Geo Thermal Energy

7/21/2019 Geo Thermal Energy

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CONTENTS

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………

……………………………… 02

Chapter

1…………………………………………………………………………

………………..

1.1 History

………………………………………………………………………………………

……………….. 03

1.2 Structure ofearth………………………………………………………………………………

………...04

1.3 eother!a" Reser#iour

………………………………………………………………………………. 0$

1.4 Ho% &oes co'#e'tio'a" eother!a" Reser#iour %or(

………………………………. 0)

Chapter 2

……………………………………………………………………………

……………..

2.1 *or(i'+ pri'cip"es

………………………………………………………………………………… 0,

2.1.1 Step -y Steprocess…………………………………………………………………………….

. 0,

2.2 eother!a" po%er p"a't tech'o"o+ies

………………………………………………… 10

1



2.2.1 /ry stea! po%er p"a't

……………………………………………………………………….. 10

2.2.2 "ash stea! po%er

p"a't……………………………………………………………………….102.2.3 Bi'ary Cyc"e o%er

p"a't……………………………………………………………………….11

2.2.4 Hy-ri& po%er

p"a't………………………………………………………………………………

11

2.3 eother!a" Heat

u!ps………………………………………………………………………… 12

2.4 ses of eother!a"

E'er+y……………………………………………………………………..13

2. A&#a'ta+es

/isa&#a'ta+es…………………………………………………………………

…14

Chapter 3

3.1 *hy is eother!a" re'e%a-"e source

……………………………………………………… 1

3.2 eother!a" p"a't #.s fossi" fue"

p"a't……………………………………………………….. 1

3.3 Ca' eother!a" e'er+y he"p re&uce +"o-a"

%ar!i'+……………………………….. 1

3.4 /o'5t eother!a" p"a't co'su!e

%ater…………………………………………………...1$

2



3. 6a'&s

re7uir!e'ts………………………………………………………………………

……………. 1$

3. Are'5t +eother!a" p"a't'oisy……………………………………………………………………1$

3.$ a(ista' e'er+y

crisis………………………………………………………………………………

…1$

3.)

Co'c"usio'………………………………………………………………………

…………………………1)

Refere'ces………………………………………………………………………

……………………….1,

3



hapter

. 1istory

-any ancient peoples, including the 2omans, hinese, and 3ative Americans, used hot mineral

springs for bathing, cooing, and heating. 5ater from hot springs is now used world6wide in

spas, for heating buildings, and for agricultural and industrial uses. -any people believe hot

mineral springs have natural healing powers.

7sing geothermal energy to produce electricity is a relatively new industry. 't was initiated by a

group of 'talians who built an electric generator at 8ardarello in 904. Their generator waspowered by the natural steam erupting from the earth.

The first attempt to develop geothermal power in the 7nited States came in 9// at The

:eysers steam field in northern alifornia. The pro;ect failed because the pipes and turbines of

the day could not stand up to the abrasion and corrosion of the particles and impurities that

were in the steam. 8ater, a small but successful hydrothermal plant opened at the :eysers in

9$0. Today /# plants are operating there.

Electricity is now produced from geothermal energy in / countries, including the 7nited States.

<uring the 9$0=s, pacific gas and electric began operation of first large scale geothermal power

plant in San +rancisco, producing megawatts. Today there are more than $0 geothermal

power plants operating in 7SA at # sites across the country.

'n 9(), when oil crisis began many countries began looing for renewable energy sources and

by 9#0=s geothermal heat pumps ":1>& started gaining popularity in order to reduce heating

and cooling costs.

As effect of climate change started showing results, governments of various countries ;oined

hands to fight against it, for which ?yoto >rotocol was signed in Japan in 99(, laid out emission

targets for rich countries and re*uired that they transfer funds and technology to developing

countries, #4 countries have

http://conserve-energy-future.com/Geothermal_Power_Plant.php


http://conserve-energy-future.com/GeothermalHeatPumps.php

http://conserve-energy-future.com/GeothermalHeatPumps.php





./ Structures of Earth

The Earth is composed of four different layers. -any geologists believe that as the Earth

cooled the heavier, denser materials san to the center and the lighter materials rose to thetop. @ecause of this, the crust is made of the lightest materials "roc6 basalts and granites&

and the core consists of heavy metals "nicel and iron&.

The crust is the layer that we live on, and it is the most widely studied and understood.

The mantle is much hotter and has the ability to flow. The !uter and 'nner ores are hotter

still with pressures so great that you would be s*ueeed into a ball smaller than a marble if

you were able to go to the center of the EarthBBBBBB

+igure .

http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/glossary/1/letterm#term602

http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/glossary/1/letterm#term602



+igure ./

The Crust

The Earths rust is lie the sin of an apple. 't is very thin in comparison to the other three

layers. The crust is only about )6C miles "# ilometers& thic under the oceans "oceanic

crust& and about /C miles ")/ ilometers& thic under the continents "continental crust&. The

temperatures of the crust vary from air temperature on top to about $00 degrees

+ahrenheit "#(0 degrees elcius& in the deepest parts of the crust. Dou can bae a loaf of

bread in your oven at )C0 degrees +ahrenheit , at $00 degrees +. rocs begin to melt.

The crust of the Earth is broen into many pieces called plates. The plates float on the

soft, plastic mantle which is located below the crust. These plates usually move along

smoothly but sometimes they stic and build up pressure. The pressure builds and the roc

bends until it snaps. 5hen this occurs an Earth*uae is the resultB

3otice how thin the crust of the Earth is in comparison to the other layers. The seven

continents and ocean plates basically float across the mantle which is composed of much

hotter and denser material.

The crust is composed of two basic roc types granite and basalt. The continental crust is

composed mostly of granite. The oceanic crust consists of a volcanic lava roc called basalt

@asaltic rocs of the ocean plates are much denser and heavier than the granitic roc of the

continental plates. @ecause of this the continents ride on the denser oceanic plates. The

$

http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/glossary/1/lettero#term603


http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/glossary/1/letterc#term580

http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/glossary/1/letterp#term103

http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/glossary/1/letterl#term74



http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/glossary/1/letterc#term580

http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/glossary/1/letterp#term103




crust and the upper layer of the mantle together mae up a one of rigid, brittle roc called

the 8ithosphere

The Mantle

The mantle is the layer located directly under the sima. 't is the largest layer of the Earth,

#00 miles thic. The mantle is composed of very hot, dense roc. This layer of roc even

flows lie asphalt under a heavy weight. This flow is due to great temperature differences

from the bottom to the top of the mantle. The movement of the mantle is the reason that the

plates of the Earth moveB The temperature of the mantle varies from $00 degrees

+ahrenheit at the top to about 4000 degrees +ahrenheit near the bottomB

+igure .)

Outer Core

The core of the Earth is lie a ball of very hot metals. "4000 degrees +. to 9000 degrees +.&

The outer core is so hot that the metals in it are all in the li*uid state. The outer core islocated about #00 milesbeneath the crust and is about 400 miles thic. The outer core is

composed of the melted metals nicel and iron.

)






+igure .4

Inner Core

The inner core of the Earth has temperatures and pressures so great that the metals are

s*ueeed together and are not able to move about lie a li*uid, but are forced to vibrate in

place as a solid. The inner core begins about 4000 miles beneath the crust and is about #00miles thic. The temperatures may reach 9000 dgrees +. and the pressures are 4C,000,000

pounds per s*uare inch. This is ),000,000 times the air pressure on you at sea levelBBB

.) :eothermal 2eserviours

• Hot Water ReservoirsF As the name implies these are reservoirs of hot underground

water. There is a large amount of them in the 7S, but they are more suited for space

heating than for electricity production.

• Natural Stem ReservoirsF 'n this case a hole dug into the ground can cause steam to

come to the surface. This type of resource is rare in the 7S.

• Geopressured ReservoirsF 'n this type of reserve, brine completely saturated with

natural gas in stored under pressure from the weight of overlying roc. This type of

resource can be used for both heat and for natural gas.

,



• Normal Geothermal GradientF At any place on the planet, there is a normal

temperature gradient of G)00 per m dug into the earth. Therefore, if one digs /0,000

feet the temperature will be about 900 above the surface temperature. This difference

will be enough to produce electricity. 1owever, no useful and economical technology

has been developed to etracted this large source of energy.

+igure .C

.4 1ow does a conventional geothermal reservoir worH

A geothermal system re*uires heat, permeability, and water. The heat from the Earths core

continuously flows outward. Sometimes the heat, as magma, reaches the surface as lava, but it

usually remains below the Earths crust, heating nearby roc and water I sometimes to levelsas

hot as (00+. 5hen water is heated by the earthKs heat, hot water or steam can be trapped in

permeable and porous rocs under a layer of impermeable roc and a geothermal reservoir can

form. This hot geothermal water can manifest itself on the surface as hot springs or geysers, but

most of it stays deep underground, trapped in cracs and porous roc. This natural collection of

hot water is called a geothermal reservoir.

10



hapter /

/. 5oring principles of :eothermal power plant

-ost power plantsLwhether fueled by coal, gas, nuclear power, or geothermal energyLhave

one feature in commonF they convert heat to electricity. 1eat from the Earth, or geothermal L

:eo "Earth& G thermal "heat& L energy is accessed by drilling water or steam wells in a process

similar to drilling for oil.

:eothermal power plants have much in common with traditional power6generating stations.

They use many of the same components, including turbines, generators, transformers, and

other standard power generating e*uipment.

/.. Step by step process

5ater is pumped down through an in;ection well, where it passes through ;oints in the

hot rocs.

Then it rises to the surface through a recovery well and may be converted to steam.

-iture of steam and geothermal brine is transported from the wells to a centralseparation station.

After being separated from the brine, the steam is piped through moisture separators to

steam heat echangers inside the plant building.

Then the steam can be piped to steam turbines for generation of electricity.

'n steam heat echangers, the steam is cooled under pressure to condensate.

The heat is then transferred to cold fresh water in condensate heat echangers. The

condensate cools down to /00 in the process.

old water is then pumped from wells to a storage tan .

+rom the storage tan, it is pumped to heat echangers where its temperature is raised

to #C0 to 900.

11



't is then passed through deaerators where it is boiled at low vacuum pressure to

remove dissolved oygen and other gases that cause corrosion after being heated.

i+ure 2.1

2.2 eother!a" o%er "a'ts Tech'o"o+ies

2.2.1 /ry stea! po%er p"a't

The first is the dry steam power plant which is used to generate power directly from the steam generated

inside the earth. In this case, we do not need additional heating boilers and boiler fuel, as steam or water

12



vapour fill the wells through rock catcher and directly rotates the turbine, which activates a generator to

produce electricity.

This type of power plant is not common since natural hydrothermal reservoirs dry steam are very rare.

2.2.2 "ash stea! po%er p"a't

The !ost co!!o' type of +eother!a" po%er p"a't8 9ash stea! p"a'ts use %aters at

te!peratures +reater tha' 30.

As this hot water flows up through wells in the ground, it is collected in a flash tank where drop in

pressure causes the liquid to boil into steam.

The steam is separated from the liquid which is then used to run turbines which in turn generate power.

The condensed steam is returned to the reservoir.

2.2.3 Bi'ary Cyc"e o%er "a't

This type of plant uses high temperature geothermal water to heat another fluid which has a lower boiling

point than water.

This fluid vaporizes to steam, drives the turbines, then condenses to liquid to begin the cycle again.

The water, which never comes into direct contact with the working fluid, is then injected back into the

ground to be reheated. ince the most resources are with lower temperature the binary steam power plants

are more common.

13



i+ure 2.2

2.2.4 Hy-ri& po%er p"a't

Hy-ri& syste!s8 %hich co!-i'e a +eother!a" po%er p"a't %ith a'other type of po%er p"a't8 o:er the 9e;i-i"ity of &eter!i'i'+ the opti!a" stea! te!peraturei'&epe'&e't of the +eother!a" resource te!perature. This a&&s i'crease& re"ia-i"ityto the syste! &esi+'. Hy-ri& syste!s ca' i'crease e<cie'cy8 a'& therefore create!ore e"ectricity %ithout e;pa'&i'+ the use of the +eother!a" resource. =' a typica"hy-ri& co'>+uratio'8 the source for the >rst heat e;cha'+ers is +eother!a" a'& thee'er+y source for a&&itio'a" heat e;cha'+er?s@ usua""y ca""e& superheater cou"&co!e fro! a'y other source8 i'c"u&i'+ -io!ass8 hy&ropo%er or e#e' coa". The+e'erati'+ capacity of the co!-i'e& po%er statio' %ou"& i' this case -e -ooste&-y the a&&itio'a" heatpo%er source.

=' cou'tries "i(e ='&o'esia8 -io!ass ?su+ar ca'e or rice hu""s@ or hy&ropo%er are

a#ai"a-"e a'& cou"& -e co!-i'e& to +eother!a" po%er i' a hy-ri& po%er statio'usi'+ 100D re'e%a-"e e'er+y.

14



i+ure 2.3

2.3 eother!a" Heat u!ps

*hi"e te!perature a-o#e +rou'& cha'+es a "ot fro! &ay to &ay a'& fro! seaso' toseaso'.Te!peratures i' the upper 10 feet of the Earths surface ho"& 'ear"yco'sta't -et%ee' 0 0 &e+rees ahre'heit. or !ost areas8 this !ea's that soi"te!peratures are usua""y %ar!er tha' the air i' %i'ter a'& coo"er tha' the air i'su!!er. eother!a" heat pu!ps use the Earths co'sta't te!peratures to heata'& coo" -ui"&i'+s. They tra'sfer heat fro! the +rou'& ?or %ater@ i'to -ui"&i'+s i'%i'ter a'& re#erse the process i' the su!!er. Accor&i'+ to the .S. E'#iro'!e'ta"rotectio' A+e'cy ?EA@8 +eother!a" heat pu!ps are the !ost e'er+yFe<cie't8e'#iro'!e'ta""y c"ea'8 a'& costFe:ecti#e syste!s for te!perature co'tro".A"thou+h8 !ost ho!es sti"" use tra&itio'a" fur'aces a'& air co'&itio'ers8 +eother!a"heat pu!ps are -eco!i'+ !ore popu"ar. =' rece't years8 the .S./epart!e't of

E'er+y a"o'+ %ith the EA ha#e part'ere& %ith i'&ustry to pro!ote the use of +eother!a" heat pu!ps.

2.4 ses of eother!a" E'er+y

:eothermal energy has more uses than you might imagine. @asically, geothermal energytechnology taps into subsurface areas where desired temperatures eist. The uses of geothermalenergy range depending on the needs.

2.4.1 7ses of :eothermal Energy for 1ouses

'f you=re looing to cool your home in the summer, for eample, one of the uses of geothermal

energy technologies is to allow you in hot times to tae heat from your house, send it down

pipes into the ground "where it naturally cools&, and return it to your house "where it helps bring

down the temperature inside&. The technology typically uses a li*uid lie antifreee as a carrier

of that heat, which is moved about in a closed6loop piping system.

!ne of the other main uses of geothermal energy is the same concept but in reverse in cold

months. :eothermal energy technology is used to bring warmer temperatures into your home

without using fossil fuels, ;ust by tapping into a heat echange deep below the surface of the

earth. ool, rightH @ut geothermal energy is so much more.

/.4./ 7ses of :eothermal Energy in +arming

1



Some of the common uses of geothermal energy are amongst farmers, who use geothermal

energy to heat their greenhouses. 'n Tuscany, 'taly, farmers have used water heated by

geothermal energy for hundreds of years to grow vegetables in the winter. 1ungary is also a

ma;or user of geothermal energy, where eighty percent of the energy demand from vegetables

growers is met using geothermal energy technology.

/.4.) 7ses of :eothermal Energy in 'ndustry

'ndustry is another consumer of geothermal energy. 'ts uses vary from drying fruits, drying

vegetables, drying wood, and dying wool to etracting gold and silver from ore .

/.4.4 7ses of :eothermal Energy in 'nfrastructure M Electricity

:eothermal energy is also used to heat sidewals and roads in order to prevent freeing in the

winter. -ost recently, the 3etherlands began using geothermal energy to eep bie lanes from

freeing in the wintertime

/.C AdvantagesAs our re"ia'ce o' fossi" fue"s ha#e starte& to i'crease8 +eother!a" e'er+y is see'

as the 'e% source of po%er +e'eratio' -y &i++i'+ out the heat store& i'si&e the

earth. Thou+h 'ot use& fu""y &ue to factors such as "ocatio' a'& hi+h costs -ut i'

the years to co!e %he' fossi" fue"s %ou"& start to &i!i'ish8 it %i"" tur' out to -e the

cheapest source of po%er +e'eratio'. eother!a" e'er+y su:ers fro! its o%'

a&#a'ta+es a'& &isa&#a'ta+es as &escri-e& -e"o%.

!. Significant Cost Saving "

#eothermal energy generally involves low running costs since it saves $%& costs over fossil

fuels and no fuel is used to generate the power. ince, no fuel is require so costs for

purchasing, transporting and cleaning up plants is quite low.

'. Reduce Reliance on Fossil Fuels "

1

http://gas2.org/2012/11/02/has-biking-gone-too-far-in-the-netherlands/







(ependence on fossil fuels decreases with the increase in the use of geothermal energy.

)ith the sky*rocketing prices of oil, many countries are pushing companies to adopt

these clean sources of energy. +urning of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases which are

responsible for global warming

. No Pollution "

This is one of the main advantage of using geothermal energy since it does not create any

pollution and help in creating clean environment. +eing the renewable source of energy,

geothermal energy has helped in reducing global warming and pollution. -oreover,

#eothermal systems does not create any pollution as it releases some gases from deep

within the earth which are not very harmful to the environment

. Direct Use "

ince ancient times, people having been using this source of energy for taking bath,

heating homes, preparing food and today this is also used for direct heating of homes and

offices. This makes geothermal energy cheaper and affordable. Although the initial

investment is quite steep but in the long run with huge cost saving it proves quite useful

/. Job Creation and Economic Benefits "

#overnment of various countries are investing hugely in creation of geothermal energy

which on other hand has created more jobs for the local people

Though above said advantages prove that geothermal energy has big capability in itself in

creating clean and safe environment and also it is an e0cellent source of cheap, reliable, simple,

clean and renewable power but it also suffers from few drawbacks which is why it is not being

utilized everywhere to its full capability. 1ere look at some of the disadvantages of geothermal

energy.

1$

http://conserve-energy-future.com/Disadvantages_GeothermalEnergy.php






'.2 (isadvantages

!nly few sites have the potential of :eothermal Energy.

-ost of the sites, where geothermal energy is produced, are far from marets or

cities,where it needs to be consumed.

There is always a danger of eruption of volcano.

'nstallation cost of steam power plant is very high.

There is no guarantee that the amount of energy which is produced will ;ustify the capital

ependiture and operations costs.

't may release some harmful, poisonous gases that can escape through the holes drilled

during construction.

Enhanced geothermal systems can trigger earthquakes therefore severely affecting land

stability if not done carefully.

Local depletion of geothermal resources. This has been the case in several well known

geothermal sites such as Geysers. In order to avoid local depletion of geothermal resources

extraction of geothermal energy must be closely monitored.

Geothermal energy is currently being harnessed in only ! countries of the world. The main

reason why there aren"t more countries involved is because geothermal power plants are

currently cost#effective only in areas near tectonic plate boundaries though the recent

technological advances such as EG$ %enhanced geothermal systems& should significantly

expand the range of viable geothermal resources in years to come.

1)



Chapter 3

3.1 *hy is +eother!a" e'er+y co'si&ere& to -e

re'e%a-"eG

eother!a" syste!s pro&uce a 'atura" source of stea! a'& hot %ater fro! a7uifers

of hot %ater heate& -y hot roc(s u'&er+rou'&. At the Earth5s core8 48000 !i"es

&eep8 te!peratures ca' reach up%ar&s of ,8000 ?8000C@. eother!a" resources

ca' -e co'si&ere& re'e%a-"e o' ti!esca"es of tech'o"o+ica"societa" syste!s a'&

&o 'ot 'ee& +eo"o+ica" ti!es for re+e'eratio' as fossi" fue" reser#es &o. The

Natio'a" E'er+y o"icy Act of 1,,2 a'& the aci>c North%est E"ectric o%er "a''i'+

a'& Co'ser#atio' Act of 1,)0 -oth &e>'e +eother!a" e'er+y as a re'e%a-"e

resource. Earth5s heat is a co'sta't source of e'er+y that is esse'tia""y

i'e;hausti-"e8 a'& rai'%ater a'& s'o%!e"t co'ti'ue to fee& the u'&er+rou'&

ther!a" a7uifers. Heat has -ee' ra&iati'+ fro! the ce'ter of the earth for so!e 4.

-i""io' years8 a'& it is esti!ate& that it %i"" co'ti'ue to ra&iate for -i""io's of years

i'to the future.

3.2 Ho% &o +eother!a" p"a'ts co!pare to fossi" fue"F

>re& po%er p"a'tsG

'"i(e fossi" fue" po%er p"a'ts8 'o s!o(e is e!itte& fro! +eother!a" po%er p"a'ts8-ecause 'o -ur'i'+ ta(es p"aceI o'"y stea! is e!itte& fro! +eother!a" faci"ities.E!issio's of 'itrous o;i&e8 hy&ro+e' su">&e8 su"fur &io;i&e8 particu"ate !atter8 a'&car-o' &io;i&e are e;tre!e"y "o%8 especia""y %he' co!pare& to fossi" fue"e!issio's. The -i'ary +eother!a" p"a't8 %hich curre't"y represe'ts arou'& 1D of a"" +eother!a" p"a't capacity8 a"o'+ %ith the 9ash-i'ary p"a't8 pro&uce 'ear"y Jeroair e!issio's. E#e' &ry stea! p"a'ts8 %hich are co'si&ere& to ha#e the hi+hest"e#e"s of air e!issio's8 are co'si&ere& e'#iro'!e'ta""y -e'i+' co!pare& %ith fossi"fue"s.

3.3 Ca' +eother!a" e'er+y he"p re&uce +"o-a" %ar!i'+G

eother!a" po%er p"a'ts e!it esse'tia""y 'o or #ery "o% "e#e"s of o'e of the !ostsi+'i>ca't +ases ('o%' to i'&uce +"o-a" %ar!i'+K car-o' &io;i&e. Accor&i'+ to theE'er+y ='for!atio' A&!i'istratio' ?E=A@8 car-o' &io;i&e accou'ts for )3D of .S.+ree'house +as e!issio'sI 'itrous o;i&e a'& !etha'e !a(e up !ost of there!ai'&er.?2@ E;perts +e'era""y a+ree that +"o-a" %ar!i'+ poses si+'i>ca'te'#iro'!e'ta" a'& hea"th i!pacts8 i'c"u&i'+ 9oo& ris(s8 +"acia" !e"ti'+ pro-"e!s8

1,



forest >res8 i'creases i' sea "e#e"8 a'& "oss of -io&i#ersity.?3@ eother!a" po%erp"a'ts e!it 'o'e or o'"y a s!a"" fractio' of the car-o' &io;i&e e!itte& -y tra&itio'a"po%er p"a'ts o' a per !e+a%att hour -asis8 a'& ca' he"p re&uce the o#era"" re"easeof car-o' &io;i&e i'to the at!osphere a'& e!it 'o 'itrous o;i&es or !etha'e.Bi'ary8 airFcoo"e& po%er p"a'ts ha#e e:ecti#e"y Jero e!issio's.

3.4 /o'5t +eother!a" p"a'ts co'su!e %aterG

Air coo"e& +eother!a" po%er p"a'ts &o 'ot co'su!e a'y %ater. eother!a" p"a'tsthat use %ater for coo"i'+ typica""y use +eother!a" %ater or stea! co'&e'sate a'&'ot fresh %ater. eother!a" po%er p"a'ts cou"& a"so pro&uce pota-"e %ater fro!+eother!a" co'&e'sate8 a'& at "east o'e such p"a't %as &esi+'e& rece't"y for usei' East Africa.

3.. Ho% !uch "a'& &oes +eother!a" e'er+y pro&uctio're7uireG

Accor&i'+ to the .S. /epart!e't of E'er+y8 +eother!a" e'er+y uses "ess "a'& tha'other e'er+y sources8 -oth fossi" fue" a'& re'e%a-"e. No tra'sportatio' of +eother!a" resources is 'ecessary8 -ecause the resource is tappe& &irect"y at itssource. O#er 30 years8 the perio& of ti!e co!!o'"y use& to co!pare the "ife cyc"ei!pacts fro! &i:ere't po%er sources8 a +eother!a" faci"ity uses 404 s7uare !eter

of "a'& per +i+a%att hour8 %hi"e a coa" faci"ity uses 332 s7uare !eter per +i+a%atthour.

a. eother!a" 1F) acres-. Nuc"ear F10 acresc. Coa" 1, acres

3.. Are'5t +eother!a" p"a'ts 'oisyG

3oise from normal operation of power plants comes from cooling tower fans and is very low. Avariety of noise muffling techni*ues and e*uipment are available for geothermal facilities.<uring drilling, temporary noise shields can be constructed around portions of drilling rigs.3oise controls can be used on standard construction e*uipment, impact tools can be shielded,and ehaust muffling e*uipment can be installed where appropriate. Turbine6generator buildingsare e*uipped with noise absorptive interior walls.

3.$ a(ista' e'er+y crisis

20



+or years, the matter of balancing >aistans supply against the demand for electricity hasremained a largely unresolved matter. >aistan faces a significant challenge in revamping itsnetwor responsible for the supply of electricity . >aistan Electric >ower ompany has statedthe total shortfall of electricity in country is $,000 megawatts.

A spoesman of >E>! said in 8ahore on Sunday the total power generation is ten thousandeight hundred fourteen megawattsN while the total demand is siteen thousand eight hundred

fourteen megawatts. The problem started after year /00C, when the energy supply fell short by/00 -5 in the following year . The supply6demand gap has increased ever since and ispro;ected to go up to /),(00 -5 by /0)0. 'f the supply and demand would have increased inthe same pattern as it did before year /00C, >aistan would not have faced any power shortfalls. The 7?, which has less than half the population than >aistan, was generating(0,000 -5 in 9(0 whereas >aistan is generating merely //,000 -5 at present. 1ence, theproblem lies at the supply end.

3.) Co'c"usio'

As a(ista' is faci'+ %orst e'er+y crisis of its history %here the supp"y

a'& &e!a'& +ap e;cee&e& 000 L*. eother!a" e'er+y is o'"y hope for

a(ista' to o#erco!e these crisis . By usi'+ eother!a" e'er+y 8 %e ca' 'ot

o'"y o#erco!e the e'er+y crisis -ut a"so it cou"& up"ift the eco'o!y of our

cou'try .

Refere'ces

M1.httpKieee;p"ore.ieee.or+searchsearchresu"t.spG

'e%searchPtrue7ueryTe;tP10.110,D2ESS.2002.104313

M2 httpK#o"ca'o.ore+o'state.e&uearthsF"ayersF"esso'F1

M3 httpKe'er+y.+o#eere+eother!a"ho%F+eother!a"Fpo%erFp"a'tF%or(sF

si!p"e

M4httpsK%%%.+oo+"e.co!.p(searchG

7PstepsQ-yQstepQproce&ureQofQ+eother!a"Qpo%erQp"a'tQ%or(i'+-i%

M httpK%%%.co'ser#eFe'er+yFfuture.co!eother!a"o%er"a'tTypes.php

MhttpK!itracoFsurya.co!co'te'ts+eother!a"tech'i7ueshy-ri&Fpo%erFp"a'tsFusi'+F+eother!a"Fpo%er

M$ httpK'e%e'er+y'e%s.-"o+spot.co!2010047uic(F'e%sF4F)F(a'sasF

cou'tyFo(sF-i+.ht!"

M) httpK+ree'"i#i'+i&eas.co!200$1022theFusesFofF+eother!a"Fe'er+y

21



M, httpK%%%.co'ser#eFe'er+yF

future.co!A&#a'ta+eseother!a"E'er+y.php

M10 httpK%%%.co'ser#eFe'er+yF

future.co!/isa&#a'ta+eseother!a"E'er+y.php

M11 httpsKe'.%i(ipe&ia.or+%i(iE"ectricitysectori'a(ista'

M12 httpK'atio'.co!.p('atio'a"2$FLayF2012+apF-et%ee'Fe"ectricityF

&e!a'&Fa'&Fsupp"yFreachesFF000F!e+aF%atts

22

http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/Disadvantages_GeothermalEnergy.php


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistan

http://nation.com.pk/national/27-May-2012/gap-between-electricity-demand-and-supply-reaches-6-000-mega-watts




https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistan



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