sufTa haeri jansaRi cxovrebis winapi-robaa – es TiTqos sayovelTaod aRiarebu-li WeSmaritebaa, magram adamianebis sakma-od farTo wrem dResac ar icis, Tu ra mni-Svneloba aqvs sufTa haers, ra iwvevs hae-ris dabinZurebas, ras iwvevs dabinZurebu-li haeri, rogor moqmedebs garemoze da ra aris saWiro haeris (atmosferuli Tu Seno-bis Sida) xarisxis gaumjobesebisaTvis.

atmosferuli haeri biosferos erT-erTi mTavari komponentia, romelic umniS-vnelovanesia dedamiwis yvela cocxali organizmisTvis. swored amitom sWirdeba dRevandeli msoflios atmosferul haers dacva anTropogenuli (adamianis) saqmia-nobiT gamowveuli dabinZurebisgan.

haeris dabinZureba uSualod moqme-debs adamianis janmrTelobaze. amas uam-ravi samecniero kvlevac adasturebs. at-mosferuli haeris dabinZureba warmoad-gens avadobis, invalidobisa da sikvdilia-nobis potenciur riskfaqtors. daavadebe-bis speqtri sakmaod farToa da ZiriTadad damokidebulia haerSi damabinZureblebis koncentraciaze, eqspoziciis xangrZli-vobasa da organizmis mdgomareobaze. Sesa-bamisad, haeris dabinZurebas gansakuTre-biT mZime zegavlena aqvs iseT mgrZnobiare jgufebze, rogoricaa orsulebi, bavSvebi, moxucebi, daavadebuli adamianebi, aseve dabalSemosavliani jgufebi.

haeris zemoqmedeba janmrTelobaze kargad aris Seswavlili. dabinZurebuli haeri riskfaqtoria ara mxolod gul-sisxlZarRvTa da sasunTqi gzebis daava-debebisTvis (magaliTad, asTmisa da qro-nikuli bronqitebisTvis), aramed bavSvebSi tvinisa da nervuli sistemis ganviTarebis paTologiisa Tu diabetisTvis. msoflio jandacvis organizaciis onkologiur daa-vadebaTa saagento amtkicebs, rom atmos-feruli haeris dabinZurebas SeuZlia fil-tvis kibos gamowveva. Senobis Sida Tu at-mosferuli haeris dabinZureba mravali qronikuli daavadebis mizezia, rac mZime tvirTia rogorc daavadebulebis, ise qvey-nis janmrTelobis samsaxurebisa da ekono-mikisaTvis.

haeris dabinZurebis zrdas uaryofiTi gavlena aqvs socialur-ekonomikur mdgo-mareobazec, radgan avadobis zrda iwvevs mkurnalobisa da profilaqtikuri medici-nis xarjebis zrdas, samuSao dReebis karg-vasa da Sesabamis ekonomikur zarals. amas-Tan, haeris dabinZureba uaryofiTad moq-medebs ekosistemebze da amcirebs mosav-lianobas, azianebs Senobebs da istoriul Zeglebs, auaresebs turistuli adgilebis esTetikur Rirebulebas da a.S.

haeris dabinZureba haeris dabinZureba Cveni saukunis umniSvnelovanesi garemosdacviTi gamowveva

manana qoClaZe

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organuli sawvavisa da sxva nivTierebe-bis wvisas warmoqmnili naerTebi atmosfe-ros mTavari damabinZureblebia. haeris da-binZureba yvelaze uCinari dabinZurebaa. praqtikulad uxilavia haeris iseTi nivTi-erebebiT dabinZureba, rogoricaa naxSir-Jangi, azotis da gogirdis oqsidebi, myari nawilakebi, aromatuli organuli naerTe-bi, pirinebi, dioqsinebi, furanebi da sxva. roca atmosferul haerSi am nivTierebaTa koncentracia garkveul zRvars aRwevs, is uaryofiTad moqmedebs adamianis janmrTe-lobaze, ekosistemebsa Tu materialur fa-seulobebze.

