rherneg a'rrd catrcegts i t r e. t r ah* [ i t iarr ist a.ppr-oach to cr- iminaI j r - rst ice,

I rr trrtdr-rc t i r:11

1r.n ih!= t r . f rFr=.r I u i iS t . :s i l , : . * t r ; - - :ut th=.r : r=,= ;nd :*nce.pts in an;eb*I i i . in i=. i . . rFrtrr* .ach in cs- in: i*a! jLrst i re, I4y r ,*p=., ; ; ;= nf l t .adre=,s theg=n=' ; ' * } qus=t ' icrrr rcf purr ! -qhr+='ret , I =s=..or"* ishrcent s-= a sger i f ic fars l athi i*r .* ; : ! .* ter- .*r i : " ' r - : ' *h!ch

c* i r he +b=.=rve* in r i : -=nv =sr:* l ! , . i -*r t ices:far*r i l l r ' '3 sci i r ;E,3 n i ' ' t r : { - l ; ; * =,rrr : r i . In th i= ge*=s Fl- tct t re} 1y e1.e;-u s.rrs i=f anrr 31*r ++i i -h gru; . i 'sh*:* .* t .a=. ,*rel r i * th* i - " r= or -

l i ,=r*q r ," . . , i=r-*c, , aF ! ,nthe l - r=i= * t - , ,*r j - r , - t i '=h*t-0. .

{ i :Ths i r*sqr=. ,srs*Fl le hal .s alr** i i r i r* i c* l j , - r=t !a=, arer greda:rr inant l - r r

b.*gpr i lJ i l : r r - r n i*Si* Fres=.Frte*. i* .* c, f *he.*ci i r , ! t ie= sf c.*_in: i r : ; r ] jus*. tce,{E}l ' jhe* *h*t ' l i t r*r i*r- t=.35 p;rr t ' i r rs*te in.cr i r* inal iugt i re nr s=.se=E the'E:rr5. t*srr .sg *r-el*r ! i , :p,rE ihe,g 13s thi=. nrr t fus t rasis * f rnedi .a images, Inrr i r* i* .e] jus* i re * !* . r rgr_l .xge r f g*_l . i - r ! .=hr*eni is used and people preslrFF*s=,i 'h=rt thsre i= rnngr l ' l i t , . " t** tpte*n' ih= pr*r* i=hnent cont=, :qt they aref *cr+i I i * :<- p; i i 'h Et ' ' - r ihe t r .*g!= * f d i : -==t e:*p=i i .=. : - rcs +,- id i .*s i , . - -ac=,=E=,sin=' id=' cr ! rs ivr .* ] jusi i=p. Th:s rE!rrqrLr! t . r , dc,ss hrr . rEr. ,er nr . t . =,sr=t ,

1", : i th s-ggFl*. t . t .* u*.* t i= c.* I : ; .d r l r - .=f===ion.al11.. i *s i .ds the s1,.51prs;'o;rLtr : i 'sh*a'ni" i t rFtr- i* : : ! : r ; j *d!r : ; r i c iecis i ,=*.= a; . -d th=ir i r*plerrent. .** ic, . r r ) ar=l** ic l* "F* i : r - r i=her pu.:- is i :s$, , . . i_= I .*r i r ! .s ig. , i : i . ,4. ; - . :d i t is just i i - r thersl .st !** tsptr*se. ' r t the 'opi l ' * i=h*r " e:- id * .he , .5,Lrr- l ished,, ih.at therh'* t -aci=r i - ' ' * i r ccf ' *p*r t !ghr*ant" {a=. *ppr=sd ta v ig, lE.r-} f ,E,} h*s tn befE**d- E* !n rr !s*rr** i i *=t !ce t -he ;*ct ivr i ies { .and e: , rFpr ier ice=} fcrrrn.al Iycal ]ed t r r - t r r is i - tn iFnt h '*+s ' t ' : r : Ei* ! lar i ty u i th events uhrch are, auts idecr i ' : * insl iust ics cnnsidered as puni i*ment. In pract ice to cal l thsge'*ct iy i t iss gunishf fpnt i= cre ' .** . i r*g *n unfrr*nded legi t imat isn, Sc, I -co

Fti;h E:rr€etr'= ra*I Frr{rrFs=.e= n A;ti*_iiA1;;g-.r* i ' - lJ i - i " -p ia i=====.} , ;ngr*ngyr*. .* iceptedb1,. .?}reFr: \*<=he

c*rnr"ent i*nar }angu'age in the pr-r l r I ic d issc'u;-=e hid;= thergel i i ies ab*r- l i pr*bler:rat i= s i**at i*ns ic ' r - i r*e) end cr i r* inal igat isn- Eorny Ft€per $ ' i l I in *he f i rst part pr incipel ly deal 1ai th ql ie5t ians ofI 'engu*ge- The ser*nd p.*r t r . r i r I t*urh the quest i . ,n: r . thr . abnr i t ion. Thetfuie-d p,* . r - t i= hi t ted t f r r ! , , , * t , r ! I i t - i *n.

Fr pub I ic debate i rr Eor-doba

In f i r tsbJr !F?t- I h.*d the pr iv i lege tc, part ic ip.ate in a putr l icdsb'* te crrr rs*t ters f , f sec; : r i ty !n ths. " i ty

sf cardpba {* ; -gerr t ina}, This.deb'aie l+aE. *rganised try a voiuniar,r" $rganisat i * ,n cal led , ,El Agore, ,s*hich t ' r ie= t* r*nt ivate r i t i rens tc, e: . r i r -e,ss oFininns and to develap;rct iv i* ieg in issue=. nf pr-rkr l ic ccrncern.{4}The debete started in-gr*g] I grg*ps of t r l _ lS people- Everyoneinierested cnuld regie. i .er fc,r ="," i * i roup.-J l r t ; ; " ; ; , ,prg,v ided acc*rdinat$r for evPrY

-ar{rup- The q.r*=i ians r+hich had to be discusged inthe f i rst rseet ing ef giorrc,= l" lprp: I t* yau feel =trrne*irne,=, insecure inthis r i ty? In r*hlch conte:ct , under l*hirh c i rcunstances? l , that could bedone *o diminish ths=e feet ings ef ingecur i ty? Hhs csuld csntr ibute tothis ' , in uhich r*ay?In *he f i rst rsund of_discussins part ic ipants did ng,t speak aEe:{FrFrts t r* t rsther spol ' ;e of their ar+n e$per ienre, their orsn feel ings,

thr=: l - i f ,6{ ! - r *Frt : i r=t-r-= ' - l .E { iL i rer" is- T*e p. : . r - i i .c ip, : . r - r t= r l i , i r - i r f , t t r -y ta r-Ear-h,:sf l- i5Ell=.1=.. Th,:",t {!I.E!-* tf i te-',.r. tr: iolr=rr{: i t:r". t lerx=t= lrr.e-=. r.* i th the ,l ivr=:-= i tvr:i.- r=r.;i:*:- i er::e= . j=ec= !. i t-tr3= .*t-rd l-tr=o=rj-= 13:rr.F!-€E.=.r*rj i t.l lh* qr-*u.g -

i l-r t!- ie ='.,.,=l-rir-trl i"xe Erji]!r*,=.1- ieerc irr!:,* ,3. i.:.r-ge =r:he,*,: ,*. 1 L th,==er: .* i l - r i *e*r '= ' * . r - td t r r :=!- t ian= ' . . . r=ie:r=d i r r th:= =x,* . I i r l t - , f r - j .FE- l r - r khepe-'ef *.*t- i.c'*it=rj fr-,er',:e uf *h i.= =cher*;. r ' te h*.d r-r+tr-:.r-* !. i i . *1,:.de r-ecrri f,:r-t-=t*,zz-?:.= f*rr..=it-,*; :=r: r+Fi,=.t =h*=r-.:. 1d he rlr=r:e e.?*,.:t r=ffer:de!--qr hut th i==r== i; irrr-l r-r=r'ri-s,* it:ed trt-,3.f e i.r,g. !. 13. b l,:.lrl.,: -

Fe*p l* t":;.t: ir=d $3,3.i-r ':r." r:r:{?-tf l-ete acf; ixn-*= r.rh ir:h r*ts.'tr l he. c l,===.if ierl i trr ,=h* ' ' ; ' .=t- i*= t : i r -*dt-*==,=. : :d Fr-Eed"e!: t i * r - t< fo ' , - r l the =r- ;h j r=ct - r*e. t te,r- l . lh ichfr=l- t r : r= the hs'=.1-t * f th* r=f f i : : i . *1 ele, ' * ,* ,*e -- t r r l - l i=hnrr=rr t r=f r=f f+=r-rr ler-s-- ( . { . r .s*!-]tr1.r "."r*l-"ir .. l-:!,3.!-rJ i l :,s. 1 l1+c s-gFt-,==er':terJ- *r:# fr: l- tf ir= rr:r-rrr-=t:= ,=.Ct inr-r==r.r.gr3*=t=d b,C i:h* p.:.r-t!.cip,:.r-l i= irr i;ft* r"*r:r-1.:: et-{3,LF= th-ere {."1,3€_-l-},f,1-r,:&r.r-,3. I*\-'zr*, le=.= (.s:=i-= !:r-= r*r=r-#= ir-: ti-:= i=?,=g€.llE:!:-_{ !*e;f?aEGL _e_bat€-. fdo*'{'=t-lder- th@di-: c,:r*,n,=ilior-, thr= sr-.ltcerxe rf,f H-red i=; : r - l=gi*=e: i r : t t re s<r=r- f . : : r3r-** .pa e.L l gr= i r : t*d t* the =lr i ! : i r - r* r l i f f r=rr=r-rrehe ts{e.=l't "** -t'* i,=c'r:jr_s,*.rf *= .

*rader* i ; r .and the languages ahaut cr ime. cr in inal just ice and secur i ty

F.1s- *r*der ' r r != 'g r+h* r ' tc : r i , ; in the f ie ld tauched upr:* b1. . ihe detr .* te r*rn=r inre ' +r :* r r i r l * i * .* l j r - r=t ice iar ld r ,+hrs ._" iub.Err i t+s t r r cr- i i i r .* j ualueg* ' r r t* ' rdra 'd :* t*= .=r+*pss* i r t radi t i r r*? {E' l I =e= .a dar-- : t r le t .* . -q} , : : *J io*s=rr ib=' e i -* 'J i r i " ra11"5s' th* p ' r* :csss== sf cr i r* !n.al i : . : t icrn i r r a r .v.ay whlchp* ' r : rc i* '= * f r E=sF='-= t*=ir r f i r l=pqxencs=.anci th* i : r Segr i i rn; t r" , r . : b) t r Ei i .p aherrd i* : pscrp!= tprc: f*=s!c,n.=Is and s*hsr=i r+ha try te cglF'e { in theF=r=.FrFf, t i ' t "e nf r* 'Jr*s.-= ar ldr ' ' f t r pre ' r .=ni ! f in l ur th pratr le ' f la i icc. 1 iu.** i r r r :=. i$3 *** ich srs t .hs f*b* is, : t ,=f secnnd.*rr- =r l rs in; t l i r .* t i$ i - r c! i -r 1.ai s*=. f , i f pr i r ' **r ' ,g rr i rsr is-r ;g1 i let i+*. { ?}

Tr: { r - r }{ i } } i f re* i . ;+sl , : .* }ang*+g* n*sd= t* t rs ccr.*strurted, That3**qr;*qe cer:*s: i ' h= i** }* ' r*gu*ge 1* r '+hirh sr i** insl just ice i= prar i i red' :*** 3+'gi i !s*;{ t=d. l "J i ' ren ih=" * '=* r : f ihat 3*rrglrag* h; ts ig r$.a}, :E i i Fr}-r5sibletr : *55F.5 th* leq! i ' isna=y rsf r r ! r : !*a] j r - rs i . lce in the I ighi af cert ; r ine:cpl ic i l . r . .=] l le= r*e t ret tsr s*srt isr f *rr*ulste thr t=e val1. tg,=. . They h.ave tn=hspa l t=. prhere *nd hsrr * .* Isal ' : , 5g ]et u= siart t* lsgl , : + ' t sc:r*e e:qtr I ic i t'+"t f Ltg=

Va] ues

l ' *s h.al 'p l . -J l 1nr, i , ' f * r .* nc,rm.*t i r .s f r ; r r*e arau'r :d r+hichn i r , th i=hi=.* .ctr ic*3 grs ' r i ** i : - r {Frr t=t} r*r*dern =.Er: iet ie=, a }arqe sl lFFrart csrr bE,r** t r i l :=.rd- The ncl : r -c*at . i l "e f r .ar*e h.a= t* t re preserr ted r* i th indicatnrsr ih i rh c.*n t r r *FsF'3ies t* 5.grs!Er3 =.y=.ter*g in p+hirh gr-r , f=,s=. i*nal= pl*y ap^r*r* i r -err t r$]e '* t . td i* **hich meny c*.=*s are de.al t Fdi th sn .* r f l icrd] ler"e, l :] i t ls ed*c+t i*r l .* I =} .a i*ne=.. ths xedic.* ] *y=tel l l ; rnd leqal =9=tern=., ThE'n*rrr.ati ir"e f,r.en*p FrFeELlFrprl=FE .sgrFsnls$t ctn ther =ecul;rr and .f lanfundarnent.* I is t cheracter * f the stste. tSl The faI lowirrg indicetors seernt i me t* sat i=. f1. the reqr-r i rernents I ment ioned, {?}

.g. Se=E'Eci f , r r i d i l rer=i tv

Bagic assurnpt ion. The surr . ival r r f * .he l i fe depends an respect fc,rsr ld sr l idar i ty ui th diuersi tE. Di f f erpnce betueen and r* i th in thespecie= i= n*r+.ad*y= thrertene.d by au;- sscial and technical' * r - rang'et t re 'ntg ' The di f fersnrss betr+een petrple I iv ing in the sarne"sc,r iety" !=. , , in the pr: t r l ic d iscsurss* undsrsst imsted-

_k

Lf,s. Lue=.. Se=,*ec * '

.r+i th! :; r,r::e i rrdi l."idr_1.*l5i* I i d;:;- ! t", ' p;i ih th*:=.e.

fr:r- the, d iffr=r-*t-:rs.=d*r inr ; h i=. 1 i {* }" id i f fsr*rncs5.

