmekw%amvkeqdwmd mbklkcnbĂ śnamvkeqdwmd a}wdgneĂ
7,2, Mxzenbdwmd wmedŢnnekw kgrmwvdgnem anlqwm śqnnlŢm% qmolkekinm% zkz}edŢnm% wmr}wrm śn amvkeqdwm% zwnl dldend }lkw rnrqmcm śnrqw}bq}wn /qmwnqkwndem śn f}lbŢnkldem.7,1, Mxzenbdwmd wmedŢnnekw kgrmwvdgnem anlqwm rnrqmcmem ldq}wdem
śn }cdlm /nlqmiwdqm.7,9, Dzenbdwmd am memcmlqm mxzenbdqnvm rmclnfnbdqnvm% rzmbnfnbmśqnnlŢmekw rkbndem% ìl nlqmwzwmqdwmd zwkbmrmekw wmfmwnqkdwm ediekgdendwm
=, Rnrqmc}embklkcnb śn rnrqmc}eimkzkenqnb
Mvke}Ţnd mbklkcnmn cklan#dem śn rnrqmc}e mbklkcnbcklandeRnrqmc}e imkzkenqnb cklan#de dbq}deDlrdcge}wn mbklkcnbm śn
imkzkenqnbm cklandem dbq}#dem /]ln}lmd M}wkzmdlĂ%DZMB mqb,. ‒ drzmbqmimlmwdemWke}e }lkw rqdqm ìl rnrqmc}ecklande dbq}de8 Rqdqmem]lnqm dem Dcmwnbnn% Fmam#wdŢnd W}rĂ% Hdzklnd% Bonld%Nland% Gwdnend,Kwidlndwmd rzdŢn}e}n ckl#
ande /ŢĂwn ìl amvkeqdwm% ŢĂwnamvkeqdqm% deqm bdqmikwnn amŢĂwn.,Wdzkwq}e Lkwa ‒ R}aAm ed e}cmd }lnzkedwĂ ede}cmd c}eqnzkedwĂ
4,4, Zwmmlqdwmd ìl rbwnr śn kwdeĂ d drzmbqmekw amfnlnqkwnnwmfmwnqkdwm ed rnrqmc}e mbklkcnb śn imkzkenqnb cklande%}qnençla bkwmbq śn bkmwmlq qmwcnlkekind rzmbnfnbĂ akcmln}e}n
7,1, Mxzenbdwmd wmedŢnnekw kgrmwvdgnem ìlqwm rnrqmcmem e}cnn
bklqmczkwdlm
2,1, ]qnendwmd nlfkwcdŢnmn bdwqkiwdfnbm% zmlqw} mxzenbdwmdrnrqmc}e}n mbklkcnb śn imkzkenqnb cklande
= 24#2=
]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 Cman}e ìlbklh}wĂqkw% fdbqkwnn imkmbkekinbn% qnz}wn am cmann śn zmnrdhm Lw, kwm8 47
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Lw,bwq BklŢnl}q}wn
BkczmqmlŢmbomnm
/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢmimlmwdem BkczmqmlŢm rzmbnfnbm DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm
Wmr}wrmMvde}dwm
Cdqmwndem Zwkbma}wdem
4,
7,
2,
1,
=,
Cman}e ìlbklh}wĂqkw ‒ drzmbqmimlmwdem
Fdbqkwnnimkmbkekinbn
‒ drzmbqmimlmwdem
Imkrnrqmc}e%mbkrnrqmc}eśn zmnrdh}eimkiwdfnb
Qnz}wnem am cmannimkiwdfnbm
Qnz}wnem am
Bkc}lnbdwmdìl encgĂcdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgnrqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
4,]qnendwmddambvdqĂ dqmwcnlkekinmnśn encgdhmekw rzmbnfnbm%zmlqw} mxzen#bdwmd cman#}e}n imkiwd#fnb
7,Wdzkwqdwmdmemcmlqmekwrmclnfnbdqnvmanl rkbnmqdqm%śqnnlŢĂ śnqmolkekinm edcman}eìlbklh}wĂqkw bd ìlqwmi śn edrnrqmcmem rdembkczklmlqm
4,4, Zwmmlqdwmd ìl rbwnr śnkwdeĂ d drzmbqmekw amfnln#qkwnn dem cman}e}n ìlbklh}#wĂqkw% }qnençla bkwmbq śnbkmwmlq qmwcnlkekind rzm#bnfnbĂ akcmln}e}n 4,7, Zwmmlqdwmd wm}eqdqm#ekw nlvmrqnidŢnnekw wmdend#qm dr}zwd cman}e}n ìlbkl#
h}wĂqkw% b} dh}qkw}e qmwcn#lkekinmn rzmbnfnbm imkiwd#fnmn4,2, Mxzenbdwmd }lmn wmden#qĂŢn nlvmrqnidqm /anwmbq rd}nlanwmbq.% zwnl }qnendwmdencgdh}e}n śqnnlŢnfnb rzm#bnfnb akcmln}e}n7,4, Mxzenbdwmd zwkbmrmekwldq}wdem anl cman}e ìl#bklh}wĂqkw /imkiwdfnb. bdwmfembqdwm d fmlkcmlmekwśn d zwkbmrmekw rq}andqm ìlbdaw}e śqnnlŢmekw ldq}wnn/FnnbĂ% Gnkekinm% Imk#ekinm% Boncnm.7,2, Mxzenbdwmd wmedŢnnekw kgrmwvdgnem anlqwm śqnnlŢm%qmolkekinm śn cman}e ìl#bklh}wĂqkw% zwnl dldend}lkw rnrqmcm śn rqw}bq}wn
#}qnendwmd encgdh}e}nrzmbnfnb ìl zwmmlqdwmdśn mxzenbdwmd cman}e}nìlbklh}wĂqkw mxzenbdwmd bkwmbqĂ dqmwcmlnekw }qnendŢnzmlqw} cma}eìlbklh}wĂqkw ìl encgnrqwĂnlm #namlqnfnbdwmdemiĂq}wnekw śn wmedŢnnekw
ìlqwm memcmlqmem%fmlkcmlmem śn zwkbmrmemcman}e}n ìlbklh}wĂqkw #dldend zwnlbnzdemekwwmedŢnn rzdŢndem%qmczkwdem śn ambklanŢnkldwm#medgkwdwmd }l}n qmxqbkmwmlq amrzwmanvmwrnqdqmd śnqwdlrfkwcĂwnem qnz}wnekw am cmann śn demzmnrdhmekw }qnençlaqmwcmln imkiwdfnbn śnzwmmlqdwmd ekw ìlfkwcdq membqwklnb#mxzenbdwmd anvmwrnqĂŢnn
zmnrdhmekw ldq}wdem śndlqwkznbm zm gdd }lkw
# cdl}de}e
#odwqdfnnbĂ dE}cnn
#ncdinln
#fkqkiwdfnn
#dqedrimkiwdfnbśbkedw
#oĂwŢnqmcdqnbm
bdeb}edqkw
nlqmwlmq}e
vnamkzwk#nmbqkw
#fnśm ame}bw}
bklvmwrdŢndm}wnrqnbĂ #mxzenbdŢnd #amrbwnmwmd
bklvmwrdŢndm}wnrqnbĂ nlvmrqnidŢnd bkczdwdŢnd #e}bw}e b}odwqd śncdl}de}e
#e}bw}e b}bdeb}edqkw}enlvmrqnidŢnd bklvmwrdŢnd zwkgemcdqndwmdmxzenbdŢnd amcklrqwdŢnd
mxzenbdŢnd
bkczdwdŢnd #ìlvĂŢdwm zwnlamrbkzmwnwmnlvmrqnidŢnd
vmwnfnbdwmfwklqdeĂ
Kgrmwvd#wmd rnrqm#cdqnbĂ
zwknmbqm
zmnrdhmimkiwdfnbm
BkczmqmlŢd2,WmedŢnkldwmd memcmlqmekw
/qmwnqkwndem śn f}lbŢnkldem.2,4, ]qnendwmd }lkw wmzwm#mlqĂwn iwdfnbm śn bdwqk#
adqm dbbmrdqm zwnlnlqmwlmq#bkczdwdwmd
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 137/155
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqmzwmlkwndq
d memcmlqmekwśn d fmlkcm#lmekw anl ld#q}wĂ śn anl rk#bnmqdqm b} wm#
zwmmlqĂwnemekw bdwqkiwd#fnbm% iwdfnbmrd} zmckamem
mlqĂwn iwdfnbm śn bdwqk#iwdfnbm% zmlqw} nlqmwzwm#qdwmd śn zwmmlqdwmd wmd#enqĂŢnn kgrmwvdqm
#bkczdwdwmdmemcmlqmekw%zwkbmrmekwśn fmlkcmlmekw kgrmwvdqm/anwmbq rd}nlanwmbq. rqdgnenladrmcĂlĂwn rd} amkrmgnwn
ìlqwm qnz}wnem am cmannimkiwdfnbm
]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 Cman}e ìlbklh}wĂqkw /Amiwdadwmd śn zwkqmbŢnd cman}e}n. Lw, kwm8 6
Lw,bwq BklŢnl}q}wn
BkczmqmlŢmbomnm
/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢmimlmwdem
BkczmqmlŢmrzmbnfnbm DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm
Wmr}wrmMvde}dwmCdqmwndem Zwkbma}wdem
4,
7,
Oddwamldq}wdem śndlqwkznbm
AmrzĂa}wnwn#
em% amśmwqnfn#bdwmd śnzke}dwmd ‒ mfmbqm demdbqnvnqĂŢnekw}cdlmdr}zwdcman}e}n
Bkc}lnbdwmdìl encgĂcdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd
ìl encgnrqwĂnlm
4,]qnendwmddambvdqĂ dqmwcnlkekinmn śnencgdhmekwrzmbnfnbm%zmlqw}
mxzenbdwmdcman}e}nimkiwdfnb
