GENDER AND CLIMATE CHANGE: MITIGATION AND ENHANCEING RESILENCETHE

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Genderview Newsletter ទស�នៈ�នឌ័រ �ខ ០៦ �ំ ២០១៣ អង�រ�នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម(GADC) �តិ �នឌ័រ និង�រ�ល�ស�តុ៖ �រ�ត់ បន�យផលប៉ះ �ល និង�រព�ឹង�ពធន់ �រ �ល�ស�តុ ................................ទំ�ក់ទំនងរ�ង�នឌ័រ និង�រ�ល �ស�តុ ...............................................�រ�ល�ស�តុ �មតំបន់ជនបទ�សកម ..................................................... �រព�ឹង�ពធន់ និង�របន �ំ �នឹង�រ �ល �ស�តុរបស់ ីរស់�តំបន់ជនបទ........�សហគមន៍ និងកម�វ�ធី REDD+ ក�ង�ត�ឧត�រ �នជ័យ និង�ត�មណ�លគិរ.....................៣-៤ �ចកីសន� ិ��ន និងអនុ �សន.៍ ...................ព័ត៌�នអំពី GADC និងឯក�រ�ង.............�តុអី�ន�វយកចិត�ទុក�ក់ចំ �ះសម�ព �នឌ័រ�ក�ងបរ�បទ�រ�ល�ស�តុ? កម�វ�ធីអភិវឌ�ន៍សហ��តិ (UNDP) �ន �ើក�ើងដូច�ង�ម�ះ�៖ �សកម ី�លរស់ �តំបន់ជនបទ �ង�ទទួលរងផលប៉ះ�ល់ �អវ�ជ�នដ៏ធ�ន់ធ�រ ពី�រ�ល�ស�តុ �ះ។ �ឹតិប�ទស�នៈ �នឌ័រ�ះនឹងប�ញពីប�ចម�ងៗរបស់ �ី រស់�តំបន់ជនបទ និងពិ �រ �ពីឱ�សមួយចំនួន �ល�ក់ព័ន�ដល់ជីវ�ពរបស់ ី និង�រ�ល �ស�តុ �ពិ �ស�មរយៈកម�វ �ធី �ត់បន�យ �របំ �យឧស័នពី�រ�ត់បង់ �ើ និង�រ សឹករ�ចរ�ល�ើ (REDD+) �លអនុវត�ក�ង �ត�មណ�លគិរ� និងឧត�រ�នជ័យ។ កង�ះ �រយល់ដឹងអំពី �ពំ�ក់ទង�នឹង�រ �ល�ស�តុ គឺ�ក�ចម�ងមួយ�ំឲ�សកម�យរង�ះ�យ�រប�ះ ពី�ះសមត �ពយល់ដឹង�ើ �ព�ំ �រ�ល�ស�តុ �ះ�ន�ប់ក�ិត �លើឲ��ើងជួប�ទះនូវវ�បតិដ៏ធ�ន់ធ�រ �ើយ ទទួលរងនូវឧបសគ�យូរអ�ងដូច�ព�ី� វ�សម�ពសង�ម អសន� ិសុខក�ង�រទទួល�នដីធនិង�រផលិតធន�នធម�តិ និងឧបសគ�ក�ង �រ�រ�ប់ �ប័ន�ើម។ វ�សម�ព�ពសម�តិ និងលទ�ពក�ង�រទទួល�ននូវធន�ន �ក់ព័ន�ង�ំង�នឹង�រ �ើន�ើងនូវ �ព �យរង�ះ�យ�តុ និងវ�បត�ិ ��រួម �ន�ះមហន�យ�ើម។ ផ�យ�វ �ញ សមធម៌សង�ម គឺ �ក់ព័ន ំង�នឹង �ពធន់ �រ�ល�ស�តុ ពី�ះ សមធម៌�នឌ័រក៏ �យុទ�ដ៏សំ �ន់មួយក�ង �រ�ះ�យ�ព�យរង�ះ�យ�ើល�ើត�វ�រ និងតួ�ទីខុសៗ�រ�ងបុរសនិង �ីក�ង�រ�កបរបរចិ �ឹមជីវ �ត�ំ �របស់ ពួក�ផង�រ។ �រស�ច�ល�នសម�ព�នឌ័ �នន័យ �បុរស និងីទទួល�ន�សុខ�ព �រអប់រ�ព�សម�តិ ព័ត៌�ន ចំ�ះដឹង �រចូលរួមក�ង ដំ�ើរ�រន�យ និង�រើ�ចកីស�ច ចិត�នើ��ើយ�គឺ �គនឹះដ៏សំ�ន់ស�ប់ ប�ើន�ពធន់ �នឹង�រ�ល�ស�តុ ដូ��ះ�ើម �ី �ះ�យប�ំងអស់ �ះ �ំងអស់ �វ�ះ�យផលប៉ះ�ល់អវ�ជ�ន �រ �ល�ស�តុ �លក �ង�ះ �ី គឺ�អ�កទទួលរងនូវផលប៉ះ�ល់ �ំង�ងបុរស �យ�រមូល�តុ �ើនដូច�លកម�វ �ធីអភិវឌ �ន៍ សហ���តិ�ន�ើក�ើង។ �នក�មួយ ចំនួន�នជះឥទិពលដល់�រយល់ដឹងពី �ព�យ រង�ះ�រ �ល�ស�តុ និងសមត�ព បន�ំរបស់មនុស�ក់ៗ។ �ក់ �ង�រទទួល�ន ធន�ន និង�រអប់រ�តិចតួចើឲ�ី��យ�អ�ក �ល�យរង�ះ�យ�រ�រ�ល�ស �តុ�ះ�ងបុរស �នឌ័រ និង�រ�ល�ស�តុ ៖ �រ�ត់បន�យផលប៉ះ�ល់ និង�រព�ឹង�ពធន់នឹង�រ�ល�ស�តុ ទំ�ក់ទំនងរ �ង � នឌ័រ និង �រ �ល �ស �តុ ក�ងំ២០១១ �ឹតិប�ទស�នៈ�នឌ័រ �ន�ះពុម�អំពីប�នឌ័រ និង�រ�ល �ស�តុ �ល�ើង�ន�ើក�ើងនូវផលប៉ះ�ល់ �អវ�ជ�នដល់ �ររស់ �របស់ �ី �ក់ទងនឹងប�ះ។ �ំងពី �ល�ះមក �សកម �ទទួលរង�ះទឹកជំនន់ដ៏ �ក់បំផុត �វតិ��លើឲ�មនុស�ប់ �ន�ក់ �ទូ �ំង�សជួបវ�បតិ�ះ�ះបី �នកម�វ�ធីមួយ ចំនួន�ើ�ើន�ងទូលំទូ�យស�ប់ជួយើឲ�ប�ះ�ន�ពល�ើរក៏�យ។ �ឹតិប��ខ�ះនឹង�ើលប�ម�ៀតចំ �ះកម�វ �ធី �រ �ល�ស�តុ �លកំពុងដំ�ើរ�រ�ះ�ើប�េយនឌ័រ និង�រ�ល�ស�តុ។ �ឹតិប��ះមិន�ន់�ត�ើផលប៉ះ�ល់អវ�ជ�ន�រ�ល�ស�តុ និងវ�សម�ព�នឌ័រ�ក៏យកចិត�ទុក�ក់ �ើឱ�សស�ប់ �ើឲ �ើរ �ើង�ងសម�ព�នឌ័រ �រ �ល�ស�តុផង�រ។

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This issue of Genderview will explore some of these initiatives and take a further look into the linkages between gender and climate change. Rather than focus entirely on the negative impacts of climate change on gender equality, this Genderview will also look at opportunities for improving gender equality in relation to climate change.

