Genel Kimya - Anadolu Üniversitesi Ders Notları

8/10/2019 Genel Kimya - Anadolu niversitesi Ders Notlar

1/307

T.I. EMEDOCV M^FPYTFY [E[KMK MO7 5;>>

EKHPFTL NEHCTFY [E[KMK MO7 524>

AFMFC HL[E

[ezercer

[rd.Do.Dr. [esflkm LFM (mktf 5)

[rd.Do.Dr. Dfmkz JP (mktf 0)

[rd.Do.Dr. Jsfykm @FP@FP (mktf 9)Do.Dr. Jehem DEC (mktf 4)

Do.Dr. `rejkl HEM (mktf 6)

Do.Dr. Turaey TE[ (mktf >)

[rd.Do.Dr. Nkckz [KCLEW (mktf 1)

Rron.Dr. Jeyrfttkm TPH (mktf :)

[rd.Do.Dr. Luret FPDFL (mktf ;)

Do.Dr. Edmem WIEM (mktf 52)

Do.Dr. Eskyf Yene WIEM (mktf 55)

Fdktr

Rron.Dr. Jeyrfttkm TPH

EMEDOCV M^FPYTFY


2/307

@u hkte`m èsl, yeyl vf setff jehcer Emedocu mkvfrsktfskmf ekttkr.Vzehtem rftkl tfhmkkmf uyaum ocereh jezrcemem ù hkte`m `tm jehcer sehcdr.

cakck hurucufftem kzkm ecledem hkte`m tl ye de `clcfrk lfhemkh, fcfhtromkh, notohopk, lemyftkh heytvfye èffhe fffhkccfrdf oectcelez, èscelez vf detcelez.

Iopyrkajt 022; `y Emedocu VmkvfrsktyEcc rkajts rfsfrvfd

Mo pert on tjks òoh ley `f rfproduifd or storfd km e rftrkfvec systfl, or tremslkttfdkm emy norl or `y emy lfems lfijemkiec, fcfitromki, pjotoiopy, leamftki, tepf or otjfrwksf, wktjout

pfrlksskom km wrktkma nrol tjf Vmkvfrskty.

VWEHTEM PFTL TEYEPKL @PL

Afmfc HoordkmetrRron.Dr. Cfvfmd Hc

Afmfc Hoordkmetr [erdlisDo.Dr. Lgaem @ozheye

rftkl Teserlis[rd.Do.Dr. Nkafm mec

Arenkh Teserl [mftlfmcfrkRron. Tfvnkh Nkhrft Ver

r.Ar. Iflecfttkm [cdzr.Ar. Mkcam Yecur

clf Dffrcfmdkrlf Yorulcusur.Ar. @ftc Jeihyc

Hktep Hoordkmesyom @krklk[rd.Do.Dr. Nfyyez @odur

Vzl. Mfrlkm zar

Hepeh DzfmkRron. Tfvnkh Nkhrft Ver

DkzakEhrftkl Nehctfsk Dkzak Fhk`k

Afmfc Hklye

KY@M;1:-;16-2>-2>66-1

0. @esh

@u hktep EMEDOCV M^FPYTFY Qf`-Onsft Tfskscfrkmdf 9.922 edft èsclfftr.FYHstFJP, Leys 0255


3/307

kmdfhkcfr

msz ............................................................................................................ x

Leddf, Etolcer, Locfhccfr vf yomcer ................................ 0HL[E MFDP?.............................................................................................. 9

LEDDFMM YKMKNCEMDKPKCLEYK ................................................................ 9

Yen Leddf vf Herfflcer ............................................................................... 9

Jologfm vf Jftfrogfm Herfflcer................................................................ 4

Fcflfmtcfr...................................................................................................... 4

@kcfffkhcfr ........................................................................................................ 6

Leddfmkm Jeccfrk........................................................................................... 6

LEDDFMM NWHYFC ^F HL[EYEC WFCCHCFP.................................. >

ETOL HVPELK ^F ETOLVM [ERKYKMKM HFstN ....................................... >Hetot Kffmcer vf Fcfhtromcer ........................................................................ 1

-Rereih Yecles vf Etol fhkrdfkmkm Hfffnk ...................................... 52

ETOLCEP, LOCFHCCFP ^F [OMCEP ..................................................... 55

Etol Muleres, Htcf Muleres vf zotopcer ............................................ 55

Rfrkyodkh kzfcaf .......................................................................................... 50

Locfhccfr vf Locfhcfr @kcfffkhcfr .............................................................. 59

Hklyesec Norlccfr ....................................................................................... 54

yomcer vf yomkh @kcfffkhcfr .......................................................................... 56

Emoraemkh @kcfffkhcfrkm Edcemdrcles.......................................................... 5>

Hetyomcerm Edcemdrcles ..................................................................... 5>

Emyomcerm Edcemdrcles ...................................................................... 5>

yomkh @kcfffkhcfrkm Edcemdrcles .......................................................... 51

Esktcfrkm Norlccfrk vf Edcer ................................................................. 51

Locfhcfr @kcfffkhcfrkm Edcemdrcles.................................................... 5:

CLF........................................................................................................... 5:

YK @krkl Ykstflk ............................................................................................. 5:

Trftkclkff YK @krklcfrk ................................................................................... 5;

clfdf @fckrskzckh ....................................................................................... 05

@PL DMstTPLFCFP (@O[VT EMECW) .......................................... 00

zft ............................................................................................................... 06

Hfmdklkzk Ymeyecl ..................................................................................... 0>[effelm kmdfm ........................................................................................... 01

Hfmdklkzk Ymeyecl [emt Emejter ............................................................ 01

Yre Ykzdf [emt Emejter .............................................................................. 0:

[erercemcem Heymehcer.................................................................................. 0:

Hklyesec Tfphklfcfr vf Ytohkyolftrk ................................. 92HL[EYEC TFRHLFCFP ^F DFMHCFLCFP ............................................... 95

Hklyesec Tfphklfcfrkm Ymncemdrcles...................................................... 95

Hklyesec Tfphklf Dfmhcflcfrkmkm [ezcles ........................................... 99

Hklyesec Dfmhcflcfrkm Dfmhcffftkrkclfsk .................................................... 94

ETOL HTCFY............................................................................................. 9>

LOC HE^PELK ^F E^OAEDPO YE[KYK ................................................... 91

kmdfh k cfr kkk

5. MTF

0. MTF


4/307

HL[EYEC NOPLCCFPM @FCPCFMLFY................................................. 9;

@eskt Norlccfrkm @fckrcfmlfsk .................................................................... 42

Locfhc Norlccfrkmkm @fckrcfmlfsk............................................................. 45

[ehle Emeckzk .............................................................................................. 40YTOH[OLFTP ............................................................................................ 49

Htcf - Loc - Htcf ckffhksk ........................................................................... 44

Ymrceyi @kcffffm ......................................................................................... 46

Tfphklf ^frklk ........................................................................................... 4>

zft ............................................................................................................... 4:

Hfmdklkzk Ymeyecl ..................................................................................... 4;


Yre Ykzdf [emt Emejter .............................................................................. 62

[erercemcem Heymehcer.................................................................................. 60

Tfrlohklye ............................................................................ 64FMFPG............................................................................................................ 66

TFPLODMELF APst ............................................................................. 61

Ykstfl vf fvrf............................................................................................. 61

Tfrlodkmelkkm @krkmik [eses..................................................................... 6:

Fmfrgk.................................................................................................... 6:

Fmtecpk ..................................................................................................... >5

Fhzotfrlkh vf Fmdotfrlkh Yrfcfr ............................................................ >0

HECOPLFTPF .............................................................................................. >9

Ye`kt-Jeikl Hecorklftrfsk............................................................................. >4

Ye`kt-@esm Hecorklftrfsk ............................................................................ >6TFRHLF FMTECRY..................................................................................... >>

Tfphklf Fmtecpkcfrkmkm Doceyc [ocdem @ucumles7 Jfss [eses............... >1

Ocufful Fmtecpkcfrkmk Huccemereh Tfphklf Fmtecpkcfrkmkm Jfsepcemles... >;

Ytemdert Ocufful Fmtecpkcfrk .................................................................. >;

Ytemdert Ocufful Fmtecpkcfrkmk Huccemereh Tfphklf Fmtecpkcfrkmkm

Jfsepcemles ......................................................................................... 15

zft................................................................................................................ 19

Hfmdklkzk Ymeyecl...................................................................................... 14

Ohule Reres .............................................................................................. 16


Yre Ykzdf [emt Emejter .............................................................................. 1>[erercemcem Heymehcer.................................................................................. 11

Etolum Fcfhtromkh [eps vf Rfrkyodkh kzfcaf.................. 1:FCFHTPOLEAMFTH KstKLE......................................................................... 1;

HVEMTVL HVPELK ..................................................................................... :5

Ykyej Ikskl Kffles........................................................................................ :5

Notofcfhtrkh Fthk ............................................................................................ :0

ETOL YRFHTPVLCEPK................................................................................. :9

@OJP JDPOGFM ETOL HVPELK.............................................................. :6

DECAE NOMHY[OMCEPK ............................................................................ ::HVEMTVL YE[KCEPK.................................................................................... ::

@eff Huemtul Yeys ..................................................................................... :;

kmdfh k cfrkv

9. MTF

4. MTF


5/307

Esec Lolfmtul (Ect Heùh) Huemtul Yeys ......................................... :;

Leamftkh Huemtul Yeys ............................................................................ :;

Ypkm Huemtul Yeys .................................................................................... ;5

OP@TECCFPM FMFPG YF^[FCFP............................................................ ;5FCFHTPOM DWCLCFP .............................................................................. ;9

Reuck Dffercele chfsk ................................................................................... ;9

Jumd Hurec ................................................................................................... ;9

Eunèu chfsk ................................................................................................. ;9

Etolcerm Fcfhtrom Dkzkcklcfrk...................................................................... ;9

yomcerm Fcfhtrom Dkzkcklk ........................................................................... ;>

Hetyomcerm Fcfhtrom Dkzkcklk ................................................................. ;>

Emyomcerm Fcfhtrom Dkzkcklk.................................................................. ;>

FCFLFMTCFPM RFP[ODH WFCCHCFP................................................ ;1

Etol vf yomcerm [erep .......................................................................... ;1

yomceffle Fmfrgksk ......................................................................................... 522Fcfhtrom caksk................................................................................................. 525

zft................................................................................................................ 520





Hklyesec @ecemle ................................................................. 52>HL[EYEC @E ............................................................................................ 521

Cfwks Hurel................................................................................................. 521Etolcerm Cfwks Yflòccfrk.......................................................................... 52:

[OMH @ECEMLE..................................................................................... 52;

HOÊCFMT @ECEMLE .............................................................................. 552

Hovecfmt @e Trcfrk ..................................................................................... 555

Epocer Hovecfmt @e............................................................................... 555

Rocer Hovecfmt @e ................................................................................. 555

ohcu Hovecfmt @e...................................................................................... 550

Hovecfmt @ec @kcfffkhcfrkm Cfwks [epcermm [ezcles ............................ 550

Pfzomems........................................................................................................ 554

Norlec [h.................................................................................................... 554

Ohtft Hurecmdem Yeplecer .......................................................................... 556Tfh Yeyc Fcfhtromcu [epcer.................................................................. 556

Ohtftk Telelceleyem [epcer............................................................... 55>

Ohtftk Effem [epcer................................................................................. 55>

@E FMFPGY................................................................................................ 55>

LOCFHC AFOLFTPCFP........................................................................... 55:

Dffrckh Heùu Fcfhtrom kntk tlfsk (^YFRP) Hurel ............................ 55:

Lfrhfz Etol zfrkmdf Ortehcemlelff Fcfhtrom kntk

@ucumleyem Locfhccfr ........................................................................ 55;

Lfrhfz Etol zfrkmdf Ortehcemlelff Fcfhtrom kntk

@ucumdurem Locfhccfr .......................................................................... 505knt vf c @ee Yejkp Locfhccfrkm Afolftrkcfrk.............................. 509

oh Etolcu Locfhccfrkm Rocerc............................................................... 504

kmdfh k cfr v

6. MTF


6/307

Dffrckh @e Hurel .................................................................................... 506

Or`kteccfrkm Jk`rktcffflfsk........................................................................ 50>

ohcu @e frfm Locfhccfrdf Jk rktcffflf......................................... 592

Locfhc Or`ktec Hurel................................................................................ 590zft................................................................................................................ 599


Hfmdklkzk Ymeyecl [emt Emejter ............................................................ 59>

Yre Ykzdf [emt Emejter .............................................................................. 59>


Aezcer........................................................................................ 59:APst .............................................................................................................. 59;

@esm............................................................................................................. 542

Lemolftrfcfr ............................................................................................... 545

AEW [EYECEPK ............................................................................................ 540Aez Jeilk zfrkmf @esmim Fthksk7 @oycf [eses ..................................... 540

Aez Jeilk zfrkmf Yiehcm Fthksk7 Ijercfs [eses ................................ 549

Aez @esmi zfrkmf Yiehcm Fthksk ................................................... 544

Aez Jeilkmkm Aez Lkhter kcf ckffhksk7 Evoaedro [eses ........................... 544

