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9/29/13 Liu Bei - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Bei

Liu Bei

Founding emperor of Shu-Han

Born 161

Zhuo County, Zhuo Commandery

(present-day Zhuozhou, Baoding,

Hebei)

Died 10 June 223 (aged 62)

Baidicheng (8 km east of present-day

Fengjie County, Chongqing)

Reign 221223

Successor Liu Shan

Names

Simplified

Chinese

Traditional

Chinese

Pinyin Li Bi

WadeGiles Liu2 Pei4

Style name Xuande (Chinese:; pinyin:Xund;

WadeGiles: Hsuan-te)

Posthumous

name

Zhaolie (Chinese:; pinyin:Zholi;

Liu BeiFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a Chinese name; the family name is Liu.

Liu Bei (Mandarin pronunciation: [ljo pe]; 161 10 June

223),[2] style name Xuande, was a warlord in the late

Eastern Han Dynasty who founded the state of Shu Han in

the Three Kingdoms period and became its first ruler.

Despite having a later start than his rivals and lacking both the

material resources and social status they commanded, Liu Bei

overcame his many defeats to carve out his own realm, which

at its peak spanned present-day Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan,

parts of Hubei, and parts of Gansu.

Culturally, due to the popularity of the historical novel

Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong, Liu

Bei is widely known as an ideal benevolent, humane ruler

who cared for his people and selected good advisers for his

government. His fictional counterpart in the novel was a

salutary example of a ruler who adhered to the Confucian set

of moral values, such as loyalty and compassion. Historically,

Liu Bei was a brilliant politician and leader whose skill was a

remarkable demonstration of a Legalist. His political

philosophy can best be described by the Chinese idiom

"Confucian in appearance but Legalist in substance"

(simplified Chinese:; traditional Chinese:

; pinyin: r bio f l; WadeGiles:ju2 piao3 fa3 li3), a

style of governing which had become the norm after the

founding of the Han Dynasty.[3]

Contents

1 Physical appearance

2 Pedigree

3 Yellow Turban Rebellion

4 Warlord state

4.1 Succeeding Tao Qian

4.2 Conflict with L Bu

4.3 Role in the Cao-Yuan conflict

4.4 Taking refuge under Liu Biao

5 Alliance with Sun Quan

5.1 Battle of Red Cliffs

5.2 Taking Jing Province

6 Establishing the Shu regime
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Bei 2

WadeGiles: Chao-lieh; literally "clear

uprightness")

Era names Zhangwu (Chinese:; pinyin:

Zhngw; WadeGiles: Chang-wu; 221

223)

Other

names

Liu Yuzhou (simplified Chinese:;

traditional Chinese:; pinyin:LuYzhu) Liu Yuchow in Chinese Posta

Map Romanisation spelling)[1]

6.1 Conquering Yi Province

6.2 Sun-Liu territorial dispute

6.3 Hanzhong Campaign

6.4 Becoming an emperor

7 Defeat and death

8 Family

9 Appointments and titles held

10 In fiction11 General worship of Liu Bei

12 Modern references

12.1 Card games

12.2 Video games

13 See also

14 Notes

15 References

Physical appearance

The historical textRecords of the Three Kingdoms described Liu Bei as a man seven chi and five cun tall, with

long arms that extended beyond his knees, and ears so large that he could see them.[4]

The historical novelRomance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong gave a similar description about Liu

Bei's physical appearance, but with additional features. It mentioned that Liu Bei was seven chi and five cun tall,

with ears so large that they touched his shoulders and that he could even see them, long arms that extended beyon

his knees, a fair and handsome face, and lips so red that it seemed as though he wore lipstick. [5]

Pedigree

According to the historical textRecords of the Three Kingdoms, Liu Bei was born in Zhuo County, Zhuo

Commandery (present-day Zhuozhou, Baoding, Hebei). He was a descendant of Liu Zhen, a son of Liu Sheng an

a grandson of Emperor Jing. However, Pei Songzhi's commentary, based on theDianlue (), said that Liu Bewas a descendant of the Marquis of Linyi (). The title of "Marquis of Linyi" was held by Liu Fu (;grandson of Liu Yan), and later by Liu Fu's son Liu Taotu (). All three descended from Emperor Jing. LiuBei's grandfather Liu Xiong and father Liu Hong were both employed as local clerks.

Liu Bei grew up in a poor family, having lost his father when he was still a child. To support themselves, Liu Bei anhis mother sold shoes and straw-woven mats. Even so, Liu Bei was full of ambition since childhood: he once said t

his peers, while under a tree that resembled the royal chariot, that he desired to become an emperor. At the age of

14, Liu Bei, sponsored by a more affluent relative who recognised his potential in leadership, went to study under

the tutelage of Lu Zhi (a prominent scholar and, at the time, former Administrator of Jiujiang). There he met and

befriended Gongsun Zan, who would become a prominent warlord in northern China later. The adolescent Liu Be

was said to be unenthusiastic in studying and displayed interest in hunting, music and dressing. Concise in speech,

calm in demeanour, and kind to his friends, Liu Bei was well liked by his contemporaries.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongsun_Zanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiujianghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Zhi_(Han_Dynasty)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Yan_(Bosheng)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pei_Songzhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Jing_of_Hanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shenghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Zhen_(Han_Dynasty)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebeihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baodinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuozhouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandery_(China)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipstickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luo_Guanzhonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cun_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_charactershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_charactershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Gileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_era_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles

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Yellow Turban Rebellion

In 184, at the outbreak of the Yellow Turban Rebellion, Liu Bei called for the assembly of a volunteer army to hel

government forces suppress the rebellion. Liu Bei received financial contributions from two wealthy horse

merchants named Zhang Shiping and Su Shuang and rallied a group of loyal followers, among whom include Guan

Yu and Zhang Fei.

