Gangguan Non Infeksius BackUp[1] (2)
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PATOLOGI UMUM VETERINER
Dr. drh. Dwi Kesuma Sari
Program Studi Kedokteran Hewan
Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Hasanuddin
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Mata Kuliah : Patologi Umum Veteriner
Kode/ Semester : 220O1103/IV
Bobot SKS : 3
Deskripsi Singkat Mata kuliah ini mengajarkan
tentang dasar-dasar tentang reaksi sel dan jaringan pada
proses kejadian berbagai penyakit pada berbagai hewan,
termasuk didalamnya proses degenerasi, nekrosa,
apoptosis, gangguan pigmentasi, gangguan sirkulasi,gangguan pertumbuhan, neoplasia, peradangan, proses
persembuhan dan gangguan pada sistem kekebalan
tubuh.
Waktu/Tempat : Kamis, 13.00-14.40 / GD. 104
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Materi Pembelajaran:
1. Pendahuluan dan Kontrak Pembelajaran (Koordinator)
2. Kematian Jaringan3. Adaptasi seluler terhadap berbagai gangguan
4. Radang dan persembuhan
5. Gangguan Peredaran darah
6. Gangguan sistem kebal7. Gangguan keseimbangan nutrisi dalam tubuh
8. Gangguan agen infeksi dan non-infeksi dari luar tubuh
9. Gangguan pertumbuhan dan tumor
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GANGGUAN NON INFEKSIUS
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Perubahan makroskopis dan mikroskopispada sel dan jaringan serta organ akibat
penyebab penyakit tidak menular :
• trauma mekanik dan elektrik
• perubahan suhu yang ekstrim,
• radiasi,
• racun kimiawi, biologi, dan logam berat
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Gangguan akibat penyebab fisik:
• Pengaruh fisik
• Perubahan suhu• Perubahan akibat cahaya
• Perubahan elektrik
• Perubahan dari tekanan atmosfir
• Perubahan akibat radiasi ionizing
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Pengaruh Fisik
Pengaruh fisik secara natural dapat merusak tubuh
melalui:
1. Trauma mekanik
2. Tekanan3. Obstruksi/pembendungan
4. Malposisi
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Pengaruh Fisik
1. Trauma Mekanik
Trauma mekanik tergantung bentuknya, dari
penyebab, jumlah energi yang mempengaruhi dllPembuluh darah terpotong hemorrhagiemati
kadang2 diikuti oleh shock
Infeksi bakteri komplikasi dari trauma mekanik
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1. Trauma Mekanik (lanjutan)
Abrasi : luka akibat gesekan, permukaan superfisialterkelupas skin abrasions
Contusion: luka memar/bekam disebabkan oleh
benda tumpul, kulit/selaput tidak sobek
Laserasi : penarikan atau gangguan peregangan
akibat benda keras atau tumpul, perbedaan
dengan incisi tepi pelukaan tidak teratur
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1. Trauma Mekanik (lanjutan)
Luka insisi : perlukaan akibat benda tajam (pisau)dengan bentuk pandang, pendek. Kerusakan
jaringan sedikit, pendarahan
Luka puncture: akibat instrumen yang panjang
penetrating atau perforasi, luka disebabkan oleh
peluru/kuku/benda2 asing dll
Rupture: perlukaan yang menyebabkan jaringan
rusak
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1. Trauma Mekanik (lanjutan)
Fracture: kerusakan di tulang, tulang rawan, gigi,
kuku, tanduk, cakar
Concussion: gangguan fungsi di SSP (akibat ada atau
tidak ada kerusakan di otak)
Sprain/strain: kerusakan di persendian akibat
streching
Luxation/dislokasi : kerusakan di persendian
kelainan anatomi, ligamen di persendian putus
dll
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Abrasion/abrasi
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Contusion
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Luka puncture
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A worse case scenario is thatthe anal gland(s) rupture.
Obviously, this is a very
painful situation for the dog
(or cat) and it requires
surgical repair
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Luxation patellae/Kneecap
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2. Kerusakan akibat tekanan
Tekanan fisik yang berlebihan.