@krcfffkh Aez [eses ...................................................................................... 546

DFEC AEW DFMHCFL ............................................................................... 54>

Aez [oumcuu vf Loc Htcfsk.................................................................... 54:

AEW HEPKstKLCEPK ....................................................................................... 54;

Dectomum Hslk @esmcer [eses ................................................................ 54;

Loc Hfsrk........................................................................................................ 562AEW FPFM TFRHLFCFPDF YTOH[OLFTP......................................... 565

Yu stmdf Topcemem Aezcerm @esmi ...................................................... 565

AEWCEPKM HMFTH HVPELK .................................................................... 569

Locfhc Jzcermm Decl ......................................................................... 569

Fnzyom vf Dknzyom .................................................................................... 566

DFEC OCLE[EM AEWCEPKM DE^PEMKstCEPK ......................................... 56>

vem dfr Qeecs Dfmhcflk ........................................................................ 56>

zft ............................................................................................................... 56:


Hfmdklkzk Ymeyecl [emt Emejter ............................................................ 5>2

Yre Ykzdf [emt Emejter .............................................................................. 5>2[erercemcem Heymehcer.................................................................................. 5>5

Locfhccfreres Huvvftcfr, Yvcer vf Hetcer ........................ 5>0LOCFHCCFPEPEYK HV^^FTCFP................................................................ 5>9

Dkpoc-Dkpoc Huvvftcfrk.................................................................................. 5>9

Comdom (Dkspfrskyom) Huvvftcfrk ................................................................. 5>6

Jkdrogfm @e ................................................................................................ 5>>

YK^KCEPKM WFCCHCFP .............................................................................. 5>:

^kshozktf ........................................................................................................ 5>:

[zfy Afrkcklk............................................................................................... 5>;NEW DFstLCFP......................................................................................... 512

YK^KCEPKM @VJEP @EYKMIK......................................................................... 510

kmdfh k cfrvk

>. MTF

1. MTF


7/307

NEW D[EAPELCEPK.................................................................................... 516

HETKCEP ........................................................................................................ 51>

Fm Yh stkncfmlf .......................................................................................... 51>

Hoordkmesyom Yeys................................................................................ 51:Hrkstec ra vf @krkl Jirf......................................................................... 51:

@krkl Jirfdfhk Etol Yeys ....................................................................... 51;

Z-Kffmcer Hrml .......................................................................................... 5:5

Hetcerdehk @ecemlecer................................................................................ 5:5

Lfteckh Hetcer ......................................................................................... 5:5

yomkh Hetcer ........................................................................................... 5:0

Locfhcfr Hetcer..................................................................................... 5:0

Hovecfmt (ra) [epc Hetcer ............................................................... 5:0

zft................................................................................................................ 5:9

Hfmdklkzk Ymeyecl...................................................................................... 5:4

Hfmdklkzk Ymeyecl [emt Emejter ............................................................ 5:6Yre Ykzdf [emt Emejter .............................................................................. 5:6

[erercemcem Heymehcer.................................................................................. 5:>

zfctkcfrkm Nkzkhsfc zfcckhcfrk.......................... .................... 5::WFCTCFP.................................................................................................. 5:;

zfctk Ocufful Yrfik7 zi-zmfm Fthkcfffklcfrk .............................. 5:;

zfctk Ocuffulumdehk Fmfrgk Dfkffklcfrk.................................................... 5;5

Doyluff zfctk vf zmrch ................................................................... 5;0

zmrcf Yiehcm Fthksk ....................................................................... 5;9

Hetcerm zmrcmf Yiehcm Fthksk.............................................. 5;9Aezcerm zmrcmf Yiehcm Fthksk.............................................. 5;4

Aezcerm zmrcmf @esmim Fthksk7 Jfmry [eses ............................. 5;4

DFPstL @PLCFP...................................................................................... 5;>

Htcf [zdfsk, ppl vf pp` ......................................................................... 5;>

Loc Hfsrk vf Loc [zdfsk ............................................................................ 5;1

Locerktf .......................................................................................................... 5;:

Locecktf .......................................................................................................... 5;;

Dfrkffkl @krklcfrkmkm Dmfftrclfsk .......................................................... 5;;

YK^K WFCTCFPM @VJEP @EYKMIK ........................................................ 022

HOCAETN WFCCHCFP (TEMFIH WFCCHCFP).................................. 020

zimm @ujer @esmi Dfflfsk............................................................. 020zfctkmkm Heymele Mohtes [hsfclfsk vf Domle Mohtes Ececles... 024

zfctkmkm Heymele Mohtes [hsfclfsk .............................................. 024

zfctkmkm Domle Mohtes Ececles..................................................... 02>

Oslotkh @esm ............................................................................................. 021

Hockaetkn zfcckhcfr [erdlyce Loc Htcf @fckrcfmlfsk.............................. 02:

zft ............................................................................................................... 052

Hfmdklkzk Ymeyecl ..................................................................................... 055




kmdfh k cfr vkk

:. MTF


8/307

Hklyesec Hkmftkh ...................................................................... 054APst .............................................................................................................. 056

TFRHLF JKWK ............................................................................................... 056DFPstLM TFRHLF JKWKME FTHY7 JKW NEDFY ^F TFRHLF

DFPFIFY ...................................................................................................... 05;

Jz nedfskmkm Dfmfysfc Ocereh @fckrcfmlfsk7 @effcema Jzcer [mtflk 002

DFPstLM WELEME APF DFstL....................................................... 000

@krkmik Dfrfifdfm Tfphklfcfr ..................................................................... 000

hkmik Dfrfifdfm Tfphklfcfr....................................................................... 004

Ynrmi Dfrfifdfm Tfphklfcfr.................................................................... 006

FTHMCFstLF FMFPGY ................................................................................. 006

Yiehch vf Tfphklf Jz7 Errjfmkus Fffktckk ............................................... 001

TFRHLF LFHEMWLEYK ............................................................................. 00:

@eskt Tfphklfcfr ........................................................................................... 00:

oh @eselehc Tfphklfcfrkm Lfhemkzlecer vf Jz nedfcfrk ................... 00:

HETECW ........................................................................................................ 00;

zft ............................................................................................................... 095

Hfmdklkzk Ymeyecl ..................................................................................... 090

Ohule Reres ........................................................................................... .. 099




Hklyesec Dfmaf ....................................................................... 09>YVCV WFCT TFRHLFCFP...................................................................... 091htrlf Tfphklfcfrk .................................................................................. 09:

Mtreccffflf Tfphklfcfrk............................................................................... 09:

[hsfctafmlf-mdkrafmlf Tfphklfcfrk ..................................................... 09:

HL[EYEC DFMAF ....................................................................................... 09:

Hklyesec Dfmaf vf Dfmaf Ye`ktk ............................................................... 09:

@esm Ikmskmdfm Dfmaf Ye`ktk ................................................................... 040

Tfphklf [mmm @fckrcfmlfsk ................................................................. 049

Dfmaf Dfrkffklkmkm Jfsepcemles ............................................................... 049

CF IJETFCKFP HVPECK ............................................................................... 044

Dfrkffkl Dfkffklk .......................................................................................... 044

@esm vf Jeikl Dfkffklcfrk ...................................................................... 044

Yiehch Dfkffklk .......................................................................................... 046

Heteckzr Fthksk ............................................................................................. 046

EYTCFP-@EWCEP ......................................................................................... 04>

Eskt-@ez Temlcer ........................................................................................ 04>

Errjfmkus Eskt-@ez Teml ..................................................................... 04>

@rmstfd-Cowry Eskt-@ez Teml .......................................................... 04>

Cfwks Eskt-@ez Teml ........................................................................... 041

Eskt vf @ezcerm Huvvftk .............................................................................. 041

YVCV WFCT DFMAFCFP ....................................................................... 04;Yuyum yomceffles ....................................................................................... 04;

Weyn Esktcfrkm vf Weyn @ezcerm yomceffle Dfmafcfrk .............................. 065

kmdfh k cfrvkkk

52. MTF

;. MTF


9/307

Telpom zfctkcfr ....................................................................................... 060

Jkdrockz ......................................................................................................... 069

EYT-@EW TTPEY[OMCEPK ........................................................................ 066

WMPCH ^F WMPCH EPRKLK ............................................ 06>zmrch Dfmafskmf Orteh yom Fthksk .................................................. 06>

hlf Hoffucu .............................................................................................. 061

zft ............................................................................................................... 06:


Ohule Reres ........................................................................................... .. 0>2

Hfmdklkzk Ymeyecl [emt Emejter ............................................................ 0>2

Yre Ykzdf [emt Emejter .............................................................................. 0>5

[erercemcem Heymehcer.................................................................................. 0>5

[hsfctafmlf mdkrafmlf vf Fcfhtrohklye ........................ 0>0[HYFCTAFMLF-MDPAFMLF TFRHLFCFP.......................................... 0>9[hsfctafmlf Yeycermm @fckrcfmlfsk km @ez Hureccer.......................... 0>4

[hsfctafmlf-mdkrafmlf Tfphklfcfrkmkm Dfmhcffftkrkclfsk ..................... 0>6

FCFHTPOHL[EYEC JIPFCFP ................................................................. 0>>

Aecvemkh Jirf ............................................................................................. 0>1

Jirf Rotemskyfck .......................................................................................... 0>;

PFDOHY TFRHLFCFPMM YTFLCC.................................................... 010

Ytemdert Jirf Rotemskyfck vf Dfmaf Ye`ktk ............................................... 019

MFPMYT FstTC.......................................................................................... 014

Dfrkffkl Jirfcfrk .......................................................................................... 016

RCCFP............................................................................................................ 016HOPOW[OM.................................................................................................. 011

FCFHTPOCW.................................................................................................. 011

Fcfhtrockzkm Mkifc [mcfrk.............................................................................. 01:

zft................................................................................................................ 0:5

Hfmdklkzk Ymeyecl...................................................................................... 0:0

Ohule Reres .............................................................................................. 0:9

Hfmdklkzk Ymeyecl [emt Emejter ............................................................ 0:4

Yre Ykzdf [emt Emejter .............................................................................. 0:4

[erercemcem Heymehcer.................................................................................. 0:>

Yzch ................................................................................... 0:1Dkzkm ...................................................................................... 0;5

kmdfh k cfr kx

55. MTF


10/307

msz

Hklye `kcklk nkzkh, `kyocogk, letfletkh ak`k tflfc `kcklcfrcf `krckhtf fvrflkzk,doey vf hfmdklkzk temlelz seceyem kckl deccermdem krkdkr. @u mfdfmcf8 tf-

lfc `kcklcfr, ljfmdksckh, tp, fvrf vf yeffel `kcklcfrk ak`k pfh oh lfscfh ece-

mmdehk fktklkm èffcemaimde tflfc hklye `kcakskmf kjtkye duyucur.

Fckmkzdfhk hktep, tflfc hklye `kcakskmf kjtkye duyucem uzehtem rftkl proa-

relcer kkm `krfysfc rfmlf tfhmkhcfrkmf uyaum ocereh yezclfftr. @u ymtflcf

jezrcemem ù hktep, dfrs hkte` oclesmm yemmde homuye kcak duyemcer kkm yer-

dli heymeh ocereh de huccemce`kckr.

@u hktepte8 afmfc hklye hktepcermm kfrkkmf uyaum ocereh leddf vf etoldem

èffceyereh stohkyolftrk, etolum fcfhtromkh yeps, hklyesec ècemle, leddfmkm

jeccfrk, zfctkcfr, hklyesec hkmftkh, hklyesec dfmaf vf fcfhtrohklye homucerme

kckffhkm mktfcfr yfr eclehtedr. mktfcfrdf, uzehtem rftkl tfhmkhcfrkmf uyaum

ocereh rfmikyf dorudem sedf vf zft `kcakcfr sumuclufftur. @umum yemmde -

rfmik, kmtfrmft vf yezc heymehcere ymfctkclkfftkr. rfmkclf ac ocem vfye

fmikmkm yemcffe dfff`kcfifk homucer vf mohtecer dkhhet `clcfrkycf vfrkclkff-

tkr. Jfr homuye kckffhkm rmfh sorucer zclff, homu sre skzdf vf hfmdklkzk sme-

yecl soruceryce pfhkfftkrkclkfftkr. Yre skzdf vf hfmdklkzk smeyecl `clcfrkmdfhk

sorucerm yemtcerme jfr mktfmkm erhesmde yfr vfrkcfrfh ohuyuiumum hfmdkmk c-

lfsk, afrfhkrsf homuyu tfhrer ftlfsk secemleye ecffclfftr. Eyrie èz mktf-

cfrdf ùcumem ohule perecer, vfrkcfm `kcakcfrkm amifc yeffelce ècemtsm se-celeh zfrf jezrcemlfftr.

@u Afmfc Hklye hkte`, jezrcmdem fckmkzf aftkk effeleye heder nerhc dkskp-

ckmcfrdfm afcfm kr fhk`km hepselc vf uyulcu ecfflesmm rmdr. @u ecel-

de, mktfcfrkm yezl, teserl, dkzak vf èslmde flfk affm Emedocu mkvfr-

sktfskmkm tl rftkl fcflemcerme, tfhmkh vf dfstfh pfrsomfckmf ktfm tffffhhr

fdfrkl.