3,

L,eir"re**- i i . r rd iv idu,s. l= { ,s.r-}d evE!-1i i rp:1 arrd t ret*een cnl lect iv i t ie=,

Lts lue=- Frf i fe=.=isns er ld auth;- ; r r t rs=. i re iher* fsr pegple in therrdi ' ; * ' : r -El t , , r . . Thr FrEf ' ! . ]e. .are nnt ih=.r€. f r . . r the authr,r i t ie.=. .=nd thep:-rsf=='= ' ic 'n=' ' Thi=. i i *p l ies t t ' : * t ** thc ' r - i t :== +nd p'rofgi==i : 5;-r= h* ' r . "=. to5Ps-13F ths:r- l t r r - r=.* . -< r i f c l i=,r* t= i 'c ihr i r - ,J ive;-=. i t , r " ta be legi t im.ate,

B'asic €ssLl tnFtt inn. ** i .hcrr i i i=.= .arr$ p;-r , f =s=. i rn=. ai-e cnly able to=er1'r= i l - t= ' i ' * t 'e"-=st= * f r l !s- : . l t= in thei ; - . i lv .=r=i ty l+h*rr ths==, c3ie;-r i=h.er.e s*r , . r=,r i * i r r - !=.rr l ih=.rr ;+r t !q"! t i6,=._

r - 5. , t+3 id i i t nf 1=ccns*.r*c i ! r r ; - r

Easic assunpt i*n ' The rnenu ig *st ihe rre* i - The rnasi g.:c- ;. i * fe 1;- o.. .

nf dsc!=i* , r lr -gf r : ! - !5t ' f Lr f t

** er.e 's ' : t r+i l rh !g lh=^ * ts. :sr t * f * d i=r*ur=s i l : -l *+l ' : iF l* i ! : -CrrE.ES t=. .* I r$+,1 '5 : r -€!r t*rrSt. : - r - r r i .ed, The

i -=*

i = rr= ' r"=:r 1$g*t i =.*3 t* ih= sr .ent .

i= ncl t the$f en1. fa;- ;*

! ' rEt3ue- l r* .ag=='==ir-a '4 =*r ! .s3 pr.aat ices the f i : r=.* . aEFF;:*==.s=.sed i=. ihe qr_re3i tor . r r f the, rerc*n=irurt icn gf ar l =,r .ent* f * f , f .* i rs.- ls t .hs rer,=n=*rr_rr t ix "val id" ? Flecnn=trurt ian*hich he3*xg r .*1=*i i r r the re.* I r* cr f * l : fe r , rsr- ld, ars +.rr lih=*1":=r= br=sd *n th i r rsai i lng= *f iha *ain artnrs in theThis rr i*er iussl f* l ls++g d!rs=*Iy f r+r, l the vslue= rnd b.asicrsrerriia;-:*d **d=.r a .and tr.

t tnber l r cf g =-tatec:f er.err t=:

y val !d i fl i fe prr*r Id.

assur*pt isns

Ccncetr tE

--[r- i r*e

l 'Je are incl ined t t r cnnsider "cr in inal events" aE e: , rceFt ional ,eve*t-= r+hirh dl f f ,er ts.** lneprert .ant esient f rsr* sthsr events shich arenrt t def ined t= cr imin.eS - !n the crrn 'crsnt ian.al ; - ieu" cr i rs inal canduct iE,crrr-*= ' idered *r ' t re the m*st i :*pcrt*nt ceus* cf these E,r .€ntg- f r i rn inals. : r rs -- in th ig qier+-- a =per i ; r l f **egr-rrr . r 6f peaple. and ths, errcept ign* lnature : r f cr i r* i* .a l =r :ndurt , *ndJsr the =r iminal , iust i fy the sper ie lnat l - t re crf the rp.*c t ! an ag.= i n=t i t ,

F=aplg r*h* arg i r+rrr lved in "c;- inr inal" sventg, hcr+ever, da nnt inthernsslvss €Fpsar t r : f ,n i r .or s sper ia l c.* iegory, Thc,=e r+hr: .are of f ic i .+1Iyrectrrded as "r5ir* ins! " cc 'nst i tu*e nnly a gmal l part of thgse involvedin sr ' 'ents thst ' !eg* l Iy per*r i* cr imin.al iu at ion, *rnong themr ypuf lg ,ng,nfrcrn* *he f f i *st d is.*dvantaged gect. ians * f populat ic,n i re heavi l ;* averrFFrre=ented,

l " t i t 'h i* the concept * : f cr iminal i ty a le ide range of s i tuat igng arel inhed together- Flest : r f these' ha*rewer, h.sve separate propprt ies andnf l c{ ] ,Ff i !or t dsnornina*sr: v is lence wi th in the fami ly, v ic, lencE, in ans'- t f l r r -?m{}us rDnterqt in ths streetsr t r reahing ints pr ivate dr, le l1 ings,tontpletel)" d i r"ergent r ' r*y= of receic. in4 goods i I legal Iy. d i f ferent type=*f randuct in t r ' * f f i r

' pat lut ion r f the-enviror,**nt r and s,orn,e forn= sfpal i t ical ac* i r , ' i * ie=. i le i ther in the r : rst ivat ion sf thase whs areinv$Ived in such ewents" n(tr in the n*ture of ths rsnsequpncps? nor inthe possihi I i t ieg of dea! ing' wi th thern {be i t in the prevent i t r ,e sg,n=E,!

i l { . - . - . f ^.-r t :&+ i ==.

r f , ! - ! ' t - t the =s'*=e t=f khr= * : r - r* i r - r : I * f i f te car-r f I ic t l r : ,3.1r arr t r t rG&ftg11'=hr-u: ts- . r ' t - r= h+= r l i=ca'sel-*d. * t I th, : . t th==e .=rents h. : . , re i r r connorr i= thatih= rr- i r : t ' r i t - i ,+. I j r - : .=t i r :e ,=r,sElr=,e.r . l i= , : . r_r th: : r - r=*:J t* ta[ : : := , : l t i * r : ag i r r=t ther*-] j *me r=f . the=* e?Ei- : t :=, : ,* . r_r .=,= r : r f ! - t .= i r jsr- . : .h i= =ul- f ,=r- i l rq tc t f iase direr: f lyi t - : " . . " r : i ' . . . .er1 . qui te, : f ter- l , : . f f ,=, :h i l - rg fo*th, ;=:-*Etr- , : l .a l - a.rrd v ict i r r . E,=r_,=i , le l_.' l ' * l - r=rr . ' : t : r* l -e. t r - ' * t " f ie: ,ar : r : i rJ*t- i t=, , i . r - raJ-. . . r i - , : i * r -*c= r<i th i r r the faor i lv . Th,=a' :=i i : : l '=- i r=t- ih1' of iht= e '""r=r-r f= lqhich. : . : -=: j=.el t r . l i th b. i r cr- i r*rrrre. I ju=t i . , :ehr=* '"n"="" ' 'et- . E"* ' l r - l l r i ?- i r f , t ; Ea:!=!-E tr , ; r - i icr- j 1,3.1-t l r h iqn . f ! - l a i - l i *aqir- : ,J!-y =c. : !=,r fF€r-Er l {e-} 'J . I h*r-d=hig. t ' I , : . i r - i rx*rr ; . . : l d i t - t= icul t i r==., l i f f i , :u i t ie= hetr . reer-rF,3.?-=?-rl5 ,"r-rrJ ch i. idr-=l-t, =er- ir:r-;= ,l i t- l- tr;s.Lt, ie= aL +rr:r-l:. a2-.{} -natJ.1=ir_rg

tr:_ch ien:,,=t ' ' * i l l : 8 ' '3 '3 t -u l '=* b* EI:FE!- i .errr=r1 ,* .=.4r1, f r -8,=r=r- i r : r - ; .= b*th i . r ier3r-r=r= arrC*t :e- '=.1 i ' .= l - r - i l - r {e . : r f ,RF,3. i -e r- i - ! rx i l : ,=. ! . e ' .+er- l t ' : r* i th r : thr=t- e ldgr-r tE. ther-e i=sf i - t thr== ?.e ' . .* l * f thr :=e r* i r=, : t l ,1r i r : r . -E=i ,s l : , j__ l r* th i r - tg i r r t r i - r_r=ic r*hir_hr i i= l zt . ,4ts i '=h:== thr:=,= "r : l - i r* i l - ; ,= i E ' . . . "er l t=. . f . r - :=r : : r * ther- , l i f f i r , - i l t ies r : r -u.-r . t - tg1:=, : : .=,* . t - r t = i . t t - r .ahi*r-r=. l . ,E: : r - r ,3. , i . , * . l - r_Ll=-. ,1 i -E khe,;r =ir r ,3] .ed, :st by thr :=e; l i r=: i l t l i r - : ' . ' r :1 ' ' . ' *d l* * ,= e=e,: . i t . r " r i ih i r - ! .3.r- i , . . . 1. .4,=.11 l . rh ich di f fer-= r-ar1 ical l l rf l -* , : r , r f ;he t r . " ,*1.s, : th=l- E. . . l=!-?i ,=. : .1-e r le.*1t p* i th. I t i= thr=ref .ot-r= r- i* t'Eu' ' r - r { i= i r - r r ; th '=t ,= t : t f , ! - != i :Jere.&l* pr-r :gr : r - l * i r :n r : f the e, . .er" i t= shich r* .ar j . I ,J b*d=l ' - : ' r -*sd * .= "= 'e l - i r :u= r- t - i$3u=" r . i i i * i r - l the;r : r - r t : r t t af the ct- iar i r ra l . is .=t icesr.o ' ; 'her: I - r - !=r ! ' r '+. i r r r r : rxpleteL..c cut=i :Je th,* .h =3=tem- They ar- ,= sr=t t l *=d * i th i r r*hs= =r=r i ' r l cr : t - rL€.r , ; t i l ' : **h i r : l r f :he1.. t ,= i : :e g l ,*ce { the f .=.rni 1, . . . the t radeut-:i.r=;-:. l l-= ,*.=.Erf,!: L,:. i ir: l-r=- i l-e l=e!.gl-r1r::-.rt-..*t=.**l irr ,: si*:i l ,*.r- F{;}.y a= r:hher" l - r rJ l -* J o: l - ia: i l - l ' * . ! . " r : r=t ' r f ! . i i " t= .3.r-- ,=.=t t l .=;J. * l i th i= r .* .=at- ,s th,r t ther-e i r - l r*rnr:r : t l : l *g ic,=. I r -e, : . I i ty *=f c i - i r**-

--* t rqf l i t i t : r r

I h* ' " 'e t rse* t"* I i r i *g rep=.*t=dly *b*ut an abcl i t iani .gt approach.t 'Jh;+i. *'* I ni**.* t*p *hi= ?

: t ig ' useful t r ' t { t* ! ! : s €r, *r te} t t icsS di=,*rnct icrrr b*tr ' leen tr+o type=*f *Lr '=] i i i '=* is* '= isxces. rJn i .he r-r*e h;rnd r ' rs ha-*e an abrr l i t ianist starr=eb*hirh dpf i i=.s Ieqi i ! ! - r r .ar . . . r tc, ar t ! r" ! t i=.E de.. . , .e] *ped in the rul tur-a1 end='*r i 's l *rq*ni 's* t i r*n c*f r r i r* . !n*! iu=trc*. This stance r=, jects alss their*aga'= * f ssci .* ! 3 i f= $rhlch are f*rs*ed ein the t regis *r thcrse act i r , ! : t iesin the drf ferent ' =eg*r leni 's af s&i* ty. In th is v ier+ cr in in.al , iust icE, isn$t ' * Iegi t ig '* ls ensusr ta probl=nret ic s i iuet icns" but pre=entes i tsel fthe f= 'str- t ; 'ss * f * pr-rb! != preblem. This impl ies thai theg;E, .abo] i t ioni=iEh.* ' , , 'e t* ; rdregs a df lub3e ta=l , :3 t .heo". h.*r .e tc, =. tep.sr i iv i t ieg in arr in*! ' ** ] . :*=i i re f r r r*=. . L:r- : t th*1. r ls* get inr . ro j r . "ed in dssl ing i .* i thprublsr* '* t i r r r i ryr !ns] i=sble s i tu.** isn= *uts id=, cr i* !neI jusi ice.