Liu Bei led his army to join the provincial army. Together, they scored several victories against the rebels. Inrecognition of his contributions, Liu Bei was appointed Prefect of Anxi () in Zhongshan Commandery (

). He resigned after refusing to submit to a corrupt inspector who attempted to ask him for bribes. He thentravelled south with his followers to join another volunteer army to suppress the Yellow Turbans remnants in Xu

Province (present-day northern Jiangsu). For that achievement, he was appointed Prefect and Commandant of

Gaotang ().

Warlord state

Succeeding Tao Qian

In 192, after the splitting of the coalition against Dong Zhuo, China sank into civil war and chaos. Overran by

rebels, Liu Bei moved north to join Gongsun Zan, who was at war with Yuan Shao for control of Ji Province

(Hebei) and Qing Province (Shandong). Gongsun Zan appointed Liu Bei as the Prefect of Pingyuan County under

Tian Kai to fight Yuan Shao in Shandong, but was held off by Yuan Shao's eldest son, Yuan Tan, and later lost

Gongsun Zan's interest in the area to Yuan Tan.[6] In 194, Yuan Shao's ally, Cao Cao, launched a campaign again

Tao Qian in Xu Province. At the time, there were two opposing alliances Yuan Shu, Tao Qian, and Gongsun

Zan on one side, Yuan Shao, Cao Cao, and Liu Biao the other. In face of strong pressure from Cao Cao's invadin

force, Tao Qian appealed to Tian Kai for help. Tian Kai and Liu Bei led their armies to support Tao Qian.

Despite initial success on the invasion, Cao Cao's subordinate Zhang Miao rebelled and allowed L Bu to takeover Cao's base in Yan Province (present-day western Shandong), forcing Cao to retreat from Xu Province. Tao

Qian asked Liu Bei to station his army in nearby Xiaopei (present-day Pei County, Jiangsu) and gave him 4,000

more troops, in addition to 1,000 or so troops and some Wuhuan cavalry already under his command. Thus, Liu

Bei deserted his supervisor Tian Kai for Tao Qian. Meantime, Liu Bei raised troops around the area, and actively

built up connections with influential clans and people of the region. In a rather short period of time, he had gained

the support of the two most powerful families in Xu Province: the Mi clan led by Mi Zhu and Mi Fang, and the

Chen clan led by Chen Gui and Chen Deng. Liu Bei also married Mi Zhu's younger sister Lady Mi to draw suppo

from the Mi clan.

Upon Tao Qian's death shortly after Liu Bei secured his position around the area by building up connections and aarmy,[7] the Mi clan strongly advocated the governorship be passed on to Liu Bei instead of Tao Qian's sons. Liu

Bei was hesitant and apprehensive towards taking the post when Chen Qun told him that Yuan Shu would contest

the control of the province with him.[8] Liu Bei then consulted Kong Rong and Chen Deng, who advised him to

switch ally and seek confirmation from the leading warlord, Yuan Shao. Liu Bei finally took over Xu Province after

Yuan Shao recognised his "succession".[9]

Conflict with L Bu
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Statue of Liu Bei in Zhuge Liang's

temple in Chengdu

In 195, L Bu was defeated by Cao Cao and sought shelter under Liu Bei. In the next year, Yuan Shu sent his

general Ji Ling with a large army to invade Xu Province. Liu Bei led his army to Xuyi and Huaiyin (in Guangling,

south of Xu Province) to counter. They faced each other for a month

without any decisive result.

Zhang Fei, who was left behind by Liu to guard Xiapi (capital of Xu

Province), killed Cao Bao (chancellor of Xiapi when Tao Qian was still

in charge of Xu Province) after an intense quarrel. Cao Bao's death

caused unrest in the city, providing L Bu with an opportunity to seizecontrol of the city, capturing the families of Liu Bei and his men during the

surprise attack.

Liu Bei returned to Xiapi on receiving the news but his army disintegrated

by the time he arrived. Liu Bei rallied his remaining men and moved to

Guangling, where he was defeated by Yuan Shu. Liu Bei then retreated

to Haixi (), Donghai Commandery (). Faced with enemieson both sides and a lack of supplies (Mi Zhu used his personal wealth to

support the army), Liu Bei's army resorted to cannibalism, and finally

surrendered to L Bu, who recognised Liu's pledge of allegiance, andreturned his family as an act of good faith, and ordered Liu to help him

resist Yuan Shu.[10] L Bu, fearing isolation, obstructed further attempts

by Yuan Shu to eliminate Liu Bei. Liu Bei moved his camp to Xiaopei

where he rebuilt his army, gathering over 10,000 men. L Bu became

concerned and attacked Xiaopei. Liu Bei fled to Xuchang, where Cao Cao received him well, gave him some

troops, provisions, and official appointment of Governor of Yu Province (). Liu Bei then reassumed his poin Xiaopei to keep an eye on L Bu.

In 198, L Bu renewed his alliance with Yuan Shu to stem Cao Cao's growing influence and sent Gao Shun and

Zhang Liao to attack Liu Bei. Cao Cao sent Xiahou Dun to support Liu Bei but they were defeated by Gao Shun.Liu Bei had to flee to Cao Cao again. Cao Cao personally led an army to eliminate L Bu and achieved victory at

the Battle of Xiapi.

Role in the Cao-Yuan conflict

By 199, Cao Cao had Emperor Xian in his control and enjoyed a political advantage. Liu Bei joined a conspiracy

headed by Dong Cheng, an imperial relative, and some others to remove Cao Cao from power. Moreover, he wa

anxious to leave Cao Cao's stronghold, Xuchang. Hence, on hearing that Yuan Shu had surrendered to, and was

on his way, via Xiapi, to join Yuan Shao in the north, Liu Bei asked to lead an army to intercept Yuan Shu. Before

his advisers were able to change his mind, Cao Cao consented, commissioned Liu Bei and Zhu Ling with an armyto move south. Having his path blocked, Yuan Shu turned back to Shouchun and died there later.

Zhu Ling returned to Xuchang, but Liu stayed behind with the army. Liu Bei seized the opportunity to kill Che

Zhou, the Governor of Xu Province who was appointed by the imperial court after L Bu's defeat. Liu Bei took

over Xu Province and left Guan Yu behind to guard Xiapi while he stationed himself in Xiaopei.