Jika tekanan berlangsung lama atrofi
Lesio seperti ini ditemukan di sekitar tumor, abses
dan kistaHewan daerah yang sering tertekan di
dinding/daerah permukaan tulang/pada saat
tidur iskemia jaringan mati bed sores
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Bed sores
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3. Kerusakan akibat obstruksi
Obstruksi tejadi akibat trauma pada lumen atau organberbentuk tabungaliran terhambat
Obstruksi berasal dari:
1. Foreign bodies (hair balls di usus, calculi di ureter)
2. Parasit (lungworm/bronkhus roundworm/bile duct di babi)
3. Benda akibat kecelakaan (rubber ball di lambung anjing)
4. Benda akibat seseorang (urinary catheter)
5. Aspirasi (makanan, minuman, eksudat, obat)
Menyebabkan stenosis (penyempitan)
Stenosis akibat jaringan ikat: stricture
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4. Kerusakan akibat malformasi
Perubahan posisi organMalformasi alami:
Volvulus: rotasi usus halus di sekitar mesentericus
Torsio: usus besar berputar di kuda, uterus di sapi
Intussusception: invaginasi satu bagian usus ke bagian
posterior sistem pencernaan
Prolapse: keluarnya organ atau sebagian secara alami atau
artificial body opening
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Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus
Syndrome
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Torsio Uteri
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intussuseption
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Prolapsus uteri
Rectal prolapse
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4. Kerusakan akibat malformasi
Perubahan posisi organMalformasi alami:
Eversion: rectum keluar dan menonjol melalui anus,
protrusion dari viscera eventration
Hernia: organ atau bagian organ yang keluar melalui dinding
rongga inguinal, ventral, umbilical, hernia diaframatika
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eversion
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Gangguan perubahan suhu
Pengaruh panas dingin
Kelebihan PanasPanas menyebabkan kerusakan dengan tahap berbeda,
tergantung intensitas dan durasi, persentase permukaantubuh.
Lesio akibat panas thermal burn
Berlebihan heat stroke
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Gangguan perubahan suhu
Inhalation burn injuriesPada saat kebakaran, akan menghisap udara dan gas beracun
Iritasi pada sistem respirasi, hidung, mulut
Water soluble gas: chlorine, sulphur oxides, amonia
inflamasi dan bengkak
Lipid soluble gas: nitrous oxide dan hasil produk plastik
terbakar saluran pernafasan bawah udema
pulmonum dan bronchopneumonia
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Gangguan perubahan suhu
Tingkatan Terbakar1. First degree burn,hiperemi, kulit memerah, eritema,
inflamasi ringan
2. Second degree burn, blister/vesicle, nekrosa koagulasi,
inflamasi
3. Third degree burn, nekrosa keseluruhan, inflamasi,meninggalkan jaringan parut
4. Fourth degree burn, terbakar hangus dan hitam
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Gangguan perubahan suhu
Terbakar
Kerusakan sistem organ dari burn sepsis (septicaemia)
Heat stroke
Berbeda dengan manusia, umumnya hewan mendinginkan
tubuh dengan evaporasi dari sistem respirasi, untuk
menurunkan panas panting (terengah engah)
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Gangguan perubahan suhu
Kelebihan Dingin
Efek lokal: efek temperatur rendah bervariasi berdasarkan
durasi dan derajat dingin
Chilling atau freezing di sel menyebabkan:
1. Efek langsung
2. Efek tidak langsung
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Gangguan perubahan suhu
Efek langsungPada saat membeku, cairan dalam sel mengalami kristalisasi
konsentrasi garam tinggi dalam sel
Efek tidak langsung
Perubahan sirkulasi pembekuan lambat, vasokonstriksi,peningkatan permeabilitas pd darah, udema, atrofi,
fibrosis
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Gangguan perubahan suhu
Temperatur turun vasokonstriksi, viskositas darah naik
ischaemia
Ischaemia perubahan hipoksia dan infark (nekrosa
koagulasi)
Jaringan mati dehidrasi dry necrosis
bakteri gangrene
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Gangguan perubahan suhu
Local Freezing (frostbite)
Daerah ekstremitas, kaki, puting, scrotum, ekor, fetlock, fial
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Luka/Kerusakan karena Cahaya
Secara umum, hewan domestik tidak mengalami gangguan
sunburn
Umumnya hewan memiliki kulit yang berpigmen tinggi
tubuhnya dilapisi bulu, rambut, bulu ayam, wool
melindungi dari cahaya matahari
Reaksi terhadap cahaya fotosensitivitas atau light sickness
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sunburn
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Luka karena Cahaya
Fotosensitisasi
Terdapat pigmen fotodinamik atau agen ketika muncul
sensitif terhadap cahaya
Terdapat pada:
Puting, ambing, telinga, kelopak mata di sapi
Telinga, kelopak mata, bibir di domba
Rentang panjang sinar yang menyebabkan fotosensitisasi:
540-600 µm
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Luka karena Cahaya
Fotosensitisasi
3 tipe:
1. Fotosensitisitas primer
2. Fotosensitisitas dari metabolisme porphyrin abnormal
3. Hepatogenous (hepatotoxic) fotosensitisasi
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Luka karena Cahaya
Fotosensitisasi
3 tipe:
1. Fotosensitisitas primer
2. Fotosensitisitas dari metabolisme porphyrin abnormal
3. Hepatogenous (hepatotoxic) fotosensitisasi
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Luka karena Cahaya
Fotosensitisasi Primer
Agen fotodinamik yang berasal dari tanaman
Deposit di jaringan diikuti dengan absorbsi di darah
setelah konsumsi.
Ketika hewan terpapar cahaya fotosensitisasi muncul,
4-5 hari setelah pastura.