Thi=' f , {3r f l . * f abrr t i t io;r is* h*= the r l :ar .*cter sf a Er l r ia l ,n$-*erf iEntr** lp '= ' t -ehle tc ! -u i i=t ,=:- ic, : . 1 =*ci ,=1 sr*, rer,er. t t= fsr- ths, : .br : l i t iar-r af =l- : . r . .u=r. .1r'* ' t :# :=f th= per-='scr-r . t ! .ct ' t ,=f rq i t rhss .* . r - i r i her-et ic= a.rrd cr : r - r tE,rnFr l r - , : . r -y =acialerr : 'se ' t r :=t : t= I ih:e ih*=e f i l ! - abnl i t i * l ' r r=f r -* .c i ,s. I a:rd ger:der- d i=cr- i*r i r - r , : . t iarr .

iJn tF.z ml jher- h, : . r :d r<e h, : . .ce ,=t-e f ibr=t i t ia:r i=t =t , : . r : re i r - l t *h ich rraLt le*:€EE'3!- i 1L"r r t - i r* i f re- I . i r - .+.=t i .ce, but ,s. } r* 'c sf lsgl , : ing st r r i r$!nal just i iei=. .sb* l ishe*- Th:.= f i r r* sf .abs! i* i*n f r , i *=es c,n the act iv i t ie= cf $r ,psl f the *rg*rr isat isns underSl . ing cr i i t !na! j r_rst ics: the unirner=. i ty and,t*ars sFpr: f !c.eI ly, the depertment= c, f cr !min.al l ; rx and cr iminology.Feferr- ing ts ecadeni= v.alr . :eg prhich rsquire ec.adernic independencg, sferci '= i ing =:rc ia! Ftrart i res tcr perr* i t * s l r r rp t rb ject ive asse=gms,nt sfths='e pr€ci i reg i* the I ight sf e:apl ic i t cr i*er ia, th is fE'rrn sf'abFl i t ' io ' r l iEr* rsFrr f larhe=. the dorsinant !er tures sf cr ime snd cr i rn in.aliust ice t f l Iacl ' : the necessarv independenre, These dorninant , , Ig,cturE,E,,

Y

{,

e1f? l i l : i t l ' "" : .uFtrt f , t - t the ide' : . r : f '+. * ' t ' i * . iu l- ,3. I i ty and t teces=i t rn " af cr in: i t ra. I

u=t i r r=-l* ih ic. .=€.r l -qs st**3i i i * r - r is the atr '= l r t in of the nr-er.s i l ina acaderni=

1.*nq*.*9.=' .* t r r rut . r r ! * i r l+] ; , - r -=t i ce ,arrd lhe rep l .arenrer i i c l f th i = l angr:ageh,r ' .=:-r t r* iher l .*rrqu.*ge pahich perrni t=. i .sr =ubr i r i t cr i rn in.al j r - rst ice to thecr i i i= ' ; . I hr- . ' t *Lr thE= i=: 1n **her r" , 'nrds l ' ; l - r i ch en.alr ] r :< tcr ie=t theh".1p*ihe=r= th.st =r ix in*] i r - rst ice i= nrt "natural " arrd that i t="r#r:=. i . rLr i* i r l r r" E.*{- l rsf , . , i t re }14i t ls* .ated. I f that h3*pathesi=. is val ideted,*he' p.re '""*r I i r l4 Senq*.=qe *b"*ru* rr imin* l . . , iust ice has t* be decon=tructed.and rr inr in.* ] j r - r=. i . i rs e.* i I ] ; lFFer;rr ; r=. ar pr-rbl ic prnlr lenr instead of a=:: l : - l i i *n * f p l rbS ic Fr: :h le, is-q. Th=r f i rs i t } . t r=r af .abgl i i is '* r"" . i 1 l thus be3 =g i i !.r*.*t:.d ,

3 i .s l i , : i ; - ; th is Fr.*Fs;- r** i r :31' e l ,*u* the =ecsnd f ar- l l l s f ab* l i t ior . t ,f lh*] : i i ** ==. t r . : t i r .a3 hr.rc, thgsi : r {Sr*deur l??3, p, l * iJ .1 r aradenr ic

'=.*z=7. i i i ,=r-s.

i l r ix in*] i=at . t r rn .*nd i r ! rn!na] iug*. ice

t"Jh;r t . i '=:r i* : ! r r* ] i r - r=t ice? Fgr Lrs:r r r i rs i*al i *=t i re is a epetr i f icf t : rns *{ i r - : te ' rsr i i .=.* bs*r+ss+.8 f ,€r l .* i* nr-rrsrber c l f . f rqprrr ie= such aE thepr l iceo the r*urt= { is lh= t ' r r - r : rds.=.1 5e.:-rre, i .e, *r t iu=. t the judge=,

t : : - t t eg3=.r i th=' grutr l i r g l -*=ei l :* !$r . s:r l i= i tnr=, etc. l . the prrrbet ign andihe' p:r i '=r : r* sr . r""" i . reo ] .* ; , ; .=r :d cr ! : 'y : i r r r r l r - rgp d*p.*r tnrs l r i .s in the : rademicr" ;*r ld" *he 1"1i ' * i=. i=r rcf Jusl : re .a '*d Par l iarr=nt. l " le r€!- l r r rs i , :p surd=' f i r l i t i rs ' i r rsf , -= ' r imi l - l .s i i r - r=t i r* s l . .st=.r : v iELtr ] t ry r*e.en= af the f rqnre crnt 'h* ' nsut F*gF. *k:r-r= ' * f ths=s crgarsi=at isrns arp in thernseSl 'eg rnarr ied to=r is; in.* ] * : - :s i i rE.o they h.=ve fPr. .E'n i f they are 50 rnarr ied t r an e: . t tent)* l i fe '* f th* i r s+r ' r* . #*st * f *he.ect iv i t ieg of the pol ice fsr p:{€rsF}Ie,

ds r* '=t * .*1, :p pl .are ln l i *h in ths f rarnep*r:r l , : of th.ai =pecial forrn ofinter.*=* inre, 5 i*r i l r . r i iy . t r+sEi af ihe act i r . i t ies af the =aurts do nrr tts l ' :e p3*=* l+! th!* . r cr i* : is .* l iu=t :ce f r .* txer+sr: Often they act in thef re;*e r l f r i +. i I *r .ad*: : nr str .at i l "s j r - r=t i ce.

l " jh.st * .hsn i= that e-=F=r i f ic f r r r* r r f interast ian crr - - in otherl+*rd=-- cr f ru l tural and saclal organirat isn {Gugf ie ld 1981 }- r+hichpr*d*c== rr i r* i r r*1i =st isn? I u i I ] be r*FFi t r br ief and *nly highl ight €cert .* i r : nursber cf EsFlpct= phich ssers: *n me i r rportant for our i rnrnediatetepic.

The f i rst spetr i f ic th ing t l f cul tural organirat ion rs that FITr: :1

Iace and i t f ree=eg theiJtjc,.-n-there *ffiepert t* tr,aT*Tn=-;aent tc, s pgFsanr €Eindir idrr .a l :n t* ' r , rh{rnr in=.trunent* l i tp {cau=*l i ty} and blarne can be.*t t r ib*ted. The resn] i is thet . thr i *d i ' " ' idu.al then becsr*e's separatedrrr- t t - Hs is in csrt .+! ' * inrp*r tarni pr*ot 's i 'saI .ated in respect of thatin= idsnt f rsg* Ah!g sn, . . i rc:rsent, h:s f r iends* his f .ar* i ly* the mater !* lsubs*.r .* turs cr f h is r**r ld. He is.aI=* =ep.*rated frrr r r thsge pesple rahsfssl l " i r t i * r* i=ed in;r sr tuet idrn r+hirh rnay be at t r ibr-r ted ts his act ion,Thsse "- ' * i t r i . i lvrs" arp Eeparsted in.a ro*parahle way,Scr, the cul tural*rgani=st ian cr f refererrce sr t i f ic ix l ly setg certain indiv iduals apartf rgc* *heir d ist ivrct i l "e enr" i ' r -onrnent.and i t separates peoFIe mho feelulct i re i=sd frsm FsErF le rqh$ sre rorrs idered in th l '= =q?r- i f ic set t ing aE"perpetratrrE" , In th i= se' f iEs ths cr-r l tural argani rat iong of Er i rn inaliust i re cree*eg " f ic* i t icrus indi ;* idLr.aIs"* snd .a " f ic t i t isus"i nt c'r.ac t i sn b,et r*eerr t hem,

i { rg {c,r re - rangtruct lg l _tqqtf l_yE-S1r:sr : . i 5F!er i f ic $ay. l i -F=,ELrc€'E .a cc,n=.@-b1. fqcusinq {3cru=in* $n:--- ---

{

F-+

€,

&rr: : thsr- f* , : . t : : . r -e cf the cu. l tur- ,=l r : r -g '=.r- l izat i t r ! ' r t f , f cr- inr in,J. I j r - r .=t ice

r., i th i. t-,,:.t-rd

h i*r .* l - r :hT tr f " ,1!- ,* . t r i h:"nr ' . t ' . E{. : i Th i= i ' iet-ar-r :h:s" *{ g l - , : . ' . . i t1. i= *rairr i "y bui L t*?-r l=r'::F€!- ir=rrcr= *:-t ,:. i imi l=:-{ t-.3.!-}qe af e'ret:*= wi th irr the ,s.l-tr-ral {l=l-t : r f r t= idr=r*dl cxcr:r t ret*r- l le rr f , - f , f - :g -=. ' , "n5f1=r1; . I l - th i= F' t l - , i . r l r id Fr- ,3.ct ic '=. 111". r :crt:rtr{rrF.3.t- i.=r=u i.= E.t. l 's.de t*i ih e'..,=r:t-=. ,:.r-rd beh,:.\oi ', lr l!. :=ut=ide th.:.t r-elnqE.Gl-'*d it 'rr= t ':.1::*-= p !,+.ce t* & 1.=.r-r3,= er::ter:t it: a sEg,3.r-.-.te urrir.et-se dr=ter-rnir-tr=rlfog. . ' ths =. t r - r - r . r : t , .s.z--- ef cr- i tn i i - l * . I " iu.E.t ice i t -qel f . l l : l : r - r=i=ierrcy nf the s.ce. ler*i th i.t: t i :e et"=Le*-: r.-le=e=s,*.r- i 13" le,*d= ta irrr:r:r-r= i=ter:,- ir==. r+i th the =c,*le=rr f * .h*se dlrrr t l ,o ' r { r r r {ernad cruts ide the S'rrstpr i l . i : r srr far aE va}ue=. a*d

Fre.r ;s,F-+. i**= !* '=r : :c is i t ' . * r=. r : : r t . r - ,1.r-- ! f+r-x- The "prcsqr.3r*" f*r b lanre.*11*r.* t i t - -6rr 1", ,spi :*3 f*r r r i r* ! r :* l iu=. t i re i '= a t rus r*py a{ the drctr i r - r r* f " thE'1.*=. t . . i *dgens=' l r t " .**S " pr . : : -q*trrr .1." d*r .* lc lped in r= ' ' r - ta in r , . .ar ist i : e 'sq: f + ' tsgi .ern i lhr i=t ian lFrs*3o*:n". 3t . iE n:€rr ' :*d a3=.* t rv festr-rreg sf" Ief i t t -43 ! t1"" .*nd " t* t .* ] i i * r i . * r : !snr" ! gFFf, i f ic far tho=e dnctr ines.l4aiura3l1", , th*r=r *r ig!*s -- th is *s ld ' r ' rxt lnnal i ty-- i=. h idden behirrd' ; ' !Ft"* t ' r f , i rdgt " t3frd" i= repl .*c*d by the "Lar ' r" and the "c$rrgprrgus of theFrFf ip lg". h1. " l "dg"

I rsssr*e *c,Fa *. : r thg. =psr ia l f ,E'ature= sf the gscial organi=at ion aft : t - i ts t i l - ,=. I j r , r -=.* i r :e.- I r* i13. r t rent i r - r r : t r*c: t t j : r= f i rat f -e.=tr- l r -e qf the =, :c i . : , 1*t-* '+r-r i .c,*Li . r : r . t r=f cr- ix i r r .* l ju=l i :e i= t*e rrer- .* $!E;t l : : pn=i t icrr which"t{ i€t i t t ts" - - '=trd b1l ' . . ic t i rx= I l *+=,+.r-r the per-=Gr-{ s!- gr=r-=r:rr= +*hr: fe,=lt r*r- t t t ls$ b1.;rn r : l 'er : t i l r .3 Eg'q| . :s l - r=s sf =.-*='r r ts-- har.e in i ts f rame 9frefer-ertce- { , t l . t

l ,J* r"rrs*]d.*r_qxe ih.at t ,he act iu i i ie= nf pr ' : fes=isns arrdt* l t r r .= l*cracis= c.ar- be rrr l ly i rsef : - r l t r l c l ients when they ara gt- i ided tr1. f in.*r t ' i "+* p*tr t ic ip; t l ! * : ' i r - r f +13 th= penple ! '+:r +*hc=e hshal f they arer '+r l r l , ; i r* !F. Ix.s cr ! r* i r ra! Susi i re f r .ame *f rgferersre, there is -- inpr i*r iFne-- n* rcr '* : fnr =r lc i r .an .* t r t i r .e p.*r* ic ip.xt isn and quidance. l*henthe p*3ice i= r*c ' rh i r rg r* i th iFi * : r inr in*! iust ice f rarne thev tend nst *st+s di : -ar ted ars5' rnar=, by * .hs *+ishe=. and de-=lres * f the rrrnplainant, br-r tb-v the r*qu:rsr*ent=-:r f th= Sega! proredure t ' lh ic l - r thet srp prspar ing.The r*r*p3.*!* .** l - -*he Frersf , r r r r ' rh i : a=l ' :ed fnr act i*s-r f r f , rnr the pal ice--bs=*:rses i*gt**d af + gl- : ids f*r thsir act iv i t ieg * "r+i t r less", A l . r i tnessig nt .=!nl" . r ; " i *n} t ' ta t r r i : rg legal pr*c=eding= tcc ; t succpssful end. In a=**:p*r*blr *" l .*y th= fr .ar*e c l f c*Lir* praceedings FrFcludes -- i l r n la l lss i t*nyr ' raF EFlsr i .e! l -1" di f f i r* ] t - - th+t the v ict i r* e:{Frrer=. : 'E 's f reer ly his v ipwE,rt t lEe si t*at i** +r enters !n en i r : teract isn pr l th the p*rs*n r"rh$ iggt '**ding as.6 s*Fpcrsed nf fender befrrre *he raurt , Slsr* in that=- i t t - t .* t isn hs i=. f ! r=t iT .* "r+! t r*€ss". ss*ef i in th*se leq1el sy=tern= r : - r:*hich * sFref i .a! . . p*=i t inn hss t rge'* cre.* ted f r r v ict i rns. The evaluat i r :ngt*dis l" r*hich i1.*r .e up i . ! l ] nsrr . r t reen dsrne int l the re=ul t= of changes inIeg*I prc l r*dr- t r* 's . r* i - r i rh tsnd *.a reinf*rce t .he p*=i t ian sr f v ict i ros ui th in

'3. trt- irxinal iu=t ice ft-anre h'="re r-r-F t i i I rr*t* =hnt"*t 'r iL lrery d i=a.ppa irrt irrgt-e=s.I t tF*t t ,* .17 LFF?3

$1 =ecc*nd' fe**.r t re c, f s*c! .aI nrg. :n!rai inn cr f cr iminal just i .ce is i tss: ' l i r r "srre div ig ictn cr f I ; r t rc"-rr r l r iented orr € central i red cr inr inal law{tr l r i t ter l }s*t Gr f ,$mn}crf i l * l " r } . This n:el , :sr=, i t tery di f f icul t for thefunrt inn.*r ies to gear their ast iv i i ie= ta the prnblems as e;4Fer iencedbv th*sg direct lv inr"s l r .ed- Snd i t mal ' ;es i t extrernely di f f icul t forther* t r r *s 'surr , lg Fersgnal re=pcnsabi I i tv for their act iv i t ies in th isrespect* One nf the main character ist icg sf cr iminal . iust ice ig that i tpreaches in i ts digcourge "personal resptrnsabi l i ty" fsr "of fenders" andth*t is suppressps "personel responsabi l i ty" for the persong which workin i ts f rame of reference.