Yuan Shao, who earlier recognised Liu Bei's control on Xu Province, had defeated Gongsun Zan, and started

moving against Cao Cao on the northern bank of the Yellow River. Knowing that he still had a plenty of spies and

cohort inside the imperial capital, Liu Bei sent his messenger, Sun Qian, to Yuan Shao to request an immediate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Qianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongsun_Zanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Yuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Che_Zhou&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shou_Countyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Ling_(Three_Kingdoms)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_against_Yuan_Shuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuchanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Cheng_(Han_Dynasty)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Xian_of_Hanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Xiapihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiahou_Dunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Liaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Shunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuchanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Bao_(died_196)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizhouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Feihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangling_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuyi_Countyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuzhou_(ancient_China)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji_Linghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuge_Lianghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liu_Bei.jpg

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attack be launched against Cao Cao. However, Yuan Shao turned down Liu Bei's plea, even though his own

strategists advised him to do Liu a favour. In 200, Dong Cheng's plot was discovered. All conspirators and their

families were summarily executed. However, Liu Bei, as well as a few others who were outside Cao Cao's domain

survived the purge.

With his domestic situation settled, Cao Cao turned his attention to his last great rival in the north, Yuan Shao. Cao

fortified many of the key crossing points on the Yellow River which divided his territory from Yuan's; he personally

made camp at Guandu with his main army. To eliminate Yuan Shao's last southern ally, Cao sent his subordinates,

Liu Dai and Wang Zhong against Liu Bei, but they were defeated.

Predicting that Yuan Shao would be hesitant to go on the offensive, Cao Cao led his army away from Guandu to

personally overrun Liu Bei's position. He overcame Liu Bei in an extremely short period of time, leaving Yuan Sha

no chance to aid Liu on second thought. Yuan Shao's attempt to reinforce Liu was repulsed by Yu Jin, whom Cao

Cao had left in command of his troops at Yan Ford. Liu Bei's force disintegrated under the weight of Cao Cao's

assault, but his trusted aides all survived the war. Zhang Fei protected Liu Bei when the latter fled from the

battlefield, while Guan Yu surrendered to Cao Cao on terms that he could return to Liu Bei's service if the latter

was alive.

Liu Bei fled north to join Yuan Shao, where he was received with respect by Yuan Shao and his son Yuan Tan. LiBei participated in the unsuccessful battles along the Yellow River, in which Yuan Shao successively lost two of hi

best generals Yan Liang and Wen Chou, with the former being slain by Guan Yu.

As Liu Pi in Runan rebelled against Cao Cao, Liu Bei persuaded Yuan Shao to "lend" him an army to help Liu Pi.

Liu Bei and Liu Pi attacked Xuchang but were defeated by Cao Ren. Liu Bei returned to the north and urged Yua

Shao to ally with Liu Biao, governor of Jing Province (present-day Hubei and Hunan). Yuan Shao again sent him

with an army to Runan to aid the bandit leader, Gong Du. They were able to kill Cao Cao's general Cai Yang ther

Taking refuge under Liu Biao

In 201, Cao Cao led his army to attack Liu Bei in Runan after defeating Yuan Shao at the Battle of Guandu. Liu

Bei fled to Jing Province to seek refuge under Liu Biao. Liu Biao welcomed Liu Bei personally, treating him as an

honoured guest. He also gave Liu Bei some troops and asked him to station in Xinye.

Liu Bei stayed in Jing Province for several years. During a meeting with Liu Biao, Liu Bei started weeping and the

surprised Liu Biao asked why. Liu Bei answered "In earlier times, I've never left the saddle. My thighs were thin.

Now I do not ride anymore, they are fat and flabby. The days and months pass like a stream, and old age will

come, but I have achieved nothing. That's why I am sad.[11] In 202, Cao Cao sent Yu Jin and Xiahou Dun to

attack Liu Bei. Liu Bei ambushed and defeated them at the Battle of Bowang.

In 207, Cao Cao planned a campaign to conquer the Wuhuan in the north, but was apprehensive that Liu Biao

might attack his base but he was assured by Guo Jia that Liu Biao would not do so for fear of Liu Bei being more

powerful than he was. Cao Cao agreed and Guo Jia's point was proven later, when Liu Biao refused to attack

Xuchang when Liu Bei advised him to do so.

Away from the battlefields in the east and under Liu Biao's efficient rule, Jing Province was prosperous and a

popular destination for literati fleeing from the destruction of war. Liu Bei asked Sima Hui, a revered recluse, abou

scholars. Sima Hui named Zhuge Liang and Pang Tong as exceptional talents who could comprehend important

events of their time well. Xu Shu also urged Liu Bei to call on Zhuge Liang.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Shuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang_Tonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuge_Lianghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Huihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuchanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guo_Jiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_White_Wolf_Mountainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bowanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiahou_Dunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Jinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinye_Countyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Biaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingzhou_(ancient_China)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guanduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_Duhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubeihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingzhou_(ancient_China)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Biaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Renhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runan_Countyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Pi_(Han_Dynasty)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_Chouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Lianghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Tanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Zhong_(Han_Dynasty)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liu_Dai_(Cao_Cao_general)&action=edit&redlink=1

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Liu Bei went to see Zhuge Liang and finally had an audience with him after three visits. Zhuge Liang presented Liu

Bei with his Longzhong Plan, a generalised long-term plan outlining the takeover of Jing Province and Yi Province

to set up a two-pronged final strike at the imperial capital.

Liu Biao died in 208 and his younger son Liu Cong succeeded him and surrendered to Cao Cao without informing

Liu Bei. By the time Liu Bei heard news of Liu Cong's surrender, Cao Cao's army had already reached Wancheng

(present-day Nanyang, Henan). Liu Bei led his troops away and abandoned Fancheng, leading civilians and his

followers (including some of Liu Biao's former attendants) on an exodus to the south. By the time they reached

Dangyang (), his followers numbered more than 100,000 and they moved only 10 li a day. Liu Bei sent GuanYu ahead to wait for him in Jiangling, where abundant supplies and arsenal were stored, with Jing Province's fleet.