Pemberian phenothiazine, tetracycline, sulphonamde
fotosensitisasi primer
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Luka karena Cahaya
Fotosensitisasi dari metabolisme abnormalporphyrin
Porphyrin normal pigmen di hemoglobin. Penyakitnya disebut:
congenital porphyria
Produksi porphyrin di tubuh fotodinamik2 porphyrin:
1. Uroporphyrin deposit di tulang (osteohaemochromatosis) dan gigi
(pink tooth) diskolorasi di jaringan
2. Coproporphyrin
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Luka karena Cahaya
Fotosensitisasi hepatogenus
Berasal dari penyakit hepar
Normal bile duct eksresikan pylloerythrin
pylloerythrin normal end product dari metabolisme chlorophyl yang
berasal dari pakan yang dikonsumsi (agen fotodinamik)
Jika eksresi bile duct obstruksi akibat penyakit hati pylloerythrinterakumulasi di tubuh level meningkat kulit sensitif terhadap
cahaya
Umumnya ditemukan pada hewan yang makan green pastura
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Luka/Kerusakan karena Elektrik
Luka akibat elektrik berasal dari voltase rendah,voltase tinggi (high power lines)
2 tipe:
1. Burn (terbakar)2. Gangguan jantung atau respirasi
Hewan bisa terkena kejutan listrik pada kabel listrik
dll
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Luka akibat perubahan tekanan atmosfir
Perubahan tekanan atmosfir menyebabkan kerusakan dengan
3 cara:
1. Penurunan tekanan tiba-tiba, gelembung gas akan masuk
ke darah dan terbentuk emboli (caisson disease)
2. Tekanan amosfir rendah, tensi oksigen rendah pada
inspirasi:hipoksia (brisket disease: animal, high-altitudeillness: manusia)
3. Peningkatan atau penurunan tekanan tiba-tiba
kerusakan
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Luka akibat perubahan tekanan atmosfir
Brisket Disease
Pindah ke tempat dengan ketinggian 8000 kaki brisket
disease
Merupakan respon terhadap tekanan atmosfir yang rendah
dan asosiasi dengan defisiensi oksigen, respirasimeningkat systemic a hypoxia
Myocardium sisi kanan menebal (hipertrofi) dilatasi
Hiperemi, udema terutama di daerah brisket, tenggorokan,
leher, kaki kematian setelah 1-3 bulan
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Kerusakan akibat radiasi ionisasi
Berasal dari:
1. Elekromagnetik (x-ray dan gamma rays)
2. High-energy neutrons and charged particles (alpha dan
beta partikel dan protons)
Semuanya berefek pada sel, merusak DNA
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Kerusakan akibat radiasi ionisasi
Efek pada sistem organ
Terutama sistem haemotopoietik dan limfoid
Dosis tinggi radiasi lymphopaenia
PLT terganggu
Eritrosit terganggu anemiaGangguan pada gonad steril dll
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Kerusakan akibat agen KIMIA
Terjadi perubahan pada hewan melalui:
1. Inhalasi
2. Digesti
3. Injeksi
4. Absorbsi via kulit
Umumnya toksik adalah racun
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Kerusakan akibat agen KIMIA
Prinsip dasar kerusakan akibat bahan kimia:1. dosis, dosis tinggi toksisitas tinggi
2. Konversi metabolik yang dibutuhkan, ct. Alkalin langsung
toksik ke sel, banyak obat dikonversi di hati
3. Lokasi absorbsi, akumulasi atau eksresi, tergantungkerusakan maksimum
4. Variasi individual, tergantung tiap individu
5. Kapasitas bahan kimia untuk merangsang respon imun
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Kerusakan akibat agen KIMIA
Racun Kimia
Terdiri dari 2 macam:
1. Inorganik (acids: sulphuric acid, bases: potassium
hydroxide, salts: mercuric chloride)2. Organik, berasal dari tanaman, jamur, kapang dan bakteri,
parasit
Menyebabkan korosif, racun pada saraf, mengganggu darah
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Kerusakan akibat agen KIMIA
Korosif Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxid, calcium oxide, barium
chloride
terbakar, hiperemi, inflamasi, nekrosis, ulcerasi
Organ poison
Menyebabkan perubahan di organ, terutama liver, ginjal,
jantung, ct. Phosphorus, arsenic, lead, mercuric chloride,
silver nitrate
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Kerusakan akibat agen KIMIA
Nerve poison
Overstimulasi, depresi, paralisaCt. Narkotika, striknin, atropin, pilocarpin, physostigmine,
toksin dari Clostridium tetani dan C. botulinum
terbakar, hiperemi, inflamasi, nekrosis, ulcerasi
Poison affecting the blood
Menyebabkan hemolisis, menghambat koagulasi, aglutinasi
eritosit
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Kerusakan akibat agen KIMIA
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Non iritasi, tidak berwarna, tidak berasa, tidak berbau yang
dihasilkan dari oksidasi.
CO membuat systemic asphyxiant
Sistemik apoksia muncul pada saat hemoglobin 20-30 persensaturasi dengan CO.
Mati dengan 60-70% saturasi
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Domba dan sapi bisa mendapatkan racun dari konsumsi
toksin
Sapi: phosphateDog: phosphorus, arsenic, alphanaphthyl thiourea (antu) dan
thalium
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