\;,

)*I

f

T

z-= i t= fr:r:r-.r.= arL",hle.trlF.. -g.L l-ecat iEi-I" - Ttrr=l-e i= a =.tt-t:t-rg terrderrcl, '- :rt- ir* ir-2,* [ . ir-:.=f rr:e t* ,:.==e*rb lr= +=r"r=Et= ,=.rr: j heh,:u ir--*r-r.r-= de,E l t r.ri th

E.3.1 'xci i . t - rs * .ggtr i r=d i . r - : ,* r : r : , r - rEi=ten* ar- :d cr :her-er-r t pal terr- l , : r - r :urrd a

(̂,Y

I

A

/

Th* r-e*. I '=acial * . t rd csl tut-a. I arg,=nira. t ian nf the act iv i t ies af B.r-rr : ! - rJ,3.r- ! ie,at i r : r - r * ' ro.y he m;=r-e or l l==._c. in th=. l , :ey of r r inr inel just ice- ThisFrerr : ! ig tc, . i155F55 in r+hi ' :h iq. ; r - } - ' * .he " t :ehar. i r i t - i r " af pract i res develrrFl=,

Tct rsslrn*" r r inr ina] j r_r .st ics c*nsi=is en the crne hand of the*r t iu! i ie=. nf rsr ta l r r etren=is= i r r =cr far =E they sre the f ru i t of thee'*r ] isr de=cr lbrd s*r i .Ei .arrd rul iur .a l cr4a*irat ian and on the otherh*nd *f the recep*icn an* Segi t ins*!n* r : f lhs=e act iv i t ies in thed!f fsrsr* i segr**nts of "srrr iet 'g" , *bt : I i i . !crn addresses both areas: thea:t i r i t i *= f l f the *rrgani=et inrrs arrd th=ir r -ecept ian in "societv".

i- lr i me Frrr I i :1"

" f i : -1r** p* i ic1" ' i= cr f ten r i r rder=,t* l :d as a "p* l icv r"+i th re5trE,ct tnrr i r*e *r td cr isgr i r*e+!s", The esistEr 'srre t : f " rFirrrp and cr in in.* lg ' , isEPrtE' t* l ] r r ' rans!dgrgd *E a "qi1err" : , EE a ngtural gr ,c ie] fgct , nst apr*re='= ' $f {ssl=ct i l 'e l r def tn i t i * ' ** t \e re=pnrr=.*bi I i ty and the object gfp$I i= 'g- 3t r ' lguld be a f*nd.ar l leret ; r ] er i - fotr in our debete tn def ine " t r r i r f ieFCr! i i ' . " ' ' i r* surh a I i rn i ted r 'J .a: t ' . f lne c, f the necessary candi t ians fsr aI t=efu] d i 'srus=inn nn cr i rne p*I i= i . . is t r prrrblen*at i=.e the nni ian= gf"{r i r*= ' *nd cr inr i t ' } . : r }s '* . The degree tn r*hrch "event= and gr t l rat ign5. ' ,shal-r ld be =.r-r l* jectedi ri r:rs-1,:- $sb.*t e -

t ; cr i l r l in* l !=st !** r" i i ! I be rne tr f ih* ro.ain i==ue=

" i l r i f f ls p*3ic1" ' i=. . arr th* *ns h+nd: Fsrt cf ar r+ider =n,cial p, : l icy,trui o f , l r i t 'hr $*.hsr harsd. *r t t=t re ' ta!n a re.r l* in alr ic:n*rf iv +'r i th .re,=ppct - i ; r :+^his l "+idpr f ie ld. A ugeful appraach in th is respect is to consider"cr i tnF pal icy" as er "pal icy r* i th respect to cr i r* inat just ice syster1;5, , ,

Surh * pr l i ry ;+i *h rs=Frpr i tc . 'cr i ln!n*! ju=t r re sy=terns, , rgor.r ld ber**3i i * f*cr*gsd: l . ' r i i r+ner3d sddress i t=e3f t r r the develr lprnent *{ the{ l rg '*nieet i*ns r" lh ich farm the meter ia l base sf the sy=tem tpal ice,ccr- : r t 'e* pr i 's*n=. etr .3 .s*d *h* *yster*s af refer=:nce they i lsp; ? j i tr " r r r* ld.*ddrs.ss i t=e, l f t* th* qr*est isn.*g tc* *hich type nf event= r*uldba deal t ** i ih by *he s.*sten:r under r*hirh rsndi t lsns and in r . ,h ich r . r ra.nne,r{L|*dsr th i= c*teg*ry tha * 'gate - l ' :esFinq" funct i*n of r r i rne pot icyr+*u3d :-*quir* F*r t !=u!-*r ; t t*nt !*nl ; :3. i t pr$uld : r ,o ise recammendat is:-r=absst =.ar is l re*rg.a* i=.at i r rn ! r l ather .*rs-as af scrciety r+i th respe,ct *apr*hl*rest ic s i t rsat isr ts uhich har".e beccrse the abject sf a cr i r re pol icydeb.ats- t :3:

Ftr f ter thege rrbserv.at inns *Lrrut d i f ferent he,y rancepts in theIar:gr-rage *f a 'rrd .atr*ut. cr i :nin.al . iust ice r*e cannrt yet c*. f lc lude atrout,th=qe !a'*gu.*q* igsueg tr=l fcrre. Frg' h*?.cE' € ' :csrnined the 4uest inn of the nl*V*f 'g.b* l i t i r f , r r - Let LrE thersf t r re turn t l r that quest ian-

,

Fart I I* l . fhr . abol i t ion------------:rs*frr* t r - r . ' ing ta * f l .= i , rpr the quest isn "Llhy .ab*I i t icn, ' " i t is

nFtess'*ry *f , l g ivs satt le inforrast i rn .abaut develnp6ents of ggr knrrsledg,e!n *he f ie ld af , * . th.st !n rr isr inslogy is cal led the dark f isure.llr i.g i.n,*.1 ['g cr- irn inn Iag is.t= t*r:r-$::ed -ta get an ide,,* abcu.t tfre f-equ.erlcy'* . t ' td n*t* .1-e sf ct- i .me- l t i th "ste. t is t ice. I d,s. ta" ahsu.t the a.ct iv i t ieg efcr- ier irl,r, L cour- ts -

hlhen i t u.*s di=.c*vered that t$eny cr i r* in.al iseble er.glntg denouncedt ' { } *h* pcl i re did n*tss ' i r end up in caurts { fsr r l lany reasons, one ef thembeing th*t nE PerFttr .* t 'nr= r 'ere f*und!. cr i rn inslsqists gtarted to prork

, , r1

E,f t ' : t - r= &i i t ;h pol ice stat ist ics inste*ed *f court stat ist ics. Thedi f f r=rr=: :a:s heir . reer- ! t -epsl-hr=d cr i r : re q i ; - l a* i ice =ta. t i=t ics! and cr:r_r. i_t=t ' : . t i=t ic '= t"r ,*= def i r :s*r ,== dar- [ : : f igure- E.,=r i*e dec,=rrrr ia d, ] t r a ! - re i . , lFei-E=Ert : i ' .+e r : r r *he d,=:-$: . f iE*.r-s =.h,*r- fed l r : de-.sr=lr :p, e lherr =el f repr:r_i ;inqr- : ' i r - i r== '* . l - td rs!-r t i rn i r :u=r- : . ; . r1 iee { . 153 f . ie?-,g i r r t r -ar l r - .Lged. L, : . ter- fer I lat*er j htt

Gb'=+"i-...,",t t i::r'r ter=hr.t !. qr_;.e= - ti,F i,; th.* i ef , f ,q:c t i ve c;- i mi n.a I i :at i n*r,*r-e ,s.l-?d er,.:ce* t i*l-t;: I erd"_r-rt .

I r -* thr ' f ie ld * f , cr i r r insl i : ' * t is l ' r r t r*sEd o'n ' , re, . : r r t ive pal ic ing, ,{ *her-= * i -s FFr=f, : ' r rs p;h* feE, l *n ju=.*"11. t r -e=;ted in an event and inFr; t r t !c=' th* pnl ! re.ar*.= then *nl-1. ; r f ter * f , { r ,ErF, la!nt h.*= been lodqedlth= rr ' * i r rE. tq{ ' f i | ' ihor 'cr i l r l in.*1ia*hle svsr*t= are nrr t cr i ryr inal is=,d is thatFic* i r := ' d$ ' : - r+t den*unc* *hs er.en* i* the pn! i re. Fut therp .are f ia-r ,yre th*r rs.a=*r ' :5- Ferh' :+p= +-he po! l re h;*$ ncs t i lne tn de: l p;r th a dencrunrede'rr= 'nt i f r t ihel ' r i id n* i f ind a perpetr .* t*r . r r i - they deaj t r+i th i t in aprablsr* *r is* lsdr ns; ] - s:r ! r r i in* l i=rng ,r t .=r l r r . F: , rh.*p the E*Lt i - t had nr t i ; l rets de*l p; i th the s l"e*t * : - ; there. uu=r* ; : r*cedural ab=tac Ie=.

ln the f is td * f cr ixn.at i=*t i*n b.ased gn,,Frr f , act i - t*g, Fol ic inq, ,{ ! i l , ;s r+f fencsg i r r the f isSd gf i } l *g*tr drxg= .and *r .sf f ic safety} i t isdi f f icr* I t far the pnt ! re i+ l r i f l r i id st ,nut . erre,nts; th ls and the l imi tedpt=1i f€ ' rPs$u' tc€.=. tcr pr*re=.= l ; :E* i* . f - r er , rF!- , ! t5 .Adnr in istr .at ively! are thE, ryrainrPs=-f , ,n.= th** "Effeci i re =r!r* !n*! i : .at i**" tbr inging a c*=,g, tg, a cr inr inEl ltrf,tt- lr t- *r .sF,F l1.,i n* .enrst-hetr f *rr*.*3 F.*:n[ i i c*n.r i s =l-+ch a rfi:-e. eveni .Ths 1.er-C=. nr+i*r i t -1"" 6r ; r r ! r* ina3 i=ab3e er,"ents , i , , .sg. :g_iC: l_r :* , , and , , f* i .nar, ,

f r ' l€ '= l .L-relr :*g= thr- := t* the darh f igur*. * l I th*=r s l .s ' r ts .a:re thr-rE de*i t|+ i*h ** i=. ids rr ! rs+!r ' *a3 j*=- i ice- 3 =. .*or" !* t rnt inn.*3]o", , ,de.al t +, t i th, , ,t r*r ' * r - ls* t " ' lg =.h*: :3d nr** cr l r , ' :n: i i . the err$F t f l th i* lL th.et r"rh.* t is noi inactqr ! " -=. t - l r : t i r ' : mu. l . ldf i - Th,: . t r*s da r-rrr t l : : r - : r :er .hr : r" . r =r lg i* th i r - :g L= , ,de.s i t r+i i ;h, ,d**g nret . r r ' :s . ; l r r i t !s *r** "ds.s l t p i ! ih. ' , Elre:s-ythinq i r r i i i=, is i ; - ; "* ;r+t? dEEIt pt i ih b,s. thrs=.e dir=ct I1. , i .c l l .c , I re.d,

e:4arnples r f d i f ferent r* .ayssutside cr iminel ju=t ice

=hould be dsne. I i r rn i i

Iv

E]=r+hers tHr; !srsan I?Tl 3 I gal ,e det* i I*di* r"ahich rr i* i r : ; r l lseb3e er.e*ts .grs ds.* ] l r+rth.*nd h** rs=e.+rch in th i= f ie ld !n rgrr . . . r :p!* !anr*yself hsre t* ;* fer+ qerrer+l rem.sr l , :E_

Fle'ar I1 ' 'aI I *venis problsr*.at ic i , , s ' rrer.nF {a pers*n. * .nr t rgani=e*ir+r i . t {*Ervss:F**. .1 sr*-** be appr*r .*rhed !n a iegal proceg,s in nneP'a?' Elr 'snrt*hsr Jcr i r* insI iust ice, c i r . i I just ice sr adrninigtrat i 'eiust icel . Lrut l rsr_$* fer+ * f thern arg, , €ts th* da;- t , : nui i lbe;- : rn i r - imin.aljugt ice *s uer l as a*her farr*=. r f just lcs sh*r+. Frngt of theal ternst ives ta cr i r* inel iust ice ere *J 'a prede*in.ant ly non - tegaln 'at*re- Thess al ternat iq.e= €rs gprrFra! lg nnt , , invent isns, , of peopleinvr lvs 'd in cr i rne p* l ic i . , or tegi t pcl icS. in genera! , br_rt are appl ieddt i I l " ' t r "*r th*se i |1""ol lued drrec*Iy *r indirectSy in prc,blemet ics events.* lan - leg*I appr*arheg .are "gtet ical " *nd stsE' , 'y tsrr*st i l re ly, , t in then{3rnt** iu i t -y Ef i the t rer :F: Ie in l .s l r .edS the r l r le; , , legal igai . ic , .n, , i= a r6re*: t r*F* inn- This hes str ' ; t1 '5 t re*n sco is gs nf , i ' r .and FrLI pr*bably be soin tFre future' Thi= real i tv !s t rbsc*red r*hen erg, taf , :p as stert ing pc, i r r tthe "r lstrr$.* t iwi . ty" imp! ied in ihe t r .adi t i r :naI cr i rn inal just ice detra*e.Bsrauss only thera }re f in,J * nf , r r rnst ! r" ! tT in uhich cr in inel just ice isthe rule and !=. r : f t -=n {q- lr : r : rncir ,usl-e..} .suprc,sed t l : be --cantrary to .al Iscient1f ic f ' :ncr* ledge-- aI=a a gt .at ical far t .