Afraid that Liu Bei might reach Jiangling before him, Cao Cao led his cavalry on pursuit. In a day and a night, Cao

Cao caught up with Liu and captured most of his people and baggage at the Battle of Changban. Leaving his family

behind, Liu Bei fled with only scores of followers. With Guan Yu's fleet, they crossed the Mian River to Jiangxia

and the Yangtze River to Xiakou with Liu Qi, Liu Biao's elder son, and his men.

Alliance with Sun Quan

Battle of Red Cliffs

Main article: Battle of Red Cliffs

When Liu Bei was still at Changban, Sun Quan's envoy Lu Su hinted to him that he should ally with Sun against

Cao Cao. Zhuge Liang went to meet Sun Quan, as Liu Bei's envoy, together with Lu Su at Chaisang to discuss th

formation of the alliance.

Liu Bei and Sun Quan formed their first coalition against the southward expansion of Cao Cao. The two sides

clashed at the Red Cliffs (northwest of present day Puqi County, Hubei). Cao Cao boasted 830,000 men (Zhou

Yu claimed the realistic number be 230,000 to 270,000), while the alliance at best had 50,000 troops under the

leadership of Zhou Yu.[citation needed]

Cao Cao's core troops were mostly northerners, so they were unable to adapt to the southern climate and naval

warfare, and that posed a major disadvantage to Cao. Subsequently, a plague broke out that undermined the

strength of Cao Cao's army. The fire attack masterminded by Zhou Yu and Huang Gai succeeded against Cao

Cao's chain-linked vessels and most of Cao's navy was destroyed in the battle. The majority of Cao Cao's troops

were burnt to death or drowned in the river while the survivors who successfully retreated to the riverbank were

ambushed and killed by skirmishers. Cao Cao barely escaped after his defeat. He retreated back to the north and

left behind Cao Ren and Xu Huang to guard Jiangling and Yue Jin to defend Xiangyang.

Taking Jing Province

Further information: Battle of Jiangling (208)

Sun Quan's forces led by Zhou Yu attacked Cao Ren after their resounding victory to wrestle for control of

Jiangling. Liu Bei recommended Liu Qi to be the new Inspector of Jing Province () and led his men tocapture the four commanderies south of the Yangtze River - Changsha, Lingling (present day Yongzhou, Hunan),

Guiyang and Wuling (). Liu Bei set up his base at Gong'an and continued to strengthen his army. When Liu Qdied shortly after Liu Bei secured his position in the area, the latter succeeded the former as the new governor of
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Summary of major events

161 Born in Zhuo County, Zhuo Commandery.

184 Volunteered in the fight against the Yellow Turban rebels in central China.

194 Assumed governorship of Xu Province.

198Defeated by L Bu.

Allied with Cao Cao.

200

Defeated by Cao Cao.

Escaped to Yuan Shao.

Joined Liu Biao.

208Allied with Sun Quan and won the Battle of Red Cliffs.

Took over Jing Province.

215 Defeated Liu Zhang and took over Yi Province.

219

Conquered Hanzhong.

Declared himself King of Hanzhong.

221 Proclaimed himself Emperor of Shu Han.

222 Lost the Battle of Xiaoting against Eastern Wu.

223 Died in Baidicheng.

Jing Province, and went to Jianye to marry Sun Quan's younger sister Lady Sun in order to legitimatise his

succession. After the marriage, not only was Liu Bei's succession recognised by Sun Quan, but the land of Nan

Commandery was also "lent" to him.

Subsequently, former subordinates of Liu Biao who were unwilling to serve Cao Cao came to join Liu Bei. After

the death of Zhou Yu in 210 and Liu Bei's growing influence in southern Jing Province, Sun Quan's position in the

north became more untenable. Lu Su succeeded Zhou Yu as the Grand Viceroy of Sun Quan's armies and moved

the headquarters to Lukou (), yielding all commanderies of Jing Province (except Jiangxia commandery) and

access to the Yi Province to Liu Bei. In diplomatic terms, Sun Quan's side thought that they were "lending" JingProvince to Liu Bei as a temporary base that should be returned to them after Liu found another stronghold.

Establishing the

Shu regime

Conquering Yi

Province

Main article: Liu Bei's

takeover of Yi Province

In 211, Liu Zhang, governor of

Yi Province (present-day

Sichuan and Chongqing), heard

that Cao Cao planned to attack

Zhang Lu in Hanzhong. As

Hanzhong was a strategic

location and the "gateway" for

attacks into Yi Province, Liu

Zhang sent Fa Zheng to form an

alliance with Liu Bei after

persuasion from Zhang Song.

Liu Zhang invited Liu Bei to join

him in Yi Province to capture

Hanzhong before Cao Cao did.

Liu Bei led an expedition force into Sichuan after leaving behind Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun

to guard Jing Province. Liu Zhang received Liu Bei warmly and provided him with more troops under his comman

as well as provisions and equipment. Liu Bei headed to Jiameng Pass (southwest of present day Guangyuan,Sichuan) at the border between Liu Zhang and Zhang Lu's territories. Instead of engaging Zhang, Liu Bei halted hi

advance and focused on building up connections and gaining influence around the area.[12]

In 212, Pang Tong outlined three plans for Liu Bei to choose from. The first was to advance swiftly to seize

Chengdu from Liu Zhang with a special task force. The second was to take command of Liu Zhang's armies in the

north and then move to capture Chengdu. The third one was to return to Baidicheng to await further action. Liu

chose the second option. Liu Bei lied to Liu Zhang that he needed more troops to divert Cao Cao's attention away
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from the east (where Sun Quan was under attack), and requested for another 10,000 soldiers and additional

provisions to aid in the defence of Jing Province. Liu Zhang gave him only 4,000 troops and half of the other

supplies he requested.