Transcript of GENDER AND CLIMATE CHANGE: MITIGATION AND ENHANCEING RESILENCETHE

Page 1: GENDER AND CLIMATE CHANGE: MITIGATION AND ENHANCEING RESILENCETHE

Genderview Newsletter

ទស��នៈ��នឌ័រ��ខ ០៦ ��ំ ២០១៣

អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម��� (GADC) ១

�តិ���នឌ័រ និង�រ�����ល��ស�តុ៖ �រ�ត់ បន�យផលប៉ះ�ល និង�រព��ងឹ�ពធន់់���រ �����ល��ស�តុ................................១ ទំ�ក់ទំនងរ�ង��នឌ័រ និង�រ�����ល ��ស�តុ...............................................១�រ�����ល��ស�តុ��មតំបន់ជនបទ�� ����សកម���.....................................................២�រព��ងឹ�ពធន់ និង�របន��ំ�នឹង�រ�����ល ��ស�តុ របស់���រីស់�តំបន់ជនបទ........២��សហគមន៍ និងកម�វ�ធី REDD+ ក��ង��ត�ឧត�រ �នជ័យ និង��ត�មណ�លគិរ�.....................៣-៤��ចក�សីន��ិ�ន និងអនុ�សន.៍...................៥ព័ត៌�នអំពី GADC និងឯក�រ�ង.............៦

��តុអ��ីន����វយកចិត�ទុក�ក់ចំ�ះសម�ព ��នឌ័រ�ក��ងបរ�បទ���រ�����ល��ស�តុ?

កម�វ�ធីអភិវឌ��ន៍សហ����តិ (UNDP) �ន �ើក�ើងដូច�ង��ម��ះ�៖ �����សកម��� ����ី�លរស់�តំបន់ជនបទ

��ង��ទទួលរងផលប៉ះ�ល់�អវ�ជ��នដ៏ធ�ន់ធ�រពី�រ�����ល��ស�តុ��ះ។ ��តឹ�បិ��ទស��នៈ ��នឌ័រ��ះនឹងប��ញពីប��ចម��ងៗរបស់់��� ីរស់�តំបន់ជនបទ និងពិ�រ�ពីឱ�សមួយចំនួន ��ល�ក់ព័ន�ដល់ជីវ�ពរបស់��� ី និង�រ�����ល ��ស�តុ �ពិ��ស�មរយៈកម�វ�ធី �ត់បន�យ �របំ�យឧស�ន័ពី�រ�ត់បង់���ើ និង�រ សឹករ�ចរ�ល���ើ (REDD+) ��លអនុវត��ក��ង ��ត�មណ�លគិរ� និងឧត�រ�នជ័យ។

“កង�ះ�រយល់ដឹងអំពី�ព���ំក់ទង�នឹង�រ�����ល��ស�តុ គឺ�ក��ចម��ងមួយ�ំឲ�� ����សកម����យរង��ះ�យ�រប����ះ ពី��ះសមត��ពយល់ដឹង��ើ�ព��ំ���រ�����ល��ស�តុ��ះ�ន���ប់ក��ិត ��ល��ើឲ���ើងជួប��ទះនូវវ�បត�ដ៏ិធ�ន់ធ�រ �ើយ ទទួលរងនូវឧបសគ�យូរអ���ងដូច� �ព��ី�� វ�សម�ពសង�ម អសន�សុិខក��ង�រទទួល�នដីធ� ីនិង�រផលិតធន�នធម��តិ និងឧបសគ�ក��ង

�រ�រ��ប់��ប័ន��ើម។ វ�សម�ព����ព�� សម��ត� ិនិងលទ��ពក��ង�រទទួល�ននូវធន�ន ��ក់ព័ន�����ង��ំង�នឹង�រ�ើន�ើងនូវ�ព �យរង��ះ�យ���តុ និងវ�បត�ិ��រួម �ន��ះមហន��យ��ើម។

ផ��យ�វ�ញ សមធម៌សង�ម គឺ�ក់ព័ន���ងំ�នឹង �ពធន់���រ�����ល��ស�តុ ពី��ះ សមធម៌��នឌ័រក៏�យុទ�����ដ៏សំ�ន់មួយក��ង�រ�ះ��យ�ព�យរង��ះ�យ�ើល��ើត���វ�រ និងតួ�ទីខុសៗ��រ�ងបុរសនិង ���ីក��ង�រ��កបរបរចិ��ឹមជីវ �ត���ំ���របស់ ពួក��ផង��រ។

�រស��ច��ល�នសម�ព��នឌ័ �នន័យ �បុរស និង���ទីទួល�ន���សុខ�ព �រអប់រ� ��ព��សម��ត�ិ ព័ត៌�ន ចំ��ះដឹង �រចូលរួមក��ង ដំ�ើរ�រន��យ និង�រ��ើ��ចក�ីស��ច ចិត� �ន��ើ�� �ើយ�គឺ�គន�ះឹដ៏សំ�ន់ស��ប់ ប��ើន�ពធន់�នឹង�រ�����ល��ស�តុ១។

ដូ���ះ�ើម�� ី�ះ��យប���ំងអស់��ះ �ំងអស់�����វ�ះ��យផលប៉ះ�ល់អវ�ជ��ន���រ�����ល��ស�តុ��លក��ង�ះ��� ី គឺ�អ�កទទួលរងនូវផលប៉ះ�ល់��ំង�ងបុរស �យ�រមូល��តុ���ើនដូច��លកម�វ�ធីអភិវឌ��ន៍ សហ����តិ�ន�ើក�ើង។ �នក��មួយ ចំនួន�នជះឥទ�ពិលដល់�រយល់ដឹងពី�ព�យ រង��ះ���រ�����ល��ស�តុ និងសមត��ព បន��ំរបស់មនុស����ក់ៗ។ �ក់���ង�រទទួល�ន ធន�ន និង�រអប់រ�តិចតួច��ើឲ������ី�យ�អ�ក ��ល�យរង��ះ�យ�រ�រ�����ល��ស

�តុ��ះ�ងបុរស២។

��នឌ័រ និង�រ�����ល��ស�តុ ៖ �រ�ត់បន�យផលប៉ះ�ល់ និង�រព��ងឹ�ពធន់នឹង�រ�����ល��ស�តុ

ទ ំ � ក ់ ទ ំ ន ង រ � ង � � ន ឌ ័ រ ន ិ ង � រ � � � � � ល � � ស � ត ុ

ក��ង��ំ២០១១ ��ឹត�ិប��ទស��នៈ��នឌ័រ �ន�ះពុម�អំពីប����នឌ័រ និង�រ�����ល ��ស�តុ��ល�ើង�ន�ើក�ើងនូវផលប៉ះ�ល់�អវ�ជ��នដល់�ររស់�របស់��� ី�ក់ទងនឹងប����ះ។ �ំងពី��ល�ះមក ����សកម���ទទួលរង��ះទឹកជំនន់ដ៏���ក់បំផុត ���វត��ិ�����ល��ើឲ��មនុស���ប់�ន�ក់�ទូ�ំង����សជួបវ�បត��ិ�ះ�ះបី��នកម�វ�ធីមួយចំនួន��ើ��ើន��ងទូលំទូ�យស��ប់ជួយ��ើឲ��ប����ះ�ន�ពល����ើរក៏�យ។

��តឹ�បិ����ខ��ះនឹង�ើលប���ម�ៀតចំ�ះកម�វ�ធី�រ�����ល��ស�តុ��លកំពុង�� ដំ�ើរ�រ��ះ��ើប��េយនឌ័រ និង�រ�����ល��ស�តុ។ ��ឹត�ិប����ះមិន��ន់�� ��ត��ើផលប៉ះ�ល់អវ�ជ��ន���រ�����ល��ស�តុ និងវ�សម�ព��នឌ័រ�� ��ក៏យកចិត�ទុក�ក់��ើឱ�សស��ប់��ើឲ�����ើរ�ើង�ងសម�ព��នឌ័រ���រ �����ល��ស�តុផង��រ។

Page 2: GENDER AND CLIMATE CHANGE: MITIGATION AND ENHANCEING RESILENCETHE

២ អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម��� (GADC)

���ជនកម�������ល ៨០% រស់�តំបន់ ជនបទ។ ពួក��ចិ��មឹជីវ�តពឹង���ក�ើ�រ��កប របរកសិកម� ឬ���ទ��ល�មុខរបរ�យរង��ះ ��ងំបំផុតពី�រ�����ល��ស�តុ។ �មួយ�� ��ះ��រ ���ជន��ី���ក់ពឹង���ក��ង��ងំ ��ើធន�នធម��តិស��ប់�រចិ��ឹមជីវ�តដូច�ទឹក��ើម។