Tf ie e:crept isna! i*y { l f ef fE,ct ive cr in inal isat ion t t+) sfcr isninsl isatr le events *nd the fact th.at thev are as ; r r l t le deal t r . r i thin di f ferents F,ays about xhich r*e lar l , ; inforrn.at in has in m.any respectsr 'e lerr 'ance fsr the a=se=.=.=sr,ent nf the Iegi t imacv af r r i *n in*I j r - rst ice,The neg.at ive asFrsrt= af cr i rn in.al i i is t ice, t fsr ihe perpetrstc l r=; andthase r lase tn thern. far ths pers*n

" ,hs suf fered a ."r f , fng in thecr imin 'a l i aaLr le event

' fcrr the funct ion.ar lsg in the agentr ies and for the

at r r lhLir : , : . i [ , * r -ge] h,+. ' r r=Eler-r'r"=.t ds t]:eL i=. tFF;*tli r - r det .=. i i -

Ths' f .*r t ih=rt c;-

br=r=lr ,=ster:=iseLy develaped else whr=r-e (HulEmar. t .. t .Er* ,==pr=ct I r* , : . t r t hr : r" tever- t r : det .e lcp her-e {n, f r -e

inr i r - :+ i !sat . ian c ' f c:r i rn inal isatr le er.ents iss. t .* i := i i r ; r311. srng i - r r r , r r* . ; l * :ssi t r e. :crepi . ! r rn.* l pr_: t=. .* nei+ _=:r iE-. : t abcrui l ! - re]eql t ! r**r"1. ' 39 rrrrr in;r l j *=i lcs sr l th=.a-cende. The frern=, sf i -s. ferer:re efcr inr i* .4] j r - r=. t ic* :=. * ,=t .* $fr f i r f f r l u.* , r , * f in ier*ct ian betr*=,en ci t i rE,r ,s.; i *d t r r r*r f s=.o- inn.* ls. l ' '1 . ; rs1" s1; ihe sr t iv i t res profs=sicn; ls der.elc,p pr i thrncr inr i *el j r - rst i r= ' * . r -e ; r t c*d=. v i th the requirenrents af th=. co.nr.ent isn.sqrn hr-l#r.:r* r ts- Thcs='e ' crrr . ' . rnt ians c. 'ntein erc=ept ! rns wi th resE,ect . tnr tn hur*.*rr r i t }htsthrs*:-rrq:- l i rEi*sni= f t r r r r : r !61r**t just ice apprs.ach, bir t nnly i f =: . . rch.anrurepi i*rr rg "nsrp=.Ear, . . ! r r dsnrcrcrat ic sf$ciety, , t IS] l " lho cr_ruld c la i rnhh,*.e " ,?. \ - t El t ' - .epLi*r : i= r :et==E,3. t -1, , ' . s*h=r, *ne, l : : r - r r : ,*+= tha.t c l - ! rx i t ra l i l , * . t i r : r - r i=' f ?- ' r i - i= =: i l r .=Ft ict- l e.r-*r l th '=f ; r=t-*r= h,a= pr- ,=. t rL ic,J. 11y r- la idea hr=l . l thn=e ev*r- l tE'*.t-= de,*. 1t r.* i th r=r-.r.ts i.de cr- i*-* irr,s. L

-ir_t=t ice _ t. L&l*= * . re- . : '?!-13:!- : - .E=ir : i - t iqe, : , : .?-r =ur '*r* ,* ! - i=e cr- : . r - l : t - i t ic i -=r.1.-r : - cf hhr= cr i rx i r :aL

-:*.=h l"c= E..ssEier,.t; ,=:= fr= I ir:s.r=: |J:;r- rJr=epe=t l-r._pr-aach t,: rr- ixit-t,=. I ju=t ire iEhh': 't i t tr=t-rd-= t* g i l '"* ,3r'r ur-?!-eal i.=t ir: &.qr-r=tr-uct iarr *f crh,3t hagperrerl a.r-rdhhet-sfr:t-r= ,*l=r: t* q iwr= ;.r-* g.!-ir-e,*. I ist ic arrd inef f*rt irre ar:gt+er - [ t tenrjsfr:.t-tt-r=r- tr: er:r: lr-.r.dr= the feer-*:ea.[ ,:r-e.s.r-rieatian= =u.ch ,3.-= thr= pn L ice andt-r=r-.e.a-t= ft-r=r:: l de,:. l ir-r,g ir: ,*. =r-s*.t ive s.+a.y t. l i th those errerrt= arrrl lear_rrir_rgft-*tlt lh=Err- l l :r-inrin,+.!. . ir-.e.=.i i.r:e =ee|}j= ,=.t ::drl,=. r.{i ih ,s. l1 tfre lhr-er= vaLr_r.e= r*eln*sr i i r= r:*,"j ,=h r: "".* -

" i - l r i i . . i ; - : .*3 i=.* i i * r l " i=" unjugt i* ._=gfar r= b1, i t= ! , rp1f =tructurg i t#sni= '=. the e ' r ' ; i=. i i r*g r .ar ie. i i r= ! r - g,=r! .* I 3! fe.*nd th=. di f fe.rent="uf f tF€+'a* i f i *=. ' ' *h:- l= gener 'at ' *d= .=rr :d bec*r- :=.e i t is r ;nable t$ Fr.r i -e ive thern*nd r*pg r ' r r lh thsr*- : t i=. *3.Ec, uniugt -_gr, i t= nl+n tsrr*_=__ becauge i tc '*nr*ct i ds 'a3 Fq$tI !5 r+i th p* ' rpe*.r+**re r ; :d v ict inr=. ; r* i l=tr * f thenr d* nr-r tF-*p!- l .= l rF.E' .*r is ' := ide =r lsxi : ' : .+3 jus* ice {d.ar l , : f igure}; E5 a rule they aredeel* t r ' i t 'h el=euhere i r r * r r .a 'y r+hich is nst even L:r tsr+l-r in=ide cr i rn in.al. . r*st i re,

Part I IL HnT+ absl i t ian-

H*r+ dsr r*e etrrr ! rEh cr i r$ in.a! iust ice?

f lc.ade{t ic .abs} i t ion

Le' t ' : -*g f i rs i . te l ts ; t r lE,-qer Ics* i , : at the acadernic f6rr* cf atrol i t ion,E$r*= cf * 'hE. rnrcE.ptr- : .*3 .**d l .**g*+ga i==l- :gs have been * l reedy di=ru.5sedin F*r* i ' l *e h '=o'"e t r r r* tg€ b;rcf , : tc, thsnr n*u sf ter r+s have dige=ted theinf*rr* .* i . i *n * f { 'ered in F.*r t I I .

I t ; " . 's c* l - 'n{* t t ' t f i r l ! : +* i th ih* def i* i i !c .ns of re.* I i ty pradr- tced bycr !* ' r r i **3 iust !ce' *=c*rr3i *q -* . r r ihe

-** lues def ined above thase i rn*ge= nfre*3 i t 'y ar* inual id and t* i . re l iable. Thi= impl ies that .*cadernics hal ,e* ' r ' r r r r tsstrucf t the e '" 'e ' r l ts thems*Ie*ps indrpendent E}f the cr i rn ineliust i re = ' ' r "st 'er* an* i r r r*nf *rm! t ' ; * r ' l ! th the nrent ! crned ear I i er r .a l ues -Tl-rug r+s'h 'at 'e in th* f i rst p l .are *c, gr t l r tho=e direc* ly involvedirr *he svent 'and as| , ; t lss ' r r prhat happenedn in which uay they fel t or feelgr$nged 'abrrut i tn to nhsrEr gr *s shich "st .ate of af fa i rs" do they9:t t

i t r r re='pf lnsatr i l i t les f *r the er, .eni . * r+hat. do they r+ant to ds abouti i *nd.. tc:r uhst da the,t r ,*sn*. ts be dans by others.

Thi=' " r teFr" farr* * f rercf lstrr- rct ian h;r=. naturat Iy t .o re,sFg,r t thedynamics sf the d*r .e l r 'pr*ent af ec.enls fc,r thsse direct ly inr .o lved and

..t-J

/o,

their er : r r i r -onf ient- I l r th i -= r . ray i t r* l i I t .eL=a pr-r f r .n i r le . :n i r rs ight i r r t r : the' . .e. t - iet ' l r r f , f t* .3. '3" ' ; ,=r : r r=r-dir-rq i r : ( . rh i . :h r : r - i$ i r r ,+Li l , : .b l r= €]vet . r t - .< ,3. ! -e de,: . l tt* l th. Tt':u'= r** r. l i i . I qst .3r-T idr=,:. hr:t* tha=e r.,*r- i€t i*= r-e l,:.te l:a theg'lr- I iel- rxr=t-tt ir=t-:g;r+ ....*!.u*= { 1?i - t: i le+.a irr:1,:.g,== ,rhr:ut f i*ir i= arrrj ar-r=a.= r:fpt- t :h ler . r ,* i i r : =. ! . l : - t .* t i * l - r= r .<L l i hect :*e .s ' . . , i lablr= ,er : r j r l ! - , t l ,e h.rs is af hha=e!'?*{"i r-tx,*t3e'= khr==e d ir-er I l ' . . i5r".orf, lq*d ,:r-lr i pub 1 ir: ,f !-q,3t-t i ra t i.r:r-r m,:.y ha thderre I xg q1qx..r pr-: i i r: i,== -

Ths *trw i *u=. cr*repl l l ; :1 t .c '* l t * =. txr t th i s ner.* r , ra1. sr f 1aol , : i ng atrp*? i i ' r ' is . tc ' r* ' r ] .ace "cr i rn inal or cr i rn inal izable behaviour, , ar- ;ftrt-r '!Er- '=ttf,t ' ls ,:*f rf,r-j.r- gt-cfe-==it:rre. I 1a.r-lqr-1,:.qe by ihe ,:*r:ceFt r:f"pt-cblemat ic s i tu*t icr . t " . The intr-r :duct i r : r r af th= car:cept af"pr*tr lsr* . : t i : r s i t*ei ie '*" i=. . : r st-rai .eqy tc, fnrn:r-r late que=i icrns. The f i rstq*,e=t iat- : i .=: r . {h,r i -h i r :h:= t ' * i -=. i .=t i . l1 .+,+.guely f r : l -e. iu.Lat=r} i = iLu. ,sLi , : r - r i=prr : fo ler l la i : i lT t4 l -et-r u= r3*t ,* . r '? ,3. ! - rEi{€!- tc ih i= f i r -=t q l : .e=t i r : r - r , r . r* h. : .ve tat t t . :F: :e ' : . d i=t i t - rchi t : r ' l behr***:r t i r r=-=.e r*hr: ,Err=r*er-er l - [ r r pr- incipLe tqe ar-e

'otinter-ested in the , rn=r*er= sf r rnb dir-ectLy involved profeesiona. ls, , t . [EIF':t- t l-r*'=r= wg r:at-t r:rf,! 'r '=irjer- ,*E tl irft:e r:r- les.g r:{ir-ect1r". irrrrr: lve,rj { 1?i

rore h, : . t re th '* l ' r ,3. tecor ld t - ,* . ! - rqr= t r f que=t i ' , l r r= * f thg type orent ioned inthird;r I in*s * f i .h:= pert { r+ha* happened? l , fhat daes c,ne rqant? etcthe r+r*; . rgsd perclrng h.*r"=. .*Ecr ibsd ths srent to,= perpetr .stor sndperpe.tr .* i*r h.a:< bscr:#rp l : : r r { ,ur , . h!= .snsrrFr-=. ip th=. pr=i t i *ns gf thee"*r*ng*d p9:r-5a,* t r*r* : : rg. a3 =c* grf t r* . cr f t t | - rF e-eran=irr lc i i r ,n,

81'act ing in th is rnts l . rnre I iberate the divergi ty of people nho feelt rsubled ar r*ronged l=r33- *nd r+e algc f ree the dlversi ty of thoge r+hoare ssl ' :ed ta intervene !n problemat ic s i tuat ions tprcfessionalg and non

professisn.s ls) - The=.=. ict=r, , "ent ic, t " !s xt .*1" f*cu=; s in r=,drgrg= an,J. /*r

p:-eren*i**- T!-re1' ' r .an bs edr='gsed ia =! t r -+et isn=. $r l .* r* icrn, r f i=, .= 'c, andt$sf rr ' ] Elq"g,! { =l }

Ta *sse=.g t 'he tegi t i r :ac1" of sr i l r l in.* l iu*t ice. :nd to give.s hend topr{ ld 'ession.sls t r1* ing t -a crrpe r*hich prablersat ic gi iuat ians referred toin rr i rn insl i rat i t :* detr .**es i t is n*ress.*ry tc. desrr ibe and analy=e, hcrrdprablen**t i r r r i r* !n.* l i =*tr les =! iu.** i rns are deal t r* i th out=ide cr imin* liust ics { inside ths der i r f igur*, ' r . ?rs d* t t rat l+e har.p ts be able totr .*c= thssrt b.*r l ' ; " ; t= i =uEh" g, ! , "€r- ! r+herr thay hsl .e.a di f fer€^rr t =hape anddi f fere '* t dyn.ar* i rs l .han ths ' : " ' l * l * r r ld hao*e had uhe* th=y wplr_r ld har.e bg,encr i r* inal ised- There erP.a nunrLrer * f c*ncept.s uhirh can help u=, to dsthet -

l"fhen r+e Io$1,: arsurrd us and !nverb' d i f ferent stert ing paints f rssr

surs,el1l lps |4e gee that psople have

t f , instrutr t ian sf events *,rhich tnr l , : at .t 'he Lreginning , . rer5 rnuch al i i , ;e.