Zhang Su, Zhang Song's older brother, discovered his brother's secret communications with Liu Bei and reported

the issue to Liu Zhang. Liu Zhang was furious and stunned when he heard that Zhang Song had been helping Liu B

to take over Yi Province from him - he had Zhang Song executed, and ordered his generals guarding the passes to

Chengdu not to let any word about his knowing reach Liu Bei. Still, Liu Bei was informed by his spies planted

around Liu Zhang, and before Liu Zhang's men could reach Yang Huai and Gao Pei, generals guarding BoshuiPass, Liu Bei summoned and killed them on charges of disrespect towards him. He then took over Yang Huai's an

Gao Pei's troops and turned to attack Fucheng ().

In the spring of 213, Liu Zhang sent Liu Gui, Ling Bao, Zhang Ren, Deng Xian, Wu Yi and other generals to defen

Mianzhu Pass. Despite being the most trusted vassal of Liu Zhang, Wu Yi soon changed allegiance, so Li Yan and

Fei Guan were sent to replace him, but they surrendered to Liu Bei as well. Now the remnant force was under

command of Liu Zhang's son Liu Xun, and he retreated to Luo (northwest of Chengdu). There, Pang Tong was

killed by a stray arrow, and the siege became a prolonged one, forcing Liu Bei to call for reinforcements from Jing

Province.

In 214, Luo finally fell, but Liu Zhang continued to hold on inside Chengdu. Ma Chao, a former Liang Province

warlord and a vassal of Zhang Lu, was persuaded by Liu Bei to kill his comrade, Yang Bai, and joined Liu. Upon

seeing Ma Chao's army at the north of Chengdu, the citizens inside the city was terrified, but they still insisted on

fighting a desperate war.[13] However, Liu Zhang surrendered after stating that he did not wish to see further

bloodshed.[14] Liu Bei then succeeded Liu Zhang as governor of Yi Province and conferred on the latter the seal

and tassel of "General Who Inspires Awe" before expatriating him to Gong'an.

Liu Bei married Wu Yi's sister and attempted to solidify his control on the newly conquered domain. Zhuge Liang

was promoted to Grand Adviser in charge of the Office of the General of the Left, an office that granted him contr

over all affairs of state. Dong He was appointed "Household General of the Army" and acting deputy to ZhugeLiang. The rest of Liu Bei's followers, new and old, were entrusted with new responsibilities and promoted to new

ranks.

Sun-Liu territorial dispute

After Liu Bei's conquest of Yi Province, Sun Quan sent Lu Su as an emissary to demand for the return of Jing

Province, but Liu refused. Sun Quan then sent L Meng and Ling Tong to lead 20,000 men to attack southern Jin

Province and they succeeded in capturing Changsha, Guiyang, and Lingling commanderies. In the meantime, Lu Su

and Gan Ning advanced to Yiyang () with 10,000 men (to block Guan Yu) and took over command of the

army at Lukou ()). Liu Bei personally went to Gong'an while Guan Yu led 30,000 men to Yiyang. When warwas about to break out, Liu Bei received news that Cao Cao was planning to attack Hanzhong, and he requested

for a border treaty with Sun Quan as he became worried about Cao Cao seizing Hanzhong. Liu Bei asked Sun

Quan to give him back Lingling Commandery and create a diversion for Cao Cao by attacking Hefei; in return, Li

Bei ceded Changsha and Guiyang commanderies to Sun Quan, setting the new border along the Xiang River.

Hanzhong Campaign

Main article: Hanzhong Campaign
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In 215, Cao Cao defeated Zhang Lu at the Battle of Yangping and seized Hanzhong. Sima Yi and Liu Ye advised

him to take advantage of the victory to attack Yi Province, since it was still unstable under Liu Bei's new

government and Liu himself was away in Jing Province. Cao Cao refused and left Xiahou Yuan, Zhang He and Xu

Huang to defend Hanzhong.

In anticipation of a prolonged war, Zhang He led his army to Dangqu () in order to relocate the population oBa () to Hanzhong. Meanwhile, Liu Bei appointed Zhang Fei as Administrator of Baxi () and ordered himto take over the region. Zhang Fei and Zhang He faced each other for 50 days, which concluded with a victory for

the former following a surprise attack on the latter. Narrowly escaping, Zhang He retreated to Nanzheng on foot,and the Ba region became part of Liu Bei's territory.

In 217, Fa Zheng pointed out the strategic necessities of seizing Hanzhong and advised Liu Bei to drive Cao Cao's

force out of the area. Liu Bei sent Zhang Fei, Ma Chao, and several subordinate generals to Wudu (), while

he assembled an army and advanced to Yangping Pass. Zhang Fei was forced to retreat after his aides Wu Lan an

Lei Tong were defeated and killed by Cao Cao's forces. Liu Bei, engaging Xiahou Yuan at Yangping Pass, tried t

cut the enemy's supply route by sending his general Chen Shi to Mamingge (), but was routed by Xiahou'ssubordinate, Xu Huang. Liu Bei then pressed on Zhang He at Guangshi () but failed to achieve any success; the same time, Xiahou Yuan and Zhang He were not able to hinder Liu Bei from mobilising forces around the area

The war turned into a stalemate, and Cao Cao decided to gather an army in Chang'an to fight Liu Bei.

In the spring of 219, Liu Bei and Xiahou Yuan had faced each other for over a year. Liu Bei led the main army to

the south of the Mian River () and ordered Huang Zhong to set up camps on Mount Dingjun, where XiahouYuan's encampment in the valley below could be easily monitored. One night, Liu Bei sent 10,000 troops to attack

Zhang He in Guangshi and set fire to Xiahou Yuan's barricades. Xiahou Yuan then led a small detachment to put

out the fire and sent the main army to reinforce Zhang He. Fa Zheng saw an opportunity for attack and signalled to

Liu Bei to launch an assault. Liu sent Huang Zhong to attack the weakened enemy from above. Huang Zhong

targeted Xiahou Yuan's unit and completely routed it. Both Xiahou Yuan and Zhao Yong (), Cao Cao'sappointed Inspector of Yi Province, were killed in the battle.

Zhang He, who had been informally elected to succeed Xiahou Yuan by Du Xi and Guo Huai, retreated to the

northern bank of the Han River, and awaited Cao Cao's reinforcement. Meantime, Liu Bei secured all strategic

points at the exit of the passes linking Chang'an and Hanzhong while Cao Cao was approaching via Yegu Pass. L

Bei faced Cao Cao for several months but never engaged the latter in battle, effectively forcing Cao to retreat as hi

soldiers started to desert.[15] Zhang He also retreated to Chencang to set up defences for a potential invasion by

Liu Bei. Liu Bei led his main army to Nanzheng and sent Meng Da and Liu Feng to capture Fangling () andShangyong ().

Becoming an emperor

After Liu Bei secured Hanzhong, he declared himself "King of Hanzhong" () and set up his headquarters inChengdu. He appointed Liu Shan as the heir-apparent. Wei Yan was promoted to the rank of "General Who

Maintains Distant Lands in Peace" () and Administrator of Hanzhong (). Xu Jing wasappointed as "Grand Tutor" while Fa Zheng was made "Prefect of the Masters of Writing". Guan Yu was appointe

as "General of the Vanguard", Zhang Fei as "General of the Right", Ma Chao as "General of the Left" and Huang

Zhong as "General of the Rear".
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In late 219, Sun Quan's forces led by L Meng captured Guan Yu, who was promptly executed, and conquered

Jing Province. After hearing of Guan Yu's death, Liu Bei became furious, and ordered his troops to begin preparin

for war with Sun Quan. A year later, Cao Cao died and his successor, Cao Pi, succeeded Emperor Xian to the

throne, and declared himself Emperor of Cao Wei. When Meng Da learned that Liu Bei was going to launch a

campaign against Sun Quan, he became concerned that he would be penalised for not sending reinforcements to

Guan Yu earlier and defected to Wei. At the same time, Zhao Yun reminded Liu Bei that he should focus his attac

on Wei instead of Sun Quan, but Liu rejected his plan. Seeing that Liu Bei did not make strong defences against

Wei, Meng Da suggested to Cao Pi to attack Fanling, Shangyong, and Xicheng commanderies. Liu Bei's adopted

son, Liu Feng, fought a desperate battle against the invaders, but without the support from Chengdu, he was

betrayed by his subordinates and defeated. Upon his return to Chengdu, Liu Bei was furious on Liu Feng's loss an

his refusal to send reinforcement to Guan Yu in 219, so he had Liu Feng executed. In 221, Liu Bei declared himse

"Emperor of Shu Han" and claimed his intent was to carry on the lineage of the Han Dynasty. He appointed his son

Liu Shan as crown prince.

efeat and death

Main article: Battle of Xiaoting

In the autumn of 222, Liu Bei personally led an army to attack Sun Quan to avenge Guan Yu and retake Jing

Province, and left Zhuge Liang in charge of state affairs back in Chengdu. Even though Zhang Fei was murdered b

his subordinates during the onset of the battle, Liu Bei was still able to achieve initial victories until Lu Xun, the

commander-in-chief of the Eastern Wu forces, ordered a retreat to Yiling (present-day Yichang, Hubei). Lu Xun

held his position there and refused to engage the invaders.

By summer, the Shu troops were camped along their invasion route and had grown weary due to the hot weather.

Liu Bei then moved his camp into a forest for shade and ordered Huang Quan to lead a portion of his navy to cam

ust outside the forest. Knowing that his enemy was not expecting a sudden strike, Lu Xun ordered a counterattac

and set fire to the Shu camps linked to each other by wooden fences. Forty camps of Liu Bei's expedition forcewere destroyed in the fire attack and the remaining troops were defeated and forced to flee west to Ma'an Hills

(northwest of Yiling, not to be confused with Ma'anshan, Anhui), where they set up a defence. Liu Bei was caught

up and besieged by Lu on the Ma'an Hills and was attacked before his men could recuperate. Liu Bei managed to

escape overnight to Baidicheng, by ordering his men to discard their armour and set them aflame to form a fire

blockade to stop Lu Xun's pursuing troops.[16]

Liu Bei died in Baidicheng in the summer of 223. On his deathbed, he named Zhuge Liang and Li Yan as regents t

support his son, and his body was brought back to Chengdu and entombed at Huiling (southern suburb of present

day Chengdu) four months later. Liu Bei was given the posthumous name ofZhaolie. His son, Liu Shan, succeede

him as Emperor of Shu, and Zhuge Liang revived the alliance with Sun Quan.

Family

Main article: Shu Han family trees

Appointments and titles held

Commandant of Anxi ()
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Senior Major () under Gongsun Zan

Commandant of Gaotang ()

Prefect of Gaotang ()

Chancellor of Pingyuan ()

Inspector of Yu Province ()

Governor of Xu Province ()

General Who Guards the East ()

Marquis of Yicheng ()General of the Left ()

Governor of Jing Province ()

Grand Marshal ()

Director of Retainers ()

King of Hanzhong ()

Emperor Zhaolie of Shu Han () - Liu Bei's posthumous title

In fiction

Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a 14th-century historical novel based on the events that occurred before and

during the Three Kingdoms era. Written by Luo Guanzhong more than a millennium after the said period, the nove

incorporated many popular folklore and opera scripts into the character of Liu Bei, portraying him as a

compassionate and righteous leader, endowed with charismatic potency (called de () in Chinese)[17] who built h

state on the basis of Confucian values. This is in line with the historical background of the times during which the

novel was written. Furthermore, the novel emphasises that Liu Bei was related, however distantly, to the imperial

family of the Han Dynasty, thus favouring another argument for the legitimacy of Liu Bei's reign. In the novel, he

wielded a pair of double edged swords calledshuang gu jian ().

See the following for some fictitious stories inRomance of the Three Kingdoms involving Liu Bei:

Oath of the Peach Garden

Battle of Hulao Pass

List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms#Three visits to the thatched cottage

List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms#Liu Bei's horse leaps across the Tan Stream

List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms#Liu Bei and Lady Sun's marriage

Battle of Xiaoting#In fiction

General worship of Liu Bei

Liu Bei is worshipped as the patron of shoemakers in Chengdu, which is also known as the "City of Shoes" as mo

than 80 million pairs of shoes totalling five billion yuan in sales are manufactured there annually. It is said that in

1845, during the reign of the Daoguang Emperor in the Qing Dynasty, the shoemakers guild in Chengdu, who calle

themselves "disciples of Liu Bei", sponsored the construction of the Sanyi Temple in Liu's honour. After being

relocated many times, the temple can be found in Wuhou District today.

Since the mainland Chinese government loosened its control on religious practices in recent years, the worship of

Liu Bei among shoemakers has again gained popularity in Chengdu. In 2005, a large procession was carried out in

front of the Sanyi Temple to commemorate Liu Bei the first such event since the founding of the People's
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A block print portrait of Liu Bei

from a Qing Dynasty edition of

theRomance of the Three

Kingdoms (wearing an

anachronistic scholar's robe and ahat of medieval Chinese

dynasties).

Republic of China in 1949.[18]

A commentary carried by the Yangtse Evening News criticised such

practice as mere commercial gimmickry to exploit the fame of Liu Bei.[19] It

argued that although Liu Bei sold straw-woven shoes and mats for a living

when he was young, he was hardly the inventor of shoes. According to

legend, it was Yu Ze who made the first pairs of shoes with softwood during

the time of the Yellow Emperor. However, the criticism did not dampen the

enthusiastic shoe industry owners in their decision to erect a statue of Liu Bei

in the West China Shoe Center Industrial Zone, which was still under

construction in Wuhou District as of August 2005.

Modern references

Card games

In the collectible card gameMagic: The Gatheringthere is a card

named "Liu Bei, Lord of Shu" in thePortal Three Kingdoms set.

In the selection of hero cards in the Chinese card game San Guo Sha

(), there is also a Liu Bei hero that players can select at the

beginning of the game.

Video games

Liu Bei is featured as a playable character in all instalments of Koei's

video game seriesDynasty Warriors, as well as Warriors Orochi, a

crossover betweenDynasty Warriors and Samurai Warriors.

Liu Bei also appears in another of Koei's video game series,

Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

Liu Bei is the protagonist inDestiny of an Emperor, a RPG on the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES)

Released in the United States by Capcom in 1989, the game also loosely follows the plot of the novel

Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

Liu Bei's armour (based on the designs appearing in theDynasty Warriors series) is available in the

MMORPGMapleStory. Also featured are Cao Cao, Guan Yu, Zhuge Liang, Sun Quan, and Diaochan's

designs.

Liu Bei is featured as one of the protagonists in the real-time wargame Kessen II, also produced by Koei.

Liu Bei is featured in the sequel to Level 5's game and anime Inazuma Eleven GO, Chrono Stone, as well

as Cao Cao, Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei.

See also
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inazuma_Eleven_GOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kessen_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaochanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MapleStoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capcomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_of_an_Emperorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms_(game)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai_Warriorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warriors_Orochihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_Warriorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koeihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Guo_Shahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_Three_Kingdomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic:_The_Gatheringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_China_Shoe_Center_Industrial_Zone&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Emperorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yu_Ze&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yangtse_Evening_News&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liu_Bei_Portrait.jpg

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Listof people of the Three Kingdoms

Listof Chinese monarchs

Listof Dynasty Warriors characters

Notes

1. ^ In194, Tao Qian memorialised Emperor Xian to make Liu Bei the Inspector () of Yu Province (Yuzhou) b

his request was not recognised by the Han court. However, "Liu Yuzhou" became Liu Bei's self-given title andbecame known to the public at that time. (The formal Governor of Yu Province, Guo Gong (), was busy

fighting Cao Cao then, and did not bother about Liu Bei's usurpation of his governorship.) See Zizhi Tongjian, vo

61. Later, Liu Bei received official recognition as Governor of Yu Province () by Cao Cao as a reward for

his assistance in vanquishing L Bu.

2. ^ de Crespigny, Rafe (2007).A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23220 AD). Brill.

p. 478. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.

3. ^ Throughout Chinese history, no successful emperor had ruled purely based on Confucianism (though some did

purely used Legalism). Numerous researches such as Political Reality of Transforming Legalism by Confucianis

in the Western Han Dynasty as Seen from Selection System by Wang Bao Ding, orAspects of Legalist Philosophy

andthe Law in Ancient China: The Chi'an and Han Dynasties and Rediscovered Manuscript of Mawangdui and

Shuihudi (http://www.lefande.com/AncientChinaLaw.htm) by Matthew August LeFande, have pointed out mostancient Chinese dynasties after Qin had ruled by a mix of Legalism and Confucianism.

4. ^ () Chen Shou.Records of the Three Kingdoms, Volume 32,

Biography of Liu Bei.

5. ^ () Luo Guanzhong.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Chapter 1.

6. ^ Pingyuan laid on the border between Yuan Shao and Gongsun Zan's territories, and was the only county Yuan

Tancontrolled before his expansion. Tian Kai assumed the title of Inspector of Qing Province under Yuan Shao,

and acted as Liu Bei's direct supervisor.

7. ^ (

) Excluding the support from the Mi clan, Liu Bei had already been consistently building up his army

when he headed Xu Province. Once he gained enough power, he split from the forces of Gongsun Zan. SeeRecords of Three Kingdoms, Volume 32, Biography of Liu Bei.

8. ^ () Chen Shou.Records of Three Kingdoms, Volume 22, Biography o

Chen Qun.

9. ^ (

) This

passage from theAnnal of Emperor Xian states that Chen Deng sent a messenger to Yuan Shao and asked the

approval of the latter for Liu Bei to succeed Tao Qian.

10. ^ (

) Chronicle of Heroes. See

note inRecords of Three Kingdoms, Volume 32.11. ^ (

) From

the note on the Spring and Autumn Annual of the Nine Provinces.

12. ^ () Chen Shou.Records of Three Kingdoms, Volume 32,

Biography of Liu Bei.

13. ^ () This passage fromRecords of Three Kingdoms states that the

residents within the city were stunned and terrified. See Records of Three Kingdoms, Volume 36, Biographies of

Guan, Zhang, Ma, Huang, and Zhao.

14. ^ (

) This passage from
http://www.lefande.com/AncientChinaLaw.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15605-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BC_Buhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7061http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuzhou_(ancient_China)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Xian_of_Hanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_Qian_(Han_Dynasty)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dynasty_Warriors_charactershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_of_the_Three_Kingdoms

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Records of the Three Kingdoms states that the residents of Chengdu wished to fight Liu Bei to the death, but Liu

Zhang said to them that he did not want to see them die for him and surrendered. SeeRecords of Three Kingdom

Volume 31, Biographies of the two Governor Lius.

15. ^ () Within this passage, "" should b

translated as "deserters increased in number as time passed" instead of "casualties increased with each passing

day." SeeRecords of Three Kingdoms, Volume 32, Biography of Liu Bei.

16. ^ () SeeRecords of Three Kingdoms, Volume 26,

Biographies of Man, Tian, Qian, and Guo.

17. ^ Roberts 1991, pg. 94218. ^ """"

(http://web.archive.org/web/20070406133118/http://www.culture.org.cn/info/info_detail.asp?bianhao=4939).

. Archived from the original (http://tour.scol.com.cn/html/2005/07/001026_507494.shtml) on April 6, 2007.

Retrieved August 26, 2005. ; """"

(http://web.archive.org/web/20070406133118/http://www.culture.org.cn/info/info_detail.asp?bianhao=4939).

. Archived from the original (http://www.culture.org.cn/info/info_detail.asp?bianhao=4939) on April 6,

2007. Retrieved 26 August 2005. (Both sources in Simplified Chinese)

19. ^ """"

(http://web.archive.org/web/20060503042057/http://www.yangtse.com/gb/content/2005-

07/04/content_123716.htm). . Archived from the original (http://www.yangtse.com/gb/content/2005-

07/04/content_123716.htm) on May 3, 2006. Retrieved August 26, 2005.

References

de Crespigny, Rafe. "To Establish Peace: being the Chronicle of the Later Han dynasty for the years 189 to

220AD as recorded in Chapters 59 to 69 of the Zizhi tongjian of Sima Guang". Volume 1.

(http://dspace.anu.edu.au/html/1885/42048/peace1_index.html) Faculty of Asian Studies, The Australian

National University, Canberra. 1996. ISBN 978-0-7315-2526-3.

de Crespigny, Rafe. "To Establish Peace: being the Chronicle of the Later Han dynasty for the years 189 to

220AD as recorded in Chapters 59 to 69 of the Zizhi tongjian of Sima Guang". Volume 2.

(http://dspace.anu.edu.au/html/1885/42048/peace2_index.html) Faculty of Asian Studies, The Australian

National University, Canberra. 1996. ISBN 978-0-7315-2536-2.

Fang, Achilles. "The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms (220265). Chapters 6978 from the Tzu Chih T'un

Chien of Ssu-ma Kuang". Volume 1. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. 1952.

Sima, Guang.Zizhi Tongjian.

Chen Shou (2002).Records of Three Kingdoms. Yue Lu Shu She. ISBN 978-7-80665-198-8.

LuoGuanzhong (1986).Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Yue Lu Shu She. ISBN 978-7-80520-013-2

Lo Kuan-chung; tr. C.H. Brewitt-Taylor (2002).Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Tuttle Publishing.

ISBN 978-0-8048-3467-4.

Roberts, Moss, tr. Three Kingdoms: A Historical Novel(1991) University of California Press. ISBN 970-520-22503-9
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520225039http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-3467-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-80520-013-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luo_Guanzhonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-80665-198-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Records_of_Three_Kingdomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Shouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Guanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780731525362http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_Universityhttp://dspace.anu.edu.au/html/1885/42048/peace2_index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_de_Crespignyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780731525263http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_studieshttp://dspace.anu.edu.au/html/1885/42048/peace1_index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_de_Crespignyhttp://www.yangtse.com/gb/content/2005-07/04/content_123716.htmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20060503042057/http://www.yangtse.com/gb/content/2005-07/04/content_123716.htmhttp://www.culture.org.cn/info/info_detail.asp?bianhao=4939http://web.archive.org/web/20070406133118/http://www.culture.org.cn/info/info_detail.asp?bianhao=4939http://tour.scol.com.cn/html/2005/07/001026_507494.shtmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20070406133118/http://www.culture.org.cn/info/info_detail.asp?bianhao=4939

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Emperor Zhaolie of Shu Han

House of Liu

Born: 161 Died: 223

Regnal titles

New titleKing of Hanzhong

218221Merged in the Crown

Preceded byEmperor Xian of Han

as Emperor of Eastern Han

Emperor of Shu Han

221223

Succeeded by

Liu Shan

Titles in pretence

Preceded by

Emperor Xian of Han

TITULAR

Emperor of China

Royal descent claimant

221223

Reason for succession failure:

Three Kingdoms

Succeeded by

Liu Shan

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liu_Bei&oldid=573599533"

Categories: 161 births 223 deaths Gongsun Zan and associates Liu Biao and associates

People from Baoding Shu Han emperors Tao Qian and associates Han Dynasty warlords

Liu Bei and immediate family Politicians from Hebei Political office-holders in Jiangsu

Political office-holders in Hubei Political office-holders in Sichuan Generals under Cao Cao

Officials under Cao Cao Generals under Yuan Shao Officials under Yuan Shao

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