kacobriobis arsebobis manZilze bu-nebrivi garemo yovelTvis ganicdida anT-ropogenur zemoqmedebas, magram sanam ada-mianebis didi nawili agraruli tipis da-saxlebebSi cxovrobda da energiis Ziri-Tad wyarod SeSas iyenebda, atmosferuli haeris dabinZurebis problema naklebad idga. rac Seexeba Senobis Sida haers, misi dabinZureba yovelTvis awuxebda kacobri-obas, magram adamiani egueboda imas, rom kvamli xels uSlida sunTqvas da Wvartlis Savi safari edeboda Wersa da kedlebs, radgan xis wviT miRebuli siTbo bevrad ufro mniSvnelovani iyo, vidre sufTa haeri da sufTa kedlebi.

qvanaxSiris sawvavad moxmarebam da in-dustrializaciam mniSvnelovnad gazarda haeris dabinZureba. mag., inglisSi pirveli kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac, q. londonSi qvanaxSiris dawva aikrZala, 1306 wels ga-mosca mefe eduard I-ma. Savi sqeli nisli, bolisa da Wvartlis nazavi, e.w. „smogi“, londons XX saukuneSic ki ̀ awuxebda~.

aRsaniSnavia, rom kacobriobam XX sau-kunis ganmavlobaSi ufro meti wiaRiseuli sawvavi moixmara (qvanaxSiri, torfi, buneb-rivi gazi, navTobi Tu sxva navTobproduq-tebi), vidre mTeli Tavisi istoriis man-

haeris dabinZurebis istoriuli konteqsti

biosfero (Zv. berZn. βιοςσφαῖρα; βιος – sicocxle, σφαῖρα – sfero) – dedamiwis Txeli fena, sadac ar-sebobs da viTardeba sicocxle. termini „biosfe-ro“ pirvelad frangma naturalistma Jan batist lamarkma gamoiyena, xolo swavleba biosferos Se-saxeb XX saukunis dasawyisSi Seiqmna. misi avtoria rusi mecnieri vladimer vernadski. Tanamedrove biosfero moicavs liTosferos, anu dedamiwis qerqs, hidrosferos, anu dedamiwis wylian garss da atmosferos, anu planetis airovan garss. bio-sferos zeda sazRvari zRvis donidan daaxloe-biT 6 kilometrs aRwevs. am simaRleze jer kidev SeuZliaT arseboba qlorofilis Semcvel mcena-reebs. biosferos qveda sazRvari vrceldeba 2-3 km.-is siRrmeze xmeleTis pirobebSi da 1-2 km.-is siRrmeze okeanis fskeridan.

haeris dabinZureba

smogi (ingl. Smog) – haeris dabinZurebis tipi. Savi, sqeli nisli, romelic warmoiqmneba bolisa da Wvartlisagan did qalaqebsa da samrewvelo centrebSi. sityva „smogi“ damkvidrda 1905 wli-dan, rodesac gamoqveynda henri antuan de vos statia „kvamli da nisli“ da warmoadgens am ing-lisuri sityvebis – kvamlisa (ingl. Smoke) da nislis (ingl. Fog) – Serwymis Sedegs. smogs war-moqmnis didi raodenobiT naxSiris wva; arsebobs Tanamedrove tipis smogi, romelic Cndeba avto-mobilTa gamonabolqvis, Sida wvis Zravisa da sa-warmoo airebis gamoyofis Sedegad.

Zilze. Sesabamisad, haeris dabinZurebis problema Seexo TiTqmis yvela ganviTare-bul Tu ganviTarebad qveyanas.

msoflios energetikuli simZlavree-bis, gansakuTrebiT, qvanaxSiris Tboeleq-trosadgurebis mSeneblobam, qimiuri mrew-velobis swrafma ganviTarebam, pirvel rig-Si, urbanul centrebs Seuqmna mravalnairi garemosdacviTi problema. avtomanqanebis, aseve sxva saxis manqanebisa da meqanizmebis gamoyenebam gamoiwvia garemos sistematuri da intensiuri dabinZureba. Sesabamisad, ga-suli saukunis 50-iani wlebidan garemos da-binZurebis Sedegebi ukve sagrZnobi gaxda.

erT-erTi pirveli qveyana, romelmac bunebrivi garemos qimiuri dabinZurebis gavlena igrZno, iyo iaponia. misi terito-riis 80 procentze sawarmoo samZlavree-bis zemoqmedebiT haerisa da wylis dabin-Zurebam sagangaSo dones miaRwia. pirveli e.w. fotoqimiuri smogi oficialurad 1970 wlis ivlisSi dafiqsirda, rodesac smogma dafara tokio da sxva rva qalaqi. smogis gamo aTasobiT adamians daewyo Tvalebis wva da gauCnda yelis daavadebebi.

evropis garemos dacvis saagentos gan-cxadebiT, yvelaze sagangaSo mdgomareoba haeris dabinZurebis TvalsazrisiT evro-paSi aqvs did britaneTs, kerZod, londons. miCneulia, rom weliwadSi 20 000 adamiani naadrevad kvdeba haeris dabinZurebiT ga-mowveuli daavadebebis gamo. amis ZiriTad mizezad miCneulia britaneTSi arsebuli dizelis sawvavze momuSave avtoparki. aT-wleulebis ganmavlobaSi mTavroba, saTbu-ri gazebis gamoyofis Semcirebis mizniT,

xels uwyobda dizelze momuSave avtoman-qanebis gavrcelebas, Tumca aRmoCnda, rom dizelze momuSave manqanebi ufro metad abinZureben garemos (gamoyofs met azotis dioqsids), vidre benzinze momuSave manqa-nebi.

fotoqimiuri smogi 1950-iani wlebidan damkvid-rebuli terminia, romelic aRniSnavs atmosfe-roSi mzis Suqis, azotis oqsidebisa da mfrinavi organuli nivTierebebis qimiur reaqcias, rome-lic Seicavs mavne nivTierebebs (atmosferos al-dehids; azotis oqsidebs; peroqsiacilis nitra-tebs; troposferul ozons; mfrinav organul nivTierebebs) da abinZurebs atmosferos.

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mravali wlis manZilze haeri ukidure-sad dabinZurebuli iyo qalaq pekinSic, rac gamowveuli iyo 5 milionze meti avtomobi-lis moZraobiT, qvanaxSiris eleqtrosadgu-rebis muSaobiTa da mtvris StormebiT, rom-lebsac uamravi samSeneblo mtveri mohqon-da qveynis CrdiloeT provinciebidan. Cine-Tis mTavrobam am problemas yuradReba mxo-lod mas Semdeg miaqcia, rac 2013 wels peki-nis Tavze ramdenime kviris manZilze smogi dadga – moxda misi identificireba da gark-veuli RonisZiebebic gatarda.

haeris dabinZureba yvelgan problemaa. kvlevebis mixedviT, evropis qalaqebis mo-saxleobis 95% ganicdis mtvris Sewonili

nawilakebisa da miwispira ozonis mavne ze-moqmedebas. evrokavSirSi haeris dabinZu-reba adreuli sikvdilianobis mTavari faq-toria. aq haeris dabinZurebiT gamowveuli adreuli sikvdilianoba 400 000 adamiania we-liwadSi, xolo janmrTelobasTan dakavSi-rebuli xarjebi daaxloebiT 330-940 mili-ard evros aRwevs.

haeris dabinZurebasTan brZolaSi yve-laze warmatebuli iyo amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, sadac 1970 wlidan moqmedebs e.w. `sufTa haeris aqti~, romlis saSualebiTac qveyanam SeZlo mniSvnelovnad Seemcirebina haeris dabinZureba da Tavidan aecilebina uamravi saxis daavadeba. 1970 wlidan 2014

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wlamde haerSi 69%-iT Semcirda eqvsi (mtvris Sewonili nawilakebi, miwispira ozoni, naxSirbadis monoqsidi, gogirdis oqsidebi, azotis oqsidebi, tyvia) ZiriTadi damabinZureblis emisia (anu gamoyofa/ga-moSveba), miuxedavad imisa, rom am dros aSS-is mTliani Sida produqti 212 %-iT gai-zarda. aSS-is garemos dacvis saagentos 2017 wlis ianvris gancxadebiT, ̀ sufTa haeris aq-tiT~ SesaZlebeli gaxda daaxloebiT 160 000 naadrevi sikvdilis, 130 000 gulis Setevis (infarqtis), milionobiT respiratoruli daavadebisa da bronqitis Tavidan acileba.

aseve SenarCunda 13 milioni samuSao dRe da Semcirda dabinZurebuli haeris zegavlena mosavalsa da satyeo meurneobaze.

marTalia, mravali saxelmwifo aRia-rebs adamianis janmrTelobisTvis haeris dabinZurebiT gamowveul safrTxeebsa da riskebs da zrunavs maT aRmofxvraze, mag-ram gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom atmosferu-li haeri sazRvrebiT ar Semoifargleba da mxolod calkeul qveynebSi gatarebuli RonisZiebebi sasurvel Sedegs ver gamoi-Rebs. atmosferuli haeris xarisxis gaum-jobeseba SesaZlebelia mxolod qveynebis

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erToblivi ZalisxmeviT. swored amitom muSaoben msoflio jandacvis organizacia da sxva garemosdacviTi saagentoebi aqti-urad da qveynebs haeris xarisxis gaumjo-besebisaTvis rekomendaciebsac sTavazo-ben.

ra aris haeris dabinZureba?

atmosferos bunebrivi maxasiaTeble-bis cvlilebas, romelic gamowveulia ne-bismieri qimiuri, fizikuri an biologiuri agentis zemoqmedebiT, haeris dabinZureba ewodeba. haeris mTavari damabinZureble-bia:

myari nawilakebi, anu mtveri

myari nawilakebi, rasac xSirad ubra-lod mtvers vuwodebT, erT-erTi yvelaze saSiSi damabinZurebelia. is haerSi ZiriTa-dad sawvavis wvis da sxva samrewvelo pro-cesebis Sedegad xvdeba. misi ZiriTadi gam-frqvevebia avtotransporti, cementis qarxnebi da energetikuli industria – Tboenergetika. misi qimiuri Semadgenloba mravalgvaria, is SeiZleba Seicavdes ro-gorc elementarul naxSirbads, ise dabali aqroladobis mqone organul naerTebsa Tu araorganul naerTebs (nitratebi, sulfa-tebi, araorganuli ionebi), Wvartls, mZime liTonebs, metalebis oqsidebs (mag., sili-ciumis oqsids), nacars (kalciumis sili-kats) da a.S. Sewonil myar nawilakebs Soris yvelaze ufro saSiSia nawilakebi, romel-Ta hidrodinamikuri diametri 5 mkm.-ze nak-lebia. SesunTqvisas isini aRweven limfur

kvanZebSi, Cerdebian filtvebis alveoleb-Si da lorwovani garsis gaRizianebas iwve-ven.

gogirdis orJangi

gogirdis orJangi atmosferoSi gogir-dis Semcveli sawvavis wvisas xvdeba. misi Zi-riTadi wyaroa qvanaxSirze momuSave eleq-trosadgurebi, saqvabeebi, metalurgiuli sawarmoebi, agreTve dizelis sawvavze mo-muSave avtomanqanebi. daSvebulze maRali koncentraciiT haerSi gogirdis orJangis arseboba aRizianebs sasunTq gzebs, cxvir-xaxisa da traqeis lorwovans.

naxSirJangi (СO)

naxSirJangi ufero da usuno mxuTavi gazia, romelic arasruli wvis produqts warmoadgens. misi ZiriTadi wyaroa avto-mobilebis gamonabolqvi (warmoiqmneba saw-vavis arasruli wvisas, rasac ganapirobebs arasakmarisi temperatura an Sida wvis Zra-vaSi mouwesrigebeli haeris mimwodebeli sistema), navTobisa da qvanaxSiris wva, me-talurgiuli warmoeba.

naxSirJangi CasunTqvisas male gadadis sisxlSi, urTierTqmedebs hemoglobinis rkinasTan da warmoqmnis myar naerTs – kar-boqsihemoglobins, ris Sedegadac hemog-lobins veRar gadaaqvs Jangbadi da iwyeba organizmis Jangbadovani SimSili. adami-ans, romelic Tundac mcire doziT mudmi-vad sunTqavs naxSirbadis monoqsids, aRe-niSneba anemia, sunTqvis gaZneleba, haeris

haeris dabinZureba

ukmarisoba, Tavis tkivili da sxv. didi odenobiT naxSirJangis CasunTqvisas adam-iani iRupeba.

azotis oqsidebi (NO )x

azotis oqsidebi warmoiqmneba maRal temperaturaze sawvavis wvisas, Jangbadis siWarbis dros. misi ZiriTadi wyaroa avtomobilebis gamonabolqvi, bunebrivi airis namwvi, Tboeleqtrosadgurebi da in-sineratorebi (specialuri wvis Rumeli, sadac maRal temperaturaze xdeba daava-debul cxovelTa leSisa da sxva biologi-uri narCenebis ganadgureba). haerSi arse-buli azotis oqsidebi aRizianebs sasunTq gzebs, upirveles yovlisa, filtvebis qso-vils.

manganumis oqsidi (Mn O )2 3

manganumis oqsidis ZiriTadi wyaroa me-talurgiuli warmoeba. manganumis oqsidi aris Zliermomwamvleli nivTiereba, rome-lic moqmedebs centralur nervul siste-maze da mis cvlilebebs iwvevs.

tyvia (PB)

tyvia da misi naerTebi atmos-feroSi ZiriTadad xvdebaavtotransportidan, eTi-lirebuli benzinis gamoyenebisas, metalurgi-uli war-

moebidan da a.S. tyvia grovdeba adamianis sxvadasxva organoSi (tvini, RviZli, Tirk-meli, Zvlebi), gansakuTrebul zians aye-nebs bavSvebsa da mozardebs, aseve mniSvne-lovnad moqmedebs bavSvis embrionul gan-viTarebaze. tyviis gafrqvevis nebismieri done saxifaToa. tyviis maRalma gafrqve-vam bavSvebSi SeiZleba gamoiwvios koma, konvulsiebi da sikvdilic ki, daazianos Tavis tvini, Seaferxos fsiqikuri da fizi-kuri ganviTareba, gamoiwvios sxvadasxva nevrologiuri da qceviTi problemebi.

qvanaxSiris wva

qvanaxSiris eleqtrosadgurebi ganixi-leba energetikis seqtorSi erT-erT mTa-var damabinZureblad, radgan qvanaxSiris wvisas gamoiyofa ara mxolod saTburis ga-zebi, aramed aseve mTeli rigi saSiSi haeris dambinZureblebi, rogoricaa: gogirdis di-oqsidi, azotis oqsidebi, policiklur-aromatuli naxSirwyalbadebi, toqsikuri nivTierebebi, mZime metalebi (merkuri, kad-miumi, tyvia, dariSxani, radioizotopebi), myari nawilakebi da dioqsinebi, rac qars asobiT kilometrze gadaaqvs. amasTan, nax-

Sirbadis wvisas gamoyofili e.w. myari nawilakebi, mcire zomis

(diametri – 2,4 mikro-metri) gamo, gansa-

kuTrebiT sa-SiSia adamia-nis organiz-

misTvis (iwvevs

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filtvebis muSaobisa da sisxlis mimoqcevis darRvevebs, gulsisxlZarRvTa daavadebeb-sa da insults).

mJava wvimebi

atmosferuli naleqebis yvela saxeobas – wvima, Tovli, setyva, nisli da a.S., romel-Ta tenis SemadgenlobaSi maRalia mJavuri komponenti, mJava wvima ewodeba. normalu-ri atmosferuli naleqis mJavianoba (pH) daaxloebiT 5,6-ia. is odnav momJavoa, vi-naidan naxSirorJangi CO ixsneba wyalSi da 2

qmnis sust mJavas – naxSirmJavas (H CO ).2 3

mJava wvimis mJavianoba ki 4,2-sa da 4,4-s So-ris meryeobs.

Sotlandielma qimikosma robert angus smitma jer kidev 1852 wels daadgina, rom mJava wvimasa da dabinZurebul garemos So-ris kavSiri arsebobs. rac ufro dabinZu-rebulia garemo, miT ufro imatebs wvimis wylis mJavianoba. mJava wvimis ori umTav-resi komponentia gogirdmJava da azotmJa-va, romlebic warmoiqmneba haerSi gafrqve-uli gogirdisa da azotis oqsidebis kon-centraciis zrdisas. atmosferoSi mox-vedrili mJavuri oqsidebi haeris nakade-biT aTasobiT da aTi aTasobiT kmilometr-ze gadaadgildeba. mJava wvimebiT yvelaze metad dazaralebulia skandinaviis qvey-nebi, sadac mJava wvimebis daaxloebiT 70-80%-s transsasazRvro xasiaTi aqvs da maT ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens didi brita-neTi, germania da sxva qveynebi. mxolod

britaneTidan daaxloebiT 40 000 tona go-girdis dioqsidis mJava modis da SvedeTis Tavze ̀ icleba~.

mJava wvimebi uaryofiTad moqmedebs ga-remosa da adamianebis cxovrebaze, iwvevs tbebisa da tyis ekosistemebis degradire-bas, tbebi da wyaroebi xdeba mJavuri, rac klavs qviriTs da safrTxes uqmnis Tevzis populaciebs. mag., SvedeTSi 18 000 tbidan 4000 aTasi degradirebulia mJava wvimebis gamo.

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mJava wvimebis gavleniT icvleba niada-gis struqtura, mcirdeba misi produqtiu-loba da biomasis daJangvis siCqare, amis Zi-riTadi mizezi niadagis mikrofloris deg-radaciaa. niadagis xsnaris pH-is Semcireba sxva uaryofiT movlenebsac iwvevs, ker-Zod, izrdeba mZime liTonebis moZravi, bi-ologiurad aqtiuri formebis koncentra-cia da advilad irecxeba biogenuri nivTie-rebebi. aseve seriozuli ziani adgeba tyis ekosistemebs, radganac ziandeba foTle-bisa da totebis epidermisi da izrdeba mcenaris daavadebis albaToba. samrewve-lo regionebSi tyeebis gaCanagebis erT-erTi mizezi mJava wvimebia.

mJava wvimebis gamo adamianebs eqmnebaT sunTqvis problemebi, gansakuTrebiT – vi-sac asTma awuxebs. iwvevs Tavis tkivilebs, Tvalebis, cxvirisa da xorxis wvas.

smogi

fotoqimiuri smogi aris atmosferoSi mzis Suqis, azotis oqsidebis, troposfe-ruli ozonis, nitratebisa da mfrinavi organuli nivTierebebis qimiuri reaqcia. fotoqimiuri smogi yvela Tanamedrove

qalaqis problemaa, gansakuTrebiT – iq, sadac aris bevri avtomanqana da mSrali, Tbili da mziani klimati. smogi gadaadgil-deba qaris daxmarebiT da SeiZleba uaryo-fiTad imoqmedos agrarul raionebzec.

smogi amcirebs xilvadobas, aZlierebs masalebis da nagebobebis korozias, dam-Rupvelad moqmedebs mcenareebze, aryevs adamianis janmrTelobas, iwvevs sasunTqi gzebis dazianebas, pirRebinebas, Tvalis lorwovani garsis gaRizianebasa da saer-To moTenTilobas. intensiuri da xangrZ-livi fotoqimiuri smogi SeiZleba daava-debaTa da sikvdilianobis zrdis mizezi aRmoCndes.

Senobis Sida haeris dabinZureba

atmosferuli haeris garda, dabinZure-buli SeiZleba iyos haeri Senobis SigniT, rac bevr problemas uqmnis adamianis jan-mrTelobas. Senobis Sida haeris dabinZu-rebis wyaroebia:

garemo

amrigad, rogorc vnaxeT, haeris dabin-Zureba mniSvnelovani problemaa, romelic safrTxes uqmnis Cvens janmrTelobasa da garemomcvel samyaros. es am saukunis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia, romlis Sesaxebac unda icodes TiToeulma moqala-qem da romlis mogvarebac moeTxoveba yve-la qveyanas, radgan haers sazRvrebi ar ga-aCnia da misi dabinZurebisagan dacva mTeli kacobriobis saerTo da gadaudebeli saz-runavia.

obis soko

Tambaqos kvamli

SeSisa da sxva sawvavis wvis produq-tebi

mtveri, maT Soris, Sewonili myari nawilakebi

saojaxo meurneobaSi gamoyenebuli produqtebi da pesticidebi

iseTi gazebi, rogoricaa radoni da naxSirJangi

SenobaSi gamoyenebuli masalebi, maga-liTad, azbesti, formaldehidi, tyvia.

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