I r* the' f i rst p lece i t =tr i l , :e= thet th ings +*hich .=perr f lE d.engerous*nd had ta ggr l l tg^ ds n*t pravrr l te such feel ing= end thcught=. in oiher=. !nt l re decr in* in.* I i 's* t icr* reF:r . r t nf ihe fnunci l af E*rnpe {}?gr:}} rqe cal ledi t : d l f fErenc*= in th* E' . .*bo! ic *ne. i r$r-*ent of *r erent, The degree cft* le l -e.rrce nf def ferr=nre= i r . t l i fe=t t r le , : . lsa ha= a bear i r rg an thi ;*=pech. t f t i=, c le,*. t - th, : . f t =rrch di f ferenre= he.ve ,*r ' r import ,s.rr t i r*p,: .ct crrhhe " LEEtut*e" ' t t f eyr er.er-r i .

Ssme people csnstruct t routr le=.trr*s e-*entg ++hich happen ta thern .as"acts sf 6sd" eventu*I ty as a deserved pnishrnent of thegselvg,5. Hsr+=trang thi=- r*ey af ccnstruct icrn nf pvents st i I l is , everytrody uho pr i I tt ravel in *he Is lamic r+ar id r* i l l d iscnver: " Ins At lah". I t a lso gtaysal ive in carnmunit ies xhich seern at the gurface not to belong tn ane:rpl ic i t re! !g ian.

f+ th i rd rrey of cor lstruct inE .* i rnuble=srne ev,ent is to ccrnstruct i t

the.7 I fthst

r ' rhere they i n i t i ate thei rthe r-rndi f ferent iated slr r face in

'3 .E '311 actr idelr t . lJ t :e d, :e= rrr : t at t r ihute ih t r : ,3.r-rr*ene Bl- arrythir-rg s.rrd !lsal , ;=. anly at i t ss Et fsct of I ive under a persElect ive t r f " regtsrat ioni t r the i*r tnedi . : . te. atrd r- i=tr : : prevent ierr in the futur-e- Thi= i .s a r . le.y efr :r t r i . rEtr-r- .r .ct i l - rr3 s"".sr: t= t€hir ;-? i= wery r=f ter- i u.=ed in t :* tre= r: f cs.=es irr rchirhn't-,+.[ i -E't ] ' to ' ! tre- "t-el ig i .nu= =.*t- i r .ne" iE. i*r* E i :=rl - r t= e. i-r , i . !-r ,=[.{r=r- t , : v!r= lerrce i .t*t t i r :h -, i . i r f ,$l !- hc:r;=e r=. bu.t-t- i+=rj dr:r*tr aurj ls*f,r l t- r :hi ld l . i i i r=d ,r. ' r f ,u bectrmE Eti t I&, l r f , l -s ' * , r :L i r . "= L.s: hu: . Lt ,* . ,=. : { l : : .=tE r* i . thq*r- : .* "e.p,3r- the! .d. ' -

I h i '= r:t-c1".'" iE-t Ll-te frr-*,:,tJ cateq*r-ls. *!. the t-if th t,r;1.. ' r:f ccrr=tr-:-.r.ct ir-rqet"oet:h'= -,* =r:r: !.,=. !. l :r=rrtr-r* I ,=*pl-x*.cfi- th.:.h .3 r-E=F,f,r-ls ib le .:.r: tr:r- , a" 'pet-pr=at- ,=f ; r=t-" * ! l tgr- .= Lhs =, :er : r=. Er+.er-r i r , Lhe.t r :a.Ee the , ,pr_: . r - l i=hrnerr t*t ' f,del o* i. '= ertl l"g r:r::= r:f t$' l* r<rE= hc cr:rr=.trr-lrt ,*. !-r=Egrf,r-. i=.ah i l i t,,r r:f the,* .chnl- . fde, : , r : h t* ih r" le t r ,* . t "e xthr=r- lnar le. l= * f h, : ld i r - rq hir : r t - r==p,:rr .=ihLr= [ i [ : .eEhe r=dr-lr: 'eh iar:*1, r:,fmFEr-nE,*.tr=r.rc'. ther-aper-r.i i .r,:. I a*d s:rl i-ri: i I i ,=.tary. {F{ulgm,*.rr,*.zzd E!+=r-r:,+.r-rj dr= l lel is. LFF}, p- ?,5 t{lt 3

T* sl-^Lxt-T:,:.c- i=*: {:'l thr= r-re*+ lea:q'.-r.'*.ge r"*h ich r..r**.i.;i r-ep i*.r:e theN:r f t ' r1.d)=! 'x l : i r=rr ,s. l . Langr- laqe r-19-r ,"r : i - i . r t r r* , : .1-rd c l - icr i r : ,* . I ju.=t i r -€, ' thr= f*cr-r .= rqi l lh.e:

l l r* s i tuat inns in=.t* .*d af behaviour.i l ' r l the prohlerrat ic n.ature ins*.e,+d q: f the i I leqal cr iminal

rr* tr;t-e - t. -

- f l * the perssn"f ingtance ts r"rhsm something is problemat ict- .* ict i r*3 insts*d af perpetr .ator. Th* perp*trstEr *niy snterg theplct*r* r . rhsn t .hr l " ! r t in+ ds{ i*es the er.sr i i !n a t"r .* , r r *rhich n: .a} , :es hirnre. ] gq"**t

t l * thr qr-re=t i rs* r+hat c.** t re ds: ' ;e s i : : :u* : t by r+hara under theF€rsprr i i re r- t ; - the future { }s 's=. prc+h3srr$s 8r }es= pr:rb}er*si . ic } *nd thg,past l : -e*rder ingl i r r=iead *f gravi ty and blane .al lscat i5rn ts theperpetrator.

This lenq**g= is ths ]a*guage s{€, sse ns}, requ}*r ly r_r=ed by thasp*xrtr l ' : i r rg i r : thr f ie ld. ef grhgn satety

*t tg: ] i i ic ln ss ssci* ] $ i*r .ef$e,-r t

The dsr, 'e lcpr, .*nt ' .* f r r i rgr ina] ! r .* i ian in Eurnpr a*d l r t . * ing,r icaI ls ' * * ' reY' ts bl=* l ' : p i=txre- Thers 'grg hxrr*gvsr.at the =;r : -s=, t inrs s l=opr=i i iq" ,e de--s lapn*=*i= i re the gerrs= af " t r r ime pal ic ie,=" r 'dhlch want.avsid cr lmina] i=st i ln arrd *re ' , . ic t im sr ientsd. These derelopnent=f ind'e '9, in the f ie ld sf urban safety. tn France this er ientat ionfsund i ts er ig in in the rre+t ign t r f ' . f , r rnsei ls de prevent ion" on thg,I t }ca! leYe] - Here Ei l t rer* E*nnersaigsnr a rnayar arrd r$enrber af thg, FrenchParl isrrentr cre*tgd * c*r : t* :e i in r+hlch ner+ fnrces Frerp nrcrbi I i=E,d tsf 'scs 'and trr ds.* l * i th pr*blemat i r g i tuat i l rns lshich cauld be, def ine,d ag"f , r i fs*s" i in rrer* Fr.=ys, I t i f feren* f r r r re= nf "Fartsn*r iat ' , develop in thepubl ic sphers lbn the lnc.st level i r ! l . *ny lncsl nrg**: :gt t !ons {putr l ic s.ndpr iv.ate: yEluFrteer= a*d prafessic,rr* ls3 Frprp invelved. Thesedevel : :pr*ents ere n*t restr icted t l : Frsncs but they sprsng up l ikeff iushro*r* '= in many Eurepe,an ctruntr ies, The crrncepts and sther tscr l=, used!n thess actExi t ies arp u,ery r l*ss tcr the apprnarhe= l - re f ind in theabel i t i r rn ist l i tereiure and they are e r i rh =ource for the der.elap*ent*f a l rs l i t icnist th inh!rrg end resesrch-

In the European Unien a "Eurrpeancreated ' {gg}- I t pravides a contert inbetr*een ci t ieg in di f ferent csuntr iesdi f ferent fsrns af e lcFsr inentat isn arethst these fnrmg of coeperat ion, ver l .

Fsrum fgr Urban Safety" l . raqxhich rneny forrns of coaperat ion

tal ' :e place and the resul ts ofe:cchanged. I t could very r , re] I be

clsse ta the direct invslved in

sht:r'r=

tsldF

t2, ;

t 'he prr- tb ler* f ie ldsr prfr r . . ldes a "nursery" for ner4 t r ract ices and nentsyster-n= af refere*ce f ,*r the org.ani : .at i . l :ns which ere at the bssis afrr i rs in;ei ;u=.* ice' .* . " - r 'J i , - r th i= r ,a.ay ]e*d t r r the di=etrFresr.=nce sf therul tur .*3 and s*r ! .* i *rq=l : r .+ i i r rn +*hrrh I def ine. :=. the =nre r f cr imin*1iu=t i re. ,

Th= r{ : rn i r ibt- : i i ,=*= r . - rg f ,* ! i r r r rs l ! :F isr the abol i t icn sf r r i r* inal j *=. i . i redi f fsr .*rrc l : rd ing i rs f3 l - r i ! - g*r=. i i i * rs ! ' ; - r I i l .=. . I f r , le bel*rrq ta one crf thet l rg.* '* !=ar i !cen=. p,rhirh fc ' r* the r* .* ter i ,aI b.a=e af cr i rs in=1 just ice, He har, .eather Ff i=.s ib i l i t ies *h*n t i rc:s.e * lh* d* ncl t belong tc thase professians.

l ' I&-q+. cr f *he "pi* le '=.=. i t* .* fs" r*ar i , : i f i * in these org** i=at icrn=tpcsi i re. r i lur tE * leg!=] ; : i ! l ,e=. ss:--* ics=,1 he\.F ch*,r , . re= icr inf luencs thee,"c is i i *g Frr*ct i rss i ' r r r* * t rc*] i t i *n:* t 1, . )€ ' l1r {33}, l l { ten an absl i t iani=tpersF=f, t ! r , 's ' i=. ih= : r ' *31. ' pg' . : -epec*i . l ,e r*hich perrai t= tc t re re.al ly=; t t i=f ie 'd p; i th l+h* i c+n= i= d* inq i r ; =r-r=h r : rganisat isrr=, ** absl i t ia* i=tF gr sF.gf, t i ,cg i s g*:rd ir+,r- rr'{-1t.tr heee } th ,

l-13 =rr rl i t i .=. ! dr ih*== ;rraf es=. ! *rr=. r ' ie *r e nnt psr+el- I =.g=. . f,r i rxi n.a lj r - r=. t i rs d** 'g ** i . rs is i - *s ly r : - r the. f*r-s*;r ] in=t i tut iar ]=. . The act iv i t iess: :csrf , igsd !rr thp i ' :e1.5; *hs.s*r i* ! sf id rul iurs l srgani=.et ic ln sfrr rssr i r+.s! i *=. t ice= iha 3.* ;=guage {J=.E'd, , the ! r* .*ge= r ; -e.ated €rF Eo fasni I i .art* 'ns.*r l r . . g"o.p!- ,dtrrrd1" gr; r - r=. th*t the5 €I-= ' p. ; r r t cf r rur FE'rcept ic lns, ot . r ret i i l *deg.*nd * l l l - t rsh*r . i *ur, * l=* 1n t ,h is rpsFgrt the f ie ld af "cr i r f ip.*r :d rr i ; -* i ;+*3=." !s 1.F!-r l r =. ! rEr! lar t* * thsr= f ie ld r*h=r=, 1=sr-res f r f "pe€re'**d l* .sr" . " l - .*r i .a3 iE=.1-r='=" ared "gend*,"- isgues" sre debated. I hape th.* tf r lo- f ar* ' ! - ' . ' d=i .s i 3sd de==rigt i : r : r af =c*re '=f the al iernai ive=; in {Huls*an,3*r l -s.* i d* f , l * l !s !??:3 1 .=nd { l - lu lsr* . :** }5 '?3 } r* i } t help ts u ' r rderst .and hclr+thi = 3=: lgu.ege' ,*nd ihs=e iss.*g*= *f cr ! r* !n.* l just !ce i nf luence us arrdr**=. t r* i n u=. -

3:r th ig a-srt=s' thpr; =r!r* ins! ju 'st l re e:qigts in ne.ar l l .everybody r l fL ls ] i l ts "grnde.t- p;-+. i r - rd l is" and ! .* scrm=. *re*g cr f ths r+*:- ld "rac ia lpreiud!cs" E' :c1=.*g i : -e rr= ' .*r l l . * ' * ,er-1. . $ns. Abol i 'b ion is thus in the f i rstplace sbol i t ion of cr imin.al iust ice in nnesel f : changing percept ion=r.ai t i t *de=..=rrd beh.ar* i* : - .1:r . *ucia.* ch.an4r t : r ings ebsut a rh.=nge ofSenguaqe **d *n th= gther h.* ' r :d a ch*nge *f language me". , . be, a pnr+erfui ll "ehic le i l= br ing abcru* =h.*ng=, i* prrrepl ian= and at i i t r - rde-=. fhanging&rtss !eng:;age, ig esrsrsthir :g ee"eryb*d1' !=.able ta da: t* s cer i .a in deqreefr- , r r t r r r r - prr f r==irr* .a1=* i* *ray be si*Fr, lpasier *h.a.n fsr profes=ian.als.

l " ls *re .* t r3e *c. ebrS ig l - r r r i r : in.* ! . i r - :=* lce ln t :ur=slves, t r usean*thsr lexgu.ag= =* th.=t ) ' ;s =sT-: perrelre and nsbi ! ise giher ressurcegta de.* l r+i*h pr,atr ler$*t i r s i*u.at icr l=. l *hen r ' le Lrse ansthar languagei r*ptsach thai l . *nguage trr sthers. t r {e i revi ie ther* i r* *hat i* ,ay to abol ishrr i r* i n.*3 i r - rs i i ce a I gn .