គណៈកម��រអន�ររ��ភិ�លស�ីពី�រ�����ល ��ស�តុ�ើក�ើង� �ល����ជន�ន ដី�ន់�ប់�ន់��តូច �ះពួក��នឹង�យរង��ះ �ន ់����ំង�យ�រមិន�នធន�នផ�ត់ផ�ង ់��ប់��ន់���ល��ល�ន��ះមហន��យ���រ�����ល��ស�តុ។ ��ះ�ំងស��ត�����ស កម��� និង��ះទឹកជំនន់�លពី��ំ២០១១ និង ��ំ២០១៣ �ពិត��ន��ើឲ���នផលប៉ះ�ល់ �ំង��ះពិត��កដ��ន។

�យ�រវ�សម�ព��នឌ័រ �ក់ព័ន��នឹងដីធ� ី����ីន់���យរង��ះ��ងំ�នឹង��ះ មហន��យ ���រ�����ល��ស�តុ៖ ����រ��ល�ន ���ី�������រ (WHH) ចំនួន២១% គឺមិន�ន ដី�ន់�ប់��ល់ខ��ន�ើយ �ើ��ៀប�ៀប�នឹង ����រ��ល�នប�ី និង��ពន�ចំនួន១២,៥%៣។ ����រ��ល�ន����ី������រចំនួន៣៤%�ន ដីតិច�ង២ហិច��ើ��ៀប�ៀប�នឹង����រ ��ល�នបុរស����� ��រច ំន ួន១៨%។ ១៧%������រ��ល����ី������រ�នដី��ើន �ង២ហិច���ៀប�ៀប�នឹង����រ��ល �នបុរស�������រចំនួន៣៣%៤។

កម�ស់សមត��ពបង�ប�� ើនផលរបស់�� � ី។

ដីសម���នសង�មកិច� ���វ�ន��ង��កឲ������រ ��ល��នដី និង��ី��បំផុត�ើម��ីផ�ល់លទ��ព ដល់ពួក��ក��ង�ររក��ក់ចំណ�ល។ រ�យ�រណ៍

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ដូច��លកម�វ�ធីអភិវឌ��ន៍សហ����តិ�ន �ើក�ើង�រប��ើន�រទទួល�ន���សុ�ភិ�ល �រអប់រ� �ររក��ក់ចំណ�ល និង�រចូលរួម� ក��ងវ�ស័យន��យ�ច�ជំ�នដ៏សំ�ន់ក��ង �រព��ឹងសមត��ពធន់ និង�របន��ំ�នឹង �រ�����ល��ស�តុរបស់���ី។

វ�សម�ព��នឌ័រ�ក��ងវ�ស័យសុ�ភិ�ល និងវ�ស័យអប់រ����វ�ន��លម��លំ�ប់ ដូច� �រ�ើន�ើងនូវអ��ចុះ��ះចូល�ៀនរបស់កុ�រ� និង�រអប់រ�របស់��� ី �រ�ើន�ើង��ក��តិជីវ�ព គឺពិត��ន�រៈសំ�ន់ស��ប់�រប�� ើន សមត��ពធន់�នឹង�រ�����ល��ស�តុ។ ��តឹ�បិ��ទស��នៈ��នឌ័រ��ល�ន�ះពុម�ផ��យ �លព ី�ើកម ុន�ន�ើកយក���នបទ តួ�ទី ���រ��ញប័ណ�កម�សិទ� ិដ ីធ � ីក � �ង�រ �ើកកម�ស់លទ��ព���ីឲ��ទទួល�នដី ក��ង�ះ ដីសម���នសង�មកិច� (SLCs) ���វ�ន កំណត់��យន��រសំ�ន់ស��ប់�រ�ើក

�រ�����ល��ស�តុ��មតំបន់

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�ើង�ើញ� ����ីនសមត��ពតិចតួច�ស់ ក��ង�របន��ំ�នឹង�រ�����ល��ស�តុ។ ��សិន�ើ�ន��ះទឹកជំនន់�ើត�ើង �ះ�រ បង�ប��ើនផលកសិកម��ំងអស់របស់���ី គឺ�យ នឹងទទួលរងនូវ�របំផ�ចិបំ��ញ��ង��ងំ។ ដូច�� ��ះ��រ ��សិន�ើ��ះ�ំងស��ត��ើឲ���រ បង�ប��ើនផលកសិកម�ចុះថយមក��ឹម៥០%�ះអ�ក��ល�នដី�ន់��តូច ពួក��នឹងរងនូវ ផលប៉ះ�ល់�ន់����ំង។ �រ�ត់បង់ទិន�ផល ៥០%����វូចំនួន៤�ន �ះ����ររបស់ពួក ��នឹង�សល់��ូវចំនួន២�ន ប៉ុ�����សិន �ើព ួក���ត់បង់�ក់ក��ល��ទិន�ផល��ូវ តិចតួច�ំង��ះ ឧ�ហរណ៍ពី២�នមក���មឹ ១�ន �ះ�នឹងបង�ឲ���ន�រខ�ះ�ត��រ និង��ក់ចំណ�ល�ក��ង����ររបស់ពួក��។

�ក��ជ�បណ�តិ �ឿន �ឿង �យុ៥៨�� ំរស់���ត��ត់ដំបងនិ�យ� ��ះទឹកជំនន់ �លពី��ំ២០១៣�នបង�ឲ���នផលប៉ះ�ល់��ង���ក់បំផុត��ល�កពុំ��ល��ប់ជួបព ីមុនមក។ �ក��ជ�បណ�តិ�នព���លអ�កជំងឺ ��� ើនក��ងអំឡ�ង��ល��ះមហន��យ�យ �រទឹកជំនន់��ះ �ពិ��សអ�កជំងឺ����ី និង កុ�រ។ ប��ប់ពី�����ទ���ន��ើ�គវ�និច�័យជំងឺ ��ុន�មកូន��ីរបស់អ�ក��ី ចឹក គឹម�ន� រួច

អ�ក���ីន�ើក�ើង� “�ើងនឹង�មន�រី��ទ�� ���ល��ល�ើង�ន��ក់” �រត��ញ���រ��ប ��ះ �យ�រ����ក់សន��ំរបស់អ�ក��ី���វ �នបំផ�ិចបំ��ញ�យទឹកជំនន់អស់។ ���រ ��ះ��ើ����ើឲ��កូន��ីរបស់�ត់��ឈមនឹង ��ះ��ក់ដល់�យុវជីវ�ត ��សិន�ើមិន�ន ព���លជំងឺ��ុន�ម��ះ��៥។

៧៥%��កំ�ំងពលកម�របស់��� ី គឺក��ងវ�ស័យ កសិកម� �ើយ����ី�លបំ���រ�រ�ក��ងវ�ស័យ ឧស��ហកម���ពីឧស��ហកម��ត់��រ គឺ�ន តិចតួច។ �រពឹង���ក��ើវ�ស័យកសិកម� ��ើឲ������ី��ើន�យរង��ះ��ង��ំង�នឹង �រ�����ល��ស�តុ។

�ះបី�����សកម���កំពុង����យ�� ����សឧស��ហកម��ប�� ើ រៗក ៏�យ ក៏���ជន ���រស់��យ��យ��ើយ �ើយ���ពឹង���ក��ើ�រ��ើកសិកម�ដ��ល។ ��តុដូ���ះ �រ�ើកកម�ស់សម�ព��នឌ័រ �ក��ង�រប��ើន�ពធន់ និង�របន��ំ�នឹង �រ�����ល��ស�តុ គឺ���វ��ត��ើ លទ��ព���កី��ង�រទទួល�នធន�ន និង��� អប់រ��ើម�� ីព��ឹង�របង�ប��ើនផលកសិកម� របស់ពួក��។

�រព��ឹងពធន់ និង�របន��ំនឹង�រ�����ល��ស�តុ របស់���ីរស់�តំបន់ ជនបទ

Page 3: GENDER AND CLIMATE CHANGE: MITIGATION AND ENHANCEING RESILENCETHE

អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម��� (GADC) ៣

�ន�ៀប�ប់ពី�ង�ើមអំពី�រៈសំ�ន់របស់���ី�ក��ងវ�ស័យកសិកម�៨ ។

��ះ�ំងស��ត�លពី��ំ២០១១ និង��ះមហន��យ�យ�រទឺកជំនន់ �លពី��ំ២០១៣ �ន��ើឲ������សកម���ស�ិតក��ង��ន�ព����ះធម��តិ�យ�រប�រ�����ល����ស�តុ

��ង��ំង។ ផ��យ�វ�ញ �រ�ត់បង់ចំណ�ល របស់���មិីន���វ�ន���ើល�ើញ និងបន��ើត �ន�យមិន�ន�រយកចិត�ទុក�ក់ដ��ល។

...ត�ទំព័រទី២�រព��ឹង�ពធន់ និង�របន��ំនឹង...

��ង��កតួ�ទី��នឌ័រក��ង�រ��ប់��ងធន�ន ធម��តិ��រ។ បុរស��ើន��ើ�រ��ល��ើក��ំង �យ��ំងដូច� �អ�ក�ើក��ក់ទ័រ និង��មូល ជ័រ�ស៊ូ ខណៈ��ល���ី��ើនចូលរួម�ក��ង �រ��មូល��រ។

��តុដូ���ះ�ើយ�ះបី���� ីនិងបុរសសុទ��� ទទួលរងផលប៉ះ�ល់�យ�រ�រ�����ល ��ស�តុ ឬ�រ�����ល��ធន�នធម��តិ ដូច����ន ប៉ុ���ផលប៉ះ�ល់�ើបុរស គឺ���វ �នកត់�� និង�ន�រយកចិត�ទុក�ក់�ង���។ី ឧ�ហរណ៍ �រ�ត់បង់ចំណ�លរបស់បុរស នឹង���វ�ន�ើល�ើញ� នឹង�ត់បន�យ ផលិតផលក��ង��ុកសរុប��លនឹងបង��ក�ី�រម�

�ក��ងបរ�បទវ�សម�ព��នឌ័រក��ង�រ��ប់��ង��សហគមន៍ កម�វ�ធី�ត់បន�យ�របំ�យឧស�ន័ ពី�រ�ត់បង់���ើ និង�រសឹករ�ចរ�ល ���ើ (REDD+ ) ��ល�កម�វ�ធីសហ�រ ��សហគមន៍របស់អង��រសហ����តិ��លកំពុង��ដំ�ើរ�រក��ង��ត�ឧត�រ�នជ័យ និង��ត� មណ�លគិរ�������សកម����ន��ើ�រ�ើកកម�ស់សម�ព��នឌ័រក� �ងសកម��ព��សហគមន៍ និង��ន�ព��ដ�កិច����ី �មួយនឹង�ល បំណងចម��ងរបស់កម�វ�ធីក��ង�រ�ះ��យប�� ���រ�����ល��ស�តុ។ កម�វ�ធី REDD+ �ន�រចូលរួមពី��ប់�គី�ក់ព័ន��ក��ងដំ�ើរ�រអនុវត� រួម�ន��ុមជន�តិ�ើម�គតិច និង អ�កសហគមន៍��លពឹង���ក�ើ���ើក��ង មូល��នគឺ�អ�កអនុវត�គ��ង...

គំនិតផ��ច��ើម��សហគមន៍�ន��យ�វ�ធ ី����ទូ�ស��ប់�រខិតខំ��ងឹ��ង�ើកកម�ស់ �រចូលរួមរបស់���ី និងបុរស�ក��ងដំ�ើរ�រ ��ប់��ងធន�នធម��តិ �យទទួល��ល់� សហគមន៍មូល��ន�ើរតួ�ទី��ងសំ�ន់ក��ង �រអភិរក��ធន�នធម��តិ។ �ះ���ង� គំនិតផ��ច��ើម��សហគមន៍�����ប់��ង�យ បុរសក��ងតួ�ទី�អ�កដឹក�ំ �ក់���ង�ង�ម �រ��វ��វរបស់អង��រ Pact៩ ក��ង��ត�ឧត�រ �នជ័យ�នប��ញ� �នអ�កដឹក�ំ����ី ក��ង��សហគមន៍����ក់បុ៉��ះ�ក��ង��ត���ះ។

អង��រ Pact �នរក�ើញករណីមួយចំនួន��ល បុរស�នខិតខំ��ងឹ��ងឲ���ន�រចូលរួម��ង��ើនពី���ី និង�រពនូវមតិ�បល់របស់���ី �ក់ទងនឹង�រ��ើ��ចក�ីស��ច បុ៉���អ�កផ�ល់ បទស��សន៍�គ��ើន�ន�ើក�ើង� ����ី��វ �ន�ត់��ញពី�រ��ើ��ចក�សី��ចរបស់សហគមន៍ �ក់ទងនឹង�រ��ប់��ងធន�នធម��តិ។ �រ��វ ��វរបស់អង��រ Pact ក៏�នប��ក់ ពី�រ

��សហគមន៍ និងកម�វិធី(REDD+) ក��ង��ត�ឧត�រ�នជ័យ និង��ត�មណ�លគិរ�

�របន��ំ និង�ពធន់�នឹង�រ�����ល ��ស�តុមិន�ច��ក��ញពីវ�ស័យន��យ�ន�ើយ។ �រ�ើលរ�លង ឬ�រ�រមិន�ះ ��យនូវត���វ�រ និង�រព��ឹង��ដ�កិច� ដល់����ីតំបន់ជនបទ គឺប��ញពីកង�ះ���រ យកចិត�ទុក�ក់�ើ�រចូលរួមរបស់���ីក� �ង �រ��ើ��ចក�ីស��ចចិត�។

�ង�មយុទ����� ជីវ����ច��ះុនិង

��ន�រសកម��ព��ក់�តិ�ើក�ើង�“�មរយៈបទពិ�ធន៍�នប��ញ� �រ��ល�ន សមធម៌��នឌ័រក��ង�ព�តំ�ង និង�រ ចូលរួមពីអ�ក�ក់ព័ន�របស់សហគមន៍មូល��ន គឺ�ត���វ�រ�ំ�ច់ស��ប់�រអភិរក��ដ ៏�គជ័យ និង�គំនិតផ��ច��ើមឲ����ើ��ស់នូវ ធន�ន����កប�យនិ រន � រ�ព ”៦។ �ះ���ង��ះក៏�យ �ើង�នកត់ស��ល់ �ើញ��រមិនយកចិត�ទុក�ក់ចំ�ះ�� � ី ����ើត�ន�ើង �ះបី����ី�ើរតួ�ទី យ៉៉ាងសំ�ន់ក��ងសកម��ព���ើ។ �ក់���ង �� � ី៦៧%ទទ ួលខ ុស�� � វ�ើសកម��ព អ ន ុ ផ ល � � � ើ ប � � � ម � � ើ អ � ី � � ល

...�រ�ំ����ះគួររួមប���ល�រប��ើនកម�សិទ�ដីិធ� ី�រ���រប���កវ�ទ�� លទ��ពទទួល�នធន�ន កសិកម� និងយុទ�����ច��ល��ើឲ��ជីវ�ពរស់ �របស់����ីន់�����ើរ�ើង។ ����រច� សម�័ន�ក៏�ច�ើរតួ�ទសំី�ន់ផង��រ �ពិ��ស �រក�ង��ព័ន�������សំ�ប់��ត���ល�ន ���ជនរស់���ើនដូច� ��ត�ក��ល និង��ត����វ គឺ�ចជំរុញដំ�ំ��វូច��ះុ� ��ើន����ទក��ងមួយ��ំៗ និង�ច�ត់បន�យ ផលប៉ះ�ល់����ះទឹកជំនន់ និង��ះ�ំងស��ត។

សរុប��ចក�មីក �រព��ងឹអំ�ច��ដ�កិច� ដល់��� ី�ច�ើរតួ�ទី��ងសំ�ន់ក��ង�រព��ងឹ �ពធន់នឹង�រ�����ល��ស�តុ។

�រថយចុះ��គុណ�ពដី�មរយៈ�រ �����ល��ស�តុ �រ��ើសម���នដី��ល �ត់បន�យលទ��ពរបស់សហគមន៍ក��ង�រ ទទួល�នធន�នធម��តិ និង�រ�ងសង់ ទំនប់�រ�អគ�ិសនី��លប៉ះ�ល់ដល់��ព័ន� ��កូឡ�សីុ គឺ��នប៉ះ�ល់��ង��ងំដល់ ���ី ប៉ុ�����ឿយៗ���ីមិន�នឥទ�ិពល ក��ងដំ�ើរ�រ���រ��ើ��ចក�សី��ចចិត� �ក់ព័ន��នឹងប���ង�ើ��ះ��។

�រ��ង��ក�រ�រ��ះ គឺ�នន័យ�បុរស��ើ

�រ�រ���ក�ជីវកម���ើន �ើយ���វ�ន��ផ�ល់

ត�����ើន�ង���ី ខណៈ��លសកម��ពរបស់

����ី�ឿយៗ���វ�ន�ើលរ�លង�យ�រ���រ�រ

របស់ពួក��មិនសូវទទួល�ន��ក់ចំណ�ល��ើន។

សូម�នត�ទំព័រទី៤

Page 4: GENDER AND CLIMATE CHANGE: MITIGATION AND ENHANCEING RESILENCETHE

ក��ង��ត�ឧត�រ�នជ័យ និង��ត�មណ�លគិរ���សហគមន៍ និងកម�វិធី(REDD+)

...តមកពីទំព័រ៣

ប���មពី��ះ �រ�ប់បំ��ញ���ើ�ន��ើឲ�� ��ល���របស់����ីន់��រវល់�មួយនឹង�រ�រផ�ះសំ��ង ដូច��ររកអនុផល���ើ និង ចំណី��រសត���ល�គ��ើន�តួ�ទីរបស់���។ី ��តុដូ���ះ �រអភិរក�����ើរបស់កម�វ�ធី REDD+ �ច�នផល���ជន៍����ងៗក� �ង�រ��ើឲ�� � �� ើ រ� ើងន ូ វជ ី វ�ពរស ់�របស ់� � � ី និង�រ�រ��លពួក���� �វ�ើររក��រចំណី សត� និងអុស។

�ះ���ង� អង��រ Pact �នគំនិត ផ��ច��ើមមួយ��ល�ន��ះ� ស�ង់ដារកាបូន ស��ប់��� ី�ើយ�នប���លទស��នៈ��នឌ័រ�ក��ង កម�វ�ធី REDD+ និងកម�វ�ធីទូ�ត់�បូន����ងៗ�ៀត �មរយៈ�រកំណត់នូវស�ង់�រអប��បរ��ើម�� ី�ំ��ដល់�រព��ឹងអំ�ចដល់���ី�យ��ត �ពិ��ស��ើ�រចូលរួមរបស់���ី�ក��ង�រ��ប់��ង និងផល���ជន៍របស់គ��ងចំ�ះ ���។ី �រ�រ�ំង��ះនឹងជំរុញឲ��អ�កសហគមន៍ ទទួល�ននូវឥណ�ន�បូន��ល�ក់�ញ ដល់អ�កទិញ ខណៈ��ល�រ�រ��ះនឹងជួយ��� គ��ងឥណ�ន�បូនពិត��នផ�ល់ន ូវ អត����ជន៍ដល់���ី។

ឥណ�ន�បូន��ឿយៗ ���វ�នទិញ�យ ��ុមហ៊ុន����ងៗ�យ�រ�តព�កិច�ផ��វច��ប់ ក � �ង�រទូ�ត់សងនូវ�របំ�យឧស�័ន�ើម�� ី

...កម�វ�ធី REDD+ �ន�លបំណង�ត់បន�យ�របំ�យឧស�័ន�បូន�មរយៈ�រផ�ល់��ក់ដល់សហគមន៍�ើម��ី�ត់បន�យ�រ�ប់បំ��ញ និង �រសឹករ �ចរ �ល���ើ��លជួយរក��ឧស� ័ន �បូនក��ង��។

��ក់ (លុយ) ��លផ�ល់ឲ��សហគមន៍ គឺ�ន មកពីអ�កបំផ�ចិបំ��ញ���ើ��លចង់ទូ�ត់សង �របំពុលរបស់ពួក���មរយៈ�របង់��ក់ឥណ�ន ដល់កម�វ�ធី REDD+ ��ល�ទូ����ុមហ៊ុន ឬរ��ភិ�ល�ក��ង����សអភិវឌ��ន៍។ កម�វ�ធី REDD+ មិន��ឹម���ត់បន�យ�របំ�យឧស�័ន ប៉ុ��ះ�� ប៉ុ�����ម�ំងជួយអភិរក����ព័ន� ��កូឡ�សីុធម��តិ��ល�នអត����ជន៍�ៀតផង។

�ង�មអង��រ����ង��រ និងកសិកម� �នប��ញ� �រហិន�ច���ើ�ំឲ���ត់បង់ នូវឱ�សរក��ក់ចំណ�លរបស់អ�កសហគមន៍��ល ពឹង���ក�ើ���ើ �ើយប���ំង��ះ�នបង� ំឲ��ពួក����ើចំ�ក��កុ�ើម��ីរក��ក់ចំណ�ល។

�ក��ង�រ�យត���ថ�ីៗ ��ះ អង��រ Pact ��ល �អ�កអនុវត�គ��ងសំ�ន់មួយក��ងចំ�ម កម�វ�ធី REDD+ សំ�ន់ៗ����ង�ៀត�ក��ង��ត� ឧត�រ�នជ័យ������សកម��� �នរក�ើញ� ��� ីទទួល�នជំ�ញ���ក���ើ��ង��ើន �ពិ��ស �ក់ទងនឹង�ររក��រ និងអនុផល ���ើ ប៉ុ����រ�យត�����ះក៏�នរក�ើញ ��រ�គ��ង��ះខ�ះ�ត�រយកចិត�ទុក�ក់��ើសម�ព��នឌ័រ�ក��ង�រ��ប់��ង គ��ង�ក��តិសហគមន៍��លក��ង�ះ����ល�៨០% ��តំ��ង��ុម��ឹក����សហគមន៍ គឺ�បុរស ខណៈ��ល����ីន�រចូលរួមតិចតួច �ក��ងកិច���ជំុ និង�រ��ើ��ចក�សី��ច��។

កម�វ�ធី REDD+ និងស�ង់�រ�បូនរបស់��� ីមិន��មឹ��ផ�ល់នូវឱ�សស��ប់អ�កសហគមន៍ �ពិ��ស ���ីក��ង�រចូលរួម�ត់បន�យ �និភ ័យ���រ���� �ល��ស�ត ុ ប៉ុ��ះ�� ប៉ុ����ក៏�នជំរុញឲ���ននវូ សម�ព��នឌ័រ�ន់�����ើរ។

រ�យ�រណ៍១១ មួយ����ង�ៀត��ល��ត �ើកម�វ�ធី REDD+ ក��ង��ត�មណ�លគិរ��ន ប��ញ� �រពឹង���ក�ន់����ងំ�ើងរបស់ ���ី�ើធន�នធម��តិស��ប់របរចិ��ឹម ជីវ �ត�នន័យ�ពួក���ចរក�ន��ក់ ចំណ�ល�មរយៈកម�វ�ធី REDD+ និង� ម����យសំ�ន់ស��ប់�រ�ើកកម�ស់ សមធម៌��នឌ័រ និង�ពធន់�នឹង�រ �����ល��ស�តុរបស់���ី។

រក��មុខ�ត់របស់��ុមហ៊ុន �នន័យ�ស�ង់�រ �បូនរបស់���ីនឹង���វ�នគិតគូរ���ល��ល �� ុមហ៊ ុន�ច��ើ��ស់វ �ធី��ះ�ម����យ ក��ង�រ�ំ��មិន��មឹ��ស��ប់�រ�ត់បន�យ�រ បំ�យឧស�័នប៉ុ��ះ�� ប៉ុ�����ម�ំងផ�ល់ ចំណ�លប���មដល់សហគមន៍រួម�ំង���ផីង��រ។ �រអភិរក����សហគមន៍ក៏�នន័យ���រ ជួយ�ត់បន�យ��ល�����ល����ី�ើន��ើ��ស់�ើម��ី�ើររក��រ ចំណីសត� អុស និងអនុផល ���ើ����ងៗ�ៀត �យ�រឥឡ�វ��ះអនុផល ���ើ�ំង��ះ�ចរក�ន��ង�យ��ម បរ���ណ����រៗផ�ះរបស់ពួក��។

អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម��� (GADC)៤

Page 5: GENDER AND CLIMATE CHANGE: MITIGATION AND ENHANCEING RESILENCETHE

��ចក�សីន��ិ�ន

��ន�របដិ��ធ�មួយ���ន�រ�����ល��ស�តុ�� ដូច��ះ �នឹងជះឥទ�ិពលអវ�ជ��ន����ជន��ប់រូប �ពិ��ស គឺ���ីផង��រ។ ផលប៉ះ�ល់�ំង��ះ���វ�ន����ើ�រ��វ��វ��ងទូលំទូ�យ និងដឹងឮ�សកល។ �យ�រ������សកម����ន�ព�យរង��ះ��ំង� នឹង�រ�����ល��ស�តុ �ពិ��ស�រ�ើន�ើងនូវ��ះ�ំងស��ត និង��ះទឹកជំនន់ គឺត���វឲ���ន�រ��ើអន��គមន៍�ក់�ក់��ើ �លន��យ និងកម�វ�ធី�� �យ��ត��ើ�រ�ើកកម�ស់សម�ព��នឌ័រ�ក��ង�រ�����ល��ស�តុ។ �រព��ឹង���ក��ដ�កិច�ឲ���ន់ ��រ�ង�ំក��ង�រទទួល�ននូវសុវត��ពកម�សិទ�ិដីធ�ី និង�រ�ើកកម�ស់����រច�សម�័ន�សុទ����ជំ�នសំ�ន់ៗស��ប់�រព��ឹង�ពធន់ និង�រ បន��ំ�នឹង�រ�����ល��ស�តុរបស់���ី។

ប���ម�ង��ះ��ៀត ជំ�ញ���ក���ើរបស់���ី���វ��ទទួល�ន�រ�ំ�� និងអន��គមន៍ឲ���នសម��ប ដូច��រអភិរក�����ើ��លផ�ល់ នូវ��ក់ចំណ�ល��ង��ើនស��ប់����ីមរយៈអនុផល���ើ។ កម�វ�ធី REDD+ និងស�ង់�រ�បូនរបស់���ក៏ី�នប��ញពីស��នុពលសំ�ប់�ះ��យ ប����ល�ើត�ន�ើងពី�រ�����ល��ស�តុ �ពិ��ស �មរយៈ�រ�ំ��ចំ�ះ���ី។ ��ង�មិុញ ប����ះត���វឲ���ន�រអនុវត� សកម��ព���ើន�ៀត�ើម��ី��ឲ���ន�រផ�ល់នូវ�ពអង់�ចដល់���ីឲ���ន��ងពិត��កដដូច��លកម�វ�ធីរបស់អង��រ Pact �ន�ើក�ើងពី ប����ល���ីមិន���វ�ន��យកចិត�ទុក�ក់។ �រ�ត់បន�យ�ពអវ�ជ��ន�អប��បរ���វ�សម�ព��នឌ័រ�ក��ង�រ�����ល��ស�តុ គឺ� ម����យមួយ��ងសំ�ន់ក��ង�រ�ត់បន�យផលប៉ះ�ល់���រ�����ល��ស�តុ��ើ���ី និងបុរស �ើម��ី��ះ�រក�រស��ច�ននូវ សម�ព��នឌ័រ។

រូប�ពដក��ង់��ញពី��ហទំព័រ៖http://www.recoftc.org/site/about-green-mekong

អនុ�សន៍

�ព�គជ័យ���រអន��គមន៍ចំ�ះ�រ�����ល��ស�តុ� តំបន់ជនបទ��ល�ើកកម�ស់សម�ព��នឌ័រ���វ��ព��ីក និងយក� អនុវត��ក���ង����ង�ៀត �ពិ��ស គឺ��ត��ើ�រព��ឹង���ក��ដ�កិច�ដល់��� ី �រ��ស់ប� �រក��ិតជីវ�ពរស់� និង����រច�សម�័ន�។

�រពិ�រ�ពីសមធម៌��នឌ័រ ���វ��ប��ើតឲ����ចំណ�ចសំ�ន់ក��ង�រ��ើ��នឬគ��ង���រ�����ល��ស�តុ�ំងអស់ស��ប់ រ��ភិ�ល និង សង�មសីុវ�ល។

គំនិតផ��ច��ើម��សហគមន៍���វឲ���ននូវកម�វ�ធី�រស�ីពី�រប���ាប��នឌ័រឲ���នទូលំទូ�យ �ើម��ី��ឲ���ន�រចូលរួម��ងសកម� ពី���ី និង��ើឲ��ពួក���នឥទ�ិពល��ើ�រ��ើ��ចក�ីស��ច��។

គ��ង�ត់បន�យផលប៉ះ�ល់ និង�របន��ំ�នឹង�រ�����ល��ស�តុ���វអនុម័តនូវយុទ������យទទួល��ល់� �ពធ ន់ �នឹង�រ�����ល��ស�តុ��ល�ក់ព័ន��នឹង���កសំ�ន់ៗដូច� សមត��ពផលិត�ព ���សុខ�ព និងឥទ�ិពល���ររ��ើ ��ចក�ីស��ច��។

ដីសម���នសង�មកិច�គួរ�����វ�នផ�ល់ប���មស��ប់��� ី��ល�នដី�ន់�ប់តិចតួច��ល�យន��រ�ននិរន�រ�ពស��ប់�រព��ឹង �ពធន់�នឹង�រ�����ល��ស�តុ។

អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម��� (GADC) ៥

Page 6: GENDER AND CLIMATE CHANGE: MITIGATION AND ENHANCEING RESILENCETHE

អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម��� (GADC)៦

ព័ត៌�នអំពី GADC

�ក�� ីរស់ សុ�ព �យិ�អង��រ GADC�ក Mozammel Haque អ�ក��កឹ��ប���ក��ស���ក��នឌ័រ�ក Dustin Barter អ�ក��កឹ�����ក��វ��វ និងទំ�ក់ទំនង�ក ពុធ សុភៈ �យកកម�វ�ធី�ក ��ង សំបូរ អ�កស��បស���ល���កទំ�ក់ទំនង និង�ះពុម�ផ��យ

�សយ��នផ�ះ��ខ ៨៩ ផ��វ២៨៨ ស��ត់អូ�ំពិក ខណ�ចំ�រមន �ជ�នីភ�ំ��ញ ��ះ���ច��កម���

��អប់សំបុ����សនីយ៍ ២៦៨៤ ភ�ំ��ញ ៣ទូរស័ព� (៨៥៥) ២៣ ២១៥ ១៣៧

ទូរ�រ (៨៥៥) ៩៩៦ ៩៣៤

��មុ�រ�រនិពន� និង�ៀប�ៀង

ឯក�រ�ង

១.http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/national/asia

thepacific/cambodia/Cambodia_2011_NHDR.pdf

២.Solar.��ំ២០១០ ���ី�តំបន់ជនបទ ��នឌ័រ និង�រ

�����ល��ស�តុ

៣.CDRI �រ�យត���ដីសង�មកិច�ក��ង����សកម���៖

កម�សិក��

៤.Mehrvar, Chhay& My ��ំ ២០០៨ទស��នវ�ស័យ

របស់���ី ៖ ករណីសិក��ពី�រចុះប��ីដីធ�ី���ព័ន�

៥.http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/03/world/asia

/ f l oods - in -cambod ia -a f f ec t -more - than-a -

million.html?_r=0

៦. Oxfam ��ំ ២០១០ ��ី�រស់�តំបន់ជនបទ ��នឌ័រ

និង�រ�����ល��ស�តុ

៧. Sasvari, A et al. ��ំ ២០១០ �ល�រណ៍���ំស�ីពី

�រប���ាប��នឌ័រ�ក��ងយុទ�����ជីវ����ច��ុះ�តិ

និង��ន�រសកម��ព

៨. Sun and Kouk.��ំ ២០០២. ��នឌ័រក��ង�រ��ប់��ង

��សហគមន៍។

៩.Bradley et al.��ំ ២០១៣. ��នឌ័រ និងគ��ង REDD+

៖ �រ�យត���គ��ង REDD+ក��ង��សហគមន៍��ត�ឧត�រ

�នជ័យ������សកម���

១០. www.womenscarbon.org

១០.Suzuki ��ំ ២០១២.�រផ����ប់�របន��ំ និង�រ�ត់

បន�យ��ះមហន��យប��លមកពី�រ�����ល��ស�តុ

�មរយៈ��សហគមន៍៖ ករណីសិក��ពី�សីុ

អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ��ន៍�ើម��ីកម��� គឺ�អង��រមិន��នរ��ភិ�លក��ង ��កុមួយ��លមិនរក��ក់ចំណ�ល �ើយមិនប��ើឲ��គណបក��ន��យ �ើយ។ អង��រ�នទទួលវ���បនប���រអនុវត��ន��ប់បទ��ន��ល �ន��ងក��ង��ម���ល�រណ៍សីលធម៌ និងបទ��នអប��បរ�ស��ប់ អង��រមិន��នរ��ភិ�ល�ក��ង����សកម����ល ពី��សី���២ំ០១១។

អង��រ�ន��ើ�រ�យ�នកិច�សហ�រ�មួយរ��ភិ�លកម��� និង� ស�ជិក��អង��រសង�មសុីវ�ល�ើម��ី��ើ�រតស៊ូមតិ���កគ��ង ឬកម�វ�ធី ��នឌ័រ ច��ប់�តិ និងកំ��រទ��ង់���លន��យរបស់����សកម���។

ចក��វ�ស័យរបស់�ើង គឺកម��������សមួយ��ល��� ី និងបុរស���វ�នផ�ល់ នូវ�ពអង់�ចដូចៗ�� �ើម��ីចូលរួម�ក��ង�រអភិវឌ�� �រទទួល�ន �រ��ើ��ស់ និង�រ�រ�រសិទ�ិរបស់ពួក��។

��សកកម�របស់�ើង �ើកកម�ស់សម�ព��នឌ័រ��ល�សិទ�មិនុស��� មូល��ន�ំ�ច់ស��ប់�រអភិវឌ��សង�ម ��ដ�កិច� និងន��យរបស់ ����សកម���។

Page 7: GENDER AND CLIMATE CHANGE: MITIGATION AND ENHANCEING RESILENCETHE

Genderview Newsletter

Genderview Issue 06, 2013

Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC)

Content Why is it important to consider gender equality within climate change? The UNDP states the following:

Gender and climate change: Mitigation and enhanceing resilence..........................................1The gender and climate change link...............................................1Climate in rural Cambodia............2Strengthening rural women’s resilience and adaptation................3 Community forestry and REDD+ in Oddar Meanchey and Mondulkiri...................................3-4Conclusion and recommendations...5About GADC and reference.......6

“Limited adaptive capacity is arguably the main factor in Cambodia’s vulnerability to climate change. This is related to limited capacity at all levels, and deep-rooted and longstanding challenges: persistent poverty according to key indicators; inequality; insecure access to land and key productive resources; and institutional and

governance constraints. Inequality in terms of wealth and access to resources is closely associated with increased vulnerability to shocks and crises, including natural disasters. But conversely, social equity is strongly associated with greater resilience. This is particularly true for gender equity, given the different vulnerabilities of men and women and their different roles in household livelihood strategies. Greater gender equality–for example, in access to health and education, access to productive assets, to information and knowledge and to political participation and decision-making processes–can be central to climate change resilience.1"

In essence, everyone will have to deal with the negative impacts of climate change, but women will be impacted far worse than men, due to many of the reasons cited by the UNDP. Exposure and sensitivity to climate change hazards, along with a person’s adaptive capability are influenced by many factors,2 with Cambodian women’s disproportionate access to resources and education compared to men, limiting their adaptive capacity.

In Cambodia, women living rurally will feel the greatest negative impacts of climate change. Therefore, this issue will focus primarily on women living rurally and also look at some opportunities for women in relation to climate change, particularly through the UN’s Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) operating in Mondulkiri and Oddar Meanchey.

GENDER AND CLIMATE CHANGE: MITIGATION AND ENHANCEING RESILENCE

T H E G E N D E R A N D C L I M A T E C H A N G E L I N K

In 2011, Genderview explored the theme of Gender and Climate Change, highlighting the disproportionate negative impacts of climate change on women. Since then, Cambodia suffered some of the worst floods in recent history, affecting millions throughout the country, while climate change initiatives continue to expand throughout the country.

This issue of Genderview will explore some of these initiatives and take a further look into the linkages between gender and climate change. Rather than focus entirely on the negative impacts of climate change on gender equality, this Genderview will also look at opportunities for improving gender equality in relation to climate change.

Page 8: GENDER AND CLIMATE CHANGE: MITIGATION AND ENHANCEING RESILENCETHE

Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC)

improving women’s access to land, where social land concessions (SLCs) were identified as an important emerging mechanism for improving women’s productive capacities.

SLCs allocate land for landless and extremely poor families, thus providing the potential to generate income. An Oxfam report6 echoes the importance of such steps, arguing that women need greater land and credit access, along with agricultural inputs and technology. The lack of these resources can often create a negative ...Continue on page 3

As the UNDP states, improved access to health, education, income generation and political participation can all be key steps in improving women’s climate change resilience and adaptation.

As health and education gender disparities are gradually improving, such as increases in girls and women’s education enrolments, livelihood improvements are increasingly vital for climate change resilience. A previous issue of Genderview looked at the role of land titling in

Approximately 80% of Cambodia’s population live rurally, primarily engaging in livelihoods based on agriculture and/or fisheries – livelihoods that are likely to suffer the worst impacts of climate change. Additionally, people in poverty tend to have a heavier reliance on natural resources for these livelihoods, such as water.

The smaller your land is the more vulnerable you are because there is less buffer for any unexpected disasters, which are likely to increase due to climate change, as highlighted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambodia’s recent droughts and 2011 and 2013 floods certainly suggest this is already happening.

Due to gendered land inequalities women are much more vulnerable to disasters: 21% of Women Headed Households (WHH) are landless compared to 12.5% for the broader population3 , 34% of WHH have less than half a hectare of land compared to 18% of MHH and only 17% of WHH have land over two hectares compared to 33% of MHH .

Climate Change in Rural Cambodia

These impacts were evident in the 2011 floods, which 58 year old, Battambang-based Dr. Soen Seueng described as the worst he’d seen. Dr Soen Seueng treated many patients during the floods, particularly women and children. After her daughter received a diagnosis of dengue, mother Jeok Kimsan

explained “We will go to the hospital when we get some money" because their savings had been wiped out by the floods, placing her daughter in grave danger if the dengue is untreated5.

75% of women’s labour is in the agriculture sector, with women working in industrial sectors, except garment manufacturing sectors, very low. Such a reliance on agriculture makes a majority of women highly susceptible to climate change.

Although Cambodia is gradually industrialising, the population still remains highly dispersed and will be reliant on agriculture for some time yet. Thus, building gender-focused climate change resilience and adaptation is a matter of improving women’s access to resources and education to enhance agricultural production.

Therefore, women have far less capacity to adapt to climate change. If a flood strikes, it is much easier for women’s entire agricultural production to be wiped out. Alternatively, if a drought reduces production by say 50%, the smaller your amount of land, the bigger this impact will be. Losing 50% of four tonnes of rice production, still leaves a family with two tonnes, but if you lose half of smaller production, such as two tonnes down to one tonne, this will likely cause food and income shortages.

STRENGTHENING RURAL WOMEN’S RESILIENCE AND ADAPTATION

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Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC)

As with most things, climate change adaptation and resilience cannot be isolated from politics. The fact that rural women’s needs and economic empowerment have been neglected and marginalised is indicative of the lack of women’s representation in decision-making processes. According to the National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans, “experience has shown that equitable gender representation, involvement and participation of local communities and concerned stakeholders is a prerequisite for successful conservation and sustainable resource use initiatives."7 The mar-ginalisation of women occurs despite women playing a vibrant role in

forestry activities, with women responsible for 67% of non-timber forest product (NTFP) activities, in addition to the earlier mentioned importance of women in agriculture.8

...cycle that forces families to to withdraw girls from school to save on expenses and boost family income. While social norms play a significant role that leads to girls being more likely to be removed from school, addressing women’s resource needs can play a vital role in reducing cyclical gender inequality.

This support should include improved land tenure, technological transfer, agricultural input access and diversification of livelihood strategies. Infrastructure can also play a pivotal role, particularly irrigation systems, which in densely populated provinces such as Kandal and Takeo can enable multiple rice crops per year and reduce the impacts of flood and droughts.

In sum, economic empowerment of women can and should play a central role in enhancing women’s climate change resilience.

Strengthening rural women’s... ...continue from page 2

Degradation of land through climate change, land concessions that reduce communities’ access to natural resources and dams that disturb eco-systems are just some of the problems that deeply affect women, yet affected women often have minimal influence in the related decision-making processes.

over resources. Pact’s research also highlighted the gendered division of natural resource management. Men tended to do more physically demanding jobs, such as driving tractors and resin collection, while women were more involved in forest food collection.

Therefore, although both women and men are impacted by climate-related and other changes to natural resources, the impact on men is more recordable and thus more notable. For example, men’s loss

of income will be seen to reduce GDP, potentially raising concerns, while women’s losses may be invisible and go unnoticed.

In this context of gender disparity in community forestry management, the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) – a United Nations collaborative community forestry program, which is currently operating in Oddar Meanchy and Mondulkiri provinces of Cambodia–promotes gender equality in community forestry activities, and improves women’s economic situation along with program’s main goal of tackling climate change issues. The REDD+ program involves all stake-holders, including indigenous people and local ...continue on page 04

Community forestry initiatives have been a common method for trying to improve women and men’s participation in natural resource management, recognising that local communities play an important role in preserving natural resources. However, community forestry initiatives still tend to be dominated by men in leadership roles, according to research by the NGO Pact9 in Oddar Meanchey, where there is only one female community forestry leader in the province.

Pact found some examples of men actively seeking greater involvement of women and respecting their input on decision-making, but many interviewees stated that women were marginalised from community decision-making related to control

COMMUNITY FORESTRY AND REDD+ IN ODDAR MEANCHEY AND MONDULKIRI

This division of labour means that men conduct more commercialised activities, which are seen to hold

greater value, while women’s activities are often overlooked due to their

non-commercial nature.

Cambodia’s recent droughts and 2011 and 2013 floods certainly caused disaster.

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COMMUNITY FORESTRY AND REDD+ IN ODDAR MEANCHEY AND MONDULKIRI...continue from page 3

However, Pact has recently taken an initiative called Women’s Carbon Standard which integrates gender perspectives into the REDD+ and other carbon offset programs by setting minimum standards to support women’s empowerment, focusing particularly on women’s involvement in the management and the impact of projects on women. Achieving the Women’s Carbon Standard10 enables communities to gain improved carbon credits that are more attractive to buyers, while the standard helps to ensure carbon credit projects actually benefit women.

improve their corporate image, meaning the Women’s Carbon Standard will potentially be highly sought after as companies can use it as a means to show their support not just for reducing emissions reductions, but also for giving extra income to local communities, including women. The preservation of local forests also means deduction of the time that women usually spend to collect fodder, firewood and other non-timber forest products as these forest products are now increasingly available within the close proximinity of the households.

Carbon credits are generally bought by companies due to legal obligations to offset their emissions and often to

implementor of one of the primary REDD+ projects in Oddar Meanchey province, Cambodia – found that women possessed many distinct forestry skills, particularly related to finding foods and other NTFPs. It also found that the project lacked gender equality consideration in project management at the community level–approximately 80% of community forestry council seats were occupied by men, while women also participated less in meetings and decision-making.

...forest-dependent communities in its implementation. REDD+ as the name suggests aims to reduce carbon emissions by giving money to communities that reduce deforestation and forest degradation, which preserves the carbon stored in the forests.

The money comes from polluters that need or want to offset their emissions by paying for REDD+ credits, whom are generally companies or governments in developed countries. Not only does REDD+ reduce emissions, it preserves natural eco-systems, which has flow on benefits. According to the Food and Agricultural Organisation, the lose of forest area reduces income generating opportunities for communities reliant on the forest, thus forcing people to migrate to earn an income.

Additionally, deforestation increases the time it takes for domestic duties, such as collecting forest food and fodder, which usually falls upon women. Thus, the REDD+’s preservation of forests can have distinct impact on women’s economic empowerment, and the female labor for collection of food, fodder and firewood.

In a recent evaluation, Pact – the

Although still emerging areas, REDD+ and the Women’s Carbon Standard offer unique opportunities for climate change to not just be a source of problems for communities and women particularly, but it can turn these very challenges into pathways to promote greater gender equality.

As another report11 focusing on Mondulkiri REDD+ explains, women’s greater reliance on natural resources for their livelihoods means that diversi-fication of income through REDD+ can be an important means for improving gender equity and women’s resilience to climate change.

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RECOMMENDATIONS

There is no denying that climate change is having and will continue to have negative impacts on everyone in Cambodia and disproportionately impact women. This is extensively researched and well known. As Cambodia is already dealing with the impacts of climate change, particularly increasing droughts and floods, it is time for greater policy and program interventions focusing on gender issues in climate change. Greater economic empowerment, more secure land tenure and improved infrastructure are all important steps for enhancing women’s resilience and adaptation to climate change.

Additionally, women’s forestry skills must be supported with appropriate interventions, such as preservation of forests, which provide valuable income for women from NTFPs. The cases of REDD+ and the Women’s Carbon Standard also demonstrate the potential for programs to address climate change, while simultaneously supporting women. However, more needs to be done to ensure genuine women’s empowerment, as highlighted by the problems of women’s exclusion in Pact’s program. Minimising the negatives and accentuating the positives are important means for mitigating the gendered impacts of climate change, while potentially making it a means for improving gender equality.

The photo is retrieved from: http://www.recoftc.org/site/about-green-mekong

Although still emerging areas, REDD+ and the Women’s Carbon Standard offer unique opportunities for climate change to not just be a source of problems for communities and women particularly, but it can turn these very challenges into pathways to promote greater gender equality.

As another report11 focusing on Mondulkiri REDD+ explains, women’s greater reliance on natural resources for their livelihoods means that diversi-fication of income through REDD+ can be an important means for improving gender equity and women’s resilience to climate change.

CONCLUSION

Successful rural climate change interventions that promote gender equality should be expanded and replicated, particularly focusing on women’s economic empowerment, diversification of livelihoods and infrastructure;

Gender equity considerations should form a central part of all climate change planning for government and civil society;

Community forestry initiatives must involve far greater gender mainstreaming to ensure meaningful participation by women and influence in decision-making;

Climate change adaptation and mitigation projects must adopt an integrated approach, recognising that resilience is linked to key areas such as education, productive capacities, health services and influence in decision-making;Social Land Concessions should be expanded for land-poor women as a substantial mechanism for increasing climate change resilience;

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Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC)

ABOUT GADC

#89, Street 288, Sangkat Olympic, Khan ChamkarmornPhnom Penh, Cambodia

P.O. Box: 2684 Phnom Penh 3

Phone: +855 (23) 215 137Fax: +855 (23) 996 934

EDITORIAL PERSONNEL

Ms. Ros Sopheap, GADC Executive DirectorMr. Dustin Barter, Development ConsultantMr. Mozammel Haque, Technical AdvisorMr. Put Sopheak , Programme DirectorMr. CHHENG Sambo, Communication and Publication Coordinator

1. http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/ national/asiathepacific/cambodia/ Cambodia_2011_NHDR.pdf2. Solar. 2010. Rural Women, Gender and Climate Change2. Solar. 2010. Rural Women, Gender and Climate Change3. CDRI, Social Assessment of Land in Cambodia: a Field Study4. Mehrvar, Chhay & My 2008, Women’s Perspectives: a Case Study of Systematic Land Registration5. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/ 11/03/world/asia/floods-in-cambodia-affect-more-than-a--million.html?_r=06. Oxfam 2010. Rural Women, Gender and Climate Change7. Sasvari, A et al. 2010. Guidelines for Mainstreaming Gender into National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans8. Sun and Kouk. 2002. Gender in Community Forestry Management. 9. Bradley et al. 2013. Gender and REDD+: An Assessment in the Oddar Meanchey Community Forestry REDD+ Site, Cambodia10. www.womenscarbon.org11. Suzuki. 2012. Linking Adaptation and Mitigation through Community Forestry: Case Studies from Asia

REFERENCE:

Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC) is a local non-profit and non-political organization. It was admitted to the NGO Good Practice Programme (NGO-GPP) for its compliance with all standards in the Code of Ethical Principles and Minimum Standard for NGO in August 2011.

GADC works in cooperation with the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) and members of civil society organizations to advocate for gender sensitive projects/programs, national laws and policies formulation in Cambodia.

GADC’s vision: A just where women and men are equally empowered to participate in development and to access, use, and protect their rights.

GADC’s mission: GADC works to promote gender equality as fundamental human rights, which are necessary for Cambodia’s social, economic and political development.