4,4, Zwmmlqdwmd ìlrbwnr śn kwdeĂ d drzmb#qmekw amfnlnqkwnn demcman}e}n ìlbklh}wĂ#qkw% }qnençla bkwmbq śnbkmwmlq qmwcnlkekind
rzmbnfnbĂ akcmln}e}n 4,7, Zwmmlqdwmd wm#}eqdqmekw nlvmrqnid#Ţnnekw wmdendqm dr}zwdcman}e}n ìlbklh}wĂ#qkw% b} dh}qkw}e qmw#cnlkekinmn rzmbnfnbmimkiwdfnmn
# ]qnendwmd encgdh}e}nrzmbnfnb ìl zwmmlqdwmd śnmxzenbdwmd oddwamekwldq}wdem śn dlqwkznbm # Wdzkwqdwmd wmin}lnekwimkiwdfnbm dfmbqdqm am
zke}dwm ed }l r}zkwqbdwqkiwdfnb śn iwdfnb # Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnendwmdbklŢnl}q}wnekw wmfmwnqkdwmed r}wrmem am zke}dwm śncĂr}wnem am zwkqmbŢnm śnbklrmwvdwm d cman}e}nzwnl qmolkekind nlfkwcd#
cdl}de}e
#ncdinln
fkqkiwdfnn
#odwqdfnnbĂ dE}cnn
#dqedrimkiwdfnbśbkedw
BklvmwrdŢndm}wnrqnbĂ
E}bw}e b}odwqd
#e}bw}e b}bdeb}edqkw}e
nlvmrqnidŢnd
vmwnfnbdwmfwklqdeĂ
Kgrmwvd#Ţnd rnrqm#cdqnbĂ
2 ZwkqmbŢnd
4,1, Akb}cmlqdwmddr}zwd zwkgemcdqnbnnakcmln}e}n vdekwnfn#
Ţnmn śn bkc}lnbĂwnn # Namlqnfnbdwmd śn mxzen#bdwmd ancmlrn}lnn rkbndem
#oĂwŢnqmcdqnbmbdeb}edqkw
# kgrmwvdŢnd #mxzenbdŢnd bklvmwrdŢnd
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 138/155
2,
1,
ZwkqmbŢnd%bklrmwvdwmdśn kbwkqnwmdcman}e}n
Cdldimcmlq}e cman}e}n
ìlbklh}wĂqkw
BkczmqmlŢm
cdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqmzwmlkwndq
7,Wdzkwqdwmd
memcmlqmekwrmclnfnbdqnvmanl rkbnmqdqm%śqnnlŢĂ śn qmolk#ekinm ed cman}eìlbklh}wĂqkw bdìlqwmi śn ed rnr#qmcmem rdembkczklmlqm2,WmedŢnkldwmdmemcmlqmekw śn dfmlkcmlmekwanl ldq}wĂ śnanl rkbnmqdqm b}wmzwmmlqĂwnemekw bdwqkiwdfn#bm% iwdfnbm rd}zm ckamem
akcmln}e}n% vdekwnfnbçla dambvdq rmclnfn#bdŢnnem qmwcmlnekw bom#nm am rzmbndenqdqm7,2, Mxzenbdwmd wmed#
Ţnnekw kgrmwvdgnem anl#qwm śqnnlŢm% qmolkekinmśn cman}e ìlbklh}wĂ#qkw% zwnl dldend }lkwrnrqmcm śn rqw}bq}wn/qmwnqkwndem śn f}lbŢn#kldem.
2,4, ]qnendwmd }lkwwmzwmmlqĂwn iwdfnbm śnbdwqkiwdfnbm% zmlqw}nlqmwzwmqdwmd śn zwm#mlqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnkgrmwvdqm
bdwmd ancmlrn}lnn rkbndemśn bnvnbm d cdldimcml#q}e}n cman}e}n ìlbklh}wĂ#qkw#Akgçlanwmd }lkw amzwnl#
amwn śn qmolnbn am e}bw}zmlqw} nlvmrqnidwmd cm#an}e}n anl kwnklq}e ekbde,#Medgkwdwmd }lkw ckamemśn rke}Ţnn zmlqw} zwkqmhdwmdcman}e}n imkiwdfnb anl
zmwrzmbqnvd amvkeqĂwnna}wdgnem,#]qnendwmd cmqkamekwrnczem am nlvmrqnidwm/kgrmwvdwm% dldenĂ%nlqmwzwmqdwm. d r}wrmekw amzke}dwm anl kwnklq}eekbde,#Amrbwnmwmd qnz}wnekw amoddwam kgrmwvdqm /anwmbqrd} nlanwmbq. ìl kwnklq}eekbde,
bdeb}edqkw}enlqmwlmq}evnamkzwknmbqkw}e
#fnśm ame}bw}
bklvmwrdŢnd
nlvmrqnidŢnd
zwkgemcdqnd#wmd
nlvmrqnidŢnd #kgrmwvdŢnd # dldend
# amrbwnmwmd
zkwqkfk#en}
]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 Wminkldendwmd śn iekgdendwmd e}cnn bklqmczkwdlm
Lw, kwm8 =
Lw,bwq BklŢnl}q}wn
BkczmqmlŢmbomnm
/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢmimlmwdem
BkczmqmlŢmrzmbnfnbm
DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm
Wmr}wrmMvde}dwm
Cdqmwndem Zwkbma}wdem
4, Ancmlrn}ln#em śn
Bkc}lnbdwmdìl encgĂ
4,]qnendwmd dambvdqĂd qmwcnlkekinmn śn
4,=, Fkwc}edwmd amzwkgemcm wmfmwnqkd#
#]qnendwmd encgdh}#e}n rzmbnfnb ìl zwm#
# cdl}de}e#ncdinln
#bklvmwrdŢndm}wnrqnbĂ
vmwnfnbdwmfwklqdeĂ
akcmlnnemwminkldenĂ#wnn śn
cdqmwlĂBkc}lnbdwmdìl encgn
encgdhmekw rzmbnnbm%zmlqw} mxzenbdwmdcman}e}n imkiwdfnb
wm ed wminkldendwmśn iekgdendwm%}qnençla bkwmbq śn
mlqdwmd śn mxzenbd#wmd iekgdenĂwnn% wm#inkldenĂwnn śn an#
#fkqkiwdfnn
#odwqd
#mxzenbdŢnd #amrbwnmwmd
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 139/155
7,
wnn śniekgdenĂwnn
Namlqnqdqmd%}lnfkwcnd#wmd śnanvmwrnqdqmde}cnnbklqmczk#wdlm
ìl encgnrqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢm
cdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śn
bkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqmzwmlkwndq
cman}e}n imkiwdfnb
7,Wdzkwqdwmd memcml#
qmekw rmclnfnbdqnvmanl rkbnmqdqm% śqnnlŢĂśn qmolkekinm edcman}e ìlbklh}wĂqkw bd ìlqwmi śn edrnrqmcmem rdembkczklmlqm
2,WmedŢnkldwmdmemcmlqmekw śn dfmlkcmlmekw anl
ldq}wĂ śn anl rkbnmqdqmb} wmzwmmlqĂwnem ekw bdwqkiwdfnbm% iwdfnbmrd} zm ckamem
}qnençla bkwmbq śnbkmwmlq qmwcnlkek#ind rzmbnfnbĂakcmln}e}n7,9, Dzenbdwmd am
memcmlqm mxzenbdqn#vm rmclnfnbdqnvm%rzmbnfnbm śqnnlŢmekw rkbndem% ìl nlqmwzwm#qdwmd zwkbmrmekw wm#fmwnqkdwm ediekgdendwm2,7, ]qnendwmdnlfkwcdŢnmnbdwqkiwdfnbm% zmlqw}mxzenbdwmd
zwkgemcmekw emidqmam wminkldendwm śniekgdendwm
inkldenĂwnn śn anvmwrnqĂŢnn e}cnnbklqmczkwdlm,#Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnen#dwmd bklŢnl}q}wnekw
wmfmwnqkdwm ed iekgd#endwm% wminkldendwmzwnl qmolkekind nl#fkwcdŢnmn śnbkc}lnbĂwnn, #Namlqnfnbdwmd śn mx#zenbdwmd ancmlrn}#lnn nczdbq}e}n rkbn#de% bnvnb śn b}eq}wdezm bdwm ìe dwmiekgdendwmd,
odwqdfnnbĂ dE}cnn#dqedrimkiwdfnb
śbkedw
bdeb}edqkw}e#nlqmwlmq}e
vnamkzwknmbqkw}e
#fnśm ame}bw}
#e}bw}e b}odwqd%bdeb}edqkw}e
śn cdl}de}e
#nlvmrqnidŢnd zwkgemcdqndwmd
#kgrmwvdŢndrnrqmcdqn
bĂ
#fnśĂ am
e}bw}
]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 Zkz}edŢnd% wmr}wrmem ldq}wdem śn amvkeqdwmd e}cnn bklqmczkwdlm, Lw, kwm8 9
Lw,bwq BklŢnl}q}wn
BkczmqmlŢmbomnm
/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢmimlmwdem BkczmqmlŢm rzmbnfnbm
DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm
Wmr}wrmMvde}dwm
Cdqmwndem Zwkbma}wdem
4, Mvke}Ţnnimkamck#iwdfnbm
Bkc}lnbdwmdìl encgĂcdqmwlĂ
4,]qnendwmddambvdqĂ dqmwcnlkekinmn śn
4,4, Zwmmlqdwmd ìl rbwnrśn kwdeĂ d drzmbqmekw amfnlnqkwnn wmfmwnqkdwm ed
#Namlqnfnbdwmd emiĂ#q}wnekw anlqwm wmr}w#rmem ldq}wdem śn ln#
# cdl}de}e
#odwqd
#NlvmrqnidŢnd
#E}bw}e b}
vmwnfnbdwmfwklqdeĂ
7,
bklqmczk#wdlm,AnfmwmlŢnmwn
Bkc}lnbdwmdìl encgn
encgdhmekwrzmbnnbm% zmlqw}mxzenbdwmd
zkz}edŢnm% ed wmr}wrm śned amvkeqdwmd e}cnnbklqmczkwdlm% }qnen#
vme}e amvkeqĂwnnmbklkcnbm,#Zwmmlqdwmd rqw}b#
zkenqnbĂ dE}cnn#dqedr
odwqd śncdl}de}e
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 140/155
7,
2,
1,
=,
6,
9,
?,
AnfmwmlŢnmwnwminkldemWmr}wrmem}cdlm śnamvkeqdwmd
Wdzkwq}eanlqwmdśmĂwn śnamvkeqdwm,QmlanlŢm demmvke}ŢnmndśmĂwnekw}cdlmWmr}wrmemldq}wdem śndiwnbkem,
Nczdbq}emxzekdqĂwnn śnvdekwnfnbĂwnnwmr}wrmekwdr}zwdcman}e}n,Imrqnkldwmdwmr}wrmekw%amvkeqdwmdmbklkcnbĂ śnamvkeqdwmda}wdgneĂ
ìl encgnrqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢmqmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
mxzenbdwmdcman}e}nimkiwdfnb
7,Wdzkwqdwmdmemcmlqmekwrmclnfnbdqnvm anlrkbnmqdqm% śqnnlŢĂśn qmolkekinm edcman}e
ìlbklh}wĂqkw bdìlqwmi śn edrnrqmcmem rdembkczklmlqm
2,WmedŢnkldwmdmemcmlqmekw śn dfmlkcmlmekw anlldq}wĂ śn anl rkbn#
mqdqm b} wmzwmml#qĂwnem ekw bdwqk#iwdfnbm% iwdfnbmrd} zm ckamem
bklqmczkwdlm% }qnençla bkwmbq śn bkmwmlqqmwcnlkekind rzmbnfnbĂakcmln}e}n4,1, Akb}cmlqdwmd dr}#
zwd zwkgemcdqnbnn ak#cmln}e}n% vdekwnfnbçladambvdq rmclnfnbdŢnnemqmwcmlnekw bomnm amrzmbndenqdqm7,2, Mxzenbdwmd wmedŢnn#ekw kgrmwvdgnem anlqwmśqnnlŢm% qmolkekinm% zk#
z}edŢnm% wmr}wrm śn am#vkeqdwm% zwnl dldend}lkw rnrqmcm śn rqw}bq}wn
/qmwnqkwndem śn f}lbŢnk#ldem.7,1, MxzenbdwmdwmedŢnnekw kgrmwvdgnemanlqwm rnrqmcmemldq}wdem śn }cdlm/nlqmiwdqm.2,2 ]qnendwmd }lkw wm#
zwmmlqĂwn iwdfnbm śnbdwqkiwdfnbm cnlncm%
zmlqw} nlqmwzwmqdwmd śn
mxzwncdwmd wmdenqĂŢnndldendqm ncmandq
Zwmmlqdwmd rqw}bq}wdqĂ d wmr}wrmekw }cdlm dem zedlmqmnbd ìlqwmi śn demkwnklq}e}n ekbde,
#Ekbdendwmd zwnl#bnzdemekw ŢĂwn zwka}#bĂqkdwm am wmr}wrmldq}wdem zm wmzwm#mlqĂwn bdwqkiwdfnbm, #Kwakldwmd wmr}w#rmekw ldq}wdemfkekrnla anfmwnqmbwnqmwnn am bedrnfn#bdwm8 bdlqnqdqnvm%bdenqdqnvm śn
qmwnqkwndem,#Amrbwnmwmd drzmb#qmekw zm bdwm em dwmnczdbq}e vdekwnfn#bĂwnn śn mxzekdqĂwnndr}zwd cman}e}n zmgdd }lkw adqmdbbmrdqm zmnlqmwlmq,#Mxzenbdwmd wke}e}namvkeqĂwnn a}wdgnem
zmlqw} kc śnrkbnmqdqm,
dqedrimkiwdfnbśbkedw
#oĂwŢnqmcdqnbm
bdeb}edqkw}e
#nlqmwlmq}e
vnamkzwknmbqkw}e
#fnśm ame}bw}
#BklvmwrdŢndm}wnrqnbĂ
# E}bw}e b}odwqd
#Dldend
#Amrbwnmwmd
#Zwkgemcdqn#dwmd
#E}bw}e b}bdeb}edqkw}e
#MxzenbdŢnd
KgrmwvdŢndrnrqmcdqnb
Ă
#fnśĂ ame}bw}
]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 Rnrqmc}e mbklkcnb śn rnrqmc}e imkzkenqnb Lw, kwm8 = L B Ţn q n B q Ţ B q Ţ B q Ţ D qn nqĂŢn a W M e
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 141/155
Lw,bwq
BklŢnl}q}wn BkczmqmlŢmbomnm
/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢmimlmwdem
BkczmqmlŢmrzmbnfnbm
DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm
Wmr}wrm Mvde}dwm
Cdqmwndem Zwkbma}wdem
4,
7,
2,
1,
=,
6,
9,
Mvke}Ţnd mbklkcnmn
cklandem śn rnrqmc}embklkcnb cklandeRnrqmc}e imkzkenqnbcklande dbq}deDlrdcge}wn mbklk#cnbm śn imkzkenqnbmcklandem dbq}dem/]ln}lmd M}wkzmd#lĂ% DZMB mqb,. ‒ drzmbqm imlmwdemWke}e }lkw rqdqm ìl
rnrqmc}e cklandedbq}de8 Rqdqmem ]lnqmdem Dcmwnbnn%FmamwdŢnd W}rĂ%Hdzklnd% Bonld%Nland% Gwdnend,Kwidlndwmd rzd#Ţn}e}n cklande /ŢĂwn
ìl amvkeqdwm% ŢĂwnamvkeqdqm% deqmbdqmikwnn am ŢĂwn.,
Wdzkwq}e Lkwa ‒ R}aAm ed e}cmd }ln#zkedwĂ ed e}cmdc}eqnzkedwĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd
ìl encgĂcdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwmd ìl encgnrqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢd
rkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
4,]qnendwmd
dambvdqĂ dqmwcnlkekinmn śnencgdhmekwrzmbnnbm% zmlqw}mxzenbdwmdcman}e}nimkiwdfnb
7,Wdzkwqdwmdmemcmlqmekwrmclnfnbdqnvmanl rkbnmqdqm%śqnnlŢĂ śn qmolk#ekinm ed cman}eìlbklh}wĂqkw bdìlqwmi śn edrnrqmcmem rdembkczklmlqm2,WmedŢnkldwmd
memcmlqmekw śn dfmlkcmlmekwanl ldq}wĂ śnanl rkbnmqdqm b}wmzwmmlqĂwnemekw bdwqkiwdfn#bm% iwdfnbm rd}zm ckamem
4,4,Zwmmlqdwmd
ì l rbwnr śn kwdeĂd drzmbqmekw am#fnlnqkwnn wmfmwn#qkdwm ed rnrqm#c}e mbklkcnbśn imkzkenqnbcklande% }qnen#çla bkwmbq śnbkmwmlq qmwcn#lkekind rzmbn#fnbĂ akcmln}e}n
7,1, MxzenbdwmdwmedŢnnekw kgrmwvdgnem
ìlqwm rnrqmcmeme}cnnbklqmczkwdlm
2,1, ]qnendwmd
nlfkwcdŢnmnbdwqkiwdfnbm%zmlqw}mxzenbdwmdrnrqmc}e}nmbklkcnb śnimkzkenqnbcklande
#Medgkwdwmd }l}n qmxq
bkmwmlq }qnençla qmw#cmlnn imkiwdfnbn zml#qw} d mvnamlŢnd wke}e}lkw rqdqm ìl rnrqmc}ecklande dbq}de,#Wdzkwqdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnmbklkcnbm śn imkzk#enqnbm ed }l r}zkwqbdwqkiwdfnb śn iwdfnb, #Dbbmrdwmd śn }qnend#wmd nlfkwcdŢnnekw b}
zwnvnwm ed iw}zdwmdmbklkcnbĂ śn imkzk#enqnbĂ d rqdqmekw zwnlqmolkekind nlfkwcd#Ţnmn śn bkc}lnbĂwnn, #Akgçlanwmd }lkw am#
zwnlamwn śn qmolnbn ame}bw} zmlqw} }qnendwmdr}zkwq}wnekw iwdfnbm śnbdwqkiwdfnbm wmfmwn#qkdwm ed wke}e }lkw
rqdqm ìl rnrqmc}ecklande dbq}de,#Medgkwdwmd }lkw ck#amem śn rke}Ţnn am kw #idlndwm d rzdŢne}nimkiwdfnb zkwlnla amed e}cmd }lnzkedwĂ ede}cmd c}eqnzkedwĂ
# cdl}de}e
#odwqd zkenqnbĂ dE}cnn#dqedrimkiwdfnbśbkedw
#oĂwŢnqmcdqnbm
bdeb}edqkw}e
#nlqmwlmq}evnamkzwknmbqkw}e
# Odwqd zknqnbĂ śn
mbklkcnbĂd e}cnn
#fnśm ame}bw}
bklvmwrdŢnd
m}wnrqnbĂ #amrbwnmwmd
#e}bw}e b}odwqd śncdl}de}e
nlvmrqnidŢnd # e}bw}e b}bdebedqkw}e
#e}bw}e b}odwqd śncdl}de}e
# amrbwnmwmdZwkgemcdqnd#wmd
vmwnfnbdwmfwklqdeĂ
Kgrmwvd#Ţnd rnrqm#cdqnbĂ
#wmfmwdqm
IMKIWDFNM8 M]WKZD#WKCDLND#]LN]LMD M]WKZMDLć ZEDLNFNBDWMD DL]DEć /CDBWKZWKNMBQDWMD NLRQW]NWNN.
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 142/155
BER, d _NN#d
BkczmqmlŢm imlmwdem8 4, ]qnendwmd dambvdqĂ d qmwcnlkekinmn śn d encgdhmekw rzmbnfnbm% zmlqw} mxzenbdwmd cman}e}n imkiwdfnb 7, Wdzkwqdwmd memcmlqmekw rmclnfnbdqnvm anl rkbnmqdqm% śqnnlŢĂ śn qmolkekinm ed cman}e ìlbklh}wĂqkw bd ìlqwmi śn ed rnrqmcmem rdembkczklmlqm2, WmedŢnkldwmd memcmlqmekw śn d fmlkcmlmekw anl ldq}wĂ śn anl rkbnmqdqm b} wmzwmmlqĂwnem ekw bdwqkiwdfnbm% iwdfnbm rd} zm ckamem
Lw,bwq,
]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm
BkczmqmlŢm rzmbnfnbm vndqm BklŢnl}q}wn Lw,kwm
RĂzqĂcçld
Kgr
4, M}wkzd śnWkcçlnd#
imkiwdfnmfnnbĂ
4,4, Zwmmlqdwmd% ìl rbwnr śn kwde% d drzmbqmekw amfnlnqkwnndem rzdŢn}e}n m}wkzmdl śn ldqnklde% }qnençla bkwmbq śn
bkmwmlq qmwcnlkekind rzmbnfnbĂ akcmln}e}n 4,7, Wdzkwqdwmd wm}eqdqmekw akb}cmlqĂwnn /nlfkwcĂwnn. dr}zwd zwkgemcdqnbnn f}ladcmlqdem d M}wkzmn śn d Wkcçlnmn% b} dh}qkw}e lkŢn}lnekw śn de bklbmzqmekw bkwmrz}lĂqkdwm 4,2, Mxzenbdwmd }lmn wmdenqĂŢn nlvmrqnidqm /anwmbq rd} nlanwmbq.% zwnl }qnendwmd encgdh}e}n śqnnlŢnfnb rzmbnfnb akcmln}e}n4,1, Namlqnfnbdwmd% zwnl akb}cmlqdwm% d nlfkwcdŢnnekw rzmbnfnbm zwkgemcdqnbnn imkiwdfnbm d M}wkzmn śn d
Wkcçlnmn% vdekwnfnbçla dambvdq rmclnfnbdŢnnemqmwcmlnekw#bomnm am rzmbndenqdqm
7,4, Mxzenbdwmd zwkbmrmekw ldq}wdem anl cman}eìlbklh}wĂqkw /imkiwdfnb.% ed lnvme}e bklqnlmlq}e}n% zwnlbklmxn}ln r}imwdqm am dldend ckamemekw iwdfnbm%bdwqkiwdfnbm śn d ncdinlnekw
RzdŢn}e wkcçlmrb śn rzdŢn}em}wkzmdl,
4, Memcmlqm fnnbk#imkiwdfnbmamfnlnqkwnn dem M}wkzmn śn demWkcçlnmn84,4, Wmenmf}e cdhkw ‒ qwmzqm śn}lnqĂŢn ckwfkrqw}bq}wdem 4,7, Qnz}wn imlmqnbm śn }lqĂŢnam wmenmf 4,2, ]lnqĂŢn cdhkwm am wmenmf 4,1, Bencd /fdbqkwnn imlmqnbn%memclmqmem bencdqnbm śn
wminkldwmd bencdqnbĂ 4,=, Odwqd rnlkzqnbĂ d M}wkzmnśn d Wkcçlnmn 4,6, Onawkiwdfnm#drzmbqmimlmwdem4,9, A}lĂwmd śn Cdwmd LmdiwĂ 4,?, Ìlvmenś}e gnkzmakimkiwdfnb 4,>, Wmr}wrmem ldq}wdem
? R4
R7
R2
R1
R=
R6
R9R?
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 143/155
zm gdd dbqnvnqĂŢnn am akb}cmlqdwm nlamzmlamlqĂ 2,4, Nlqmwzwmqdwmd wmzwmmlqĂwnekw iwdfnbm śn bdwqkiwdfnbm% zmlqw} zwmmlqdwmd }lmn wmdenqĂŢn nlvmrqnidqm
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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zmlqw} zwmmlqdwmd }lmn wmdenqĂŢn nlvmrqnidqm 1, ]ln}lmd
M}wkzmdlĂ 4,4, Zwmmlqdwmd% ìl rbwnr śn kwde% d drzmbqmekw amfnlnqkwnn wmfmwnqkdwm ed memcmlqm imkiwdfnbm dem ],M,% }qnençlabkwmbq śn bkmwmlq qmwcnlkekind rzmbnfnbĂ akcmln}e}n
4,1, Namlqnfnbdwmd% zwnl akb}cmlqdwm% d nlfkwcdŢnnekw rzmbnfnbm zwkgemcdqnbnn imkiwdfnbm d ],M, śn dWkcçlnmn%vdekwnfnbçla dambvdq rmclnfnbdŢnnem qmwcmlnekw#bomnm amrzmbndenqdqm7,1, Mxzenbdwmd wmedŢnnekw kgrmwvdgnem anlqwm rnrqmcmemldq}wdem śn }cdlm dem cman}e}n imkiwdfnb de ],M,%}qnençla adqm rqdqnrqnbm% ckamem iwdfnbm śn wmzwmmlqĂwnbdwqkiwdfnbm dambvdqm7,9, Dzenbdwmd }lkw memcmlqm mxzenbdqnvm rmclnfnbdqnvm
rzmbnfnbm śqnnlŢmekw rkbndem% ìl nlqmwzwmqdwmd zwkbmrmekw wmfmwnqkdwm ed iekgdendwm anl zmwrzmbqnvd ],M,2,7, ]qnendwmd wmzwmmlqĂwnekw iwdfnbm śn bdwqkiwdfnbmdambvdqm% zmlqw} nlqmwzwmqdwmd śn mxzwncdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm d ],M, śn d }lkw ŢĂwn anl bkczklmlŢddbmrqmnd2,2, Qwdlrfmw}e nlfkwcdŢnmn rqdqnrqnbm% iwdfnbm śnbdwqkiwdfnbm ìl deqm fkwcm am zwmmlqdwm /qmxqm% ckamemmqb,.
1,4, Fkwcdwmd ]ln}lnnM}wkzmlm śn mvke}ŢndnlqmiwĂwnn m}wkzmlm
1,7, Bdwdbqmwnrqnbn imkiwdfnbm%zkenqnbm śn mbklkcnbm dbq}demdem ],M,1,2, Rqdqmem ]ln}lnnM}wkzmlm81,2,4, Zwnvnwm imlmwdeĂ śnrnlqmqnbĂ 1,2,7, Rq}ann am bd8 FwdlŢd%Imwcdlnd% Wmidq}e ]lnq% Nqdend%Rzdlnd% Zkwq}idend% Iwmbnd śn
D}rqwnd
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N
7,9, Dzenbdwmd }lkw memcmlqm mxzenbdqnvm rmclnfnbdqnvm
rzmbnfnbm śqnnlŢmekw rkbndem% ìl nlqmwzwmqdwmd zwkbmrmekw wmfmwnqkdwm ed iekgdendwm anl zmwrzmbqnvd ],M,2,7, ]qnendwmd wmzwmmlqĂwnekw iwdfnbm śn bdwqkiwdfnbmdambvdqm% zmlqw} nlqmwzwmqdwmd śn mxzwncdwmd wmdenqĂŢnnimkiwdfnbm d ],M, rn d }lkw qĂwn anl bkczklmlqddbmrqmnd2,2, Qwdlrfmw}e nlfkwcdŢnmn rqdqnrqnbm% iwdfnbm śn
=, Wkcçlnd bd zdwqm d
]ln}lnn M}wkzmlm=,4, Kzkwq}lnqĂŢnem imkiwdfnbmdem Wkcçlnmn b} rmclnfnbdŢnm zmlqw} ]ln}lmd M}wkzmdlĂ =,7, Wkcçlnd śn ŢĂwnem ],M, ‒ nlqmwamzmlamlŢm imkiwdfnbm%mbklkcnbm śn b}eq}wdem
2 R76
R79
bdwqkiwdfnbm ìl deqm fkwcm am zwmmlqdwm /qmxqm% ckamem mqb,.2,1, Nlqmwzwmqdwmd adqmekw rqdqnrqnbm śn d ckamemekw
=,2, Zwkgemcd mlmwinmn ìl ],M,śn ìl Wkcçlnd
R7?
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 145/155
z śiwdfnbm wmfmwnqkdwm ed ],M, śn ed Wkcçlnd 2,=, Bklrqw}nwmd }lkw wmzwmmlqĂwn iwdfnbm śnbdwqkiwdfnbm cnlncdem% }qnençla nlfkwcdŢnn kfmwqdqm
6, M}wkzd śn]ln}lmdM}wkzmdlĂ ìl e}cmdbklqmczkwdlĂ
4,4, Zwmmlqdwmd% ìl rbwnr śn kwde% d drzmbqmekw amfnlnqkwnn wmfmwnqkdwm ed wke}e M}wkzmn ìl rnrqmc}e mbklkcnb śn imkzkenqnb cklande% }qnençla bkwmbq śn bkmwmlqqmwcnlkekind rzmbnfnbĂ akcmln}e}n 4,=, Fkwc}edwmd am zwkgemcm wmfmwnqkdwm edwminkldendwm śn ed iekgdendwm% anl zmwrzmbqnvĂm}wkzmdlĂ% }qnençla bkwmbq śn bkmwmlq qmwcnlkekindrzmbnfnbĂ akcmln}e}n 7,1, Mxzenbdwmd wmedŢnnekw kgrmwvdgnem ìlqwm rnrqmcmem
e}cnn bklqmczkwdlm śn M}wkzd 2,1, Nlqmwzwmqdwmd adqmekw rqdqnrqnbm śn d ckamemekwiwdfnbm wmfmwnqkdwm ed M}wkzd% ],M% Wkcçlnd śn e}cmdbklqmczkwdlĂ
6,4, Zwkgemcm f}ladcmlqdemdem e}cnn bklqmczkwdlm6,7, Wke}e M}wkzmn ìlbklrqw}nwmd e}cnnbklqmczkwdlm6,2, ],M, śn dlrdcge}wnemmbklkcnbm śn imkzkenqnbm deme}cnn bklqmczkwdlm ‒ zwnvnwmbkczdwdqnvĂ
6,1, Cklandendwm%nlqmwldŢnkldendwm śniekgdendwm anl zmwrzmbqnvĂm}wkzmdlĂ 6,=, M}wkzd% ]ln}lmdM}wkzmdlĂ śn Wkcçlnd ìl zwkbmr}e am mvke}Ţnm d e}cnnbklqmczkwdlm ìl }wcĂqkdwmemambmlnn
= R7>
R2:
R24
R27
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9, RnlqmĂ śn
mvde}dwm
4,4, Zwmmlqdwmd ìl rbwnr śn kwdeĂ d drzmbqmekw amfnlnqkwnn
dem rzdŢn}e}n m}wkzmdl śn ldŢnklde% }qnençla bkwmbq śnbkmwmlq qmwcnlkekind rzmbnfnbĂ akcmln}e}n, 2,=, ]qnendwmd cnhekdbmekw am wmzwmmlqdwm iwdfnbĂ śnbdwqkiwdfnbĂ d rzdŢn}e}n rkbnde śn b}eq}wde% ed lnvme}eM}wkzmn śn de Wkcçlnmn
RnlqmĂ8 M}wkzd#Wkcçlnd#
]ln}lmd M}wkzmdlĂ 7 R21#R2=
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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CdwmdLmdiwĂ,
Ì7, Wdzkwqdwmd mem#
bomnm am rzmbndenqdqm, 7,4,Mxzenbdwmd zwkbm#rmekw ldq}wdem anl cm#an e h
Wkcçlnmn0 # namlqnfnbdwmd d 1
zdwqnb}edwnqĂŢn on#
e}bw} BkczdwdŢnd
BklvmwrdŢnd
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 147/155
9,
?,
Ìlvmenś}egnkzmakimk#iwdfnb
Wmr}wrmemldq}wdem,
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śnbkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
cmlqmekw rmclnfn#bdqnvm anl rkbnmqdqm%rqnnlqĂ rn qmolkekinmed cman}e ìlbkl#
h}wĂqkw bd ìlqwmi rned rnrqmcmem rdembkczklmlqm
an}e ìlbklh}wĂqkw /imkiwdfnb. ed lnvme}ebklqnlmlq}e}n% zwnlbklmxn}ln r}imwdqm am
dldend ckamemekwiwdfnbm% bdwqkiwdfnbmśn d ncdinlnekw,
awkekinbm dem bkl#qnlmlq}e}n śn demŢĂwnn0 # ekbdendwmd zm
odwqĂ d = dwqmwm on#awkiwdfnbm nczkw#qdlqm śn d = edb}wn0 # dwi}cmlqdwmd an#vmwrnqĂŢnn klmekwgnk# imkiwdfnbm amed lnvme}e bklqn#lmlq}e}n rn deWkcdlnmn0 # bkwmedwmd klden#qĂŢnn edqnq}anldem śn
deqnq}anldem d ben#cmn b} vmimqdŢnd śnrke}wnem0 # wmcdwbdwmd anvmw#rnqĂŢnn wmr}wrmekw ldq}wdem am ed lnvm#e}e bklqnlmlq}e}n0 # zwkz}lmwmd }lkwrke}Ţnn zmlqw} bkl#rmwvdwmd wmr}wrmekwmz}ndgnem
Bdeb}edqkw vnamkzwknmbqkw
Dqedrmgkqdlnbm Dqedrmimkiwdfnbm
Dqedrm śncdl}de
Iwdfnbm śnandiwdcm
m}wnrqnbĂ AmcklrqwdŢnd
Zwkgemcdqndwmd
BklvmwrdŢndm}wnrqnbĂ
Zwkgemcdqn#dwmd BklvmwrdŢnd
KgrmwvdŢnd
AmcklrqwdŢnd
BklvmwrdŢnd
Mvde}dwmr}cd#qnvĂ
]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 NN, M}wkzd śn Wkcçlnd#imkiwdfnm }cdlĂ
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 NN, M}wkzd śn Wkcçlnd imkiwdfnm }cdlĂ Lw, kwm8 6
Lw,
bwq
BklŢnl}q}wn BkczmqmlŢm
bomnm/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢm
imlmwdem
BkczmqmlŢm
rzmbnfnbm
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Cdqmwndem Zwkbma}wdem
4,
7,
2,
1,
OdwqdzkenqnbĂ dM}wkzmn,Wkcçlnd bdrqdq deM}wkzmn
Zkz}edŢnd śnbdwdbqmwnrqn#
bnem mnamckiwdfnbm
Rnrqmc}e amkwdśm deM}wkzmn
DldendimkiwdfnbĂ d}lkw kwdśm8Eklawd%Zdwnr% Vnmld%Ckrbkvd
,Bkc}lnbdwm ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcdqnbm śn
bkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
7, Wdzkwqdwmdmemcmlqmekwrmclnfnbdqnvmanl rkbnmqdqm%śqnnlŢĂ śnqmolkekinm edcman}eìlbklh}wĂqkw bd ìlqwmi śn ed
rnrqmcmem rdembkczklmlqm
7,4, Mxzenbdwmdzwkbmrmekw ldq}#wdem anl cman}eìlbklh}wĂqkw /imkiwdfnb.% ed ln#vme}e bklqnlmlq}#e}n% zwnl bklmxn}lnr}imwdqm am dlden#d ckamemekw iwd#
fnbm% bdwqkiwdfnbmśn d ncdinlnekw 7,7, ]qnendwmd mem#cmlqmekw rmclnfn#bdqnvm% bklbmzq}d#em śn cmqkakekinbm%rzmbnfnbm rqnnlqmekwldq}wnn śn śqnnlŢmekw rkbndem% zmlqw} rq}#anmwmd bkczdwdqn#vĂ d imkiwdfnmn
M}wkzmn śn dWkcçlnmn7,2, Mxzenbdwmd wm#edŢnnekw kgrmwvdgnemanlqwm śqnnlŢm% qmo#lkekinm śn cman}eìlbklh}wĂqkw edlnvme}e bklqnlml#
#wmdendwmd }lkw dbqnvnqĂŢnnlvmrqnidqnvm rd} am akb}#cmlqdwm cnlncm0#mxmwrdwmd qmwcnlkekinmnrzmbnfnbm /ìl fkwcĂ kwdeĂ śnrbwnrĂ. zwnl fkwcm śn rqw}b#q}wn dqwdbqnvm8 zwmmlqĂwnrqw}bq}wdqm% wmedŢnkldwmd nl#
fkwcdŢnmn bdwqkiwdfnbm b} nl#fkwcdŢnd rbwnrĂ0 #wmdendwmd am mxmwbnŢnn am d#ldenĂ% bkczdwdŢnm wmfmwnqkd#wm ed nlfkwcdŢnnem zwmmlqdqm0 #wdzkwqdwmd qmwcnlkekinmn rzm#bnfnbm ed qmwcnlkekind deqkw anr#bnzenlm śbkedwm0 #namlqnfnbdwmd bd}mekw bdwmd} amqmwcnldq ckanfnbĂwn zmodwqd zkenqnbĂ d bklqnlmlq}e}n
lkrqw}0#dldendwmd rqdqmekw bklqnlml#q}e}n a}zĂ cĂwncm% fkwcd ami}vmwlĂcçlq śn iw}zdwmd dbmr#qkwd a}zĂ zknŢnd ìl bdaw}ebklqnlmlq}e}n0 # wmcdwbdwmd anvmwrnqĂŢnn mqln#bm% enlivnrqnbm śn bklfmrnkldem d
Odwqd zkenqnbĂ dM}wkzmn
DqedrmimkiwdfnbmCdl}de
Iwdfnbm śnandiwdcm
Odwqd zkenqnbĂ dM}wkzmn
Odwqddacnlnrqwd
qnvĂ dWkcçlnmn
Adqmrqdqnrqnbmśn ncdinln
Mxz}lmwmd
BklvmwrdŢnd
MxzenbdŢnd
ÌlvĂŢdwmdzwnlamrbkzmwnwm
MxmwbnŢn}e
MxzenbdŢnd
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ÌlvĂŢdwmdzwnl
amrbkzmwnwm
AmcklrqwdŢnd
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BkczdwdŢnd
Kgr,rnrqmcdqn#bĂ
Mvde}dwmRmbvml#ŢndeĂ
D en
q}e}n% zwnl dldend#wmd }lkw rnrqmcm śnrqw}bq}wn qmwnqkwndemn f Ţn e
zkz}edŢnmn m}wkzmlm0 # mxzenbdwmd anfmwmlŢmekw zwn#vnla amlrnqdqmd zkz}edŢnmn ame n e e qn q e n n
OdwqdmbklkcnbĂ
lvĂŢdwmdzwnlamrbkzmwnwm
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 149/155
=,
6,
DldendimkiwdfnbĂ d}lkw kwdśm8G}b}wmśqn%
BklrqdlŢd%Qncnśkdwd
DbqnvnqĂŢnemmbklkcnbm ‒ bdwdbqmwnrqnbnimlmwdem
Dldend }lmnwdc}wn
nla}rqwndem ‒ mlmwindmembqwnbĂ
Rnrqmcm amqwdlrzkwq
Rmlrngnendwmśn mxzwncdwmb}eq}wdeĂ
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ /QRN
‒ QmolkekindRkbnmqĂŢnnnlfkwcdŢnmn.
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwn#dq
śn f}lbŢnkldem 7,1, Mxzenbdwmd wm#edŢnnekw kgrmwvdgnemanlqwm rnrqmcmem
ldq}wdem śn }cdlmdem cman}e}n imk#iwdfnb m}wkzmdl%}qnençla adqm rqd#qnrqnbm% ckamemimkiwdfnbm śn wm#
zwmmlqĂwn bdwqk#iwdfnbm dambvdqm7,=, Mxzenbdwmd}lkw rnrqmcm śn d}lkw rqw}bq}wn ld#
q}wdem śn }cdlm% zmgdd }lkw nlfkw#cdŢnn kgŢnl}qm zwnlanfmwnqm cnhekdbmam akb}cmlqdwm rnd }lkw cdqmwndemamcklrqwdqnvm
ed lnvme}e bklqnlmlq}e}n śn dŢĂwnn0 # dldendwmd adqmekw rqdqnrqnbm
zwnvnqkdwm ed zkz}edŢnm śn wm#
zwmmlqdwmd iwdfnbĂ d dbmrqkwd0 # namlqnfnbdwmd bd}mekw cniwd#Ţnnekw śn dem fe}x}e}n dbmrqkwd # dldendwmd anfmwmlŢmekw zwnvnla iwda}e am }wgdlndwmam ed lnvme}e bklqnlmlq}e}n0# ekbdendwmd bmlqwmekw }wgdlmnczkwqdlqm dem M}wkzmn śnWkcçlnmn0# dldend }lkw kwdśm cdwn anlM}wkzd śn anl Wkcçlnd0
# mxzenbdwmd vdwnmqĂŢnn mbklk#cnmn }wkzmn śn rzmbnfnb}e bmemnwkcçlmśqn0 # wmcdwbdwmd bklbmlqwĂwnn wm#r}wrmekw mlmwimqnbm ed lnvme}ebklqnlmlq}e}n0# zwkz}lmwmd }lkw wmr}wrm m#lmwimqnbm deqmwldqnvm0 # dwi}cmlqdwmd anfmwmlŢmekw
zwnvnla amvkeqdwmd wmŢmemn amqwdlrzkwq am ed lnvme}e bklqn#
lmlq}e}n0# dldendwmd zwnlbnzdemekw rnr#qmcm am qwdlrzkwq anl M}wkzdśn Wkcçlnd,
dWkcçlnmn
Dqedrm
imkiwdfnbm
Odwqddacnlnrqwd#qnvĂ dWkcçlnmn
Adqmrqdqnrqnbmśn ncdinln
OdwqdmbklkcnbĂdWkcçlnmn
Dqedrmimkiwdfnbm
Mxz}lmwmd
AmcklrqwdŢnd
MxmwbnŢn}e
MxzenbdŢnd
Zwkgemcdqnd#wmd
BklvmwrdŢndm}wnrqnbĂ
Zwkgemcdqnd#wmd
BklvmwrdŢnd
Mvde}dwmr}cdqn#vĂ
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 150/155
1, r}bbnlqĂ. D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn 2,WmedŢnkldwmd mem#
e n f
zmlamlqĂ
2,4, Nlqmwzwmqdwmd wmzwm#qĂ ne fn n q
wdŢnm wmfmwnqkdwmed nlfkwcdŢnnemzwmmlqdqm0 wdzkwqdwmd qmw
imkiwdfn#bm
zwnlamrbkzmwnwm
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 151/155
]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 NV, ]ln}lmd M}wkzmdlĂ Lw, kwm8 9
Lw, bwq
BklŢnl}q}wn BkczmqmlŢmbomnm
/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢmimlmwdem
BkczmqmlŢm rzmbnfnbm DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm Wmr}wrm Mvde}dwm
Cdqmwndem Zwkbma}wdem 4,
7,
2,
1,
Fkwcdwmd]ln}lnnM}wkzmlm śnmvke}ŢndnlqmiwĂwnn,
Bdwdbqmwnr#qnbn imkiwd#fnbm% zkenqnbmśnmbklkcnbmdbq}dem dem],M,
Bkc}lnbdwm ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwm ìl encgnrqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢm
4, ]qnendwmddambvdqĂ dqmwcnlkekinmnśn d encgdhmekw rzmbnfnbm%zmlqw} mxzenbdwmdcman}e}nimkiwdfnb
7, Wdzkwqdwmdmemcmlqmekw
4,4, Zwmmlqdwmd% ìl rbwnrśn kwde% d drzmbqmekw am#fnlnqkwnn wmfmwnqkdwm edmemcmlqm imkiwdfnbm dem],M,% }qnençla bkwmbq śnbkmwmlq qmwcnlkekindrzmbnfnbĂ akcmln}e}n 4,1, Namlqnfnbdwmd% zwnlakb}cmlqdwm% d nlfkwcd#
Ţnnekw rzmbnfnbm zwkgem#cdqnbnn imkiwdfnbm d ]Mśn d Wkcçlnmn% vdekwnfn#bçla dambvdq rmcln#fnbdŢnnem qmwcmlnekw #bomnmam rzmbndenqdqm 7,1, Mxzenbdwmd wmedŢnnekw kgrmwvdgnem anlqwm rnr#
# kgrmwvdwmd mqdzmekwnczkwqdlqm dem bklr#qw}bŢnmn m}wkzmlm0 # mxz}lmwmd śn nlqmwzwm#qdwmd kgnmbqnvmekw zwnl#bnzdem dem ]M,0 # namlqnfnbdwmd rqdqmekwcmcgwm ]M zm odwqdM}wkzmn0
# zwmvmamwmd zkrngnenqĂ#Ţnekw am damwdwm d lknrqdqm0 # amcklrqwdwmd bd ]M,mrqm bme cdn nczkwqdlqdbqkw mbklkcnb am zmIekg0 # dldendwmd lnvme}e}n
Odwqd]ln}lnnM}wkzm#lm
Cdl}de
Dqedrm
imkiwd#fnbm
Iwdfnbmśnandiwd#cm
Mxz}lmwmd AmcklrqdŢnd MxzenbdŢnd
Mxz}lmwmd Zwkgemcd#qndwmd ÌlvĂŢdwmd zwnlamrbkzmwnwm
MxmwbnŢn}e BklvmwrdŢnd AmcklrqwdŢnd
ÌlvĂŢdwmd zwnlkgrmwvdwmnlamzmlamlqĂ MxmwbnŢn}e
Kgr,rnrqmcdqnbĂ
Mvde}dwmrmbvmlŢnd#
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwn#dq
cmlqmekw śn d fmlk#cmlmekw anl ldq}wĂśn anl rkbnmqdqm b}wmzwmmlqĂwnem ekwbdwqkiwdfnbm% iwdfnbmrd} zm ckamem
mlqĂwnekw iwdfnbm śn bdwqk#iwdfnbm% zmlqw} zwmmlqd#wmd }lmn wmdenqĂŢnnlvmrqnidqm
#wdzkwqdwmd qmw#cnlkekinmn rzm#bnfnbm ed qmwcn#lkekind deqkw
anrbnzenlmśbkedwm
Mvde}dwmr}cdqnvĂ
cdqmcd#qnbmśn bkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śn
rmclnfnbdqnvmanl rkbnmqdqm%śqnnlŢĂ rnqmolkekinm ed
qmcmem ldq}wdem śn }cdlmdem cman}e}n imkiwdfnb de]M% }qnençla adqm rqdqn#rqnbm ckamem iwdfnbm śn
am amvkeqdwm m}wkzmd#lĂ% ìl f}lbŢnm amZNG+ekb,0
namlqnfnbdwmd śn mxzen Bdeb}ed#
Zwkgemcd#qndwmd M z lmwmd
eĂ
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 152/155
=,
6,
9,
Rqdqmem]ln}lnn
M}wkzmlm #zwnvnwmimlmwdeĂ śnrnlqmqnbĂ
#rq}ann ambd8 FwdlŢd%Imwcdlnd%Wmidq}e ]lnq%Nqdend%Rzdlnd%
Zkwq}idend%Iwmbnd%D}rqwnd,
śqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ /QRN
‒ Qmolkekind
RkbnmqĂŢnnnlfkwcdŢnmn.
Rmlrngnendwmśn mxzwncdwmb}eq}wdeĂ
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
qmolkekinm ed cman}eìlbklh}wĂqkw bdìlqwmi śn ed
rnrqmcmem rdembkczklmlqm
2,WmedŢnkldwmdmemcmlqmekw śnd fmlkcmlmekwanl ldq}wĂ śnanl rkbnmqdqmb} wmzwmmlqĂwnemekwbdwqkiwdfnbm%iwdfnbm rd} zmckamem
rqnbm% ckamem iwdfnbm śnwmzwmmlqĂwn bdwqkiwdfnbmdambvdqm 7,9, Dzenbdwmd }lkw mem#
cmlqm mxzenbdqnvm rmc#lnfnbdqnvm rzmbnfnbm śqnnl#Ţmekw rkbndem% ìl nlqmwzwm#qdwmd zwkbmrmekw wmfmwn#qkdwm ed iekgdendwm anlzmwrzmbqnvd ]M, 2,7, ]qnendwmd wmzwmml#qĂwnekw iwdfnbm śn bdwqk#iwdfnbm dambvdqm% zmlqw}nlqmwzwmqdwmd śn mxzwn#cdwmd wmdenqĂqnn imkiwd#
fnbm d ]M, śn d }lkw ŢĂwnanl bkczklmlŢd dbmrqmnd 2,2, Qwdlrfmw}e nlfkwcd#Ţnmn rqdqnrqnbm% iwdfnbm śnbdwqkiwdfnbm ìl deqm fkw#cm am zwmmlqdwm /qmxqm%ckamem mqb,.
# namlqnfnbdwmd śn mxzen#bdwmd anfmwmlŢmekw mxnr#qmlqm ìlqwm rqdqmem cmc#gwm ]M,0
# dldend fnnbk#imkiwd#fnbĂ% mbklkcnbĂ% amck#iwdfnbĂ śn b}eq}wdeĂ drqdqmekw rq}andqm0 # bkczdwdwmd rqdqmekwanl vmrq}e M}wkzmn b}bmem bdwm d} damwdqcdn qçwn} anl mrq}e]M,0 # zwmmlqdwmd anvnn}ln#ekw wminkldem dem ]M,śn
d zdwqnb}edwnqĂŢnekw dbmrqkwd0 # mxzenbdwmd cka}e}n
ìl bdwm amvkeqdwmdmbklkcnbĂ d nlfe}mlŢdqkwidlndwmd rzdŢn}e}n ìl],M śn ìl Wkcçlnd,
Bdeb}ed qk w
Vnamk#zwknmb#qk w
Odwqd]ln}lnnM}wkzm#lm
Ncdinln
Mxz}lmwmd
BkczdwdŢnd AmcklrqwdŢnd
BkczdwdŢnd Mxz}lmwmd
MxzenbdŢnd
AmcklrqwdŢnd Mvde}dwmr}cdqnvĂ
]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 V, Wkcçlnd # zdwqm d ]ln}lnn M}wkzmlm Lw, kwm8 2
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
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Lw, bwq
BklŢnl}q}wn BkczmqmlŢmbomnm
/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢmimlmwdem
BkczmqmlŢm rzmbnfnbm DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm Wmr}wrm Mvde}dwm
Cdqmwndem Zwkbma}wdem
4,
7,
2,
Kzkwq}lnqĂ#Ţnem imkiwd#fnbm demWkcçlnmn b}rmclnfnbdŢnmzmlqw}]ln}lmdM}wkzmdlĂ Wkcçlnd śnŢĂwnem ]M, ‒ nlqmwamzml#
amlŢmimkiwdfnbm%mbklkcnbm śnb}eq}wdem Zwkgemcdmlmwinmn ìl],M, śn ìlWkcçlnd Zwkgemcmbkc}lm8 rq}#ann am bd% ed
demimwm% ak#}Ă anlqwmcman} ìl#bklh}wĂqkw%zwkgemcm demamvkeqĂwnnmbklkcnbm śn
Bkc}lnbdwm ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwm ìl encgnrqwĂnlm
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcd#qnbmśn bkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ /QRN
‒ QmolkekindRkbnmqĂŢnnnlfkwcdŢnmn.
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwn#dq
7, Wdzkwqdwmdmemcmlqmekwrmclnfnbdqnvmanl rkbnmqdqm%śqnnlŢĂ śnqmolkekinm ed cman}eìlbklh}wĂqkw bd ìlqwmi śn edrnrqmcmem rdembkczklmlqm 2,WmedŢnkld#wmd memcml#qmekw śn d fm#lkcmlmekwanl ldq}wĂ śnanl rkbnmqdqmb} wmzwmml#qĂwnem ekw bdw#qkiwdfnbm%iwdfnbm rd} zmckamem
7,9, Dzenbdwmd }lkw mem#cmlqm mxzenbdqnvm rmcln#fnbdqnvmrzmbnfnbm śqnnlŢmekw rkbndem% ìl nlqmwzwmqdwmdzwkbmrmekw wmfmwnqkdwm ediekgdendwm anl zmwrzmbqn#vd ]M,
2,7, ]qnendwmd wmzwmmlqĂ#wnekw iwdfnbm śn bdwqkiwdfn#bm dambvdqm% zmlqw} nlqmw#
zwmqdwmd śn mxzwncdwmdwmdenqĂŢnn imkiwdfnbm d ]M,rn d }lkw qĂwn anl bkczk#lmlqd dbmrqmnd 2,2, Qwdlrfmw}e nlfkwcd#Ţnmn rqdqnrqnbm% iwdfnbm śnbdwqkiwdfnbm ìl deqm fkwcm
am zwmmlqdwm /qmxqm%ckamem mqb,. 2,1, Nlqmwzwmqdwmd adqmekwrqdqnrqnbm śn d ckamemekw iwdfnbm wmfmwnqkdwm ed ],M,śn ed Wkcçlnd 2,=, Bklrqw}nwmd }lkw wm#zwmmlqĂwn iwdfnbm śn bdw#
#namlqnfnbdwmd zmwnkdam#ekw am mvke}Ţnm zdwdemeĂśn bkc}lĂ d ]M, śn dWkcçlnmn0 #dldendwmd d 2 bklrm#bnlŢm bm amb}wi anlrqdq}q}e am rqdq cmc#gw} ]M, ìl zedl mbklk#cnb% rkbnde śn zkenqnb0 # dwi}cmlqdwmd nczkw#qdlŢmn BdwzdŢnekw% d A}#
lĂwnn śn d CĂwnn Lmiwm%bd z}lŢn am emidq}wĂ b}]M0 # rqdgnenwmd d qwmn ckam#em am kwidlndwm d rzd#Ţn}e}n ìl ]M, śn ìlWkcçlnd0 # namlqnfnbdwmd bd}mekwambenl}e}n amckiwdfnbed lnvme}e ]M0 #rqdgnenwmd d 2 bklrmbnl#
Ţm zmlqw} Wkcçlnd%amqmwcnldqm am fe}x}ecniwdqkwn} rzwm vmrq0 #dldend cka}e}n amkwidlndwm d rzdŢn}e}n
ìl Amzwmrn}lmdGwdśkv}e}n,
Odwqd fnnbĂd M}wkzmn Odwqd
zkenqnbĂ dM}wkzmn Cdl}de
Odwqd]ln}lnnM}wkzmlm
Odwqd fnnbĂd M}wkzmn OdwqdfnnbĂ dWkcdlnmn
Iwdfnbm śnandiwdcm
Odwqd fnnbĂd M}wkzmn Dqedrmimkiwdfnbm Adqmrqdqnrqnbm
MxzenbdŢnd
BklvmwrdŢnd ÌlvĂŢdwmdzwnlamrbkzmwnwm
Zwkgemcdqn#dwmd MxmwbnŢn}e
Amcklrqwd#Ţnd
BkczdwdŢnd
BklvmwrdŢnd
Mxz}lmwmd
Kgrmwvdwmd
Kgr,rnrqmcd#qnbĂ
Mvde}dwm Rmbvml# ŢndeĂ
Mvde}dwmr}cdqnvĂ
rkbndem% anr#zdwnqĂŢnem wm#inkldem% mvk#e}Ţnnem imkam#
D ìlvĂŢd rĂìlvmŢn
Rmlrngnendwm
qkiwdfnbm cnlncdem% }qnen#çla nlfkwcdŢnn kfmwqdqm
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 154/155
e}Ţnnem imkam#ckiwdfnbm%diwnb}eq}wĂ
Rmlrngnendwmśn mxzwncdwmb}eq}wdeĂ
]lnqdqmd am ìlvĂŢdwm8 VN, M}wkzd śn ]ln}lmd M}wkzmdlĂ ìl e}cmd bklqmczkwdlĂ, Memcmlqm amimkiwdfnm rkbndeĂ śn b}eq}wdeĂ
Lw, kwm dekbdqm8 =
Lw, bwq
BklŢnl}q}wn BkczmqmlŢmbomnm
/m}wkzmlm.
BkczmqmlŢmimlmwdem
BkczmqmlŢm rzmbnfnbm DbqnvnqĂŢn am ìlvĂŢdwm
Wmr}wrm Mvde}dwm
Cdqmwndem Zwkbma}wdem
4,
7,
Zwkgemcmf}ladcmlqdemdem e}cnnbklqmczkwdlm
Wke}e M}wkzmn ìlbklrqw}nwmde}cnnbklqmczkwdlm
Bkc}lnbdwm ìl encgdcdqmwlĂ
Bkc}lnbdwm ìl encgnrqwĂnlm
4, ]qnendwmddambvdqĂ dqmwcnlkekinmnśn dencgdhmekwrzmbnfnbm%zmlqw}
mxzenbdwmdcman}e}nimkiwdfnb
4,4, Zwmmlqdwmd% ìlrbwnr śn kwde% d drzmbqm#ekw amfnlnqkwnn wmfmwnqkd#wm ed wke}e M}wkzmn ìlrnrqmc}e mbklkcnb śn imkzkenqnb cklande%}qnençla bkwmbq śn
bkmwmlq qmwcnlkekind rzmbnfnbĂ akcmln}e}n 4,=, Fkwc}edwmd am zwk#gemcm wmfmwnqkdwm ed wm#inkldendwm śn ed iekgd#endwm% anl zmwrzmbqnvĂm}wkzmdlĂ% }qnençlabkwmbq śn bkmw mlq qmwcn#
#namlqnfnbdwmd d qwmnkwidlndŢnn nlqmwldŢnk#ldem bdwm d} kgnmbqn#vm mbklkcnbm dzwk#zndqm am bmem dem ]M0 #mxzenbdwmd fdzq}e}nbĂ c}eqm drkbndŢnn +
kwidlndŢnn nlqmwld#Ţnkldem d} bd ckame]M0 #bkczdwdwmd ]M b}k deqĂ kwidlndŢnm b}kgnmbqnvm drmcĂlĂ#qkdwm0 #mxz}lmwmd wmedŢnnekw
Odwqd zkenqnbĂ dM}wkzmn
Odwqd]ln}lnnM}wkzmlm
Adqmrqdqnrqnbm
Dqedrm imkiwdfnbm
MxzenbdŢnd
BklvmwrdŢnd
ÌlvĂŢdwmdzwnlamrbkzmwnwm
MxzenbdŢnd
Zwkgemcdqn# dwmd
Mxmwbnqn}e
Kgr,Rnrqmcd#qnbĂ
2, ],M, śn
dlrdcge}wnemmbklkcnbm śn BkczmqmlŢm 7 Wdzkwqdwmd
lkekind rzmbnfnbĂakcmln}e}n 7,1, Mxzenbdwmd wmedŢnn#ekw kgrmwvdgnem ìlqwm
bkczemxm anlqwm LDQK śn ]M0 # dldendwmd śn am#cklrqwdwmdmxqnlamwnn
Odwqd zkenqnbĂ dM}wkzmn
BkczdwdŢnd
AmcklrqwdŢnd
8/7/2019 GEOGRAFIE V- XII
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geografie-v-xii 155/155
1,
=,
mbklkcnbm śnimkzkenqnbm deme}cnn bklqmc#zkwdlm ‒ zwnvnwm
bkczdwdqnvĂ Cklandendwm%nlqmwldŢnkldendwm śn iekgdendwmanl zmwrzmbqnvĂm}wkzmdlĂ M}wkzd%]ln}lmdM}wkzmdlĂ śnWkcçlnd ìlzwkbmr}e am
mvke}Ţnm d e}cnnbklqmczkwdlm ìl}wcĂqkdwmemambmlnn
BkczmqmlŢmcdqmcd#qnbmśn bkczmqmlŢmam gdĂ ìlśqnnlŢm śnqmolkekinn
BkczmqmlŢdaninqdeĂ /QRN
‒ QmolkekindRkbnmqĂŢnnnlfkwcdŢnmn. BkczmqmlŢdrkbndeĂ śnbkczmqmlŢmbnvnbm
NlnŢndqnvĂ śndlqwmzwmlkwn#dq Rmlrngnendwmśn mxzwncdwmb}eq}wdeĂ
7, Wdzkwqdwmdmemcmlqmekwrmclnfnbdqnvmanl rkbnmqdqm%śqnnlŢĂ rn qmo#lkekinm edcman}e ìl#bklh}wĂqkw bd
ìlqwmi śn edrnrqmcmem rdembkczklmlqm 2,WmedŢnkld#wmd memcml#qmekw śn d fm#lkcmlmekwanl ldq}wĂ śnanl rkbnmqdqmb} wmzwmml#qĂwnem ekw bdwqkiwdfnbm%iwdfnbm rd} zmckamem
ekw kgrmwvdgnem ìlqwmrnrqmcmem e}cnn bkl#qmczkwdlm śn M}wkzd
2,1, Nlqmwzwmqdwmdadqmekw rqdqnrqnbm śn dckamemekw iwdfnbm wmfmwnqkdwm ed M}wkzd%
],M% Wkcçlnd śn e}cmd bklqmczkwdlĂ
cklrqwdwmd mxqnlamwnnzwkbmr}e}n am iekgd#endwm anlrzwm M}wkzdrzwm deqm rzdŢnn
imkiwdfnbm0 #namlqnfnbdwmd d qwmnmfmbqm zknqnvm demiekgdenĂwnn zmlqw}Wkcçlnd0 #mxz}lmwmd rnlqmqnbĂd zdwqnb}edwnqĂŢnekw bdaw}e}n ldq}wde m}wk#
zmdl śn wkcçlmrb0 #cmlŢnkldwmd zwnlbn#zdemekw zwkgemcm mbk#
lkcnbm śn rkbndem b}bdwm rm bklfw}lqĂM}wkzd śn Wkcçlnd0 #ìlŢmemimwmd% ìlr}śnwmdśn nlqmwzwmqdwmd zwnl#bnzdemekw kgnmbqnvm dem]M,
M}wkzmn
OdwqdfnnbĂ d
Wkcçlnmn
Odwqd zkenqnbĂ de}cnn
Cdl}de
Bdeb}edqkw Vnamkzwk#nmbqkw
Odwqd]ln}lnnM}wkzmlm Cdl}de
AmcklrqwdŢnd
Mxz}lmwmd
BkczdwdŢnd
ÌlvĂŢdwmdzwnlamrbkzmwnwm
AmcklrqwdŢnd
Mvde}dwm rmbvml# ŢndeĂ
Mvde}dwmr}cdqnvĂ