Sordrecht * e?19-197 Loul, : Hulsmsn.

j

F

No tes

{ L } [ ' r r t 'hs s{3ci* ! r f i : - r ts, ' , ; t= I h.ar. .e t rscame rnor-e Elr ]ess f *rni I iar r"" . i th inrr tar i ' :d part= cf the w*rId* *h* pr-rn!=hrnent mnde sf inte.r act i*n r . rssreg*r-*ed fcrr re] 'at ively =in:p!* prcbler*at ic =i tuart ions of rn i : ncri*p*r t 'sncs' l ' ' lnre cctnlFl i ratsd {1r icnp{rr t*nt issues }+erE, alr , , re i .s d€,al i +, ; t thin ather | , tay=.,

{3} " f ,* : f f rp}eie" punighnre,nt Frrssr- lFF,r ,seg .*gr*e:rrent betr" ;esn purr isher .andpl- t ' r " l !shsdl * 'opunisher" i ' rho vr*ni= t r punlsh and a punished per=cn whr:*cr*pt '= * ' l r r aci iv i ty nf th* p* l - r isher e= punishment, I t . is possi t : ]e th.at=*a"ebr:dp- ' r ;dF='r ie*cs= .* dscig!sr : * f *n: : thsr psr=. i l : : .a= punishr*err t.a l th*r :gh *he =upp*s*d p** ishsr h. : :d r** i i * teni i r ln i* pr_lnish. T*1:e Ef,r*=,*rr=,uhlr q* i 's in his j r t t ' *nr ' th*r funrt !* ' * he *up=,r i*n;e= .os. a degredai i*n*r td r" lh* r ' r r f , t ! - r*1s* s l - tppc:se= th** ih i= rh.ange af f l r r rct ien r . {as mes.r-r t esSr-rrrr i =.hsrlpfii .

I r - i= ' a? =cr rnssi t r le th;r t sr lm*tr*dy r . rant= ta puni=h b,-r t that th=,"pu' ! - t i= 'hs$" 'd*es n*t reragnis='his auth*r i ty ta dn scl ernd g, : {FE,r ie. ' - ' r€.**his act iwi ty .as i l legi t inrate v ia!pncp.

!nside t rFirn!nal ixgt i re pn*re= errenf. .s * f , , reel , , p*nighnrent ceyrt* f ' ;e pl 'ace-shen relat ions sf au*hclr i ty t retr*een invalved perssns ar=,sgt 'atr3 i= 'hed'

-9* I observed in a dacurnentery f i lm htr* r r l c , Ider p*I icgrn*Flin * cr isr i*43 inc"est ig*t ' i * r r cr=,* ted a resl re la* is,n r* i th.a y*u*g=,r'*ccl- lsed *nd punishE'd him in the proces *f inve=. i iget icn. He reprg,achedhim hig bsh'sYi**r in sn s*th*r i i1. ' re la i isrr end this repr*.ach r . r r .eg;+ccepted *= s l - rch- Funi

sperrr ,* nece=sary elernen* af puniahing.

t4) f , Iaudi 'a L 'aubr *r l argent ine s*cialngist r+h* r*or i , ;ed fnr a long t i rneirr *hs Ffr* istry nf Socls3 * f fe i rs !n ihe prar. . incs csrdsbe, Argent in*,pl*ys a centr 'a l ro le i r r *hi= crg.*nie.ai i r*n.She is. :1ss +=snciertg,d r , r l ihthe '*c* iv i t iss^i ] f the furapean Fsrunr far L l rban Secur i ty, I t r i ,a5, in therrsnte:+t r* f the, ect iv i t ies sf the F*:rum that I *et her fsr th=. f i rstt i *s ' F+rt ic ipat ian in *he F*rus:* ar t iv i t ies l " raq ropry f ru i t fu l l f13r $tE*{} ge* ' * bet*er understanding af the issues discusged in th is g,5 '5ay.

tA) Thet is puen true. far FreFF,Ss l*h* *rethe r : rg.*ni ae*. i *ns r+h i ch f *rr : r the :n.aier I a]di ' , ' i=!*n * f ] .ab*ur rai th in the .=_.*slprs f f : .* i ;esf unc i ! * 'r*er i c.s tn h.ar"* di rsr t elcper i ence *ft+hirh fcrrry: t*gether the pr*r*= c$f cr i r* ina]

tSl I ref ,er lhere in the, f i rgt p laceen*tr f ld i 'ed !n ths expressicn: * I t a in ' tcr i t ic .s l w.sIue, A very i r*pert ,ant partts values *rhich .are nn* en€ntr ip.atary

t6) I r* i 3 l enplai* later in more detai Is that the fact thet aspects ofa gi tu 'et icn rna1" t r igger praresses *f r r i ra inal isat isn {pr imary ; ; - -=ecrnd*ryl dses Fot imply al aI I th.at thp s; i tuat ian is ,problenat ic,f r rganissi icns l i l re pal ice* ccurt=* the e:qecut ivs, and par l iar*enti r t l '8 lve thernselveg in t -he f i rst p i*"* in cr imin.al ie ing act iv i t iestrecause i t is seen as their interegt t f , | dn Et] or Uo fr .armfuf l to themnat ter ds i t i the same ig, t i a large degree, t rue for the indir" idual

a-- prof essior laIg r , lor l , : i ng inLra=e cf the =1r=tein. The

i t near ly i rnpc'r .=iL ' le f r r rthe di f fer-ent actrv i t ie.=

i =et i ctn,

- t rest def ined agr+i th

npt

to the .acadernic c{t retpsgar i ly =a":af the acadenic

at s l I .

i t ical valuean ef i lanc i patorr*

prnduct icrn refe;-s

8.t : t , f l -E r"r i th l r - r the'=e'= r f , t -E' ; .* i l * t i r : r - ls . In v ie l* l r : f th*= gr-ev,a, i I i r rg L.apqr- l ,=.gei t r *hs= cr- i rgt i* ,* . t . i r - r=h ice debat:= 1. , : . r - r r j i r - l the gu- t i L i . r : , rL debate i r - r qeneraL )i t i= r=,*=' . tn f r : l - the Lt l r i i l . idr-1.*1 ,* .c: t r=t-= t* r reutr-s l i=e " their- r l r , ,n- li-e=Fif !-{ '= ib i I i f;""s" fxr- the r:u-rt-l=!=lfU.=!-?f s= -

(7, 3 =;r1," o ' t* q i" , . , "e * har-rd tc: F. .Ff , ,E, ]e_ _. " s. . - ld nat , . t f i dEvelnp rnndels tor [ tp*- ' - 'o t rer .*u=.* ] s.uh=rr !LcE' i * the. l * r1. . i : - r uhlr :h Fruc.auI t { IgBS}det!11s'5 t 'hE. r* ]e c, f the t r .*de:* ic in the=e i .s=.ues. Accnrding to hin* the*r .*dFn*ir =.h:$-alS i : r :* =,1. i i , , "e ta F, IaT t .hs rale af the intel Iectual -praphet r*hr: i=. ] l= ih* pe.r 'p le a, fhat the.1" h.ar.e tc, dr . and prescr i t reg fort 'hersr f r* f is '* nf * 'h**ght. ntr i rct iv=s snd rne*ns {r . rh ich he develops in hishesd" i " tctr l , : is€ i* ih is Etudl ' surraunded b,y hi= tagl= - the i radi t inn.alr ' ;a? in r ' rh i rh t r t*r t \ f cr i l r l !vr .* ] l * r" l ac.*dsnir= her.e r , r5!r l , :*dl . Jn=tead, ther* i r ' c* f , ihe' . :+r .=d='r i i i r is ln =h*pr I3 hnlx lnsi i iut i* .1-r= re.* I Iy f r ;nr t is :no'*rrd 3t r""h.** . . : r rs t i - rs re;r I . r i f issql . rpnres i , f the,rr f *nr t i aning i n ihedi f fsr* : r -* t =.eq:ne;. : t= af =.*c iet l r - ln addi t . i r ,n. he h*= in Ltr ,c: l1.E,r B) theej*=*ers:=. t : f thclugt pahr=h r_lnder l ie lheqe instr tut ian= srrd theirpr€c* i=s=' l ie hag t* shc'r+ the hi=tcrr iL.al rsrr ie: . r t gf ihesE, systerns, thecrrn='- ' t r ' * rn*= *he'1 ' e:cer{ i=='*n u=* .=nd the fact that thev have becorne ssfar* i ] i * r lh* i the1" €rp F. t : - t af *ur perrept ians' sr-rr at t i tudes and o1-rrbsh.* l " isr i - r r - - i - .*=t lyr 4 l* h= !- ;*= *s r*cer l , ; *c*ether pr i th those invslved arrdui th pl-Eaf,* i r - r r :er= * . r l f f l r :g l fy the' i . r*=t i t*- l t i i rns and lhe!r pretct ices and toder.*1*p * lher f , r r r ; r r= l : i f lhr ,*ght._

3* i=. r tcr t = l i 's=ibSe i* hs f* i thfr_r3 *c l t . - - r i=. n ic,de] of f l lnct ianing andir* d* '*e3c,p EFrFrLi I * t i r "s]p. rs*dels rr f a3 te.r_.r_et ivp=..

f g l I :*e 'a* EqrFernef l t nn *h= f , .sct th.* i state str l r r tures ought to beEeCrJ.t '*.t-,*.nd !. 'r*r ' l fr-i l .!r1,*.ettr=lrt,=. 1i.=.t- Ever-yh*dy r*iII hr=.s.r.:,:.r-r= r:f the_ fsglth*.h Hhi= 2-E!.tsil-el}?st.th isr . i!-r rE.3.r-}"*n ,f l-e;}.Es r-tr{}t se.ti=fied ,:.t ,:. l l . l*iarryE*t* st- ,3r t ice=. =. t i [1 f* l1n** the c]r*del * f tata. 1 i t , : . r - is .m a.rrr l e.uthcr- i tar ie.nt-= I i* ir: l 'r= -

(9) I se;sn* i$rsr ' ,*h=nr here in "sten*graphlc" fsrnr as I presented thernsar l ier i r r Hr- l ]Ef t r ' * r r . !TFl , . Th=." . . r {g,rE' r*c l rE, develgpe,d in F;*r_rgeron andHr: I =n:*rr, ! F?$ -

{ l | } } Ths *egic :d=-= := ihet pur l lshr*ent according to grarr i ty is theccrn=si f lne * f f l rdsr ' He]*ted t* th is i= ths idea thet esFecial Iyser ious sf fe*dsr= tsay r :st egr.*p=s puni--hr**nt : "Thig ig =o ser ious thati t rannnt gs unF$rl ished". In prECt!ce. e, ,"ente l* i th real Iy dig,astroustr{}r l5FEluFf l res l i l ' :e the gthnic r leansing i r l Yugos!.a-* ia and Afr ica gtrr te.*r l " r" .* I r"c.aF.E Fr.af , t i re l . , " . r* i th*ul . p;_r* i ._qhrse.*t . In addi t inn i t is mye:4Fsr ience th '* t , pe*ple I srest t i ' * Hsl ler*d snd els=' r+h=,re, in th=' p*or ld)t tsE' th* punishf lsn* nrade} af sclc! ; r l r*ntrs l f r r r sr : ra] l .a*d nat ss!r*pr:r t ; r rs* t r*nsgres=irr*= * f rs les. I ' thex th ings t recar*e inrpartsnt perpteh*-.e rs5$rt ** vsrY d: f fereni fs;-n*= *f =c,c is l regulet l l rn: rer+ards,rcfs i f , ! ] i at i " t*rg nsgaf, i . :et i*n. Thig ig nst onty t rue in fanr i ly meiters butr* ge. ' r*eral l r " ror l { €rrrd bu=ineEe rs lst l*n. e ic, )

t 111 !n * ther legal Frrcr f ,psess tc iv i lJadnin!gtrat ive! , the r , r rongedp€rgcrr is c le*r ly the c l ient snd he h.es the power {nver theprofessisn'als l ts er ient lhe prnredure. I f he is not s.* t is f ied he c;gnstnp the praceedings'The par*y =al led in court a lsn becornes a c l ientand he .* lscr has Farqrer. I r* cr i rn in.al iu=.* ice th is is di f ferent - ThisaeFer* has been tnrrre elabcrrated in F.ar-rgernn and Hulsra.an, 1??b.

