GD&T saravanan kulasekaran 27.06.16
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Transcript of GD&T saravanan kulasekaran 27.06.16
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Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
BySaravanan Kulasekaran
ME., LLB.,Technical Manager
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What is Meant by GD&T
• Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) is a system for defining and communicating engineering tolerances.
• It uses a symbolic language on engineering drawings and computer-generated three-dimensional solid models that explicitly describes nominal geometry and its allowable variation.
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ISO vs. ASME
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Comparing the ISO and the ASME Approaches to GD&T
Issue or Topic ISO ASME
Approach
Explanation
Cost of Standards
Number of Standards
Theoretical Functional
Graphical, Few Words
700 – 1000 USD
10 - 16
Comprehensive
< 100 USD
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ASME Y14.5M – 2009 Structure Section 1 Scope, Definitions, and General Dimensioning
Section 2 General Tolerancing and Related Principles
Section 3 Symbology
Section 4 Datum Reference Frames
Section 5 Tolerances of Form
Section 6 Tolerances of Orientation
Section 7Tolerances of Location
Section 8 Tolerances of Profile
Section 9 Tolerances of Runout
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Fundamental Rules• Each dimension shall have a tolerance.
(except for those dimensions specifically identified as reference, maximum, minimum, or stock)
• Ensure full understanding of each feature.
• Show the detail needed and no more.
• Serve function needs, no misinterpretation.
• Manufacturing methods are not specified.
• Non-mandatory dimensions are OK.
• Designed of optimal readability.
• Tolerances apply for full size of feature.
• Dimensions and tolerances only apply at the drawing level where they were specified.
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Angular Units
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Decimal Inch Dimensions
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Millimetre Dimensions
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Application of Dimensions
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Grouping of Dimensions
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Spacing of Dimension Lines
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Staggered Dimensions
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Point Locations
Breaks in Extension Lines
Oblique Extension Lines
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Leader-Directed Dimensions
Minimizing Leaders
Leaders
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Overall Reference Dimension
Intermediate Reference Dimension
Reading Direction
Diameters
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Radii With Unlocated Centers
Radius With Located Center
Radii
Foreshortened Radii
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Round Holes
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Round Holes
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Round Holes
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Countersunk and Counter drilled Holes
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Internal Chamfers
Chamfers
Chamfers Between Surfaces at OtherThan 90°
Key seats
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KNURLING
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Rectangular Coordinate Dimensioning
Rectangular Coordinate Dimensioning Without Dimension Lines
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Rectangular Coordinate Dimensioning in Tabular Form
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Polar Coordinate Dimensioning Repetitive Features and Dimensions
Repetitive Features and Dimensions
Repetitive Features
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Section-2 General Tolerancing and Related
Principles
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Key Definitions• Tolerance – The total permissible variation in size for a
specified dimension.
• Bilateral Tolerance – A tolerance zone where the boundary conditions contain the specified dimension.
• Geometric Tolerance – A general term that refers any of the 14 symbols used to control form, orientation, profile, runout, or location.
• Unilateral Tolerance – A tolerance zone that only exists on one side of the specified dimension.
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Limit Dimensioning
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Plus and Minus Tolerancing
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Tolerance Accumulation
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Tolerance Accumulation
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Section-03 Symbology
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Geometric Characteristic Symbols
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BEZELCASE
CLAMP
PROBE
DIAL INDICATOR
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810 12 10
8
6
422
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Dial Indicator
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Verification of Flatness
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Z
DATUMREFERENCEFRAME
SURFACEPLATE
GRANITE
PROBE
COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINEBRIDGE DESIGN
Coordinate Measuring Machine
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STRAIGHTNESS
Straightness is a condition where an element of a surface,or derived median line, is a straight line. A straightnesstolerance specifies a tolerance zone within whichthe considered element of a surface or derived medianline must lie. A straightness tolerance is applied in theview where the elements to be controlled are representedby a straight line.
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STRAIGHTNESS
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FLATNESSFlatness is the condition of a surface or derived median plane having all elements in one plane. A flatness tolerance specifies a tolerance zone defined bytwo parallel planes within which the surface or derived median plane must lie.
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Checking for Flatness
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CIRCULARITY
Definition Circularity exists when all of the points on a perpendicular cross section of a cylinder or a cone are equidistant to its axis.
Tolerance Zone Two concentric circles that contain each circular element of the surface.
Note: Circularity also applies to spheres
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Checking for Circularity
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CYLINDRICITY
Definition Cylindricity exists when all of the points on the surface of a cylinder are equidistant to a common axis.
Tolerance Zone Two concentric cylinders that contain the entire cylindrical surface.
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Checking for Cylindricity
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PROFILE OF A LINE Profile of a line is of course closely related to profile of a surface. The difference being that profile of a line takes only the measurement at a specific cross section, and does not take into account the variance of one cross section to the next.
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PROFILE OF A SURFACEProfile of a surface describes a 3-Dimensional tolerance zone around a surface, usually which is an advanced curve or shape. If it is called out on a curved surface, like a fillet on a welded part, the entire surface where the radius is has to fall within the tolerance zone.
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ANGULARITY
Two parallel planes or lines which are oriented at the specified angle in relation to a datum. All points on the referenced surface must fall into this tolerance zone.
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Checking for Angularity
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ANGULARITY• is the condition of a surface, axis, or median plane which
is at a specific angle (other than 90°) from a datum plane or axis.
• Can be applied to an axis at MMC.• Typically must have a Basic dimension.
The surface is at a 45º angle with a .005 tolerance zone relative to datum A.
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PERPENDICULARITY
• is the condition of a surface, center plane, or axis at a right angle (90°) to a datum plane or axis.Ex:
The tolerance zone is the space between the 2 parallel lines. They are perpendicular to the datum plane and spaced .005 apart.
The perpendicularity of this surface must be within a .005 tolerance zone relative to datum A.
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PERPENDICULARITY
• Location of hole (axis)
This means ‘the hole (axis) must be perpendicular within a diametrical tolerance zone of .010 relative to datum A’
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Checking for Perpendicularity
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±0.01
PARALLELISM:• The condition of a surface or center plane equidistant at all points
from a datum plane, or an axis.• The distance between the parallel lines, or surfaces, is specified by
the geometric tolerance.
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Checking for Parallelism
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Position Tolerance
• A position tolerance is the total permissible variation in the location of a feature about its exact true position.
• For cylindrical features, the position tolerance zone is typically a cylinder within which the axis of the feature must lie.
• For other features, the center plane of the feature must fit in the space between two parallel planes.
• The exact position of the feature is located with basic dimensions.
• The position tolerance is typically associated with the size tolerance of the feature.
• Datums are required.
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Concentricity
Definition Concentricity defines the location of cylindrical features about an axis of rotation.
Tolerance Zone The tolerance zone is defined as a cylinder about the datum axis that must contain the median points of diametrically opposed elements of a feature.
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A
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Checking for Concentricity
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Runout Tolerances
• Circular Runout
• Total Runout
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2-D Application
3-D Application
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Runout
Definition Runout is a composite control used to specify functional relationships between part features and a datum axis.
Tolerance Zone Circular runout is a 2-D application that evaluates full indicator movement on a perpendicular cross section rotating about a datum axis. Total runout evaluates full indicator movement of the full surface rotating about a datum axis.
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3-D Application 2-D Application
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Checking for Runout
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Symmetry
Definition Symmetry defines the location of non-cylindrical features about a derived median plane.
Tolerance Zone The tolerance zone is defined by two planes, equidistant to a datum center plane. The derived median points must fall within these two planes.
A
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Set Up for Symmetry
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Geometric Characteristic Symbols
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TO BE CONTINUED ON SESSION 02
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