Fdktr

Rron.Dr. Jeyrfttkm Trh

mszx


11/307


12/307

@u mktfyk telelcedhtem somre8Leddfyk vf zfcckhcfrkmk ehceye`kcfifh,Yen leddf, herffl, fcflfmt vf `kcfffkh hevrelcerm temlceye`kcfifh,

Etolum yepsmm eydmcetcles srfikmk vf lodfccfrkmk knedf fdf`kcfifh,Hklyesec norlc fffktcfrkmk ehceye`kcfifh,@kcfffkhcfrk edcemdre`kcfifh,@oyut emeckzkmk uyauceye`kcfifhskmkz.

Yen Leddf Herfflcer Fcflfmt @kcfffkh Etolum [eps Etol Muleres Htcf Muleres Rfrkyodkh kzfcaf Hklyesec Norlccfr @kcfffkhcfrk Edcemdrle YK @krkl Ykstflk clfdf @fckrskzckh @oyut Emeckzk

frkh Jerktes

Emejter Hevrelcer

Elecerlz

Afmfc Hklye

HL[E MFDP?

LEDDFMM YKMKNCEMDKPKCLEYK

LEDDFMM NWHYFC F HL[EYECWFCCHCFP

ETOL HVPELK F ETOLVM[ERKYKMKM HFstN

ETOLCEP, LOCFHCCFP F[OMCEP

CLF

@PL DMstTPLFCFP (@O[VTEMECW)

5AFMFC HL[E

Leddf, Etolcer,Locfhccfr vf yomcer


13/307

HL[E MFDP?Hklye, leddfyk vf leddfmkm ured dfkffklcfrk kmifcfyfm kr kckl decdr. Hkl-

yemm kcak ecemm tel ocereh emceleh kkm mifckhcf leddfyk temlcelelz afrf-

hkr. @offcuhte yfr hepceyem vf htcfsk ocem jfr fffy leddf ocereh temlcemr. @u mf-dfmcf jeve, su, hejvf, kmsem, ycdz, afzfafm, teff, ereè, `kcakseyer, èhtfrk, jirf

ak`k fffycfr krfr leddfdkr. Rfhk o zelem Jfr fffy leddf lkdkr? sorusumu sore`k-

ckrkz. @u sorumum ifve` jeyrdr. mh fvrfmdf leddf ocleyem ocaucerde ver-

dr. rmfkm amfff ffmcer, redyo decaecer, ifp tfcfnomu skmyeccfrk, `kcak, duyauce-

rlz leddf ocleyem hevrelcere rmfhtkr.

fvrflkzdfhk `kroh oceym mesc ocduumu emceleh kkm hklye `kcaksk afrfhck-

dkr. rmfkm8 dflkrkm pescemles, mifdfm tuz kcevfskmkm yflfkm pkfflf srfikmkuzetles ak`k amch yeffellzde herffcefftlz kroh oceym sf`f`kmk hklye kc-

akcfrklkzk huccemereh ehceye`kckrkz.

LEDDFMM YKMKNCEMDKPKCLEYK

Yen Leddf vf Herfflcer@fcck `kr `kcfffklf vf zfcckhcfrf sejkp ocem leddfcfrf sen leddf dfmkr. Yu, èhr,sonre tuzu, jkdrogfm sen leddf rmfhcfrkdkr. @u leddfcfrkm jfr`krk sedfif tfh `kr

tr leddf kfrlfhtfdkr. Yen leddf fcflfmtye de `kcfffkhoce`kckr (ù hevrelcer

deje somre kmifcfyfifkz). Doede leddfcfrkm mflck `kr hsl sen ocleyp èff-

he leddf trcfrkmkm herfflmdem ocuffurcer. Fm ez khk leddfmkm hfmdk zfcckhcfrk-

mk hey`ftlfdfm ocuffturduu yepye ksf herffldfmkr. rmfkm8 `kr heye pere-smde, kroh leddfyf ekt rfmh vf ocuffulcer arcf`kckr. Jeve ksf effte ezot vf oh-

skgfm aezcer ocleh zfrf `kroh aezm (sen leddfmkm) `kr herffldr. @umcerm ye-

m sre skrhf, portehec suyu, elurcu su de herffle rmfh ocereh vfrkcf`kckr. Doce-

ysyce `kr herffl, kkmdf khk vfye deje nezce seyde sen leddfyk kfrkr vf `kcfffklk

se`kt dfkcdkr. rmfkm fffhfrck su, nerhc oremcerde su vf fffhfr lkhterceryce jezrce-

me`kckr. Herffl ocuffturem sen leddfcfrf herfflm kcffffmcfrk dfmkr. stfhfrck su-de fffhfr vf su herfflm `kcffffmcfrkdkr. stfhkc 5.5 df leddfmkm smncemdrcles fff-

letkh ocereh astfrkclkfftkr.

Leddf, Etolcer,Locfhccfr vf yomcer


14/307

Jologfm vf Jftfrogfm HerfflcerHerfflcer jologfmye de jftfrogfmoce`kckrcfr. Jologfm herfflde, herfflm jfr

yfrkmdf `kcfffkl eymdr. Jologfm `kr herffl lkhroshop huccemcse `kcf sen leddf-dfm eyrt fdkcflfz. @kr èrdeh sude `kr ey heff tuzum zmlfsk kcf fcdf fdkcfmherffl jologfm herffle `kr rmfhtkr. Jologfm herfflcere eym zelemde zfctkdf dfmkr. Dkfr terentem `kcfffklk nerhc mohtecerde nerhc oce`kcfm herfflcere jftfro-gfm herffldfmkr. rmfkm ye-su herffl jftfrogfm `kr herffldr. Herffl kstfrjologfm kstfr jftfrogfm ocsum nkzkhsfc yoccerce `kcffffmcfrkmkm zfcckhcfrk horumerehhfmdkskmk ocuffturem sen leddfcfrf eyrce`kckr. @kr erdeh sude kr ey heff tuzum -zmlfsk kcf jezrcemlff herfflde (zfctkdf) tuz, su ùjercefftrcereh tfhrer afrkyfhezemce`kckr. Ocuffem su ùjer `kr èffhe yfrdf topcemp youmcefftrcrse ù durul-de de su afrk hezemcr. @ycfif herffl ocuffturem `kcffffmcfr èffcematehk zfcckhcf-rkmk hey`ftlfdfm fcdf fdkclkff ocur. @kr lkhter hlr vf su kcf jezrcemlff jftfro-gfm herffl, szlf kffcflk kcf `kcffffmcfrkmf (hlr vf su ocereh) eyrce`kckr. [e de `krlkhter dflkr-teceff herffl `kr lhmets yerdlyce dflkr vf teceffe eyrce`kckr.

Effedehk leddfcfrdfm jemakskmkm sen leddf ocduumu `fckrtkmkz.

Lfrlfr-st-lrfhhfp-ectm-pftroc

FcflfmtcfrEym tr etolcerdem ocuffem vf hklyesec ymtflcfr kcf deje èskt leddfcfrf eyr-celeyem leddfcfrf fcflfmtdfmkr. Emtklom, heròm, hhrt, èhr, ectm, dflkr,hurffum, ikve, alff, hecey ak`k ez fcflfmtcfr emtkh ecerdem frk kckmlfhtfdkr.Terkjsfc srf kkmdf kroh fcflfmt hfffnfdkclkff vf uam kckmfm fcflfmtcfrkm se-

ys 552 um stmf hlfftr.@ez fcflfmtcfr (ectm, hhrt ak`k) doede fcflfmtfc jecdf ucumurhfm, kroh

fcflfmt effhe fcflfmtcfr kcf ocuffturduu kcfffkhcfr jeckmdf ùcumurcer. @u tr fcf-lfmtcfrkm fcflfmtfc jeccfrk, èffhe fcflfmtcfr kcf ocuffturduu sen leddfcfrdfm ey-rcereh fcdf fdkcf`kckr.

Jfr fcflfmtkm `kr ed `kr df sflòc verdr. Fcflfmtcfrkm edcermm nerhc hey-mehcer verdr. rmfkm ehr fcflfmtkmkm kslk iyprus dem, ectm fcflfmtkmkm kslkcetkmif ser hfcklfskmdfm afclkfftkr. Eraom, ersfmkh, eculkmyul ak`k ez fcflfmt-cfrkm lodfrm edcer verdr. Yom zelemcerde hfffnfdkcfm fcflfmtcfrf ksf `kckl edel-cermm vfye yfrcfrkm edcerme etnfm edcer vfrkclkfftkr. @umcere rmfh `frhfcyul, he-cknormkyul, fkmstfkmyul seyce`kckr.

Fcflfmtcfrkm sflòccfrk, hklyesec tfphklf dfmhcflcfrkmdf yemk sen leddfcfrkmèffhe sen leddfcfrf dmfflm astfrfm dfmhcflcfrdf huccemcr. Jfr fcflfm-

tkm kr vfye khk jerntfm ocuffem kr sflòc verdr. ou fcflfmtkm sflòc makckz-if kslkmkm `kr vfye khk jernck hsectlesdr. @ez fcflfmtcfrkm sflòccfrk ksf Cetkm-

4 Afmfc Hklye

ymtflcfr kcf eyrcr@kcfkhcfr Fcflfmtcfr

Jftfrogfmherlcer

Jologfmherlcer

Herlcer Yen

leddfcfr

Leddf

Hklyesec

ymtflcfr kcf eyrcr

Nkzkhsfc

stfhkc 5.5

LeddfmkmYmncemdrcles

YKPE YWDF 5


15/307

ifdfm trftkclkfftkr. Tfh jernck sflòccfr jfr zelem `yh jerncf yezcrhfm, khkjernck sflòccfrdf kch jern `yh, khkmik jern hh yezcr. Effede èz fcflfmt-cfrkm sflòccfrk vfrkclkfftkr.

Eculkmyul Ec Eraom Er Heròm IEzot M Jfcyul Jf Mkhfc MkEctm Eu Dflkr Nf Yodyul Me

@kcfffkhcfrFcflfmtcfrkm sen leddfcfr ocduumu ardh. Yen leddfcfrkm `kr dkfr tr df `k-cfffkhcfrdkr. @kcfffkhcfr, khk ye de deje nezce seyde nerhc fcflfmtkm etolcermdemocuffem sen leddfcfrdkr. fvrflkzdfhk sen leddfcfrkm ou, fcflfmtcfrdfm dejeoh fcflfmtcfrkm `krcffflfsk somuiu ocuffem `kcfffkhcfrdkr.

@kcfffkhcfrk ocuffturem fcflfmtcfrkm `kcfffklcfrk se`kttkr. @u durul se`kt oremceryesesvfye `fckrck oremcer yeses ocereh `kckmlfhtfdkr. rmfkm `kr sen su rmfkheymeme ehclehszm mfrfdfm ecmrse ecmsm htcfif %55,5; jkdrogfm vf %::,:5

ohskgfm kfrlfh zorumdedr. @u orem su `kcfffkkmdf jk`kr fffhkcdf dfkfflfz.@kcfffkhcfr oraemkhye de emoraemkhocereh smncemdrcr. Oraemkh `kcfffkhcfr

heròm vf afmfcckhcf jkdrogfm fcflfmtcfrk kfrfm locfhcfr `kcfffkhcfrdkr(lftem,propem, acuhoz ak`k). Dkfr tm kcfffkhcfr ksf emoraemkh kcfffkhocereh smncem-drcr. Yu, hecskyul scnet, elomyeh, jkdrogfm hcorr, heròm dkohskt, hecskyul her-òmet ak`k leddfcfr emoraemkh `kcfffkhcfrf rmfh ocereh vfrkcf`kckr. Herfflcer vf`kcfffkhcfr eresmdehk tflfc nerhcchcer kzfcaf 5.5 df vfrkclkfftkr.

Effede vfrkcfm leddfcfrk jologfm herffl, jftfrogfm herffl, sen leddf (fcflfmt vf `k-cfffkh) ocereh smncemdrmz.

Eyrem-domdurle-hecey-ledfm suyu-fffhfr-jeve

Leddfmkm Jeccfrk@tm leddfcfr het, sv vf aez ocleh zfrf èffcie nkzkhsfc jecdf ùcumur-cer. Leddfcfrkm kcfffklcfrk dfkfflfdfm nkzkhsfc jeccfrk dfkfff`kckr. stfhkc 5.0 df kr

leddfyk ocuffturem yepcerm (etolcerm vfye locfhccfrkm) nkzkhsfc jecf arf ho-mulcermm vf ùme èc ocereh èz zfcckhcfrkmkm mesc dfkfftkk vfrkclkfftkr.

Herfflcer @kcfffkhcfr

Nkzkhsfc ymtflcfrcf kcffffmcfrkmf eyrce`kckr. Hklyesec ymtflcfrcf `kcffffmcfrkmf eyrce`kckr.

@fcck kr kcfffklk yohtur. @kcfffklk se`kttkr.

zfcckhcfrk kcffffmcfrkmf ecdr. zfcckhcfrk kcffffmcfrkmdfm elszdr.

65. mktf - Leddf, Etolcer, Locfhccfr vf yomcer

kzfcaf 5.5Herfflcer vf@kcfffkhcfr EresmdehkNerhcchcer

Y KPE YWDF

0

Fcflfmt edcer vf sflòccfrkkcf kcakck ocereh hkte`mzmsomumdehk kzfcafcfrfèhe`kckrskmkz.

Ye`kt oremcer yeses, EtolHurel vf Etolum [epsmmHfffnk hslmdetemlcemlfftr.

stfhkc 5.0

LeddfmkmNkzkhsfc JeccfrkEresmdehkNerhcer


16/307

LEDDFMM NWHYFC ^F HL[EYEC WFCCHCFPJfr sen leddfmkm omu temlelz vf dkfr leddfcfrdfm eyrt ftlflkzk seceyemzfcckhcfrk verdr. Leddfmkm zfckhcfrk8 nkzkhsfc vf hklyesec ocleh zfrf khkyf eyrcr.

Nkzkhsfc zfcckhcfr, leddfmkm hklckk vf `kcfffklk dfkfflfdfm azcfmf`kckr vfccf`kckr zfcckhcfrdkr. [oumcuh, frklf mohtes, heymele mohtes, rfmh, hohu ak-`k zfcckhcfr nkzkhsfc zfcckhcfr eresmdedr.

Hklyesec zfcckhcfrksf `kr leddfmkm, èffhe `kr leddf ocuffturleh kkm dfk-ffklf ureles yemk tfphklfyf akrlfsk kcf azcfmfm zfcckhcfrdkr. @kr effhe knedf kcfhklyesec zfcckhcfrk azcflfh kkm hklyesec kr dfkffklkm ocles afrfhkr. Hklyesecdfkffkldfm somre erth èffcematehk leddf yohtur. @u leddf, èffhe leddf vf-

ye leddfcfrcf vf ez durulcerde hfmdk effme tfphklfyf akrfrfh nerhc nkzkhsfc vfhklyesec zfcckhcfrf sejkp èffhe `kr leddf vfye leddfcfrf dmfflfftr. rmf-km doec aezm (lftemm) yemic `kr hklyesec zfcckhtkr. Doec aez ohskgfm kcftfphklf vfrfrfh (yemereh) heròm dkohskt vf su ocuffturur. Afrfh heròm dkohskt,

afrfh su, lftem vf ohskgfmdfm nerhc zfcckhcfrf sejkp leddfcfrdkr. @fmzfr fffhkcdffffhfrk sttlzde ocuffem yfmk leddfmkm zfcckhcfrk fffhfrkm zfcckhcfrkmdfm nerhc-dr vf ù leddfdfm tfhrer fffhfrkm fcdf fdkclfsk sz homusu dfkcdkr.

Leddfmkm èz zfcckhcfrk kmifcfmfm leddf lkhterme èc dfkcdkr. @u trzfcckhcfrf ffkddft zfcckk dfmkr. rmfkm leddfmkm siehc, frklf mohtes, yo-umcuu, locer s hepesktfsk o leddfmkm ffkddft zfcckhcfrkdkr. Leddf lkhtermeèc ocem zfcckhcfrf ksf hepesktf zfcckk dfmkr. Htcf vf jeikl ù tr zfcckfrmfh ocereh vfrkcf`kckr. Fcklkzdfhk kr ifzvf su kcf `kr eydemch suyum jfr khkskmkmdf 5 etl èsmte 522 I df heymeles, heymele mohtesmm `kr ffkddft zfcckk oc-lesmdem8 kr ifzvf suyum jeilkmkm kr eydemch suyum jeilkmdfm ez oclesmmmfdfmk ksf jeilkm `kr hepesktf zfcckk oclesmdem heymehcemlehtedr.

Effedehk oceycerde lfydeme afcfm dfkffklcfrdfm jemaksk nkzkhsfc kr dfkffkldkr?

Odumum yemles-huru ùzdem heròm dkohskt aez ocuffulu-jkdrogfm vf ohskgfm tfphklf-

sk kcf su ocuffles-`kthkcfrkm notosfmtfz yeples

ETOL HVPELK ^F ETOLVM [ERKYKMKM HFstNL.. . yzycde nkcozoncerm, tm leddfcfrkm cmflfyfm emcelme afcfm eto-los dfmkcfm oh hh temfikhcfrdfm lfydeme afcdkkmk dffmdhcfrk `kckmlfh-tfdkr. Emieh ù dffmif spfhcesyomdem èffhe `krfffy dfkcdk. Etolum vercm`fckrcflfyf ymfckh ecfflecerm Z^KK. yzycde èffced arclfhtfdkr vf etolkcf kcakck kch jkpotfzcfr 5:21 ycmde Gojm Dectom terenmdem mfrkclkfftkr. Gojm Dec-

tom yept azcflcfr somuiu etol kcf kcakck effedehk jkpotfzcfrk mfrlkfftkr7 Fcflfmtcfr etol dfmkcfm oh hh temfikhcfrdfm ocuffur. @kr fcflfmtkm `tm etolcer zdffftkr. Nerhc fcflfmtcfrkm etolcer nerhcdr

vf nerhc zfcckhcfrf vf nerhc htcfyf sejkptkrcfr. @kr fcflfmtkm etolcer hklyesec tfphklfcfrcf nerhc etolcere dmfftrcf-

lfz. Hklyesec tfphklfcfrdf etolcerm ocuffturucles ye de yoh fdkclfsk szhomusu dfkcdkr.

@kcfffkhcfr `krdfm nezce fcflfmtf ekt etolcerm `krereye afclfsk somuiu ocu-ffur. @kr `kcfffkhtf ùcumem etolcermm tr vf seys dekle eymdr.

Dectomum etol kkm yeplff ocduu jkpotfzcfr, se`kt oremcer, htcfmkm horumu-lu vf hetc oremcer yesecer ocereh knedf fdkcfm yesecer ehceye`kclfhtfdkr.

Ye`kt oremcer yeses, heyme mf ocurse ocsum `kr `kcfffkhtf omu ocuffturem fcf-lfmtcfrkm htcfcfrk eresmde dekle `fcck vf se`kt `kr orem ocduumu knedf fdfr. r-

> Afmfc Hklye

YKPE YWDF

9


17/307

mfkm 5:,2 arelch `kr su rmfk mfrfdfm ecmrse ecmsm 0,2 a jkdrogfm vf 5>,2 aohskgfm kfrkr. Ffr su rmfklkz 9>,2 arel ksf, ù durulde ù rmfh 4,2 a jkdro-gfm vf 90,2 a ohskgfm kfrlfh durulumdedr. Yomute sude jkdrogfmkm jfr arel-

me herffch :,2 a ohskgfm ùcumur vf ù htcf orem dekle se`kttkr. @u yesemm tf-lfck Dectomum 4. jkpotfzkdkr.

Heròm dkohskttf (IO0) fcflfmtcfrkm htcf orem mfdkr?

Htcfmkm horumulu yeses, leddfmkm yohtem ver, verdem yoh oceleyeiemknedf fdfr. Doceysyce `kr hklyesec tfphklfyf akrfm leddfcfrkm (tfphfmcfrkm) ht-cfcfrkmkm topcel, tfphklfdfm hem leddfcfrkm (rmcfrkm) htcfcfrkmkm topcelmefffkt ocduu heùc fdkckr. (@urede hklyesec tfphklfcfrdfhk htcf-fmfrgk dmfflcfrkzfrkmdf durucleyeiehtr). @u mfdfmcf hklyesec tfphklfcfrdf htcfmkm horumduuheùc fdkckr. rmfkm 5>,2 a lftemm >4,2 a ohskgfm kcf yemles somuiu 44,2 a her-

òm dkohskt vf 9>,2 a su ocuffur. [emk :2,2 a tfphfmf herffch :2,2 a rm ocuffur. @uyesemm tflfck Dectomum 9. jkpotfzkdkr.Hetc oremcer yeses, ffr khk fcflfmt `krdfm nezce `kcfffkh ocuffturuyorse, fcf-

lfmtcfrdfm `krkmkm se`kt htcfsk kcf `krcffffm dkfr fcflfmtkm htcfcfrk eresmdehkoremm (vfye oremcerm) fm hh telseycer kcf knedf fdkcfm kr orem (vfye oremcer)ocduumu knedf fdfr. stkldk ùmu `kr rmfhcf ehceyecl. Jkdrogfm vf ohskgfmkmnerhc oremcerde `krcffflfsk somuiu su (J0O) vf jkdrogfm pfrohskt (J0O0) `kcfffkhcf-rk ocuffur. Yude 0,2 a jkdrogfmkm 5>,2 a ohskgfm kcf, jkdrogfm pfrohskttf ksf 0,2 a jkd-rogfmkm 90,2 a ohskgfm kcf `krcffftkk arcr. Yomute htcfif eym lkhter jkdrogfmkfrfm su vf jkdrogfm pfrohskt rmfhcfrkmdf, jkdrogfm pfrohskttfhk ohskgfm htcfsk-mkm sudehk ohskgfm htcfskmf orem 075 dkr.

Etolum ocduhe hh vf `cmflfz `kr pereih ocduu Dectom terenmdemdffmclff ocse de etolum vercme ymfckh dorudem hemtcer ZKZ. yzycm som-cer kcf ZZ. yzycm èffcermde afckfftkrkcfm ymtflcfr seyfskmdf fcdf fdkclkfftkr. @uecfflecer somuiu etolum fcfhtrom, protom vf mtrom ocereh edcemdrcem deje h-h pereihcerdem (etolect pereihcer) ocufftuu hemtcemlfftr. stkldk ù pere-ihcerm hfffnkmf kckffhkm ecfflecer arfckl.

Hetot Kffmcer vf FcfhtromcerFcfhtromum hfffnk, aez òffecl tp ocereh edcemdrcem dzfmfh kcf yepcem ecffle-cer somuiu afrfhcffflkfftkr. Aez òffecl tp, tflfcdf ieldem yepclff kkmdf khk


YKPE YWDF

4

stfhkc 5.9

Aez @offecl Tp


18/307

fcfhtrot ùcumem `kr tptr. stfhkc 5.9 df arcfm fffhkcdf tesercemlff `kr aez òffecltpmf yehceffh 52222 voct fcfhtrkh afrkcklk uyaucemdmde vf tpm kkmdfhk aezmèsmi 5-02 llJa ye dffrcdmdf fcfhtrotcer eresmde ehl aflfyf èffcer.

@u ehle hetot ffmcerdfmkr vf hetottem emode doru ehercer. @u ehl somuiu tp-tfhk aezm trmf arf nerhc rfmhtf ffle arcr. Aez òffecl tpmm kkmdfhk ae-zm esmi 52-0 llJa vfye deje effeye dffrcdmdf ksf tptfm yeycem ffh ze-

yncer vf heyòcur. Emieh mfaetkn fcfhtrottem (hetottem) pozktkn fcfhtrode (emode)ehl (hetot ffmcer) aflfyf dfvel fdfr. @u ehlm verc tpm dkfr uiumdehkncorfsem zfcckhck `kr leddf kcf hepc yzfydf ncorfsems (ffle) kcf emceffce`kckr.

@u homu kcf kcakck ocereh `kr kmtfrmft erele lotorume ietjodf reys vfye aes dksijeraf tu-

`f tfrklcfrkmk akrfrsfmkz oh seyde arsfcf uceffe`kckrskmkz.

Hetot ffmcer zfrkmf uzum yccer ecffem Gosfpj Gojm Tjolsom, ù ffmcerm jfl

fcfhtrkh jfl df lemyftkh ecemde septm ùclufftur vf ù ecfflecer somuiu,Tjolsom 5:;1 df ù ffmcerm etol htcfskmdfm ocduhe hh htcfyf sejkp mf-

aetkn yhc pereihcer (fcfhtromcer) ocduumu kcfrk srlfftr. Hetot ffmcermmzfcckhcfrkmkm hetodum yepcd èhr, dflkr ak`k leczflfyf èc ocleles mfdf-

mkycf ù ffmcer ocuffturem pereim `tm etolcerm yepsmde ùcumem `kr pere-

ih ocduu somuiumu herlfftr. Tjolsom, fcfhtrkh vf lemyftkh ecemcerm hetot

ffmcerm zt ymcfrdf septrles mfdfmkycf (stfhkc 5.4) ù ecem huvvftcfrkmk dfmafcf-

yfrfh hetot ffmcermm yemk fcfhtromcerm sepleye ureledem u ecemcerdem aflf-

skmk secelff vf ù ecemcerm ffkddftkmdfm yerercemereh fcfhtromum yhmm (f -)

htcfskmf (l) oremm (f-/l) jfsepceye`kclkfftkr. @u dffr 5,1>x52: I/a dr. @urede

`krkl ioucol`/areldr.

: Afmfc Hklye

Aez òffecl tpmf kckffhkmamlzdfhk uyaucelecermmfom ffhcer, ncorfsemffhcer vf tfcfvkzyom tpcfrkocduumu `kckyor luydumuz?

stfhkc 5.4

Hetot Kffmcermme) Fcfhtrkh,`) Lemyftkhi) Fcfhtrkh vf

LemyftkhEcemdehkDevremff

M T F P M F T


19/307

Fcfhtromum yh/htcf orem `fckrcfmdkhtfm somre, 5;2; de Po`frt Lkcckhem ye

delcei dfmfyk kcf `kr fcfhtrom zfrkmdfhk yhm dffrkmk `fckrcflkfftkr. @u df-

mfy kkm stfhkc 5.6 dfhk ak`k `kr dzfmfh huccemlfftr. Mfaetkn yhcf, `kr èffhe kne-

df kcf fcfhtromcer kcf yhcfmlkff ye delcei sfr`fst dfflfyf `rehcdmde yfr-

fhklk huvvftkmkm fthksk ectmdedr. Dfflfhtf ocem `kr delceie uyaum ffkddfttf

`kr fcfhtrkh ecem uyaucemdmde ksf ù hfz, mfaetkn yhc delceih yfr fhklk

huvvftkmkm zt ymmdf `kr huvvftkm df fthkskmdf oceiehtr. @u khk huvvftkm dfm-

afcfmlfsk somuiu yhc ye delcei esc `kr durulde hece`kckr. @u khk huvvf-

tkm ye delceime fthksk jfsepcemereh ye delcei zfrkmdfhk yhm dffrk

jfsepceme`kclkfftkr. @u yh kkm dfmfycfr somuiu fcdf fdkcfm dffrcfr, 5,>2x52 -5;

I um tel hetcer oclufftur. @ycfif `kr fcfhtromum yhmm 5,>2x52 -5; I ocduu

ùcumlufftur.

@u homu kcf kcakck ocereh `kr kmtfrmft erele lotorume lkcckhem okc drop tfrklcfrkmk akrfr-

sfmkz oh seyde arsfcf uceffe`kckrskmkz.

Fcfhtromum yh/htcf orem 5,1>x52: I/a kcf yh 5,>2x52-5; I dffrcfrk ucum-

duhtem somre fcfhtromum htcfsk jfsepceme`kclkfftkr.

Fcfhtromum htcfsk kkm ùcumem ù dffr `kr jkdrogfm etolumum htcfskmkm5:91 df krk hederdr. stkldk hfmdklkzf O jecdf etolum htcfskmkm oh yh hs-lm mf ocuffturlehtedr? sorusumu sore`kckrkz.

x

xxFcfhtromum htcfsk

5,1> 52 I/a

5, >2 52 I;,52 52 a

:

5;0:< ),

fcfhtromcerm etolde pozktkn (+) yhc kr ucut kkmdf decd mfrkclkfftkr.

Tjolsomum etol lodfckmkm doru ocup

ocled, Putjfrnord vf rfmikcfrk Afkafr vf

Lersdfm terenmdem 5;52 ycmde erefftrclfftr.

[epcem dfmfydf, redyoehtkn `kr heymehtem af-

cfm -pereih ffm dflftk kcf ectmdem yepc-

lff kmif `kr nocyo òlèrdlem fdkclkff vf -

pereihcermm mfrfdfysf telelmm jfrjem-

ak `kr fffhkcdf sepledem vfye oh ez sepereh

nocyodem aftkk `fckrcfmlkfftkr (stfhkc 5.1). @u-

mumce `krckhtf -pereihcermm yehceffh 02222

df `krkmkm ;2 dfm nezce e kcf sept vf oh

ezmm de afcdkk ymdf afrk dmd azcfm-

lkfftkr. @u somu, Tjolsomum zlc hfh dk-

yf `kckmfm etol lodfckycf fckfflfhtfdkr. Put-

jfrnord, -pereih secles somucerm huc-

cemereh 5;55 ycmde yfmk `kr etol lodfck orteye hoylufftur. @u lodfcdf, eto-lum htcfskmkm oh `yh lkhter vf pozktkn yhmm telel etolde oh hh

vf oh youm kr `cafdf ùcumlehtedr. Putjfrnord, etoldehk ù oh hh vf

oh youm `cafyk fhkrdfhocereh edcemdrlfftr. fhkrdfh etolum lfrhfzkm-dfdkr vf etolum `yhcycf herffcefftrcdmde oh hhtr. @u lodfcdf

fcfhtromcerm, amfffkm ftrenmdehk afzfafmcfr ak`k fhkrdfkm yrmafskmdf ù-

cumduhcer dffmclfftr.

@u homu kcf kcakck ocereh `kr kmtfrmft erele lotorume pertkicf siettfrkma tfrklcfrkmk ak-

rfrsfmkz oh seyde arsfcf uceffe`kckrskmkz.

-pereihcer kcf yepcem dfmfy somucer mfdfm Tjolsom lodfckycf fckfflfhtfdkr?

Etolum jfl fcfhtrkhsfc ocereh mtr jfl df htcfskmkm fcfhtromum htcfsk yemm-

de oh `yh ocles mfdfmkycf, yepsmde pozktkn yhc vf fcfhtrome arf deje

`yh htcfck pereih ùcumdurles afrfhtkk dffmclfftr. [epcem ecfflecer

somuiu etol fhkrdfkmdf fcfhtrome arf deje er `ycf `kr pereim (protom)verc ucumluff vf yhmm fcfhtrom yhmf fffkt emieh zt kfferftck (+5,>2x52-5; I)ocduu `fckrcfmlkfftkr. Etol fhkrdfkmdf eyrie yhsz, htcfsk protome yehm `kr

pereih (mtrom) ùcumlufftur. Rrotomcer 5;5; de Putjfrnord, mtromcer de 5;90df Ijedwkih terenmdem hfffnfdkclkfftkr. Etolu ocuffturem ù tflfc pereihcere ekt

èz dffrcfr (deje duyerc dffrcfr ocereh) kzfcaf 5.0 df zftcfmlkfftkr.

52 Afmfc Hklye

stfhkc 5.>

TjolsomumEtol LodfckmkmAstfrklk

M T F P M F T

YKPE Y WDF6

fhkrdfkm ep ~52-54 lEtolum ep ~52-; l dkr.


21/307

@uam erth etolde, protomcerm vf mtromcerm ocduhe hh ocem etol f-hkrdfkmdf `krckhtf ùcumduhcer, etolum jeilkmkm `yh hslmm kkmdf fcfh-tromcerm ucumduu offcuh ocduu vf fcfhtromcerm fhkrdfhtfhk protomcer terenm-dem fhkcdkk kckmlfhtfdkr.

ETOLCEP, LOCFHCCFP ^F [OMCEP

Etol Muleres, Htcf Muleres vf zotopcer@kr fcflfmtkm etol muleres (W), o fcflfmtkm etolcermde ucumem protom sey-sdr. rmfkm8 jkdrogfm fcflfmtkmkm etol muleres 5 vf jfcyul fcflfmtkmkm etol

muleres 0 dkr. mh jkdrogfm etolumum fhkrdfkmdf `kr protom, jfcyul eto-

lumum fhkrdfkmdf khk protom ùcumur. Doceysyce etol muleres `kr fcflfmtkm

jemak fcflfmt ocduumu `fckrcfyfm `kr zfcckhtkr. rmfkm8 etol muleres : ocemfcflfmt jemakskdkr? sorusumum ifve` dekle ohskgfmdkr. @u ffu emcele de afclfh-

tfdkr7 Jfr ohskgfm etolumum fhkrdfkmdf : protom verdr. Ffr etol muleres :

dfm nerhc ocem `kr fcflfmttfm èjsfdkyorseh ù fcflfmt ohskgfm ocelez.

Etolum muleres 1 ocem `kr ezot etolumum fhkrdfkmdf he protom verdr?

Etolum fcfhtrkhsfc ocereh mtr oclesmdem docey, sejkp ocduu protomcerm se-

ys fcfhtromcermm seysme fffkttkr.

Htcf muleres (E) ksf `kr etolum fhkrdfkmdf ùcumem protom vf mtromseycermm topceldr. @kr etoldehk htcf muleres vf etol muleres eresmdehk

kckffhk effedehk èmt kcf vfrkcf`kckr7


stfhkc 5.1

e) -RereihYecle Dfmfy

Dzfmfkmkmstfletkh Astfrklk,`)-Rereihcermm

Yecle stfhkccfrk(Ohcer -

pereihcerm,hrfcfr etolcertflskc ftlfhtfdkr.)

Htcf [h

Rereih Yflòc a eh` Ioucol` @ec

Fcfhtrom f - ;,52;694x52 -0: 2,22264:6:20 -5,>20x52 -5; -5

Rrotom p+ 5,>10>4:6x52 -04 5,22101>4 +5,>20x52 -5; +5

Mtrom m 5,>14;649x52 -04 5,22:>>62 2 2

kzfcaf 5.0Etolu OcuffturemRereihcere Ekt@ez Dffrcfr

eh`7 Etol htcf `krklk (@hz.mktf 0)

Y KPE YWDF

>

@kr etolde mtrom seys,htcf muleresmdem etol

muleres hercerehùcumur.


22/307

Htcf muleres E < W + M Mtrom seys

Etol muleres(protom seys)

@kr etolum htcf vf etol mulerecer fcflfmt sflòc kcf `krckhtf ffu fffhkcdfastfrkckr7

Htcf muleres EEtol muleres W F

[uherde knedf fdkcfm astfrklf ymfckh `krhe rmfh effede vfrkclkfftkr.

[uherde vfrkcfm rmfhtf dflkr (Nf) kkm khk nerhc htcf muleres (64 vf 6>) vf-rkcdkkmk nerh fttkmkz lk? mh ùredehk dflkr etolcermdem `krkmkm mtrom seys0:, dkfrkmkmhk 92 dur. @kr fcflfmtkm `tm etolcermm fhkrdfkmdfhk protom se-

ys eym khfm mtrom seys nerhc oce`kckr. Etol muleres eym emieh mtrom seysùme ec ocereh de htcf muleres (doceysyce htcfsk) nerhc etolcere kzotop df-mkr. Doceysyce htcf mulerecer 64 vf 6> ocem dflkr etolcer, dflkrkm kzotopcer-dr. @kr kzotop, fcflfmt edmdem somre htcf muleres yezcereh edcemdrcr. [uhe-rde vfrkcfm ohskgfm etolu ohskgfm-5> ocereh edcemdrcr. @u fcflfmtkm, ohskgfm-51

vf ohskgfm-5: kzotopcer de verdr. zotopcerm nkzkhsfc vf hklyesec zfcckhcfrk mfrf-

dfysf eymdr.

Rfrkyodkh kzfcaf@u cldf pfrkyodkh kzfcafyk hseie rfmfifkz. Fcflfmtcfr etol muleres s-resme arf `fcck `kr fffhkcdf dzfmcfmdkkmdf orteye hem kzfcafdf holffu fcf-lfmtcfr eresmdehk nkzkhsfc vf hklyesec zfcckhcfrkm `kr`krkmf `fmzfdkk arcr.Fcflfmtcfrkm, zfcckhcfrk esmdem `kr`krcfrkycf kckffhkcfrkmk astfrfm ù dzfmcflf-

yf pfrkyodkh kzfcaf (stfhkc 5.:) dfmkr. Rfrkyodkh kzfcafdf fcflfmtcfrkm nkzkhsfcvf hklyesec zfcckhcfrk pfrkyodkh ocereh tfhrer fdfr. rmfkm kzfcafdf fm socde ectecte yfr ecem cktyul (Ck), sodyul (Me) vf potesyul (H) ocduhe yuluffeh vf ohrfehtkn lfteccfrdkr. Fm sede ect ecte yfr ecem jfcyul (Jf), mfom (Mf) vf eraom (Er)

ksf rfehtkn ocleyem aezcerdr.Rfrkyodkh kzfcafdfhk stumcer arup ocereh edcemdrcr. Arupcerm mulerecemd-

rclesme ymfckh nerhc uyaucelecer verdr. stfhkc 5.: df vfrkcfm pfrkyodkh kzfcaf-df arupcer, Polfm rehel vf E vfye @ jerncfrk kcf edcemdrclffcerdr. Eyrie arup-cer socdem see 5 dfm 5: f heder mulerecemdrle de huccemcem `kr èffhe uyauce-ledr. Rfrkyodkh kzfcafdf yetey srecere ksf pfrkyotdfmkr vf yuherdem effeyedoru 5 dfm 1 yf heder mulerecemdrcr.

[uherde `fckrtkcdkk ak`k eym aruptehk fcflfmtcfr oumcuhce fmzfr nkzkhsfc vfhklyesec zfcckh astfrkrcfr. @u zfcckhcfrf deyemereh pfrkyodkh kzfcafdfhk `krhearuè zfc edcer vfrkclkfftkr. rmfkm, Ck, Me, H, P`, Is, Nr kfrfm Arup KE, echecklfteccfr ocereh `kckmkr. Echeck lfteccfr dffh siehchte frkyfm, yuluffeh, alff

rfmhck vf su kcf tfles fttkhcfrkmdf jkdrogfm ocuffturem lfteccfrdkr. zfc edcere sejkpdkfr arupcer effede `fckrtkclkfftkr7

5>

:

42

02

64

0>

6>

0>O Ie Nf Nf

50 Afmfc Hklye

@kr fcflfmtkm etolu, kyomkhjecdf ksf ù duruldeetolum yh ffu fffhkcdf`fckrtkckr.

E m+ E m-

W F vfye W F

rmfkm42 0+ 54 9-

02 Ie , 1 M

P M F H


23/307

KKE (vfye 0) Topreh echeck lfteccfr (@f, La, Ie, Yr, @e, Pe)

^KKE (vfye 51) Jecogfmcfr (N, Ic, @r, K, Et)

^KKKE (vfye 5:) Yoy aezcer (Jf, Mf, Er, Hr, Zf, Pm)

Rfrkyodkh kzfcafdf E aruù fcflfmtcfr èff arup fcflfmtcfrk, @ aruù fcflfmt-

cfr afkff lfteccfrk ocereh `kckmkrcfr. Eme kzfcafmkm ectmde astfrkcfm uzum khk srec

`cohte k afkff lfteccfrkùcumur. Jkdrogfm ksf oh zfc `kr fcflfmt ocduu kkm

jfrjemak `kr arup kkmdf dffrcfmdkrkclfz.

Rfrkyodkh kzfcafdfhk fcflfmtcfr eyrie lfteccfr, elfteccfr vf yer lfteccfr

ocereh smncemdrcrcer. Rfrkyodkh kzfcafmkm soc terenmde vf ortesmde ucumem fcf-

lfmtcfrkm jfpsk lfteckh zfcckhtfdkr. Elfteccfr ksf pfrkyodkh kzfcafmkm se terenm-de ùcumur vf ù khk `coh, @, Yk, Af, Es, Y`, Tf vf Et fcflfmtcfrkmk kfrfm eprez

`kr yer lftec èmdyce eyrcr. [er lfteccfr, lfteccfr vf elfteccfrkm zfcckhcfrk ere-

smde `kr devremff sfrakcfr.

Locfhccfr vf Locfhcfr @kcfffkhcfrDeje mif ardlz ak`k etol, `kr fcflfmtk tflskc fdfm fm hh `krkldkr.

Emieh sedfif soy aez fcflfmtcfrk (Jf, Mf, Er, Hr, Zf, Pm) doede tfh etolcu oce-

reh ùcumur. Oyse doede `kroh leddf locfhcfr vfye kyomkh yepdedr. Locf-hccfr, fm ez khk etolum hklyesec è dfmkcfm `kr huvvftcf `fcck kr dzfm kkmdf

`kr ereye afclfskycf ocuffur vf mtrec yepcerdr. hk etoldem ocuffem locfhccfrf


stfhkc 5.:

Rfrkyodkh kzfcaf


24/307

dketolkh locfhc(O0, IO, JIc), khkdfm nezce etol kfrfm locfhccfrf pocketo-lkh locfhc(O9, IJ4, MJ9) dfmkr.

Hklyesec NorlccfrLocfhcfr kcfffkhcfrkm effte hklyesec dfmhcflcfr df ocleh zfrf kroh ele kkmhklyesec norlccfrk huccemcr. @kr `kcfffkkm hklyesec norlc, `kcfffkhtf ùcumemfcflfmtcfrkm hklyesec sflòccfrk kcf jfr`kr fcflfmtkm dkfrcfrkmf arf ec seys-

m (kmdks ocereh) kfrkr. Eleilze arf hklyesec norlccfrk `krhe fffhkcdf yezleh

vfye kzlfh llhmdr.

Locfhc norlc, `kr locfhcdfhk etolcerm trm vf afrfh seycerm fckr-tfm norlcdr. rmfkm suyum locfhc norlc J0O dur. @u norlc, `kzf su lo-

cfhcmdf jkdrogfm vf ohskgfm fcflfmtcfrkmkm ùcumduumu vf `kr ohskgfm etolu-

me herff khk jkdrogfm etolumum ùcumduumu astfrkr. IO0, IJ4, I>J> sresyce

heròm dkohskt, lftem vf `fmzfm `kcfffkhcfrkmkm locfhc norlccfrkdkr.

@eskt (dfmfysfc) norlc, `kr locfhcdfhk etolcerm trm vf sedfif ùetolcerm seycer eresmdehk orem vfrfm norlcdr. @eskt norlcdfhk etolcerm

seysm astfrfm kmdkscfr jfr zelem fm hh telseyc oreme arf ocem dffr-

cfrdkr. rmfkm, jkdrogfm pfrohsktkm locfhc norlc J0O0 khfm8 èskt norlc

JO dur. @fmzfr fffhkcdf8 ftkcfmkm locfhc norlc I0J4 khfm, èskt norlc

IJ0 dkr. @kroh leddfmkm ksf sude (J0O) ocduu ak`k locfhc vf èskt norl-

c eymdr.

Locfhc norlc M0J4 ocem jkdrezkmkm èskt norlc mfdkr?

@kr leddfmkm locfhc norlc omum `kcfffklkmk astfrkr nehet etolcermm lo-cfhc ocuffturleh kkm mf fffhkcdf kr ereye afcdkkmk yemk jemak etolum jemak eto-

le ècemdm astfrlfz. @umu arlfh kkm `kcfffkkm yep norlcm yezleh

afrfhkr. @kr `kcfffkkmyep norlc locfhcdfhk etolcerm `kr`krkycf mesc ècem-dm astfrkr. rmfkm suyum, jkdrogfm pfrohsktkm, elomyem vf lftemm yep

norlccfrk effede vfrkclkfftkr.

Locfhc yepcer top-uùh lodfck vfye uzey-docau lodfck dfmkcfm lodfc-

cfr kcf `fcck elecer kkm astfrkcf`kclfhtfdkr. @u lodfccfrf rmfhcfr stfhkc 5.; de

vfrkclkfftkr.

Nosnor trkhcorr vf heròm dkohskt `kcfffkhcfrkmkm locfhc vf yep norlccfrkmk yezmz.

54 Afmfc Hklye

YKPE YWDF 1

YKPE YWDF :


25/307

yomcer vf yomkh @kcfffkhcfryomcer, pozktkn vfye mfaetkn yhc etol vfye etol arupcerdr vf etolcer terenm-dem `kr vfye deje nezce fcfhtromum vfrkclfsk vfye ecmlesyce ocuffurcer. Rozktkn

yhc kyomcere hetyom, mfaetkn yhc kyomcere emyom dfmkr. rmfkm, H+ fffhckmdfastfrkcfm potesyul hetyomu, potesyul etolumum `kr fcfhtrom vfrlfskycf ocuffur

vf ù durulde mtr potesyul etolu +5 yhc `kr kyome dmfflff ocur.

@kr ohskgfm etolu 0 fcfhtrom ecereh mfaetkn yhc ohskt emyomume (O0-) dmffr.

Me+, Ic- ak`k tfh kr tr etoldem ocuffem kyomcereèskt kyomcervfye lomoeto-lkh kyomcer dfmkr. IO90- (heròmet kyomu), MO9 - (mktret kyomu) vf RO49- (nosnetkyomu) ak`k `krdfm nezce fffkt etol kfrfm kyomcere pocketolkh kyomcerdfmkr.

yomcer afmfcdf het kyomkh `kcfffkhcfrdf vfye èz `kcfffkhcfrkm sucu zfctkcfrkm-df ùcumur. yomkh `kr hetdehk kyomcer òyutcu yepde dzfmcfmdkkmdfm `y-cf `kr yepde locfhccfrdfm sz fdkcflfz. @u mfdfmcf kyomkh `kcfffkhcfr kkm èsktnorlccfr yezce`kckr. yomkh kr kcfffkkm eskt norlcmf norlc krklk dfmkr. r-mfkm, sodyul hcorrm norlc `krklk MeIc dkr vf ù norlc `krklk tl sodyulhcorr hrkstec yepsm tflskc fdfr.


stfhkc 5.;

Ncor, Yu, Elomyehvf Lftem

LocfhccfrkmkmNorlccfrkmkmfffktck Astfrklk


26/307

Hecskyul hcorr `kcfffkkmkm norlc `krklk mfdkr?

Emoraemkh @kcfffkhcfrkm EdcemdrclesHklyesec kcfffkhcfrk edcemdrlede huccemcem kr dkzk hurec vf dzfmcflf verdr. @useyfdf `kcfffkhcfr skstfletkh ocereh hureccere arf hoceychce edcemdrcrcer vf do-ru edcemdrclff `kr `kcfffkkm mf ocduu homusumde `kr tfrfddt ocufflez. Ykstfle-tkh edcemdrlecer, `kcfffkhtfhk lfviut fcflfmtcfrk vf èz durulcerde de etolcermmesc dzfmcfmdkkmk knedf fdfr. Ykstfletkh edcemdrlemm yem sre `kroh `kcfffkhkkm amch dkcdfm afcfm hfcklfcfr ed ocereh huccemclehtedr. @kr he rmfh8 su,tuz, fffhfr, huertzdr.

mktfmkm u hslmde emoraemkh kcfffkhcfrkm edcemdrlecer zfrkmdf dureiez.Oraemkh `kcfffkhcfrkm edcemdrlecermde ksf deje nerhc hureccer huccemcd kkm ùhktep hepselmde dfkmkclfyfifhtkr.

Hetyomcerm EdcemdrclesHetyomcerm `yh hsl lomoetolkh lftec kyomcerdr.

Lftec etolcermm fcfhtrom vfrlfskycf ocuffem hetyomcerm edcemdrcles,lfteckm sedfif tfh `kr yhf sejkp hetyomu verse lfteckm kslkmf kyom hfck-lfsk fhcfmfrfh yepcr.Me + sodyul kyomu Wm 0+ kmho kyomu Ec 9+ eculkmyul kyomu

@kr lfteckm khk vfye deje nezce seyde nerhc yhf sejkp hetyomcer ocuffuyor-se8 edcemdrlede lfteckm kslkmkm erdmdem peremtfz kfrkskmdf Polfm rehe-lyce hetyomum yh yezcr vf erdme kyom hfcklfsk fhcfmkr.Nf0+ dflkr(KK) kyomu Nf9+ dflkr(KKK) kyomuIo0+ hoèct(KK) kyomu Io9+ hoèct(KKK) kyomu

Iu+ èhr(K) kyomu Iu0+ èhr(KK) kyomu Elftec fcflfmt etolcermdem ocuffem pocketolkh hetyomcerm edcemdrcles,

edm somume -yulfhk aftkrkcfrfh yepcr.MJ4

+ elomyulkyomu J9O+ jkdromyulkyomu(IJ9)4M

+ tftrelftkcelomyulkyomu

Emyomcerm Edcemdrcles Lomoetolkh vf èz pocketolkh emyomcerm edcemdrcles7

Lomoetolkh emyomcerm `kroumum edcemdrcles fcflfmt edmm somume-rsomfhk fhcfmfrfh yepcr.Ic hcor etolu Ic - hcorrkyomu

@r `rol etolu @r - `rolrkyomu@ez emyomcerm edcemdrcles ksf etolum kslkmdf ùcumem somfh dffr-cfrfh yfrkmf -r somfhk aftkrkcfrfh yepcr.J jkdrogfm etolu J - jkdrrkyomuM ezot etolu M9 - mktrrkyomu (mktrr, mktroafmdfm

trftkclkfftkr)oh ez seydehk pocketolkh emyomum edcemdrcles de -r som fhk huccem-cereh yepcr.IM- skyemrkyomu@fckrck `kr arup emyom ksf -kt somfhk aftkrkcfrfh edcemdrcr.O0- ohsktkyomu O00- pfrohsktkyomu OJ- jkdrohsktkyomu

Ohskgfm kfrfm pocketolkh emyomcerm edcemdrcles -etvfye -ktsomfhcfrkhuccemcereh yepcr. @u emyomcere ohskemyomcerdfmkr. [h eym ocem nehet

5> Afmfc Hklye

YKPE YWDF ;


27/307

ohskgfm etolu seys `kr temf ez ocem ohskemyom kkm -ktsomfhk, dkfrk kkm -etsomfhk huccemcr.MO0

- mktrktkyomu MO9- mktretkyomu

YO90 -

scnktkyomu YO40 -

scnetkyomu@ez fcflfmtcfr zfcckhcf df jecogfmcfr, khkdfm nezce ohskemyom ocufftururcer.@umcerde8 pfr- mfhk, -etsomfhk ùcumem ohskemyomdem `kr temf nezce ohsk-gfm etolume, jkpo- mfhk ksf -kt somfhk ùcumem ohskemyomdem `kr temf ezohskgfm etolume sejkp kyomum edcemdrlesmde huccemcr.IcO4

- pfrhcoretkyomu (hcorettem `kr O nezce)IcO9

- hcoretkyomuIcO0

- hcorktkyomuIcO - jkpohcorktkyomu (hcorkttfm `kr O ez)

@kr ohskemyome J+ kcevfskycf trftkcfm emyomcer ksf uyaum ocduu fffhkcdf jkd-rogfmvfye dkjkdrogfm hfcklfcfrkmkm mfh ocereh huccemclesyce edcemdrcr.

IO90 -

heròmet kyomu JIO9-

jkdrogfm heròmet kyomuRO49- nosnet kyomu J0RO4

- dkjkdrogfm nosnet kyomu

yomkh @kcfffkhcfrkm Edcemdrclesyomkh `kcfffkhcfr mif hetyom somre de emyo-mum ed yezcereh edcemdrcrcer. Jfr khk kyomumedmde ucumem kyom hfcklfcfrk huccemclez.

@eIc0 èryul hcorrEc(MO9)9 eculkmyul mktretIu(IcO4)0 èhr(KK) pfrhcoret@ez kyomkh `kcfffkhcfr, hfmdk kyomcermm

yem sre, `fckrck lkhterde su locfhccfrkmk dfyepcermde ùcumdureieh fffhkcdf hrksteccfrocuffturur. @u kcfffkhcfrf jkdretcerdfmkr. Jkd-retcerm edcemdrcles mif `kcfffkkm ed, er-dmdem de jfr norlc krkldf ucumem su lo-cfhc seysm `fckrtfm [umemie mfhkm jkd-ret hfcklfskmkm mmf aftkrkclfskycf yepcr.rmfkm,

IuYO4. 6J0O èhr(KK) scnet pfmtejkdret

Me0IO9. 52J0O sodyul heròmet dfhejkdret

mfhcfr kzfcaf 5.9 df vfrkclkfftkr.

Esktcfrkm Norlccfrk vf EdcerEsktcfr jkdrogfm kfrfm kcfffkhcfrkm mflck kr smndr vf zfc kr fffhkcdf edcemdrcrcer.

Edmm somumde -rùcumem emyomcer kfrfm esktcfr, jkdro- mfhk vf -khso-mfhk huccemcereh edcemdrcrcer.Emyom Eskt @kcfffkkm edhcorr (Ic -) jkdrohcorkheskt (JIc) jkdrogfm hcorrscnr (Y0 -) jkdroscnrkheskt (J0Y) jkdrogfm scnr

Edmm somumde -et ùcumem emyomcer kfrfm esktcfr -kh, edmm somumde -ktùcumem emyomcer kfrfm esktcfr -z somfhk huccemcereh edcemdrcrcer. Ed-cemdrrhfm emyomum edmdehk mfh (verse) esktkm edmde horumur.


Yey mfh

5 lomo-

0 dk-

9 trk-

4 tftre-

6 pfmte-> jfhze-

1 jfpte-

: ohte-

; mome-

52 dfhe-

kzfcaf 5.9@kcfffkhcfrkmEdcemdrclesmdeHuccemcem mfhcfr


28/307

Emyom Esktpfrhcoret(IcO4-) pfrhcorkheskt (JIcO4)hcoret(IcO9 -) hcorkheskt (JIcO9)

hcorkt(IcO0-

) hcorz eskt (JIcO0)jkpohcorkt(IcO -) jkpohcorz eskt (JIcO)

Locfhcfr @kcfffkhcfrkm Edcemdrcleshk etolcu locfhcfr `kcfffkhcfrkm edcemdrcles kyomkh `kcfffkhcfrkm edcemdrcles-me `fmzfr. Locfhcdfhk etolcerm seysmm `fckrtkclfsk afrfhtkk durulcerdekzfcaf 5.9 df vfrkcfm mfhcfr huccemcr. @ez rmfhcfr ffumcerdr7

YO0 hhrt dkohskt J0Y jkdrogfm scnrRIc9 nosnor trkhcorr M0O dkezot lomohsktIO heròm lomohskt IO0 heròm dkohsktY`@r9 emtklom trk`rolr RIc6 nosnor pfmtehcorr

MeJ sodyul jkdrr JIM jkdrogfm skyemrYN> hhrt jfhzencorr ZfN4 hsfmom tftrencorr

CLFHklyemm leddfyk kmifcfyfm `kr `kckl dec ocduumdem èjsftlkfftkh. @u elecehklye ecemmde ecffemcer fffktck clcfr yepercer. cl somuiu fcdf fdkcfm `kr`yhcm emcelc `kr fffhkcdf knedf fdkcf`kclfsk kkm, seysec dffrk kcf `krckhtflutcehe `krklkmkm df vfrkclfsk afrfhkr. rmfkm8 `kr tfckm uzumcuumum 51,6 ocdu-u sycfmdkkmdf èjsfdkcfm uzumcuum tel ocereh mf ocduu emceffclez. Oyseù uzumcuh 51,6 semtklftrf (il) ocereh knedf fdkcdkkmdf uzumcuum nkzkhsfc `-

yhc tel ocereh `fckrtkclkff ocur.

YK @krkl Ykstflk[uherdehk rmfhtf tfckm uzumcuumu semtklftrf `krklk ikmskmdfm vfrdkh. Vzumcuh`krklk ocereh semtklftrfdfm èffhe lftrf, hkcolftrf, lkcklftrf, lkc, kmij ak`k `kr-oh krkl verdr. @kcklsfc ecfflecerde uzumcuh krklk huccemlmde herffhce mf-dfm ocleleh kkm stemdert uzumcuh `krklk ocereh lftrfheùc fdkclkfftkr. Vzumcuhkcf `krckhtf yfdk nkzkhsfc mkifckh kkm stemdert `krklcfr temlcemlfftr vf ù yfdk tf-lfc `krkl kzfcaf 5.4 df vfrkclkfftkr. @u `krklcfrdfm ocuffem `krkl sktflkmfVcusce-reres @krkl (YK) Ykstflkdfmkr.

@ezfm cl somucer, stemdert `krkl ikmskmdfm vfrkcdkkmdf stemdert `krklkm

oh hh vfye oh `yh het oce`kckrcfr. @u durulde cl somucer, stemdert`krklkm seysec hetcer vfye hfskrcfrk ocereh de vfrkcf`kckr. rmfkm 2,2252 lftrf c-

Nkzkhsfc mkifckh Yflòc @krkl @krkl Hsectles

Htcf l Hkcoarel haVzumcuh c Lftrf l

Welem t Yemkyf s

Leddf lkhter m Loc loc

Yiehch T Hfcvkm H

Fcfhtrkh ehl K Elpfr E

Kffh ffkddftk Kv Hemdkc id

5: Afmfc Hklye

51,6 seysec dffrsemtklftrf `krkl

kzfcaf 5.4YK Ykstflkmdfhk

Tflfc NkzkhsfcMkifckhcfr vf Ytemdert@krklcfrk


29/307

clff `kr uzumcuu lftrfmkm `kmdf `krk `kr uzumcuh ocem lkcklftrf `krklk ikmskm-dfm knedf ftlfh deje pretkh oce`kckr. O jecdf 2,2252 l8 5,2 lkcklftrfckh `kr uzum-cuhtur. Ytemdert `krklcfrkm hetcerm vfye hfskrcfrkmk `fckrtlfh kkm fffktck mfhcfr

huccemcr. @umcer kzfcaf 5.6 df ckstfcfmlkfftkr. rmfkm lkck- mfhk yuherdehk r-mfhtf df arcd zfrf stemdert `krklkm 52 -9 hfsrkmf herff afclfhtfdkr.YK `krkl skstflk dffmdehk èz `krklcfrkm df jecfm `kcklsfc ecfflecerde hucce-

mlmm dfvel fttkk arclfhtfdkr. rmfkm, jeikl kkm cktrf, siehch kkm semtka-red dfrfif, èsm kkm etlosnfr ak`k `krklcfr YK `krkl skstflkmf ekt `krklcfroclelesme relfm `kcklsfc ecfflecerde huccemcem `krklcfrdkr.

Trftkclkff YK @krklcfrk@ez nkzkhsfc yhchcfrkm krklcfrk, kr tflfc YK krklk kcf fckrtkcflfz. @u durul-de uyaum tflfc YK `krklcfrk huccemcereh kcakck `yhch kkm `krkl trftlfh afrf-hkr. stkldk jz, jeikl, èsm, youmcuh ak`k mkifckhcfrkm `krklcfrkmkm, tflfc YK `k-rklcfrk huccemcereh mesc trftkcfifkmk arfckl.

Jz, teml ocereh `fcck `kr uzehcm, ù uzehc het ftlfh kkm affm zeleme`cldr. @u mfdfmcf jzm YK `krklk ikmskmdfm krklk, uzumcuh krklkmkm zelem`krklkmf `cmlfsk kcf fcdf fdkckr. @u de l/s dkr. Jfl uzumcuum jfl df zele-mm YK `krkl skstflkmdf temlcemlff mkifckhcfr ocduumu vf `krklcfrkmkm stemdert`krklcfr ocduumu jetrceymz.

@kr hpm jeilk, hfmer uzumcuumum hp (uzumcuh9) kcf ùcumur. @u sf`fp-cf, `kr hpm vfye jfrjemak `kr ikslkm jeilkmkm `krklk, YK `krklk ikmskmdfm (lft-rf) (lftrf) (lftrf) yemk lftrfhp (l9) tr. Jeikl krklk l9 , ocduhe `yh`kr jeilf herffch afcdkkmdfm hklye ecemmdehk ou uyaucele kkm semtklftrf-hp (il9), dfsklftrfhp (dl9) ak`k deje hh mkifckf herffch afcfm `krklcfrhuccemcr. YK `krklk ocleyem vf nerhc `kr teml ocem cktrfdf erth trftkclkff YK `krk-lk ocem dfsklftrfhpf fffkt `kr jeikl `yhc ocereh heùc fdkclkfftkr.

[oumcuh, `kr leddfmkm `krkl jeilkmkm htcfsk ocereh temlcemr.

[oumcuh htcf

jeikl

hkco- h 529

dfsk- d 52 -5

semtk- i 52 -0

lkck- l 52 -9

lkhro- 52 ->

memo- m 52 -;

pkho- p 52 -50

5;5. mktf - Leddf, Etolcer, Locfhccfr vf yomcer

kzfcaf 5.6YK @krklcfrk kcfHuccemcemmfhcfrkm Ckstfsk

l/s lftrf `c semkyfocereh ohumur.


30/307

@u durulde youmcuum `krklkmk ùcleh kkm kcakck mkifckhcfrkm YK `krklcfrk yf-rkmf homur vf youmcuh krklk ha/l9 ocereh ucumur. @umum yem sre youmcuum`krklk shchce arel `c semtklftrfhp (a/il9) ocereh de knedf fdkckr.

YK `krklk trftlf kcf kcakck `kr èffhe rmfh ocereh de èsm `krklkmkm mesc ù-cumeiem arfckl. @esm, `krkl eceme uyaucemem huvvfttkr. @u durulde èsmkkm effedehk èmt yezce`kckr.

@esm < huvvft < htcf x kvlfecem ecem

@esm `krklkmk `fckrcflfh kkm èmtdehk mkifckhcfrkm YK `krklcfrk yfrkmf homur.

Arcd ak`k èsm kkm trftkclkff YK `krklk, stemdert `krklcfr esmdem `kr-he nerhc fffhkcdf vfrkcf`kclfhtfdkr. Trftkclkff `kr YK `krklkmdf tfrkl seys erttzelem ù `krklf afmfcckhcf yfmk `kr ed vfrkclfhtfdkr. @esm kkm ùmu fcf ecrseh,trftkclkff YK `krklk pesiec (Re) dr vf ha/l s0yf herffch afcfm `kr `krkldkr. M/l0

df ha/l s0yf herffch afcfm `kr krkldkr vf urede mfwtom (M) huvvft kkm trftkc-lkff YK `krklkdkr.

Lfhemkhtf kff, huvvftcf uzehcm erpl ocereh temlcemr. ff kkm trftkclkff YK `krklk

mfdkr?

@kcklsfc ecfflecerde afmfcdf huccemcem khk siehch cfk Ifcskus vf Hfcvkmdkr.Hfcvkm, siehch kkm YK tflfc `krklkdkr. Hfcvkm vfye Ifcskus siehch `krklkmf sejkp`kr siehch, dkfrcfrkmf ffu èmtcerdem `krk kcf dmfftrcf`kckr7

vfye

Jfl Ifcskus jfl df Hfcvkm cfhcfrkmkm `krklcfrk fffkt `yhchtfdkr. Ynr H,lutceh snr de dfmkcfm fm dffh siehch ocup jk`kr zelem frkffkcflfz. Hfcvkm c-fkmdfhk lutceh snr, Ifcskus cfkmdfhk -019,56 I yf fffkttkr.

Yiehc 909,42 H ocem `kr leddfmkm siehcmm dffrk Ifcikus cfkmdf mfdkr?

zl7

, ,, , ,

H H

I

II I I

909 42 5

5

019 56909 42 019 56 62 06

< -< -


31/307

clfdf @fckrskzckh@kcklsfc ecfflecerde dffrk tel ocereh `kckmfm vf dffrk tel ocereh `kckmlfyfmocleh zfrf khk tr sey kcf kcakck kffcflcfr yepcr. Dffrk tel ocereh `kckmfm seyce-

re hfskm seycer, dffrk tel ocereh `kckmlfyfm seycere ksf hfskm ocleyem sey-cerdfmkr.Hfskm seycer, mfsmfcfrk seyle somuiu fcdf fdkcfm telseyc vfye `kr teml kcf

kcakck seycerdr. rmfkm, smnte ffu emde 5: rfmik verdr ilcfskmdf 5: seysseyle kcf fcdf fdkclkff `kr sey ocup hfskm seydr. Ymnte, 51, 51,:, 5:,9 vfye 5; ak-`k seycerce knedf fdkcf`kcfifh seyde rfmik yohtur. Teml somuiu ocem hfskm se-

ycere rmfh ocereh `kr dzkmfdf 50 yulurte verdr vfye 5 hkcoarel, 5222 arel-dr temlcerm vfrf`kckrkz.

clf somuiu fcdf fdkcfm seycer ksf hfskm dfkcdkr vf jfr zelem ù seycerde`kr `fckrskzckh verdr. @umum mfdfmk df cl ecftkmkm duyercc, cl yepemm

yftfmfk ak`k hoffuccerdem heymehcemr. rmfkm, ledfmk `kr peremm nerhc duyer-

chte tfrezkcfr kcf htcfskmk ctlz dffmfckl. Reremm htcfsk, 2,5 a duyerch-te tfrezk kcf 0,9 a, 2,25 a duyerchte tfrezk kcf 0,0; a, 2,225 a duyerchte tfrezk kcf0,0:> a, 2,2225 a duyerchte kr tfrezk kcf 0,0:>9 a ccsm. Ffr u cl duyer-c deje yhsfh tfrezkcfr huccemereh srdrlfyf dfvel fdfrsfh jfp nerhc `kr se-

ysec dffr fcdf fdfrkz. Doceysyce ccfm dffrcfrkm som rehelcermde `kr `fckr-skzckh (hfskm ocleyem) durulu szhomusudur. Yomu ocereh ù peremm htcfskmkmdffrkmk hfskm ocereh jk`kr zelem `kcflfykz. @kr cldfhk fckrskzckh, ffr vfrkc-lflkffsf, som rehelm 5 k ocduu heùc fdkckr. rmfkm yuherde vfrkcfm rmfhtf-hk peremm htcfskmk 2,2225 a duyercchce cl yepem `kr tfrezk kcf ctlzdf,htcfskmk 0,0:>9 2,2225 a ocereh repor fdf`kckrkz.

cl somuiu fcdf fdkcfm seysec dffrdfhk `fckrskzckk kfrfm rehelde dejkc

`tm rehelcere emcelc reheldfmkr. @kr seyde, emcelc rehel seysm ùclehkkm socdehk snr ocleyem kch reheldem èffcemr vf seyle `fckrskzckh kfrfm rehel-de dejkc seycereh `ktkrkckr. Effedehk seycer, `fff vf emcelc rehelcere sejkptkr.

Effede `krhe seymm emcelc rehel seys rmfh ocereh vfrkclkfftkr.

9:16 4 emcelc rehel :29 9 emcelc rehel > 5 emcelc rehel

2,229 5 emcelc rehel 6,212 4 emcelc rehel >,2 0 emcelc rehel

2,242 0 emcelc rehel 2,0222> 6 emcelc rehel 92,216 6 emcelc rehel

cl somuiu fcdf fdkcfm vfrkcfr huccemcereh fffktck jfsepcelecer yeplehafrfhf`kckr. Jfsepcele somuiu fcdf fdkcfm dffrcfrkm doru fffhkcdf knedf fdkcf`kc-lfsk kkm, ù dffrcfrkm emcelc rehel seys doru `fckrcfmlfckdkr. rmfkm `krlftec peremm htcfsk ;,45 a vf jeilk 5,0 il9 ocereh cclffsf, ù rmfkm yo-umcuu jfsep lehkmfsk kcf jfsepcemdmde effedehk fffhkcdf her.

;,45

, 1,:45>> ... /[o umcuh

a

il a il5 0

9

9< 9 2,2225 knedfsk,afrfh dffrkm 0,0:>4 kcf0,0:>0 eresmde `kr dffrocduumu `fckrtkr.

P M F H


32/307

Emieh u rmfkm youmcuumu 1,:45>>...a/il9 ocereh vfrlfh yemcfftr. mhjfsepcelede huccemcem ;,45 seysmm , 5,0 seysmm khk emcelc rehel verdr.Jfsepcele `kr `clf kffcflk somuiu fcdf fdkcdkkmdfm somuium fm ez emcelc re-

hel kfrfm mkifckkm emcelc rehel heder emcelc rehele sejkp ocles afrfhkr. @umfdfmcf somu, khk emcelc rehel kfrfifh fffhkcdf 1,: a/il9 f yuvercemereh vfrkckr.@u sycfdkklkzk afmfccffftkrkrsfh ffycf dkyf`kckrkz. erple vf clf kffcflcfrkm-

df ùcumem somu, kffcfldf huccemcem fm ez seyde emcelc rehel kfrfm sey he-der emcelc rehel kfrfifh fffhkcdf yuvercemr. @umu yuherdehk kffcfldf ardh.stkldk df erple kcf kcakck `kr rmfh arfckl.

(51,9) (2,9>54) < X>,06000\ < >,06

Yomu 9 emcelc rehele sejkp 51,9 heder emcelc rehele sejkp oclecdr.

Topcele vf herle kffcflcfrkmdf ksf somu, fm yhsfh `fckrskzckh kfrfm sey-

mm `fckrskzckkmf dfmh afcfifh `kr `fckrskzckf yuvercemr.

2,4;9 + 6,>9 + 1,90>: < X59,44;:\ < 59,46 dkr.

@urede fm yh fckrskzckh 6,>9 (2,25) dffrkmdfdkr. Yomute fckrskzckh 2,25oceieh fffhkcdf yemk 59,46 ocereh vfrkclfckdkr.

@PL DMstTPLFCFP (@O[VT EMECW)Hklyesec jfsepcelecerde ou durulde clf somuiu fcdf fdkclkff dffrcfr huc-cemcereh nerhc `krklcfrdf yfmk dffrcfr jfsepcemr. Jfsepcele yepcrhfm òyutemeckzk (`krkl dmfftrlfcfrk) yepleh afrfhf`kckr.

@oyut emeckzkmdf `krklcfr, seycerm eym letfletkhsfc kffcflcfrkmdf yepcem kff-cflcfr ak`k kffcflcfr ereicyce ocuffturucurcer. @kr èffhe knedf kcf `krklcfr `krckhtferpcr, `kr`krkmf `cmr, `kr`krcfrkycf topcemr vfye hercr. @oyut emeckzk, pro`-cfl zlmm uyaum `krkl vfrlfskycf hfskmckkmf yerdli ocur. Eyrie òyutemeckzk `kr oh seysec pro`cflkm zlmm skstfletkh yocumu vf oces jetecerkkm zlm homtrocm secer.

@oyut emeckzkmk doru yeplemm pn mohtes, `kr seysec `yhc `kr `krkl-dfm dkfr `krkldf seysec `yhcf fvkrlf sresmde doru fvkrlf nehtrmm

vfye nehtrcfrkmkm huccemclesdr. fvkrlf nehtr, eym lkhterm nerhc `krklcfr-df knedf fdkcdkk pey vf peydedem ocuffem `kr oremdr vf dffrk 5 dkr.

rmfkm, 522 il vf 5 l eym uzumcuu knedf fdfr. @u durulde8

522 il < 5 l

fffktckk yezce`kckr. @u fffktckh kcf, il vf l mkm `kr`krcfrkmf dmfftrclfsk kcf kcakckfvkrlf nehtrcfrk ffu fffhkcdf yezce`kckr7

stkldk ù fvkrlf nehtrcfrkmk huccemereh lftrfmkm semtklftrfyf vf semtklftrf-mkm lftrfyf mesc fvrkcfifkmk arfckl7

522 il522 il

5lvfye

5 l

00 Afmfc Hklye

P M F H

P M F H


33/307

:,62 lftrf uzumcuumdehk kr mfsmfmkm uzumcuumu semtklftrf ikmskmdfm ucumuz.

zl7

[uherde rmfhtf vfrkcfm kckffhkyk afmfccffftkrfifh ocurseh8

kstfmfm `kcak < vfrkcfm `kcak x fvkrlf nehtr

ù durulde fvkrlf nehtr,

kstfmfm `krklvfrkcfm `krkl

fffhckmdf yezclff oclecdr.

stkldk df hecork (iec) vf goucf (G) fmfrgk krklcfrkmk kr`krcfrkmf dmfftrlfyk km-ifcfyfckl. Teml ocereh 5 iec < 4,5:4 G dur. @u durulde sz homusu `krklcfr kcf

kcakck fvkrlf nehtrcfrk8

5 iec vfye 4,5:4 G4,5:4 G 5 iec

fffhckmdf yezce`kckr.

@u fvkrlf nehtrcfrk, hecorkdfm goucf, goucfdfm hecorkyf `krkl dmfftrlfyk

secer.

? semtklftrf :,62 l5 l

522 il:62 il< pkholftrf (pl) dkr. Lftrf `krklk ikmskmdfmsodyul etolumum yerepmm dffrk mfdkr?

zl75 pl < 5x52-50 l

Eclkmyulum youmcuu 0,1 a/il9 dr. Eclkmyulum ha/l9 `krklk ikmskmdfmyoumcuu mfdkr?

zl7

5 ha < 5222 a 5 l < 522 il

2,;16 etlosnfr èsm he llJa èsmie herffch afckr?

zl75 etl < 1>2 llJa

[oumcuu 5,4 x 529 ha/l9 ocem `kr leczflfmkm youmcuumu a/il9 ikmskmdfm ùcumuz.

? llJa 2,;16 etl 5etl1>2 llJa 145 llJa<

552

50#

#< < --] dj m

04 Afmfc Hklye

P M F H

P M F H

P M F H

YKPE YWDF 55


35/307


Hklye leddfyk vf ured dfkffklcfrk kmifcfyfm kckl

decdr. Leddfcfr, sen leddfcfr (fcflfmtcfr vf `kcfffkh-

cfr) vf herfflcer (jologfm vf jftfrogfm) ocleh zfrf

khkyf eyrcr. Eyrie leddfcfr nkzkhsfc durulume arf

het, sv vf aez ocereh de smncemdrcrcer. Leddfmkm

yepsm dfkfftkrfm dfkffklcfr leddfmkm hklyesec zfc-

ckhcfrk, dfkfftkrlfyfm dfkffklcfrdf nkzkhsfc zfcckhcfrk

somuiu azcfmkrcfr.

Leddfmkm etolcerdem ocufftuu, jfr fcflfmtkm etolce-

rmm nerhc ocduu, khkdfm nezce fffkt etolum `fcck `kr

oremde `kr ereye afclfsk somuiu `kcfffkhcfrkm ocufftuu

vf hklyesec tfphklfcfrdf etolcerm dfkfflfdkk kch

hfz Dectom terenmdem orteye homlufftur. Dectomum jk-

potfzcfrk kcf htcfmkm horumulu, se`kt oremcer vf hetc

oremcer yesecer ehceme`kckr. Tjolsom terenmdem aez

òffecl tpmdf yepcem ecfflecer somuiu fcfhtrom

hfffnfdkclkff vf fcfhtromum yh/htcf orem ùcumluff-

tur. Deje somre Lkcckhem yept ye delcei dfmfyk

kcf fcfhtromum yhm `fckrcflkfftkr. @u khk ecffle so-

muiu fcfhtromum htcfsk jfsepceme`kclkfftkr. -Rerei

secle dfmfyk kcf etol fhkrdfk hfffnfdkclkfftkr. Deje

somre yepcem ecfflecer kcf etolum fhkrdfkmdf pro-

tomcerm vf mtromcerm, etol jeilkmkm `yh `kr hs-

lm ocuffturem òffcuhte ksf fcfhtromcerm ùcumduu

`fckrcfmlkfftkr.

Etol fhkrdfkmdfhk protom seys etolum etol mule-

resm, protom vf mtrom seycermm topcel ksf htcf

muleresm vfrkr. Fcflfmtcfr etol muleres ertff sres-

me arf dzfmcfmdkkmdf nkzkhsfc vf hklyesec zfcckhcf-

rkm tfhrercemd `kr kzfcaf fcdf fdkclkfftkr. @u kzfcaf-

yf pfrkyodkh kzfcaf dfmkr. @kcfffkhcfr hfmdkmk ocuffturem

fcflfmtcfrkm trcfrkmk vf ec seycerm knedf fdfm hkl-

yesec norlccfr kcf astfrkckrcfr. Eyrie jfr `kcfffkh `kr dk-

zk hurec vf dzfmcflf huccemcereh skstfletkh ocereh

edcemdrcr.

cl somuiu fcdf fdkcfm `yhchcfr seysec `kr df-

fr vf `krklkycf `krckhtf vfrkclfckdkr. @kcklsfc ecffle-

cerde fcdf fdkcfm somucer YK `krkl skstflkmf arf vfrk-

ckr. cl somucer fcdf fdkcfm dffrcfrk hklyesec jf-

sepcelecerde huccemcrhfm `krkl dmfftrlfcfrk yep-

leh afrfhf`kckr.

zft


36/307

0> Afmfc Hklye

5. @kr fcflfmtkm kzotopcer jemak zfcckhcfrk `ehlm-dem `kr`krkmdfm nerhcdr?

e. Fcfhtrom seys

`. @yhch (`oyut)

i. Hklyesec devremff

d. fhkrdfh yh

f. Htcf

0. @fmzfr hklyesec zfc

Genel Kimya - Anadolu Üniversitesi Ders Notları

Documents

Transcript of Genel Kimya - Anadolu Üniversitesi Ders Notları