{ lE} FE'r B cctr-} t r rete.appl icat icrn of guch an approach to cr i rnp pnl icy,

/I

EBr= r the L5th [ : r - ior i l r l : larg ica. IE*-*-r :p:= { tFE43 . e=Fsr ie.L Ly the*f the cr:t-ife!-st-i[e - f,*r;r-rr i I r:f' :.t-td T{-teir- I,r. lp i. ic*.t i,:t 'rs f.-r=r- tr-

Eesear.ch f , r : r r ference r : f th f ,nur-rc i l oftd*p led r-er:,tr$t{!ler:d,:t iqr-t= and tror-Itr lr:.s icr:sfu. t - r :pe: "Eeh:saL Eeh,*vir :ur- and at t i tude,=

i*r i r - r ,=. t r L, : . r<t ' {5tr-a=boure: tFA+}

(13) l r t sel f rsFtf , t r t inquir ies s ' r*E as. ' ! :e a Eentple of people ha$, of tent 'h* ' '1 ' r f i i fsst i t ted i r l .a =.FrFci f ic per i r rd cr i*rqi 'nal is .able acts and hor+ nf te.nthr=. i ' , ra=. f l ' ] l r ' r*sd by a c:- i r* in.al ju=. t ice inter l rent ion. In ihe v ict i r r rinquir ig '5. quest inns arg a5f, ;ed at*rut the f rpquprrry and nsture of t rc,uty leuhlrh ua= th= rarrs=' guenre * f ,a rr i ra i* .* l i=able act . In gg,veralc$: ; : : t ' . r is=: lJg*r HuSI. ; t r rd i e*.c. r . rc l l r r !nq* i res ta i , :e pl .ace regular ly andIs*d i r r s*p*rei .e =tat ist : r 'g. These gtat ist ics forrn then, the pr inra:- . , . .h==.s * f d.* t .* { ix c*:r :b l r* .* i . i ** pr ! t } - r p*3icE *nd rcrr-r i t = i31t ist ic=} farrr : *r i l-r.= I *-= i =t =. .

{ }+} f "$eoer*he'}e=g t l*= neqat i rs l* :prr- t *r-{ r r l ra insl i :at inn cn certarn=e'4r*rrr t 's * f *he pepr-r la* inn i= sn*ch bigger ihan !s in qen=.ral ly thaughtE" 'Fn !n 'a r*un*.ry I ihs H*I larrd i thai h;rd a relat ively lora pr iscnpc'Fl- : l ** is* l .s st .a* ist icel studv =.hcr*ed in the s i : r t iss th.at I in 1r. l afths t* ' * ls= r lhr ' d ied in a certalrr Fpr i*d had been a= leag' t onc€, inpr i= ' r*** In rertain f lnrsr ic.an ci t ie= rrrrrrs lhrn hal f af the t r lack rraleF{r tF ' ! - l la i ! ' -*n hstr"ae=n 1S tred *5 yea:r= i= i r r pr issn! percl le c,r probat ian.

f l5 l ?hsss *re ihe ***rds ' - t '=ed i* the Eur=trFarr f ,*nvent isn on Humaint i ghi=,

{ l&} 13Pty in*sr*s* ing in th is r*spert != H*nak. Stehr Steinsrt { l?El?}bec.=uge i t sI}sr"*s.algcl to ferr l : :e * csnlp,ar ig*n betr+een cr iminal izsble andFt{ ] f l - r r i * r i r - :*3 i=eb!e prcb!er,rat ic s i tuat i*ns. i l f . ten, people i .nr"*r lyed incr i :* inel iust ice debstes, get str "paesesssed,. by the myths and imagesr"rhirh *nder3v *h!= deh*ie, ihat they are nnt a*are nf thg, fact thatabgsnce *f € cr i* !n*! iust ice rs*ct ! rn tg s cr l r* inal izehle er.ent dr l=sn*t at e l l tngans thet su=h * '* sr .*nt i= n*t de* l t r+i th tguid nsn est in*ctu t tstr e=t in mundel - l f ther-e i= a direct ly i r r r rc l r rer ] Ferssn fcr r*h,=sr.a cr i rsr in;+I i =;eble event is pr*h!ecr?at ic t l ' ra* Fe.r=c,n l , l i I I a ln.ay= deal insrt i r r ,gr ' ia-?* ++i th such an ev*n* and r*a1. rr t r t r i l i=e profe=sional and nsn _prafa==isn.s l help t= $s =c.

{1?} B cnrtrrete ere*rpie: in Faug*ran *nd Hulsr*an t t?g&} we, ment ion ast | . rd l" 'abaut a Bu*ch prac* ice in shich r ' r r i {$er: use civ i } lar+ to reactag*in=t x i : r Ient {arrd cr in in.a! i=eble} behavinur t r i " rnen ag;r inst them- The5t l jd ' f ghsr*s h*p* in th is pract ice the three b.==ic value= rnsnt i ,oned in*hig.=r* ic! ,e are respected tn a ypr? ! .arge degre= b.* thg, in- . -o lvedpr*fes=irn.elsr i in* hcl* th is cc,ntr ibute= tr a hiqh degre* ta the=et i - - fect isn s

t _. .__ aJr, u_l f , c= $u rrrg

3f the *s l r 'err cgf l rernsd- !* .+ddi t i r :* . , th is pracedure hegthe big adwantage nat tcr i r*ply de,ragat isng on fundarnental hurnan r iqhts{ ag rlent i snsd e*r I i er } r.ri th r*sFpf, t t* tt-re nen.

{ 18} Te 's l ' * id any s: isurrderstsnding r* i th th is prapas! t ic ,n t r** : rernsrks;1) l {e ta l l * ahout the uge af e concpFt "problemat ic s i tuat ion, , in thecsnte:ct nf a detrate about:r i rne and cr isnin.al iust icei in other 1asrds in'a cnnterqt in r+hich hur*an r ights are at stat ! :e because the poner ofcsngtrs int sf the =t=rte is impl ied. In ather cr :nte;<ts, opinions ofe"{Ferts abaut the prahlemat ic ch*ractsr af a state of af fa i rs do notr lstresg.aFi ly h.ave *a be disrarded nhen they are nrt reFrrespnt ingconcrete cI ients- 3) Let uE i I lustr .ate the r*eaning of the praposi t ionil

It

I

l

: i : - , : ; . ._?. : :Tl* ;^_.1: ,?: j , . . ? iscs,_rrss_r*,= ,*r- ,= rrct cancer_rred by rhe fa, : r H_ref i

?:_"?i,:-,1::; l*::" .::_:- ir.,re,:r==r*J i; ;;;;;;;"-;; ;;_:"=,.,; ;;";;;::,.,ilo rved

ll"-ll:';:ll'.-="il: T::.':-' T-::l=:::*l=::=-;,* i:--;'-;=";;;-";; il;=: =:I"=,li*,,nl,;..11=,_:-y;.1?:*r:,: :.1 1",: ;;-,;;;-,,;_;;";";;;;,,=.'iII';"f'l=.;:il :?,;;:;-';;;;' o.l"f,,,l''L,; ;, Ii i ""11,,:::(19) TXE. di=, l ! : - rct ian t re. t t+sEn thclse r+hr: ; r r=, d i rect l l . . in l .o l r .ed;nd tho=ei"h* *re r t r !* i= ' qu! te r leer in ihe rentr* l area cf ihe cancept hui er tt 'hr Srr i r ' 'ha;r ' r* i t rs**F he qui t 'e cn'n*rsver=. i+r, The dist inct i*n is alscrnrt t ur* i f r r r ;sr f , 'c t r ths di f fsrent pr€c* i res !n r" lh ich the =oncept ha= t* betgpl iF 'd { 'srsr i rs

' ' r* 'd i r+!* 3eg'* I= p*L'} i r ; rdrr : in lst ; -at ic** . inurnal isrn.arsd*lher sr*di ; : eF!€. f , i . , * I i t is=] . The re.=earrhe:r h:s tn be aware nf tho=edi l fere. 's:re= i * i l - le rrr . r - rstrr_srt i*n c, f the. *r .ce=sdry indicet*rs. As I seei t the *r : l ' icr* nf " ths dir*r i l ' r , !nc.a!ue.d" f ,annf i t be restr icted in legalFr*r t i r*= ' t -* i *d i r - - idu.a! s-1.**- l - t ra l perEr i r .s; tar-par.at i 'ng and other"c* l 3]sr* i . ; l * . ig ' -q" Frar.s.6 lgcr bs. d i r=rct l ls . : i l t "El lyed. In c i r r i l cgse _ lar+ aI* t r+f r*=ter i ; r3, in ierssl ! r rg far canstrr lct ing, t roundar ies bet."=.en thasedlrgrt !o. ." i . *1"rr ]xr :d .*nd thr_r=s prhs .are nnt: ! faFr be fQund.

{Er3} Lib*r* t !*qFrFrEFsi t !q.=. * ft* trp b*.=e,* s!*

iheir g! ! r , rs,ps! l r rs is aI=.s,* leg:r l obl igat icr-r i r r thehr- t ;x** r !ghi .s: lhs,Fql- ts;rL.1. * f pelple befcr.r -e the l ; r r"r h€ts

c*f ihe pe.r :p}=,r-Fns.*i;-r=. .*rr i i 3 *= ! rsn.,1: ' : '_1:"n

r*r* : . rg=d **$ y i=i i ,x i red, gc,c ieI integr-at i .*n

{aI} Ths' l !h*='rat i*n nf *rrr :nged per=ans.and of th*se r+hs.are as}, :edirr ier""ene ix pr- i l t r ler : r .* i i r =!*r-rart !arrs ig * I ready put in pract ice inlsc*I pct l ic ies t* pr-ornote urban secur i t1. , Infsrr*at ian absut thcseFr.act i rs= c.*rr be fc l r_:nd in *he putr l lc+i inns sf the Eurepean Forunrl , rb+* *er*.rr tb.= *?F:, f i *e Lianrc,*r t . ?=,, lE. par is. France.

{eP} See ;r l r4r : t th= f$rur: : the pr-r t r } icai ic*n t in French and Engl ish)Secur i ty and Der*rccracy- *r , .*r . ; r ,* ic; l I =*I le_qe an urben =afet l r , ForurnEltrctpeen p*Lrr I* =e:ui i*€. urbaine. I??4. Farurn Elrrcpeen* 3g FlueLianr*ur* o ?=r3!4 par i=* T=.] : 33 - ! { ,3r?g3l t

to50trre

fsr

te3 l fef ferc ln i j?SF, != e gaad e: tar*ple in e dcuble rua1,: I ,Jhat you can'*chise'e i re an ebf l l i r ! r r* ist . drrect isn in the, uni \3=,r=i ty and hol+ lar+,x,s, f -gr*n r*nt . r !b*ts i r r .+* *b*I i i ! *n i=i l , r€.1 in the caurts,

E ib I iocr-aph ie

f ,*unci I af Eurape {ed} "5,F:{u3l Eehsr. iour and at t i tudes .and thr ' l rimpl ic .* t i *ns f r r f r i rs in.s] Lal+" o 5*r .a=hrrr-rr-q, tg84

f,1r.r ;*r i I r r { Eur*p* l .ed. t "Hepclr- t * i - l rJsrr i*ninal isat igf i " "

StrasLrr}Lirq'l '=trrfr

[ r - r r r rpe=n Fnrunr f c l - Lfr t ran ' i i=.r_r*r i i i ' , . I e.d t "SecLrr i t : . . and Dernocl- i ryr ' .* : - r .*1yt !c.*3 tc l l lege crn U;. t r .*n F. :* f ,* i1.- F*rum Europeen pour la gecur i t*r- t l -h+i ' r rs, lF?i{ . Fr-rrurs} Er-rrr*peerr ,^

^Sf inFi , , r r . L, i .*pqnurt ,

"5t l , l 4 Far is,

F*tteh, f- F,l^1,,*L*J4^lt " l d'"L(o^' '= ++ '{q^a- tuJ^l ' / tn,-"4h^

= gf{A;}'}J A>*trecq-vvv *-ftM** l\^,-tAF;ruger '=n f , i - e* Hulse*.arr L. = Ls d*xelcrppernent. ds la rr imi i l rd lhqie *u

s* ' in d:- t i lcrn=.ei I dg l 'E*r*pe; * t* t st Fer=ssct i r , 'es,o i - Tul l , :ens F-,sf , rs3a;r" l - i . ,0 iedl "La iu=*. i r= p**.r ls err ELrrrrpe", Bru:rel les, I "?&,

Fr:*reul t , Ft . . " f {Lr '*pel le - t - r lFr pu* i r" , in F. Finge}he!sn, €,d-.oFxnir t ' - t r i r l t re; t r - r sr l lJr i {br* :aei}e=, F:re=4F=. Universi tarreg de I 'Unlver=i t*l ihre* 3995

:3*sf is I* *- = "Thr i l r - r l turr r r f Fuh] ic Prnblern=.= Sr is l ' : ing and l l r iu ingsnd ths Synrhc*I ic f l rdr- . i " . i lh i=+g*rLr: : .ds:-r- ' lgEl l

H.*r : ;*} , ; * . = Siehr J- = Ftein*:r* H.. * ' * rgernisse l rnd]etrerr* l ' ; . * i *=*r*phFf i" , Fietefe3d* *JIr I?S?

Hr-tlgn*;sn L, * "FrExF!-lr r' in de3 del i t:r 1.. rrt-ievas f orr*.a= deFrero'en= :* q: ; . : rderrt= d*studis,r 'd*c*r**.nt*r i* * lb larrh! t??1.

Hulsl r ' .a* L-o "Tbe absl i t !snis.* crEF: al ternat ive cr i rnelr .*e! L.*v Feview* vcl E*,r r : rcr , 3 - c ' , lS?l

, iust ic i*" ,

pol i r ies-"

rr t n Hr-r l1:r ' r L. . , Fernat de f ,e3i=. J, . Fs.rras perdidas, Lt-o,r t^r- ,

/ \ i {e ' , .r Kl. 1F+3,d

f* f f er** i E. = "Er: t r r lscs de !eo- pene= perdidss", sd. Ediar, BuenclslSi res, l F8F.

: