Fsi GreekBasicCourse Volume1 StudentText

GreekBasic Course

Volume 1

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GREEK BASIC COURSE

PREFACE

FS' 'reeI 8o.Ic Cur... oI..me , roviles introdu.ctory mterils modensoken Greek lr tle stlent lo wisles aclieve working commd tle lngllgecUl7'ently spoken by educated Greeks. Tle style is neitler entirely J_t/c (coUoquilJ strictly lorml. Tle Greek ortlogrply is used lrom tle beginnig so l tle student

lens red lI Ie Ias leamed .

Subsequent volumes are plnned carry tle stulent lurtler no tle grr_r nJvocabulary soken Greek nJ to introduce grdully tle more _ spoken andwriuen lorms kown QS l'tlNo.a. used 10rm occsions by educated -Greeksand commonly encountered tle press.

Tle linguist clrge lB pro;ect is Serge Obolensky, Clairmn tle Deprt.ment Near Estem nd Alrican Languages. Greek te"S Iave been provided by

Pangiotis S. Spoutzis nJ Bps liki Sapountzis, lnguge instructors. Tleseulors collaborted 1e writing, clssroom testing, revision and tpe recorrling tleentire volume, wlicl Mrs. Sapoutzis also typed. lomes C. BoBt reviewed tle Englislportions tle te"t lr IJtyle and cL4rity e"pression.

Tle accompnying e recorrJings were f'rodu.ced tle FSI stlios unJer t"edirection Gary lley.

lames R. Fritl, DenSclool Languge Studies

Foreign Service InstituteDeprtmen Stte

111

".

GREEK BASIC COURSE

PREFACE

FS' 'reeI 8o.Ic Cur... oI..me , roviles introdu.ctory mterils modensoken Greek lr tle stlent lo wisles aclieve working commd tle lngllgecUl7'ently spoken by educated Greeks. Tle style is neitler entirely J_t/c (coUoquilJ strictly lorml. Tle Greek ortlogrply is used lrom tle beginnig so l tle student

lens red lI Ie Ias leamed .

Subsequent volumes are plnned carry tle stulent lurtler no tle grr_r nJvocabulary soken Greek nJ to introduce grdully tle more _ spoken andwriuen lorms kown QS l'tlNo.a. used 10rm occsions by educated -Greeksand commonly encountered tle press.

Tle linguist clrge lB pro;ect is Serge Obolensky, Clairmn tle Deprt.ment Near Estem nd Alrican Languages. Greek te"S Iave been provided by

Pangiotis S. Spoutzis nJ Bps liki Sapountzis, lnguge instructors. Tleseulors collaborted 1e writing, clssroom testing, revision and tpe recorrling tleentire volume, wlicl Mrs. Sapoutzis also typed. lomes C. BoBt reviewed tle Englislportions tle te"t lr IJtyle and cL4rity e"pression.

Tle accompnying e recorrJings were f'rodu.ced tle FSI stlios unJer t"edirection Gary lley.

lames R. Fritl, DenSclool Languge Studies

Foreign Service InstituteDeprtmen Stte

111

".


G REEK BASIC COURSE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pref'ace

Introduct1on

Un:1t 1

Symbo18 UBed

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

111

x:ii1

Ba8ic Dialogue 8. 2

Note 1.1 Transcr1ption used 3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .1 .3

1.4

1.5

Vwels

Consonants

Wr1t1ng systell

Assimilat10n !' vwels

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5

6

9

12

Unit 2

Basi c Dialp;us 1 .3

Naatiw 8. 14

. . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . .-.. .. . . . . .

'18'. '1sn't'. 'are'. 'aren't'Note 2.1Palatal1zat100

Def'1n1te Art1cle

AS81Jnilat1on !' vwels

. . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Gender and agreement

. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .. . .

Un1t 3

Bas1c D1alogue

Narrat1ve

Nt.e 3.1

3.2

3.3

Indef'1n1te article

Def'in1te art1cle-plural

4!1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21

22

24

25

26

Personal prooouns

Verb classes ~

)0

32

34

35

35

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

... . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

. . . . . . . . ....

Ass:iJilatioo

Note 4.1

4.2

Ba8ic D1alogue

Narrat1ve

Un1t 4

i,v

G REEK BASIC COURSE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pref'ace

Introduct1on

Un:1t 1

Symbo18 UBed

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

111

x:ii1

Ba8ic Dialogue 8. 2

Note 1.1 Transcr1ption used 3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .1 .3

1.4

1.5

Vwels

Consonants

Wr1t1ng systell

Assimilat10n !' vwels

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5

6

9

12

Unit 2

Basi c Dialp;us 1 .3

Naatiw 8. 14

. . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . .-.. .. . . . . .

'18'. '1sn't'. 'are'. 'aren't'Note 2.1Palatal1zat100

Def'1n1te Art1cle

AS81Jnilat1on !' vwels

. . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Gender and agreement

. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .. . .

Un1t 3

Bas1c D1alogue

Narrat1ve

Nt.e 3.1

3.2

3.3

Indef'1n1te article

Def'in1te art1cle-plural

4!1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21

22

24

25

26

Personal prooouns

Verb classes ~

)0

32

34

35

35

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

... . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

. . . . . . . . ....

Ass:iJilatioo

Note 4.1

4.2

Ba8ic D1alogue

Narrat1ve

Un1t 4

i,v


G REEK BASIC COURSE

Imp. and Perf. stems

Pres. tense, Class verbs

Pres. tense verb 'be'

. . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36

36

37

Assimilation of vowels

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Adjective: Accusative case

41

45

47

47

47

48

50

50

51

51

53

54

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Accusative caseNoun:

Class 11 verbs

Assimilation of /s/

Cases

Articles: Accusative

Plural

Stress

Declension

Narrative

Note 5.1

Unit 5

Basic Dialogue

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Review (Units 1-5)Greek writing system

Review Drills

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

62

'Polite' expressions 64

Narrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Unit 6

Basic Dialogue

Narrative. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

66

69

Irregular perfective stem forms

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

71

71

71

72

7?

73

74

74

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Class verbs: Perfective stem forms

Class verbs: Persona:.endings

Class verbs:

Notation.

Class verbs: Subjunctive

Class verbs: Future.

6.1.1 Class verbs: Future continuous

6.1.2 Class verbs: Simple Future

Note 6.1

v

G REEK BASIC COURSE

Imp. and Perf. stems

Pres. tense, Class verbs

Pres. tense verb 'be'

. . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36

36

37

Assimilation of vowels

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Adjective: Accusative case

41

45

47

47

47

48

50

50

51

51

53

54

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Accusative caseNoun:

Class 11 verbs

Assimilation of /s/

Cases

Articles: Accusative

Plural

Stress

Declension

Narrative

Note 5.1

Unit 5

Basic Dialogue

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Review (Units 1-5)Greek writing system

Review Drills

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

62

'Polite' expressions 64

Narrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Unit 6

Basic Dialogue

Narrative. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

66

69

Irregular perfective stem forms

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

71

71

71

72

7?

73

74

74

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Class verbs: Perfective stem forms

Class verbs: Persona:.endings

Class verbs:

Notation.

Class verbs: Subjunctive

Class verbs: Future.

6.1.1 Class verbs: Future continuous

6.1.2 Class verbs: Simple Future

Note 6.1

v


GREEK BASIC COURSE

6.7 Impersonal verb /prepi/. 75

6.8 Verb /br/ . 756.8.1 ImpersOI1al use ! /bori/ 766.9 Use ! /kmos/ 76

6.11

Expressions of Time

Adjective /polis/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

76

76

Irregular declens ion.

81

84

85

86

87

87

90

90

92

92

93

93

94

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Declension

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . .

uSB genitive case

Genitive case-articles.

Adjectives:Adjectives: /aft6s/, /os/. . Adjectives: /pOlis/Use of Imalista/.

Use ! /piyno/ Use of /pueena/

Genitive case-nouns

1st and 2nd Declensions

7.1.2

7.1 .1

7.3

7.5

7.6

7.7

7.8

Note 7.1

Unit 7

Basic Dialogue.

Narrative

Unit 8

Basic Dialogue. 97

~arrati 100

~nestion words.

Personal pronouns used as direct and indirect objects Demonstrati pronouns.

Possessive prononns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

103

106

107

108

. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ./arts/, /ekin05/

Note 8.1

~.1Se of vero /180/ 109Unit 9

Basic Dialogue. 8 113

Narrative .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,16

vi

GREEK BASIC COURSE

6.7 Impersonal verb /prepi/. 75

6.8 Verb /br/ . 756.8.1 ImpersOI1al use ! /bori/ 766.9 Use ! /kmos/ 76

6.11

Expressions of Time

Adjective /polis/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

76

76

Irregular declens ion.

81

84

85

86

87

87

90

90

92

92

93

93

94

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Declension

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . .

uSB genitive case

Genitive case-articles.

Adjectives:Adjectives: /aft6s/, /os/. . Adjectives: /pOlis/Use of Imalista/.

Use ! /piyno/ Use of /pueena/

Genitive case-nouns

1st and 2nd Declensions

7.1.2

7.1 .1

7.3

7.5

7.6

7.7

7.8

Note 7.1

Unit 7

Basic Dialogue.

Narrative

Unit 8

Basic Dialogue. 97

~arrati 100

~nestion words.

Personal pronouns used as direct and indirect objects Demonstrati pronouns.

Possessive prononns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

103

106

107

108

. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ./arts/, /ekin05/

Note 8.1

~.1Se of vero /180/ 109Unit 9

Basic Dialogue. 8 113

Narrative .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,16

vi


GREEK BASIC COURSE

ot 9.1 3~ declensio neuter nouns 1n /-ma/. 1189.1 .1 3!:~ declension nouns /to y6.1JJ./ and /to kreas/ 118

Un1t 1

Ba81c D1alogue ,a,

123

126

,27

127

1)0

1 )1

. . . . . . ....

. . .

. .. . . . . . . . . ..

. . . . .. . .

... . ... . . . . . . .

Past tense personal endings.

Past tense

. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Verb 'be

Class verb:

. .. .

10.2

Nte 10.1

10.3 S1Jple Past

10.4 Use ! verb /arO/0.5 Use ! verb /kond!Jvo/ .. .. R81ev (Un1S 6 - 1)

Narrat1ve.

Dr:i1la.

Narrat1ve

. . . ... . . . . .. .... . . . . .. . . .

. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .

,)4

'37

Un1t .1

Basic Dialog11e 140

Narrat1ve. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . .

Note 1,., Clas s verb8 cont1nuous past 145

, .2 Past verb /iJxo/. .. .. ,4611.3 Verb /erxOlM/ . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... 146

Un1t ,2

Ba81c D1alogue .. 1S.

. . . .. . . .

. . . ... . . . . . . .

Narrat1ve.

Note 12.1

. .. .

Vocative. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .. . ...

. . . . . . . .

. . ... '53

'SS,2.2 Class verbs: Iperative. 156

12.2.1 Perfect1ve Imperat1ve .. 157

Cont1nu0U8 Imperat1V8

1JIIpersona1 verb /ny.zi/ . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ...

. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

157

158

Un1t 1)

Ba81c D1al~e

Narrat1w.

Nte '3.' Class verbs - Present ".

.. ..

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16,

163

16S

,).2 Future and .Bubjunct1ve continu0U8 166tati. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 166

vii

GREEK BASIC COURSE

ot 9.1 3~ declensio neuter nouns 1n /-ma/. 1189.1 .1 3!:~ declension nouns /to y6.1JJ./ and /to kreas/ 118

Un1t 1

Ba81c D1alogue ,a,

123

126

,27

127

1)0

1 )1

. . . . . . ....

. . .

. .. . . . . . . . . ..

. . . . .. . .

... . ... . . . . . . .

Past tense personal endings.

Past tense

. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Verb 'be

Class verb:

. .. .

10.2

Nte 10.1

10.3 S1Jple Past

10.4 Use ! verb /arO/0.5 Use ! verb /kond!Jvo/ .. .. R81ev (Un1S 6 - 1)

Narrat1ve.

Dr:i1la.

Narrat1ve

. . . ... . . . . .. .... . . . . .. . . .

. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .

,)4

'37

Un1t .1

Basic Dialog11e 140

Narrat1ve. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . .

Note 1,., Clas s verb8 cont1nuous past 145

, .2 Past verb /iJxo/. .. .. ,4611.3 Verb /erxOlM/ . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... 146

Un1t ,2

Ba81c D1alogue .. 1S.

. . . .. . . .

. . . ... . . . . . . .

Narrat1ve.

Note 12.1

. .. .

Vocative. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .. . ...

. . . . . . . .

. . ... '53

'SS,2.2 Class verbs: Iperative. 156

12.2.1 Perfect1ve Imperat1ve .. 157

Cont1nu0U8 Imperat1V8

1JIIpersona1 verb /ny.zi/ . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ...

. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

157

158

Un1t 1)

Ba81c D1al~e

Narrat1w.

Nte '3.' Class verbs - Present ".

.. ..

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16,

163

16S

,).2 Future and .Bubjunct1ve continu0U8 166tati. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 166

vii


G REEK BASIC COURSE

atharevus4 case enings.

3~2 declensin

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

171

173

173

174

175

175

175

176

. . . . . . .. ... .. . ...

. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .- . . .

. . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .

. ...... . .... . ..... ..

. . . . . . . . ..... . . . . ...

!. i81-{a, -4.oal

. . . . . . .Numerals

Feminine nus in I~tital

Feminine nouns in

Feminine noW1S in

Masculine nouns in -asl

14.1 .2

14.1.3

14.2

14.3

14.4

14.1

Unit 14

Basic Dialo;ue

Narrative

Unit 15

Basic Dialogue. 181

Class 11 verbs: 5imple future and subjunct1ve 188Class 11 verbs: 5imple Past 1

~lass 11 verbs: Continuus past 199

Thid declension neuter nouns in I-on/

. . . . . . ... . . ..... ... . ....

. .. . . .. . . ... . . . . .. . . 1-89

190

190

19C1'

191

185

187

. . . .. . . . . . . .. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

... . .. . .. . .. ..

. . . . . . . . . ... .... .

.. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .

Perfective stem fonn

Shitt ! stressAdjective:

Continuous Past in -ayalIrregular verb IVol

Class verbB:

. . . . . . . . . . .. . ....

Indeclinable uns

Review (Units 11 - 15)

Narrative

Note 15.1

15.1.1

15.2

15.3

15.).1

15.4

15.5

15.6

15.7

.Jrills . 195

Narrat1ve. 200

Unit 16

Hasic Dialop:ue. 202

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Adverb1als ! tiJne

Narrative

Note 16.1 Aaverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

205

208

208

16.3 Ccnparat1ve. .. 209

16.4 Superlative. 210

v111

G REEK BASIC COURSE

atharevus4 case enings.

3~2 declensin

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

171

173

173

174

175

175

175

176

. . . . . . .. ... .. . ...

. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .- . . .

. . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .

. ...... . .... . ..... ..

. . . . . . . . ..... . . . . ...

!. i81-{a, -4.oal

. . . . . . .Numerals

Feminine nus in I~tital

Feminine nouns in

Feminine noW1S in

Masculine nouns in -asl

14.1 .2

14.1.3

14.2

14.3

14.4

14.1

Unit 14

Basic Dialo;ue

Narrative

Unit 15

Basic Dialogue. 181

Class 11 verbs: 5imple future and subjunct1ve 188Class 11 verbs: 5imple Past 1

~lass 11 verbs: Continuus past 199

Thid declension neuter nouns in I-on/

. . . . . . ... . . ..... ... . ....

. .. . . .. . . ... . . . . .. . . 1-89

190

190

19C1'

191

185

187

. . . .. . . . . . . .. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

... . .. . .. . .. ..

. . . . . . . . . ... .... .

.. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .

Perfective stem fonn

Shitt ! stressAdjective:

Continuous Past in -ayalIrregular verb IVol

Class verbB:

. . . . . . . . . . .. . ....

Indeclinable uns

Review (Units 11 - 15)

Narrative

Note 15.1

15.1.1

15.2

15.3

15.).1

15.4

15.5

15.6

15.7

.Jrills . 195

Narrat1ve. 200

Unit 16

Hasic Dialop:ue. 202

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Adverb1als ! tiJne

Narrative

Note 16.1 Aaverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

205

208

208

16.3 Ccnparat1ve. .. 209

16.4 Superlative. 210

v111


GREEK BASIC COURSE

Cond1t1onal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 210

Adject1ve: katharewsa Muter [ iD /- n/ . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Un1t 17

Ba81c D1alogue. 212

an-at1~ . . . .... . ...... .. .. . .... . .. . .

Note 17.1 Clas8 11 verb8: Ipel't1ve 217

ltemat1ve pertect1ve 8tID torm ! /lJlo/17.2

17.3

Decl1nable nUDlrals . ... . .... . . .. .. . . ... . .

. . . .

218

219

UD1t 18

B81c D1alCJg\l8. 220

. .. . . .. . . . . . . . ... . . . ..Rarrat1w

Note 18.1

. . .

Pre8ent Pertect.

.. .. . . . . . . .. .. .

. . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . .

223

225

Verb8 v1th pret1xe. .. 226

18.3 Pl8t tense augent /e-/ . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . 227

UD1t l'Ba81c D1alogu.e . . . 230

. . ...... . . .... ....... . .... ...

.---.--""

1~.2 1 Clu8 111 y1iM

235

236

235

233

. ...... .....

.. . ....Pre8ent n

Sten tornat1ve sutt1xe.

......

... ...Past P8rtect.

Clu. 111 wrb

.

19.2.2 Clas. wrb

Ilarrat1w

lote 19.1

ruture aad 8ubjunct1ve 23719., C1a8. m wrb8 . ... . ... . ... . ...

S1Jple Future and Subjunct1" 19.3.2 Nta10n

.1 80

:B881c D1alc::-. ,. 21

Fonnat1on ! pertect1ve BteJ

Nan-at1ve

Note .20.1

... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .....

. . . . . . . . . .... . . . . ...

243

246

20.1.1 Cla8s 1 wrb . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . .. .... . 246

20.1.2 Class 11 erb8.

20.1.3 Clus erb8

.... . . .. . . .. ... . .. .

. .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

246

a47

1

GREEK BASIC COURSE

Cond1t1onal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 210

Adject1ve: katharewsa Muter [ iD /- n/ . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Un1t 17

Ba81c D1alogue. 212

an-at1~ . . . .... . ...... .. .. . .... . .. . .

Note 17.1 Clas8 11 verb8: Ipel't1ve 217

ltemat1ve pertect1ve 8tID torm ! /lJlo/17.2

17.3

Decl1nable nUDlrals . ... . .... . . .. .. . . ... . .

. . . .

218

219

UD1t 18

B81c D1alCJg\l8. 220

. .. . . .. . . . . . . . ... . . . ..Rarrat1w

Note 18.1

. . .

Pre8ent Pertect.

.. .. . . . . . . .. .. .

. . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . .

223

225

Verb8 v1th pret1xe. .. 226

18.3 Pl8t tense augent /e-/ . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . 227

UD1t l'Ba81c D1alogu.e . . . 230

. . ...... . . .... ....... . .... ...

.---.--""

1~.2 1 Clu8 111 y1iM

235

236

235

233

. ...... .....

.. . ....Pre8ent n

Sten tornat1ve sutt1xe.

......

... ...Past P8rtect.

Clu. 111 wrb

.

19.2.2 Clas. wrb

Ilarrat1w

lote 19.1

ruture aad 8ubjunct1ve 23719., C1a8. m wrb8 . ... . ... . ... . ...

S1Jple Future and Subjunct1" 19.3.2 Nta10n

.1 80

:B881c D1alc::-. ,. 21

Fonnat1on ! pertect1ve BteJ

Nan-at1ve

Note .20.1

... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .....

. . . . . . . . . .... . . . . ...

243

246

20.1.1 Cla8s 1 wrb . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . .. .... . 246

20.1.2 Class 11 erb8.

20.1.3 Clus erb8

.... . . .. . . .. ... . .. .

. .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

246

a47

1


GREEK BASIC COURSE

ote 20.2 Cla8s 111 verbs - 5iJnple Paa't. 247

Reviev CUnits 16 - 20)

. ... . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . . ....

Dri1l.s

Narrat1ve

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. .

2$0

257

Uni't. 21

Ba81c Dialogue. 2 S9

Narrat1ve . .. . 26t

3!2 declensin neuter uns 1 /-08/ US8 !l/ ". ..

Note 21.1

21.2

Class erb8

Use /ik6s/.Inperat1ve. .. ......' "

. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. . . . . .. . .

264

2~

264

265

~1't. 22

Ba81c Dialogue. 267

Narrati.... .' - .. -. "......' .. ...... _. 269

. . . . ~ . .... ... ..

. . . . .... ~ .. .. ..

271

. . . .....

..... -...

~ .. . . ....." . -.

. . ... . .. . . . .. . ..

. . . .

Adjective& in /-1&/ c:aae wrb8; Prab1bit.1ve IJperat1Ye.

Verb /1p4.rxo/

word /rMJJdri!

22.2

22.3

22.4

ote 22.1

Un1't. a)

Ba8ic Dialogus. . 271

'M1xed' conjugation .

Pa.st part1ciple -. _.

Class 111 verbs Irregular pertect.1ve _t.e8s.

Narrat1e

Nte 23.1

... . .... . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . 276

278

280

280

Un1't. 24

Ba81c D1alogue. .aea

Narrative ae5

Presen't. active participle

Pret1x /uana-/ .... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ..... 28289

Un1't. 2$

Bas1c D1a1o-. -. 291

GREEK BASIC COURSE

ote 20.2 Cla8s 111 verbs - 5iJnple Paa't. 247

Reviev CUnits 16 - 20)

. ... . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . . ....

Dri1l.s

Narrat1ve

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. .

2$0

257

Uni't. 21

Ba81c Dialogue. 2 S9

Narrat1ve . .. . 26t

3!2 declensin neuter uns 1 /-08/ US8 !l/ ". ..

Note 21.1

21.2

Class erb8

Use /ik6s/.Inperat1ve. .. ......' "

. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. . . . . .. . .

264

2~

264

265

~1't. 22

Ba81c Dialogue. 267

Narrati.... .' - .. -. "......' .. ...... _. 269

. . . . ~ . .... ... ..

. . . . .... ~ .. .. ..

271

. . . .....

..... -...

~ .. . . ....." . -.

. . ... . .. . . . .. . ..

. . . .

Adjective& in /-1&/ c:aae wrb8; Prab1bit.1ve IJperat1Ye.

Verb /1p4.rxo/

word /rMJJdri!

22.2

22.3

22.4

ote 22.1

Un1't. a)

Ba8ic Dialogus. . 271

'M1xed' conjugation .

Pa.st part1ciple -. _.

Class 111 verbs Irregular pertect.1ve _t.e8s.

Narrat1e

Nte 23.1

... . .... . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . 276

278

280

280

Un1't. 24

Ba81c D1alogue. .aea

Narrative ae5

Presen't. active participle

Pret1x /uana-/ .... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ..... 28289

Un1't. 2$

Bas1c D1a1o-. -. 291


Note 25.1 0rd1nal8.

Rsvie (Un1t8 21 - 25). .

GREEK BASIC COURSE

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 297

.. . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....Dr1U8

Narrat1v8 . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... .... ... . . . .....

)01

)03

Tel1ing~ 305

01088817' 306

1

Note 25.1 0rd1nal8.

Rsvie (Un1t8 21 - 25). .

GREEK BASIC COURSE

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 297

.. . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....Dr1U8

Narrat1v8 . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... .... ... . . . .....

)01

)03

Tel1ing~ 305

01088817' 306

1


GREEK BASIC COURSE

s

\

),/

/'(

n...

n,..,.

'"'"

GREECE

~ Ra.IroadRoad

@

InIernalional boundaryIndefInile boundaryDhIamerisma (RegIon)

boundaryNational capitalms cenIer

J

40

40 80 MiIes

" i80 Kilometers

xii

GREEK BASIC COURSE

s

\

),/

/'(

n...

n,..,.

'"'"

GREECE

~ Ra.IroadRoad

@

InIernalional boundaryIndefInile boundaryDhIamerisma (RegIon)

boundaryNational capitalms cenIer

J

40

40 80 MiIes

" i80 Kilometers

xii


G REEK BASIC COURSE

INTRODUCTION

Greek 1s the off1c1al language of the present day k1ngdom of Greece. Morethan 95 percent of 1ts populat1on are nat1ve speakers of Greek. Other languagesspoken 1 Greece are those of small m1nor1t1es: Turk1sh. Bu1gar1an. Serb1an.Sephard1c (spoken ma1n1y 1 Thessa1on1k1 by the descendents of Jews former1yres1d1ng 1 Spa1n and Portuga1). A1ban1an and some others.

Outs1de the 11m1ts of Greece Greek 1s spoken 1 the ne1ghbor1ng 1s1ands.such as Bozca Ada and Imbroz (Turkey). Cyprus. as we11 as 1 surround1ng coun-tr1es. e.g. southern A1ban1a. southern Yugos1av1a. Bulgar1a and Turkey (Istanbu1).It 18 a1so spoken by 1arge Greek commun1t1es 1 the Amer1cas (p.S.A Canada.Argent1na. Braz11). 1 Europe. Afr1ca and Austra11a.

L1ke Eng11sh. Greek be10ngs to the 1arge Indo-H1tt1te (Indo-European)fam11y ! 1anguages and spread over the Ba1kan pen1nsu1a somet1me dur1ng thesecond m111en1um B.C.

Anc1ent Greek appears to have been d1v1ded 1nto four ma1n groups !d1a1ects: Arcad1an-Cypr1ot1c. Dor1an. Aeo11an and Ion1an-Att1c. Beg1nn1ng 1the 4th century B.C. the Ion1an-Att1c d1a1ect spread 11 over the Greek speak1ngterr1tor1es wh11e other d1a1ects began to dec11ne and then d1sappeared com-p1ete1y 1 the'f1rst centur1es ! the Chr1st1an era.

Modern Greek presents a rather comp1ex 11ngu1st1c p1cture. the onehand th1s 1anguage 1s the re8~1t ! a norma1 11ngu1st1c evo1ut1on from theolder Greek; the other hand. however. 1ntense nat1ona11st1c sent1mentsdur1ng certa1n per10ds of Greek h1story have preserved 1ntact many morpholog1cal,syntact1c and 1ex1cal e1ements ! archa1c Greek. As a result there are twobroad types ! 1anguage used 1 modern Greece. the IpopularI,or dh1mot1k1. andthe Iforma1 I or katharevusa. The former 1s the every-day 1anguag8 ! thepeop1e conta1n1ng 1oanwords from other languages wh1ch have been 1ncorporated1nto the Greek 1anguage 1 the course ! 1ater Greek h1story. 'Dh1mot1k1' 18pr1mar11y a 8poken language. that ! Greek songs and ba11ads. and does not havea f1xed orthography. but 1s largely used by modern wr1ters ! poetry and flctlon.

The 1atter (katharevusa) 1s a consc1ous and art1f1c1a1 return to olderGreek. and 1s taught 1 schoo1s and used for off1c1a1 purposes and 1 a more or1ess Ipure I form by newspapers.

S1nce the 2nd century B.C. the Greeks have d1sputed among ,themselves aboutthe1r 1anguage. At that t1me 11terary men scorned colloqu1al usage. consc1ously1m1tat1ng the c1ass1cal style 1 the1r works. The sch1sm has cont1nued to Ourdays.

1

G REEK BASIC COURSE

INTRODUCTION

Greek 1s the off1c1al language of the present day k1ngdom of Greece. Morethan 95 percent of 1ts populat1on are nat1ve speakers of Greek. Other languagesspoken 1 Greece are those of small m1nor1t1es: Turk1sh. Bu1gar1an. Serb1an.Sephard1c (spoken ma1n1y 1 Thessa1on1k1 by the descendents of Jews former1yres1d1ng 1 Spa1n and Portuga1). A1ban1an and some others.

Outs1de the 11m1ts of Greece Greek 1s spoken 1 the ne1ghbor1ng 1s1ands.such as Bozca Ada and Imbroz (Turkey). Cyprus. as we11 as 1 surround1ng coun-tr1es. e.g. southern A1ban1a. southern Yugos1av1a. Bulgar1a and Turkey (Istanbu1).It 18 a1so spoken by 1arge Greek commun1t1es 1 the Amer1cas (p.S.A Canada.Argent1na. Braz11). 1 Europe. Afr1ca and Austra11a.

L1ke Eng11sh. Greek be10ngs to the 1arge Indo-H1tt1te (Indo-European)fam11y ! 1anguages and spread over the Ba1kan pen1nsu1a somet1me dur1ng thesecond m111en1um B.C.

Anc1ent Greek appears to have been d1v1ded 1nto four ma1n groups !d1a1ects: Arcad1an-Cypr1ot1c. Dor1an. Aeo11an and Ion1an-Att1c. Beg1nn1ng 1the 4th century B.C. the Ion1an-Att1c d1a1ect spread 11 over the Greek speak1ngterr1tor1es wh11e other d1a1ects began to dec11ne and then d1sappeared com-p1ete1y 1 the'f1rst centur1es ! the Chr1st1an era.

Modern Greek presents a rather comp1ex 11ngu1st1c p1cture. the onehand th1s 1anguage 1s the re8~1t ! a norma1 11ngu1st1c evo1ut1on from theolder Greek; the other hand. however. 1ntense nat1ona11st1c sent1mentsdur1ng certa1n per10ds of Greek h1story have preserved 1ntact many morpholog1cal,syntact1c and 1ex1cal e1ements ! archa1c Greek. As a result there are twobroad types ! 1anguage used 1 modern Greece. the IpopularI,or dh1mot1k1. andthe Iforma1 I or katharevusa. The former 1s the every-day 1anguag8 ! thepeop1e conta1n1ng 1oanwords from other languages wh1ch have been 1ncorporated1nto the Greek 1anguage 1 the course ! 1ater Greek h1story. 'Dh1mot1k1' 18pr1mar11y a 8poken language. that ! Greek songs and ba11ads. and does not havea f1xed orthography. but 1s largely used by modern wr1ters ! poetry and flctlon.

The 1atter (katharevusa) 1s a consc1ous and art1f1c1a1 return to olderGreek. and 1s taught 1 schoo1s and used for off1c1a1 purposes and 1 a more or1ess Ipure I form by newspapers.

S1nce the 2nd century B.C. the Greeks have d1sputed among ,themselves aboutthe1r 1anguage. At that t1me 11terary men scorned colloqu1al usage. consc1ously1m1tat1ng the c1ass1cal style 1 the1r works. The sch1sm has cont1nued to Ourdays.

1


G REEK BASIC COURSE

Flna11y. a klnd of compromlse form. drawlng unsystematlca11y from bothIdhlmot1k1

'and 'katharevusa

'

has evo1ved. Thls ~xture of the two. ca11ed thls Course 'kathom11umenl I 1.e. Ievery-day 1anguage I has now become thestandard speech of Greece.

Not a11 standard speakers of modern Greek. however. can be assumed to usethe same m1xture of katharevusa dhimotlk1 e1ements the1r speech. Theratl0 may vary not on1y from speaker to speaker. but a1so may depend thesltuat10n 1 whlch the speaker uses the 1anguage. Thus the same speaker mayuse the extreme var1ety of dh1mot1k1 whl1e buy1ng th1ngs at a market p1ace andthen sw1tch to the extreme katharevusa when address1ng a un1verslty professor.

The genera1 trend 1s toward dh1mot1k1 wh1ch 1s the normal 'lnforma1'

1anguage. but kathareusa 1 1ts var10us degrees ! Ipur1ty' cont1nues to beused as the off1c1al 1anguage 1 government work (Para11ment. Courts. Rad10broadcasts. etc.).

The spoken Greek may be represented graph1ca11y as fo11ows:

,-

L U - -- - -- - - - .-

atharevusa

D1fferences of sty1e are even more consplcuous 1 the wrltten 1anguage. Bes1desGovgrnment other publlc announcements. documents. off1clal correspndence.etc. al1 publlc slgns 1 ~owns and v111ages are wr1tten 1n katharevusa. Thus.for example. the word for f1sh1ng shop 1 every-day language 1s 'pSaradhlko I but the slgn"over the store sayR I1khth1opolfon I; the word grocery store1s Ibakallko I but the s1gn says Ipandopo1ion I etc.

As far a8 the press ls concerned the con~ervat1ve newspapers are wrltten1 katharevusa;'those or1ented towards the center. 1 kathoml1umen1; and those! the extreme left. 1 the extreme and sometlmes even 80mewhat art1f1c1a1dh1mot1k1.

x1v

G REEK BASIC COURSE

Flna11y. a klnd of compromlse form. drawlng unsystematlca11y from bothIdhlmot1k1

'and 'katharevusa

'

has evo1ved. Thls ~xture of the two. ca11ed thls Course 'kathom11umenl I 1.e. Ievery-day 1anguage I has now become thestandard speech of Greece.

Not a11 standard speakers of modern Greek. however. can be assumed to usethe same m1xture of katharevusa dhimotlk1 e1ements the1r speech. Theratl0 may vary not on1y from speaker to speaker. but a1so may depend thesltuat10n 1 whlch the speaker uses the 1anguage. Thus the same speaker mayuse the extreme var1ety of dh1mot1k1 whl1e buy1ng th1ngs at a market p1ace andthen sw1tch to the extreme katharevusa when address1ng a un1verslty professor.

The genera1 trend 1s toward dh1mot1k1 wh1ch 1s the normal 'lnforma1'

1anguage. but kathareusa 1 1ts var10us degrees ! Ipur1ty' cont1nues to beused as the off1c1al 1anguage 1 government work (Para11ment. Courts. Rad10broadcasts. etc.).

The spoken Greek may be represented graph1ca11y as fo11ows:

,-

L U - -- - -- - - - .-

atharevusa

D1fferences of sty1e are even more consplcuous 1 the wrltten 1anguage. Bes1desGovgrnment other publlc announcements. documents. off1clal correspndence.etc. al1 publlc slgns 1 ~owns and v111ages are wr1tten 1n katharevusa. Thus.for example. the word for f1sh1ng shop 1 every-day language 1s 'pSaradhlko I but the slgn"over the store sayR I1khth1opolfon I; the word grocery store1s Ibakallko I but the s1gn says Ipandopo1ion I etc.

As far a8 the press ls concerned the con~ervat1ve newspapers are wrltten1 katharevusa;'those or1ented towards the center. 1 kathoml1umen1; and those! the extreme left. 1 the extreme and sometlmes even 80mewhat art1f1c1a1dh1mot1k1.

x1v


GREEK BASIC COURSE

The wr1tten language, therefore, may be graph1cally represented thus:

dh1mot1k1 kathom11 unen1 katharevusa

Modern L1terature Older L1teratureOff1c1al Language

Moderate Press Conservat1ve Press

Every-day Usage

Th1s Course

The Greek descr1bed 1 th1s Course 1s representat1ve ! the kathom11umen1var1ety, 1.e. that ! the 'standard

'speech ! educated Greeks. As the

1nfluences from the other styles ! Greek the natural speech ! an educatedperson vary acord1ng to the speaker and thus create a great var1ety ! 'correct Iutterances, both the most common dh1mot1k1 and kathaverusa forms are represented the Bas1c D1alogues and Grammat1cal Notes. At the same t1me the use !extreme dh1mot1k1 or Ioverpure I katharevusa 1s carefully avo1ded.

The whole Course cons1sts ! 75 un1ts and 1s d1v1ded 1nto three volumes,each volume conta1n1ng 25 un1ts. After every f1ve un1ts there 1s a Rev1ew con-s1st1ng ! a Narrat1ve whlch 1 based the vocabulary ! prev10us un1ts. 1~dd1t1on to th1s the Revlew Un1ts ! Volume 1 have Rev1ew Dr111s 1 whlch thestudent 1s supposed to supply proper forms ! g1ven words. These dr111s arecont1nued 1 more advanced un1ts 1 connect1on w1th the katharevusa grammat1calforms.

atharevusa 1s systemat1cally 1ntroduced 1 the narrat1ves ! Volume 111and the rules ! katharevusa grammar are d1scussed 1 the subsequent grammat1calnotes. Thus the student who has completed Volume 111 ! th1s Course shouldhave a good foundat1on for read1ng off1c1al documents as well newspaperswr1tten 1 katharevusa.

The follow1ng parts may be found 1 a Un1 t:Bas1c D1alogueResponse Dr111Useful WordstPo11te

'

Express10nsNarrat1veGrammat1cal Notes

Sample Dr111sSubst1tut1on Dr111sTransformat1on Dr111sCorrelat1on-Subst1tut1on Dr111sResponse Exerc1seTop1cs for D1scuss1on

GREEK BASIC COURSE

The wr1tten language, therefore, may be graph1cally represented thus:

dh1mot1k1 kathom11 unen1 katharevusa

Modern L1terature Older L1teratureOff1c1al Language

Moderate Press Conservat1ve Press

Every-day Usage

Th1s Course

The Greek descr1bed 1 th1s Course 1s representat1ve ! the kathom11umen1var1ety, 1.e. that ! the 'standard

'speech ! educated Greeks. As the

1nfluences from the other styles ! Greek the natural speech ! an educatedperson vary acord1ng to the speaker and thus create a great var1ety ! 'correct Iutterances, both the most common dh1mot1k1 and kathaverusa forms are represented the Bas1c D1alogues and Grammat1cal Notes. At the same t1me the use !extreme dh1mot1k1 or Ioverpure I katharevusa 1s carefully avo1ded.

The whole Course cons1sts ! 75 un1ts and 1s d1v1ded 1nto three volumes,each volume conta1n1ng 25 un1ts. After every f1ve un1ts there 1s a Rev1ew con-s1st1ng ! a Narrat1ve whlch 1 based the vocabulary ! prev10us un1ts. 1~dd1t1on to th1s the Revlew Un1ts ! Volume 1 have Rev1ew Dr111s 1 whlch thestudent 1s supposed to supply proper forms ! g1ven words. These dr111s arecont1nued 1 more advanced un1ts 1 connect1on w1th the katharevusa grammat1calforms.

atharevusa 1s systemat1cally 1ntroduced 1 the narrat1ves ! Volume 111and the rules ! katharevusa grammar are d1scussed 1 the subsequent grammat1calnotes. Thus the student who has completed Volume 111 ! th1s Course shouldhave a good foundat1on for read1ng off1c1al documents as well newspaperswr1tten 1 katharevusa.

The follow1ng parts may be found 1 a Un1 t:Bas1c D1alogueResponse Dr111Useful WordstPo11te

'

Express10nsNarrat1veGrammat1cal Notes

Sample Dr111sSubst1tut1on Dr111sTransformat1on Dr111sCorrelat1on-Subst1tut1on Dr111sResponse Exerc1seTop1cs for D1scuss1on


GREEK BASIC COURSJ

Bas1c D1a1ogues and Response Dr111s are found 1 each un1t. Narrat1ves beg1nw1th Un1t 2. The occurrence ! other parts may vary.

Use ! Th1s Course

1. Bas1c D1a1oguesMost Bas1c D1a1ogues cons1st ! 10 sentences. more advanced un1ts the

d1a1ogue may be d1v1ded 1nto two or three parts ! 10 to 14 sentences.The 1nstructor reads the Greek. 1tem by 1tem. repeat1ng each 1tem (a bu11d-

up or a sentence) tw1ce for each student. Each member ! the c1ass repeats the1tem 1mm~d1ate1y after the 1nstructor. try1ng to lm1tatehls (or her) pronun-c1at1on. ! the 1nstru~torIs 110 the 1tem 1s m1spronounced by thestudent. the 1nstructor repeats 1t at norma1 speed w1th the student repeat1ngafter h1m (or her) as many t1mes necessary. After the c1ass hours eachstudent goes over the Bas1c D1a1ogue by 11sten1ng to the tape and repeat1ng.dolrtg thls untl1 he knows the d1a1ogue by heart.

After the sentences ! the D1a1ogue have been thorough1y memor1zed thestudents take part 1 act1ng out the D1a1ogue. The 1nstructor may take one! the parts the f1rst t1me or two. Thls procedure 1s to be contlnued unt11any student can take part and go through thedla10gue 11ke actor.

2. Response Dr1l1sResponse dr111s cons1st ! quest10ns and answers based the d1a1ogue

and narrat1ve st1uat1ons. ~nd are d1v1ded 1nto 'Response Dr111 referr1ng the d1a1ogue and IResponse Dr111 referr1ng to the narrat1ve. One 'rea1s1tuat1on I 1s g1ven by the d1a1ogue and another one by the narrat1ve. Theanswers to the quest10ns are. therefore. pred1ctab1e . and the student 1ssupposed to know them. Thus. for examp1e. 1! 1t appears from the d1a1ogue thatthe restaurant 1s Just across the street from the mov1e theatre. the studentmust accept 1t as a 'real

'

fact and say when answer1ng the quest1on: 'Where1s the restaurant?I

the f1rst 15 un1ts the answers to the quest10ns 1 the Response Dr111sare g1ven w1th the dr111s. Therefore. these quest10ns and answers must bedr111ed 1 the same way the sentences ! the Bas1c D1alogues. Beg1nn1ngw1th Un1t 16 response dr111s conta1n on1y quest10ns and the student 1s supposedto formulate the answers 1 h1s own words. but h1s answers must be pert1nent tothe g1ven s1tuat1on. From Un1t 16 the Response Dr111s are 10nger dr111ed1 the same way as Bas1c D1a1ogues. but rather take the form ! a free conversa-t10n based the facts g1ven by the d1a1ogue or the narrat1ve.

xv1


G REEK BASIC COURSE

3. Useful Words and rPo11te Expressions'

must be dr111ed by the 1nstructor andmemor1zed by the student 1 the same way as the Bas1c D1alogues.

4. Narrat1veThe narrat1ve presents 1 expos1tory style e1ther a s1tuat1on s1m11ar to

that represented 1 the Bas1c D1alogue. a s1tuat1on related to 1t. w1thbroader vocabulary.

The 1nstructor goes through the sentences 111ustrat1ng new vocabulary1tems 1 the same way as for Bas1c D1alogue. After the students have thusfam111ar1zed themselves w1th the new vocabulary. the 1nstructor reads throughthe whole narrat1ve at a normal speed. The students 11sten w1th the1r booksclosed. The students summar1ze 1 Eng11sh as much as they understand thenarrat1ve. Then the students read and translate the narrat1ve 1nto Eng11sh.The 1nstructor then asks the quest10ns Response Dr111 '' and the studentsanswer them. The narrat1ves are 1ntended to be memor1zed at home and retold1 the student's own words class the next day.

The narrat1ves 1 Un1ts 2 through 5 are presented both transcrlpt10nand 1 the Greek wr1t1ng system. subsequent narrat1ves the transcr1pt1on18 om1tted.

5. SampIe Dr111s are to be treated 1 the same way as the sentences Bas1cD1algou8s.

6. Subst1t~t1on. Transformat1on and Correlat1on-Subst1tut1on Dr11Is are to beused 1 accordance w1th the 1nstruct1ons g1ven at the beg1nn1ng each dr111.

7. Response Exerc1seResponse Exerc1ses occur at the very end each un1t. The quest10ns of

these exerc1ses are not necessar1Iy reIated to any part1cuIar un1t. GraduaIIy.as the student's vocabulary 1ncreases, these quest10ns beoOme more generalcharacter. The purpose a Response Exerc1se 1s to 1nduce the student 1nto afree conversat1on with1n the scope h1s vocabulary.

Un1ts 2. 3. and 4 all poss1ble answers to the quest10ns are g1ven. AIlthese answers should be dr11Ied 1 the same way as the sentences the Bas1cD1aIogues.

Beg1nn1ng w1th Un1t 5 these exerc1ses cons1st quest10ns only, and thestudent 1s supposed to be abIe to answer the quest10ns by h1mseIf.

Any answer g1ven by the student 1s cons1dered correct 1 1t 1s appropr1ateand 1s good Greek. The answer 1s corrected by the 1nstructor 1 necessary.The student repeats the corrected answer.

11


G REEK BASIC COURSE

8. Top1cs for D1scuss1onThese dr111s appear 1n the advanced. un1 ts 1 11eu of Response Exercisc~s.The 1nstructor presents the topics one by one and asks the members of the

c1ass to take part 1 the d1scuss1on. One of the students 1s asked to developthe top1c further and g1ve h1s reasons for agree1ng w1th the problem ra1sed bythe 1nstructor. Another student should present h1s arguments to derend theoppos1te po1nt of v1ew. Another one should try to f1nd a comprom1se betweenthe two posltlons. Then other students jo1n 1 the d1scusslon. When one toplchas been fully d1scussed the 1nstructor ra1ses the next controversla1 questlon.The exerc1se goes unt11 a11 top1cs of the un1t have been thoroughly d1scussedand tota11y exhausted.

GLOSSARY

At the end of each volume there 1s an alphabetlcal 11st of a11 the vocab-u1ary 1tems 1ntroduced 1 that volume.

Follow1ng each verb 1s a number 1nd1cat1ng the unlt whlch the otherforms of the verb are 11sted.

!


GREEK BASIC COURSE

~~~~_~~_~~_~~!:_~~~!_~!!l~~!!_!~_!~_~~~~~!:!!!!_~2~!

\! t

~ the ~Us!! I!~.. parentheses and quotaon marks are used toge :~her (, ) a more Uteral tranalation is given 1 addition to the ord1nar'j EngUsh equ1valent.

Brackets [ ] are used indicate vords in the ~11sh equ1valent vhich do not equ1valent in Greek.

ParentbeSe8 ) 1Ddicate vordB vhich are in the Greek but no a noral EnElish

equ1valent.

'n1e Eng11sh side 1s not a Uteral trans1at1on o~ the Greek. but Englisb

speakers ord1nar11y Ny1n ISUch a s1tuation. '1be use o~ parentheses un brackets

explained bo shuld aa the s1tuat1on clear 1n each case.

On Greek s1de. parentheses are used to 1nd1cate sounds vh1ch are 8lDt1es

on1tted. Alternate pronunciat1on o~ the same word or alternate vords are given atter a

slant line /.

GranaticalMotes, slant lines / / are used to or~ Greek sounda, word8,phrases or _entence. 1n trnacr1pt1onvith1n an EngU8h text.

t


GREEK BASIC COURSE

Unit ,

. .

.

..C .

&/ &;

KC,

.

!;. ' !;C ., .'!;.

~C.c.

'..:

'~f~!~~!~

kalimra sas.

kal1s~ra sas.

kalintxta sa5.

~rete.

'- su.p6s

isee/iste

p6s :!e?

ka1l.

erxar1st6

kesis?

ka1A erxar1st kesis?

n.a::

mflista.

61.

paraka16.

aried

~

2

Good norn1ng (Iyour good da ).

Good arternoon. 2!: Goodevening. (Iyur good arternoon/.1 ).

Good n1ght. (said parting).He110. 2!: Good bye.81.

bow

you a,r.

Hw are you1

_11

thanks (11 thaDk l )and

you

and yu?

IIJD rine, tbanks, and you?

Yes.

.

Please. : Yu1re velcOIe.

( beg l ).

t.'umbers

tvo


G REEK BASIC COURSE

~C: trfa three~: t~sera Eur,,~ p&nde five

~. Sks1 six~f./~f. ept4/eft' 6K~/6x~ okt610xt6 eight

l;""f:/l"".f. eMa/erry4 nine ~ka ten

Grammat1cal Notes-----------------

,

Modern Greek 1 wr1tteo 10 Greek 1etters 1nher1ted from auc1eot Greek. The spelllng

1 to a large extent h1stor1cal aod 1 therefore not cons1stent on a number ! polnts.

In order to ak 1t ea81er for the student the t1rst '0 un1ts ! th1s course are vr1tten

both 10 Greelc cbaracters and 10 transcr1pt10n. Beglnning ,,1th the un1t 11 Qverything 1810 Greelc scr1pt and the transcr1pt10n 1 used only occaslonally io grammatica1 notes.

Tbe traDscrlpt10n used here 1 a adaptat10n ! Lat1n ]etters for l1IOst sounds and

Greelc 1etters for a tn. It 1 not stric1tly speaking a 'phonetlc transcriptlon. For

exp1e the 1etter / stands for one sound before la,o,u/ and for another sound beforele,1/. 510ce the pronunc1ation 1s predictab1e the basis ! vhere lt occurs, a s1ng1eletter may be used for both sounds.

The transcrlption used 1 th1s course cons1sts ! the follov1ng 1etters and other

yi>ols:

Voels: a, , u, e, 1

Consnants:

V01ce1ess: , t, , Ic, , t, ts,

Volced: b, d, b, g, , v, dz, , r, 1, , n, The acceot mark 1ndicates the 10udest syllab1e a p}rase 01 sentence and

1ndlcates a 1ess 10ud (IsecondaryI) stress. The weak stress 1s unmarked. word sa1d1 iso1at10n (as 1n the bu11d-ups) 111 regu1ar1y have a primary stress 1'1. 1n a sentencethls may be replaced by secondary or even by weak Btress (unmarked). The stress 1n Greek

3


GREEK BASIC COURSE

falls a1vays one ! the last three sy11ab1es ! a word.

There are three types ! phrase endings (~~: 'junctures') 1n Greek: 1,1 111 and 1.1(the spec1a1 signs for these are 11/, 1111 and 1#1 respect1ve1y).

These punctuat10n narks are not used 1 the same vay or v1tb the B8Jll vlI~ues as 1n

either Eng1ish or Greek ordinary spe111ng. The system used here ass1gns spec1f1c values

to the punctuat10n narks.

'T'he cona 1,1 1nd1cates that the intonation pattei-n precediw 1t 1s character1zedby a ra1sed pitch ! the last stressed syllab1e ! the phrase.

per10d 1.1 1s used to 1nd1cate the end ! a pbrase accompan1ed by fal1ing p1tcb.It may or may not correspond to a period e1ther in Greek or 1n Eng11sh spe111ng.

quest10n nark 111 1ndicates a r1sing p1tch 1 questions.Quest10ns 1 Greek w~y be div1ded 1nto tvo categories:,) QuestioDS vbich begin v1th a quest10n vord (such, for examp1e, as 'vbo', 'vben',

'vhere', 'hw', etc.), e.g. ,wbere are you g01ng1' 'Wbat d1d be say?' etc.2) Quest10ns vithout quest10n vords (usually beg1nn1ng v1tb a verb 1n Greek) sucb as,

'Are you g01ng there1' 'D1d be sa tbat1', etc.

The bighest p1tcb in quest10ns ! tbe first category 1 tbe quest10n vord, tal11ng

gradually to the 1ast syllab1e.

Quest10ns ! the second categ~ry have tbe bighest p1tch tbe stressed syllab1e tbe 1ast vord.

Tbe p1tch 1eve1s are" ! curse, not abso1ute, but are bigb or lor relat1ve to each

other.

Stress (vh1ch 1s 10udness) and p1tch (vh1ch 1 be1gbt tone) lIIWJt be caretul1yd1st1ngu1shed. S1nce tbe 10udest syllab1e 1s otten tbe bigbest 1n p1tcb, there 1

frequent1y a tendency to con!use tbe tvo.

Very spec1al attent10n ust be pa1d to the 1ntonat1on ! each Greek sentence. It

should never be treated as if 1t vere an Eng11sb sentence. Tbe punctuat10n narks vill

he1p the student to say tbings correctlyj but only careful l1sten1ng, and 1mitat1on asvell as constant and pers1stent dr111 111 g1ve a correct prcnunc1at10n.

4


G REEK BASIC COURSE ,

Tbere are 1 voe1 sounds in Greek:

/1/

/8/

/./

/0/

/uI

G.D.I.2

Soevhat l1ke ! !!~!!!!!!, buth1gher, tenser and v1thout the

gl1de that voe1.

Tedhn1cally: a h1gh front

unrounded e1 [1].

L1ke e 1et.- ----

T8chn1cally: a (h1gber) n1dtront unrounded voe1 [e].

SOJllvhat 1jke ! 10 !!~~!:' butRUch shorter 11 unstressed.

Techn1cally: a 1 unrounded

w1 {a].thch l1ke c10th.

ecbn1cal1:= a h1gher-IIIid

rounded back Toel [].

.S08Vhat l1ke 00 1 boot or u 10

~' but h1gher, tenser, and

v1tbout the ~ g11de English.

Techn1cally: a h1gh back rounded

voe1 [u].

Pronunc1at1oo Dr111s

/1/

k{rios

k1rfa, k6r1,

1r{n!, {stera

e&6, ker6s, It1mos,

mSros

kill, 4na,

parakal6, pot!mi

e06, 6ra, p6ros,

etxar1st6

kun6, kuldr1,

kalu, ualfa

1or6tas

efirerfoa

ae!nakorits1

fkaros

1mSra

nda


GREEK BASIC COURSE

/e/

leoforlo

~repe

perno

patates

p~nde

/a/

trfa

kal$.

/0/

6ra

p6nos

korn

6noma

ak6ma

/u!

kut6s

kun6

uJ.

urans

Note 1.3. Consonants

et!lete

miMn

t!na

ner6

Ha

6ra

4I-ostos

aeli:

patE!ras

dra

aft6s

mikr6s

sor6s

6mikroD

ur4

us{aUte

kald

ut!teros

/b/ L1ke b ! bob.- ---

Techn1cally: a voiced b11ab1al

stop [b).

6

br, bamb4a, buk411

bt!no, blka


GREEK BASIC COURSE UNIT ,

/d/

/f/

/g/

/k/

Like d ! dot but with the tongue

touching the teeth.

Techn1cally: a voiced dental

stop [~]L1ke f 1 fOM.

- ----

Technically: a voiceless

labiodental sp1rant [f].L1ke ~ 1 ~~~. Rare except after

Technically: a vo1ced dorso-velar

stp [gJ.

L1ke c ! cot but wi tho~t

dn, knd, pandd,

pand6fles

f40, falakr6s, f6ros

furd, fflos, fe16s

grernn6s, grfnya

4ngelos, 4ng1ra, 4nglos

k6ta, kano, kdpa

strong purf ! breath. Fronted

before /1/ and /e/. kd, kfriosTechnically: a vo1celess

/1/

/r./

/rj

dorso-velar stop [k].

be like ! ! !!~! (before /o~u,a/), fronted bere /e/ aM /1/(v1th B~PE speakers almost l1ke!l before /1/).Technically: a yoiced apico-dental

lateral [1].

Like !!! -! ~; may be fronted

(toards ~) iJefore /1/.Techn1cally: a b1lab1al

Like ~ ! ~~ bef~re /a,o,u/, frontedbefore /e/ and /i/.Tech.~ical1y: 3D apico-dental nasal

/n/.~

7

lA01, luluo1

lost6s, lekls, leksik6

1fma, 11p6n, 11ym6s,

l1manj, lituryf.

maSima, akros, m6Xos

mikr6s, ra, ~o

na6s, n01163, nus

~oB, n1sf, nfxta


GREEK BASIC COURSE

//

/r/

/s/

/t/

//

//

Like ot P2S but wi thout the strongpuff breath.

Techn1cally: a voiceless bilab1al

stop (].

Usually a single flap or tap ! tbe

tongue against the ridge behind the

upper teeth. Technically: an

alveolar flap [r'].Like !! ! !!~~!. Technically: a

vo1celess apico-dental spirant

(s] L1ke t ! tot but without the

strong puff ! breath, and with

the tonguetQuch1ng the teeth.Techn1cally: a vo1celess apico-

dental stop (t J.L1ke V ! !!~!. Technically: a

vo1ced lab1o-dental sp1rant //.Made by friction ! air pass1ng

tbrough as tongue 1s in position

r~r /k/.Before /a,o,uI (or before consonantsfollwed by one ! these wlB)

the sound 1s back, l1ke German 2~ f

!~!!, ~~~!!, before /e,1/ (or consonantsfollwed by one ! these vwels) the

sound 1s front, more l1ke ch 1 Oran

1ch.

Technically: a vciceless dorso-velar

sp1rant (].

8

tri, paraka16, pueen

, pern6

r6nd, 6ra, rUxo, r'vo, p6roskorItsi, rev1

s4mos, sU1a, sovar6s

Isya, 'se, 1

tfnos, poti, t4ksis

e'o, ', vun6

vfxas, v6rio8

xar4, xor6s, xdfta

oxtd, xta61

x1m6nas, x!rete, xees, :xeB


G REEK BASIC COURSE UT ,

// L1ke ~ ! ~~!!. Technica11y: 6, pzo, zIte, zaxaria voiced apico-denta1 spirant [). zum

//

/'6/

/8/

/ts/

/dz/

//

Made by frict10n ! air pass1ng

through as tongue is 1 pos1tion

for / gf. (It 1 a vo1t:ed counterpart //). TechrI1cal1y: a v01ceddorso-ve1ar 3p1rant ().

L1ke ~~ ~~~!!:. Tecbnically: avo1ced ap1co-dental s11t sp1rant (].

L1ke ~~ ! ~h!!!. Techn1cal1y: av01ce1ess apjco-dental s11t sp1rant(8).L1ke ts 1 nets. Techn1ca11y: a

v01celess ap1co-dental aftr1cate [cJ.

L1ke L1ke l 1 l!!!~. Techn1cal1y: apalatal gl1de .

ayor4, _1, 4yuros,

yra, ynost6s

6, ad, d108

1, ~ndro, 16, eks14aniBema, B41asa, 86108

auk1&~18, 81savr6s.

kor:l'ts1, ts1iEndo, tsCY

tsuv411, ts1yUO

kafedz:ls, dz{dz1kas

~, pe&y4, X1ya, 6,ky4to, y1Mka, pyite, al)a,

yeory6s, ytona8, yatr6s, J4ro.,

4)"108, ya

The Qr.eek alpbabet Coos1at8 ! 24 1etters:

!:!~~!!: !!!!!~!:!~!~

/a/

/./

r // /'6/

/e/ //

9

8 letter-------------

!!!~!:!!!!~!:!~!:/Il.ta//nta/

/-./~1ta//lpsllon/

/Zfta/

1 Greek:

Icpc~

cf( ) --(

.~(


G REEK BASIC COURSE

Letter

-&

'~

Renarks

!!~~~~!~E~!~~ Name ! letter--------------

in Greek: !~_~!~~~~~!E~!~~:--------

/1/ /I.ta//e/ -& /eita//1/ y/JJ /y6ta//k/ ~() /k~pa//1/ () /Uda//m! /i: /rr// / /nI//ks/ /ksr//0/ SKO /6mikron/// ///r/ 6/ /r6//s/ /siyrra//t/ /t&r//1/ /:rpsilon//f/ /fi/// ///ps/ ///0/ /of'ra/

Follw1ng 8equences ! 1etters are used to represEnt a s1ng1e und:

a) !..~!:!!~g~~~~~_~f_!~~~~~~

, ,

.. Used 1 final posi tion only

Sound ~~5?!~:!/u/ /lu.1/ 'nour'/e/ /onOI1'Azete/ lit 1s called l/1/ /1r1nikf/ 'peacefu1'

-& /1oeet6/ ' adopt'6 1168/ ';'

10


b) ~~~~~!::~!!~:! word initial position:

GREEK BASIC COURSE ,

5equence ! letters Sound ~!~~ /b/ /bor6/ ' can l /1.' /d5.no/ ' dress' /,; , / grmn6s/ 'prec1p1ce'After voels the coll1blnatlons , , usually stand for the sequences /rrb/, /rJ/,/yJ respectlvely, e.g.

lfv

)

/lMr6s//.rJra.s//.t:)l,I'fno/

'bright'

'an' approvp.-t

/tsi'!r/ 'clgarette'

The pronunClation //, /nt/, /rdlceless consonant, malnly in foreign loanwords.

The combination occurs only in t1le niddle ! the word and represents the soI,nd /f)r/! English 'finger', 'longer' etc. e.g. /4ngelos/ 'angel'.

The sound /ts/ and /dz/ are represented in Greek orthography by (- f:inalposlt:ion) am respective1y, e.g. .~o/dzfdz1kas/ 'clcada'.

The corrbjnat:ion -YX-1n the iddle ! the ",ord corresponds tc the sound /nx/, e. g.x~ /sinxorfte/ 'excuse!'.

c) Y~!~2~!~~~The comb:inatlons and stand for /av/ and /ev/ before vowels an vclced

consonants, e.g.a:Iy6 /avy6/ 'egg f , a:~ /4vra/ 'breeze', uCa: /eviJfW!rfa/'prosperlty', and tor /af/ and /ef/ before volceless consonants, e.g.a:Cv /aftokfn1to/Icar', a: /eftlxfa/ 'happ1ness l , a:. /efxarist6/ 'thank yOU I

2) ~~!!!~!~!!_The gemination (doubling) consonants occurs only in scrlpt, not in speech. double consonants represent slngle scunds, e.g. /.s/ 'other', ~

/alayf/ 'change','vv /'-na/ 'Ann'.3) ~!:!:~!!~:!

There are three accents: the acute accent /'/, the grave accent /'/, and the

11


"\

)

(;RI:EK 5 (OLR~E

c1rcnmflex accent -.

4) ~~!:~!!~!~~The signs ! and 1'1 traditionally called 'breath1ngs' are written above a111r~tia1 vcwels co~1nat10ns. These signs have mean1ng 1 modern Greek.

!~~_!e~!~!~e~~ 1'1 13 used to iDdicatethe 10s8 a wl, .. 't 'a'tCv.'t/taftokinitol the car , \' \ lna.ncv61 that go up .

The diaeresis // is wr:itten 011 or v to indicate that the comb1nat.lon ! or repregerts either a di?hthong (when or v are unstressed), e.g. li,~() /4ipnosl'sleep1ess' or two separate vowe1 scunds (when t or ~ are stressed), e.g. ! lr"!

norn1ng'

~~~~~!~!:!~~ 1,1 1s a sign ritten under some we1B withut affecting ther.ronunc1ation, e.g. & ~'ljl Ina QtIs11 1" that he give'.

6) ~!~!!~~The punctuat10n signs are 1dentica1 1 Greek and Engl1sh ece:'t for the quest10n

mark the senico1on.

The question ark jn Greek 1s lil and the semdco1on 1s 11.

~~t.! ~:.5_Phono1ogy: Ass1Jrd1ation ! vwe1s.ka1A efxsrist, kesIs7 Fme, thank yu, and you7

),hen a word end1ng 1 a vme1 1" follw 1 by ! Iieg1M11ng "11th the 1. VC1e1, ! the w1B is ass1rnHated, th'.1l1 Ikef/esS/=/kess/.

51n1lar vowe1 asII1JTd1at1cn occurs "11th certa1n other ccmb1nat1ona vcnela (seelater un1ts).

12:


G REEK BASIC COURSE UNIT a

2

(he, she, 1t) 1s,(the7) (the) eIJassy

vhere

Excuse !.

Iberf.l 18 the Eba8BY?

r1ght, the r1Iht.

on the r1ght

vtor. l s1nxorHe.

\) p't1

. Ine 1 prezvIa

\) . ; p't1 In(e) 1 prezv!a?

. ek81a

. .. 1 rrezv!a, :!ne eksi. The &nbaBBY 1s the r1gbt.

or6 Im6/In'

prokseno (the) consulateaakr1i tar

ap6/ap !rom

eb6 here

apo6 froJl

. or6 ;

!ne proksenlo 1I'.akr1a, Is the Consu1ate far froaapo!S? he?

4LO"ra, . m411sta. Ine. Yes, 1 18.

.O"r O"r.6

arjster4 1eft staem6s (the) 8tat1cn

11. 'r0&6 .or; In(e) staeIIIs Is the stat10n the 18?arjster4?

~o not

61. ~ 1ne. , 1 1s not.

13


G REEK BASIC COURSE

~'~t kate!efano~ brost~~'~r; o~ katefefan brostci

stra1ght

in front

Sra1ght ahead

~~6 ; ~'~t sta,6s, :lneo~. katefefan brostci.

p'ra

ka1Wra 88, pc)S 11

88 s1nxrte. pU in(e) 1 prezv!af

GREEK BASIC COURSE

ka1B etxarist kesfs?

1 prezv!a ine eks1.

UNITa

ine proJen!o ukr1& ap1

in(e) staI ar1stera1

in(e) 1 presv!a ar1steraf

!ne to prolen:to e kcnaf

:!n(e) 1 prezna k8 to prolenio kond8f

8lista, to prokaemo in. pol! .JcrU. _.

B8Se ine katetan broat8.

6:1, 1 prezna :!ne &eIa1.

:1., to proledo ine _k:r1J apoM.

6xi, 1 prezvU k8 t.o prok8edo :Ine pol8kr1A.

Grammat1cal Notes-----------------

!~!_!~! Verb: '1s" '1sn't', 'are', 'are~'t'.

EY~ d &6 ~~;-OX~, Y~.

a&6 K~' Y~ 6 zpu~.

!n(e) ar1ster47 l the stat10n the 18ft?61, 4 tne. , 1 1sn't. k1 prezv!a !ne The stat10n and the Eb7

pol akr1A. are tar.

The above examples 111ustrate the use ! the Greek equ1valent to the I:ngli8h verb

'-' 1: the ~~ person s1ngular or plural (affinative negat1ve).'1'".11':

EY~ // means either (he, she, 1t) 18 ~!: they areand Y~ / ine/ means either (he, she, 1t) 1sn't ~!: they aren't

:Jote 2.a Phonology: l'alatalization

/kalinta sas/ 'good night'

/mlista/ ']e8'

15

/xi//to rksen/

'no'

, (1) consulate'


G REEK BASIC COURSE

'lbese exarnp1es 111ustrate c. 'pa1atal1zed conscnants, i.e. oonscnl:nts made w1 th

the tongue 1 a sim11ar position to in saying l in Ergl1sh.The fo11ov1ng consonants are pa1ata11zed (more cr 1ess, dependinc; speaker) when

followed by the scund !: /1/, Im/, //. Consonants /1/x1JM/, /xlios/, /xwa/, /xerete/, /xeU/, /xena/.All consonants are pa1ata1ized befor~ //, e.g.

/nyta/, /nys/, /-qni//paxya/, /lyanizna/, /lypesi/, /p~/6//kyo staonCs, : oeksii/, /r:rite//kyar1stera/, /1 maya/

/to /, /anipsy/, /arn.yCme/'..'hen /! occurs before /8/ or /:/ the result1ng comb1nat1o~1 ! sounds 1s /mn7a/ or/r:r/ reSective1 (1.e. the ccb1nat1()n ! /m/ w1th a very palatel1zed // ard /."i/or //;,

/rrJa/, /rrWazo/, karr.nYa/, /

G REEK BASIC COURSE UIT

to by considering what the means.

As in F~1ish there are two kinds ! artic1es Greek: definite ('the I ) ~nd1ndefinite ('a').

definite artic1es are under1ined 1 the exanp1es above. Thus /o/1s the1118scuUne defini.te artic1e, /1/ the fininine, and ~6 /to/ the neuter difinHe Sortic1e.('1he 1ndefinite artic1e i9 disc\lssAd in Note 3.:?).

Greek nouns 1118 have varius end1ng9, e.g. - /-

GREEK BASIC COURSE

Pronunciation Drills--------------------

ut1i kuMlem6s ltara

lioyald pa1Jn6s

ka1B t.rav1&s

la. k1ir

/r/

~ pern6rUmeli amzo

arnild pr-ynastr&na ferosrrsis rmi

//

xar4 Mrarx.

xeri irxondas

r axins, s:lxX'Jra

.an mro

-/y.Uos meylos

Y01'jona dyuros.r aypi

ayor' nsisa\'Sri ylik6s

/6/

')6 ekrom

(~riJ\1a siiiirronosIi6ti ~. ,pDrl:~no


GREEK BASIC COURSE urr a

pe

M:Ja

//

Oa_sia

e.aana9er.a

irro

Mndro

ua

arerit1s

irea

enUs1azm6s

Oalasa

:n86.

GraIIIIIIItical Dr111s------------------

1ned staems7

1 prezvia 1ne6.to prok8en!o 1ne:J.

BJB k1 prezna 1.

Bns ke to prclen!o 16.

staODSs, 1 prezv!a ke prokseno, 1.

!n(e) stans7 !n(e) 1 prezv!a7 !n(e) to prouen:!o7 ln (e) BnB k1 prozv!a1pU !n(e) stam 1 prezv:ta ke to proksen!o1

BtB !n(e) ar1stera.1 prezv!a !n(e) aristera.to proksen!o !n(e) aristera.

Be k1 prezv!a !n(e) aristera. BeS 1 prezv:ta ke to proksenio, in(e)

ar1stera.

19

1neM i prezVa7

ine to prok8erno71ne stamds k1 prezVa7

1ne Bn ke to prek8en!o71neM staeOs, 1 prezv!a ke to prolenio1

& !ne 18.

1 prezv!a !ne be~:s1a.

to prok8en!o !ne eks1a. BmB k1 prezVa, oeks18. 1 prMv!a ke to prokseno,

eks1a.

Bms :tne kate1un broat8.

1 prezvia !ne katefe!an brosa.

to proksen!o !ne katefe!an brosa. BmB k1 prezv!a katefe!an brosa. Bm 1 prezv!a ke to proksenio, !ne

katefeian brost&.


~

ineU6, staem6s?

ie6, i prezv!a?ie6, to proksenio?

ine, staooos, i prezvia ke to

proksenfo?

G R.EEK BASIC COUR.SE

11sta, ine..1 xi, ine.""118ta, !ne.1 xi, ine.U118ta, . cSXi, inc.ista, !.1 cSxi, 6 :lne.

kal1Jra 8&S, ps !see?l _inxor!te. pU !n(e) 1 prenia?

! to prOk8m!O akri' apo7

!() _s ar1_tera?

1 !n(e) BeS'l!n(e) 1 prema aristera7

ine to proksen!o e kc:I8'l

!n(e) 1 prezvia ke to prokseno kmd8'l

ka14 efxari8tl ka14 efxari_t, kesSti pre.-da 1ne eks1t/ !ne k&teteanbrostl

!() apocS, ar1_tenl lne ek81a/ne lO11_kr1A .

6xi, {nel to prolaen1o !() e& kond8/_11_~ to pr0k8eno !ne pol kr18 apo._11sta, mel cSxi, Mn :tn(e) ari_tera, :tne

katet!an bro8t8/ , fne &la18, d8terakatetei8l1 bro8t8.in(e) e& knd&/ !ne pU-a po1:l _kr1.i apo&d.i11B !l cSxi, .. in(e) ari8tera. 1ne

ela18.au.ata, {ne/6xi !ne ..kJ apo&.1 pren!a !ne kood8, W to prolaen1o !ne1Ikr181 cSxi, !ne pha po1:l ...kJ .

ao


MS'f6

GREEK BASIC COURSE

kanena (ne1Jter ton)ka16 (.)

to ksenooXo

urr )

any, Boe, nobody, no

good

(the) hotel

. 6 ! kanena kal~ ksenoooxlo 18 there a (Iryl) good bo

, . , ..6'f K~ n.

na (.)

to xi]yretro

, n() ena, enaxj.]ymetro akr

apoO.

arod here7

(the) kiloeter

Ye8 there i8 one, a kiloeter

(f'ar) f'ro here.

c5:.6

. ~K.6;

'fv6.. ....

ci'f6 ci'f.'fci ci'f.

" ., . 'fv6 .. y~ ci'f..

akr1v (.) expensi~

!n(e) akriw7 18 it expensi~7

ttin (.) rea80nable, chepex1 he (8he, ) huorea (..) beautitul. n1ceeyil.a (..) l.arge

to ~or.tio (t."e) roota omtia (the) ros

1, !ne ft.in6, kx1 !\, it is reuonable and huorea ke meyala /l\itia. nice (and) large rooms.

UnciPXEI.!;'f6 i'f6.

&. t 6

ip8rx1

episis

to estiatrio

iparxi ep:sis ena ka

21

there i8, there ex18ts

a180

(the) restaurant

Is there a1so a good restaurant


GREEK BASIC COURSE

lana't6p 1.0 ! XOV't6:; estiatrio eoo !

GREEK BASIC COURSE mrr 3

6. ~~6 ~x~ ~ 6~~~6~o. ~Ex~ xC . ~~o !

~ , ! xC , ! .

!n(e) staOros. stams, exi ena 1ka1 estiatrio. exi episis ke mia kali

taverna. to estiatrio, oe ine mea1o,

ine mikr6 ke ftin6, a18. i taverna, ine po1i

mei1i.

ariem:

Mt/X endeka/en8eka e1evenMt 60eka twe1veMt 5ekatra thirteen

Mt -)ekatesera fO\Jrteen O~ fifteenMt ekaeksi sixteenXT/Mt ~ekaefta~ekaepta seventeenMtOX/MtO 6eka0xt6/5ekaokt6 eighteenMt oekaenea nineteen' kosi twenty

~~!!~-~!!!pu in(e) ena 1::;cno()oXo~

~ rnc,,:-&la kyor,~a :'omatia7

:tne ftin6?

c:d. estiat6rio7pU in(e) na 8:10 ksenoi)ox!07

exi afto orea ke meya1a 60~~tia7

in (e) akriv6 af'to to ksenoooX07pU in(e) staGmos?cxi staGmos estiat6ri07

w(e) art to est.iatrio mey810 kyakriw7

23

na ksenobox!o, in(e) ena xiJ.ymetro ma)r.riaapoQ.

alista, exi meila ke 1'0l:. orea matia.~lista, ine ftin6.

, xi ena ka1 estiatOrio.

en(a) 810 ksenoox!o, in(e) ena i xilyrretra makria apOOo.a1ista, It exi orea ke meila octia,

me banyo.

alista, in(e) akriv6. staemos ineO konda.

ma1ista, staGms ! ena kal6 est.iatrio.xi. af't to estiatrio ine m1kr ke 1n.


GREEK BASIC COURSE

ar1n

ke p8nd.e ekapMde.8Ilea ke tera ekatr!a.olctO ke tr!a erdeka.

eca8k81 ke tA8era :lkDsi.eka ke eksi ok.ekatria ke &:10 ekap8nde.

ekat8sera k8na ekapDe.ZIelcaenea kna ko.I.

okt k;yolctO ekaeksi.ept ky~ eka&li.1eka k;iks! ZIekaepU.eka I;yept8 ZIekaenea.

ekaokt ke !koI.

Gramnat1cal Note8

~_~~.!. Adjective: Gender Agreeent.

Bl~ MOV-rt;Bl~ K~;

wOx~, ~ -rv.El~ ~ ~K ~-rt,

t i) . ~ yt -rv.

:tne kanna kal ksenooxo Is there a good hotel aroundeo k0nd87 here7

:lne akriv67 1s 1 1?

6xi. :lne [1n. , 1t 's reasonab1e.

:lne ena mikr~ ar1stera, There 1s a small, very18 poll ka1b. good the 1eft.d. kall ke eyiutaverna. good and big tavern.

These sentences iUustrate the use ! adject1ves, wh1ch have d1fferent end1ngs for each the three genders.

Adjectives wh1ch mooify nouns 'agree' witlI them 1n gender. In /ka10 !/, the noun 18 neuter, and the af"jective has neuter end1ng, 1n ~

24


GREEK BASIC COURSE tJ 3

'tf /ka1l taverna/ the noun is teminine, and the adjecti has a tem:inine ending.Adjectives which refer to a noun a1so 'agree' with the noun, as . &.6

/!ne akriv7/ ., . 't6 /xi, ine ttin/, both reterring to the neuter nount /Oro1.0/.

There are severa1 difterent classes ! adJectives, according to their endings. '1be

most frequent i8 that which has -; /-os/ in the ma.sculine, - /-i/ in the teinine, and- /-0/ in the Duter, e.g.

't6;6;y~o;

.6;

.

/ttins//b16s/

/meyi10s/

/1krs/

F. .~1j /ttini/ ~6 /ttioo/ 'cbtap'1j /kal/ 6 /ka1/ '1001'y~ /mea1i/ y~o /mea1o/ 'b1g'.1j /rd.kr/./ .6 /rd.kz6/ -

An other adjective c1ass 18 represented by:

. -.; /orf:os/ /or~a/ . -. /orlJo/ 'beaut.Uul'

Rear:l1' an adjec:t1w vith n- ead1Jg 1n. wrel (_ 1 /../) 81'8 ot tb:18 VPe.-'l\o adJectives ; /enas/ '' and ; /kanenas/ '~, 80118' have thetolloing orns:

.

;;

F.

/4nas/ /ma/ ~~ .~ /rr18/ /kanena8/ /kama/~! .~ /karnY/

.

/4na//kanna/

Other classes ! adJectives 111 be discussed in 1ater units.

Beg1nn1ng with Un1t 4 the three forms (nascul1ne, feminine am neuter) ! a11adjectives "i11 gi.ven in the build-ups follos:

6; , -1j, -6y~o;, -, -;, -, -

ka1s, -1., -

e10B, .-i, -oreos, -a, -

'good'

'bie'

'beautiful' .tc.Sce adj.Ct1W8 vith 81088 end1ng 1 /k/ baw an a1ternate tea:1D1n. on 1n/-'/, .6; /Jake/Ibed I ; 1n.: !Ia'd./ K.~ /IaJq./.

!~-2:.!. ID:ie.t1n1te Art1cle1he atject1w , /,

2$

/mas/, /ma/2!: Wa/, /la/ow' 18 alo


GREEK BASIC COURSE

equivalent the English 1ndefinite article (1;,:1, 'an'):

w~ /eMs staerSS/ ~~ . l:pa

F.

/! 6ra/ la 4n / onio//rrW& r/

'a staticn'

'one station'

'an hur'

'n hour'

'a 1'0011'

'one 1'0011'

b indefinite art1cle occurs only w1 th singlar nouns.

!i2~_~~. ou: Definite Article. Plural

' ' . /~ ()omBtial the rooms'This exaJJlple illustrates the plural fonn ' /ta/of neuter def1nite article '6

/to/.The def1nite article Eons you have encountered up to here can be sumar1zed

follows:

Mascul1ne

Feminine

Neuter

2i.6 /0/

/1/'6 /to/

Pl.

/i/ /1/' /ta/

Graatical Dri1ls

1parn na ka ksenoooxio e8 kond81iPrxi ena kal estiatri e kond8?ipArx:i. ella ka ()nAtio kond&1

1parxi ena kald loofor!o kond8?

iparxi kanella nikr ksenooxio k0nd41iparxi lnena JJI1kr estiatr10 eM koncl.&?

1pirxi kanena JJi.1' ()ona10 eM koncl.&?prx1 kanena :n1.kr leo.fono eM koncl.&1

26

!ne kan meyUo ksenooxio e knd.i1ine kanena JJleyalo est1atrio e knd.i1!ne kanna JJleBlo leofono e kond8?:tne kanna JJleyalo omati kond.&1

!ne kanena oreo lJenoox!o kond.&1ine kaneD8 oreo estiatrio e koncl.&1:tne kaneD8 oro ti e kond.&1!ne kanena oreo leofor!o e knd.i1


GREEK BASIC COURSE

:!ne kamy kal! taverna kond8?!ne lcanyi m:ilcr! tave1a k0nd8?!ne kaJny8 eyll taverna e ko~?ine kany8 or_ taverna ko~?

!ne kanenas kals stanS kond41:!ne kanenas meyllos staems koooa?

kanenas mikrs koma?!ne kannas oreos e koma?

!ne kannas 1kr. kond81

!De kannas or80s () koma1

!ne Jauny8 ey111 tav1rna e koooa1

!De kanyi tt1n! tavma e koma?

!e k8ny4 or8a tavema konda?

ine Jnena ka1D estiatrio e6c) kond?

:te Jn8na t.1n estiatrio e Icoma?

:te kanna m:ikro estiatr10 eM koma?

:lne kanena oro 8stiatri e kom.a?

ine kannas or&!s ke mealos staems

e k0nd41

27

mili8ta, :!n(e) naB e k0nd4.cSx1, n :Ine kan4nas eM k0nd.8.maUsta, nas kond8.6xi, !ne 1caMaB e kond8.mallsta, m(e) 8naS kond8.6xi, :lne kaMnas e kond4.miusta, ::n(e) naB eM k0nd4.

61, !ne kanSnas e kond8.miusta, :!ne m!a e kond8.

, ~ Ine kam!a _ konda._Usta, ine da e kond8.

, !ne k:an e kond8.

usta, !ne da . kond8.

6:d., n :Ine lc8d kond8.

dllsta, !ne m!a eM kond&.

61, .n ine k!a k0rd8.dUsta, !n(e) na kond&.6%1, t\n !ne kan8na e knd.milista, !) ena k0nd8.

6xi, !ne kaneM kond8.mallsta, !n(e) na koma.6xi, !ne kanena konda.ma1ista !n(e) na eM koma.6xi, on ine kanena konda.

ni1ista, !n(e) enas kondI.xi, kanenas eO kord&.


GREEK BASIC COURSE

ine kamnya nikr orea ke ft1n:l tavernaeO kndc?

ine kanera mey:il0 oreo ke ftin estiatrio

e kondA?

m4lista, m!a eM kond!.

6%1, ine lua e kaooa.mal1sta, () na e kn:a.cSx:i., ine kanena kond&.

COrre1ation-8ubstitution Dr1lls-------------------------------

Substitute the 1Iords in parentheses !or the underlined 1Iord (or 1Iords) ! sentences and change the fonns ! articles ard. acljectives as necessary to agree withthe noun substituted.G.D.3. ,

~_~~~_~~~~~~ koroa.(taverna)

~}~~!~_!~E!~!!n(e) aristera.(leofono)i mikri taverna ine katefeian brosta.

(staems)

!_~~~_~!~!'~ in(e) aristera.(ksenoOox:o)

~_'!!~~!~_!!~!!~~~:tne \eksit.()

to ftin ksenooox!o !ne kntefe:tan ~rost8.-------------------

(taverna)

G.D. 3.2

iparx:i. _~!~_~!~~..2 e kond8?(tAverna, omatio, BmB)

\~st.iat6r:io, leoforio, stans, taverna)

28

~_m1~~!_~_~~~!_~~~in (e) aristera.(taverna)

!_~~!!_~~_~~~~..!!!!!~ine ka~!an brost8.(stams)

~_~~~_~!_!~~~_!~!~!~ eksia.(oatio)

~_~!~_~_~~~_~~1ne.(Jcsenooxo)

(prenia)

1parxi ~~!~_~!:~_~!~~e k0nd8?(tavema, estiatrio, )emati)


GREEK BASIC COURSE ,

pi k(e) na kal ksenoox!o1

:! &oMt1a 8:1

:1ne l't1Jl6 art to Inoox!o?

1 {(8) .58"

xi 8taI e8t1atrio7

ora ine?pU ine to leo!'orio1

ena poli kal ksnOOono,!ne pnde xi~traaakr1& apOO/ 1n(e) e&c) kondi/ !ne p4rapol! makr1i/ n lparX e kond8 8nakalC> kSenooxio/ () ena,kat.eteianbrost8, a18 ine pira pol! akrivd/ in(e)

na, eea X:~tra akr1a prok8en!o. pol ora ke 8eyla II8tla/ 8 pol

, a18 pol 1kr ona tla/ exi pirapoli kal8 cat1a ae bMyo.maUata. pol rt1n6/6x1. !ne pira pol!akr1w, al& kB pr pol! kal/ !ne polf'tin, 14 ke kal/ !ne f't1n6, a18para poli n1krO/ !ne f'tin, ko kal.B11sta,x:i 8na pol ey810 ke kal

est1atr1o/ .usta, xi na lllikr, a18!ne pol kal/ ix: , a1A !ne pol

akrlw/8x: , aU . ine poli kal/n 1 eat1atl'io, a18 xi aia .ey&l1

-in(e) oeu x11,7etra aakri8 aptout1atSr1o/ !n(e) arl8ter' to or!o/ine &ea:tJ . ut.1atoo/1n(e) ecS ~.katefe!an bro8U, CStera eka18.ine pd X:1yetra _kr18 apto kal

k8en0od/ !ne p8r~ poli .akri8., a14 ex1 l. pol! kali tavema/ ,ex1 ena, _18 n ine poli ka1O.

ine m/ pnde/ ept&/ / cSeka.ine katef'e1an brost / k(e) 1xilyetra makria apoM.

29


G REEK BASIC COURSE

!~_~~I~~~~&f&f""",,6 "";:6:.",,6 ""0'6:.'6 f

ef"" "";:6:. ""O'6:t~ xff;

;:6: ",,6 6.

ef ~ ""O'6:t f o~;:6: 6..

'""

'Ea "" ",,6Kaff ';

",,6 af"", -, -

",,6 6:

6 af""o 6:.

~10

e~1ete

fi1dz4n1

ka'!

e~1ete ~B fi1dz4n1

, kar~?

1 zixar1

1em6n1

!10 !na . me pol

zlxar1 ke 1eni.

esfs

pfnete

e81s. p6s p!nete to(n)gart 8&S?

to(m) sklt08. -1, -

xorfs

-y41a

to(m) blno sk~to kexorfs Ala.

30

'breakfast'

want

you want

(the) cup(the) tea(the) corree

Would you l1ke ('do you want')a cup ! tea or corree?

(the) sugar(the) 1ellOn

1'd 11ke tea with a 10 !

sugar and [a p1ece or] 1elllOn.

you (1. or p011te s1ng.) dr1nk

you dr1nk

[Hw abut] you? Hw do you

talce ('dr1nk') your corree?

dr1nk 1

unsweetened, p1a1n

w1thout

(the) m1k

( dr1nk 1) w1thout sugar

and w1thout m11k.


G REEK BASIC COURSE 4

mpoB

~xo

~xete

kul6r1

ta ku1-ya

:

vdt1ro

1 marme1'Zla

ndpos t!xete kul11rya,

psond ne wtiro ke

mar1ie1.Zla7

~JCUne

1 friyanY

1 friyany~s

to ~H

~xo we have .~ (the) toast

. 1.~6 . (the) honey

Iff) ~x~ !., ~ Do you by any chance have. o!~o xt - doughnuts or bread and~: butter and [some) uralade7

. &~ fv . .. ~;

6JC1, a14 ~xume fr1'Yan~s , but ' have toasts and

ke _11. etlete% honey. Do you vant a]%

.~6 o~~., -, -

6 66

~6

. ~6 .

GREEK BASIC COURSE

purbu.r

eMa or~s. !ka ne'

to purbuAr.

(the) tip

1 drachmas. Ten W1th the

t1p.

arxizi

arXzo.

x.~6o

( . K.~6-;

C1~( K~

,.6~..

~ ~~( x~. , .6~.

C1~( ~ . ~~~.

start, beg1n

he. (she, 1t) starts,beg1ns

k1nimat6yrafos (the) nov1

: ra aMdzi What t1me does the mov1ekjnjrnatyrafos? start1

at. 1.

st1s okt6 at eight

krima It's a pityl

oi6t1 because

f~vyo leave

ya ~

1 p4tra Patras

stis okt6. kr!ma. 1t1 e1ght. That's bad, 8st1s eptA r~vyo ya I'm leaving ror Patra8 t1(m) b4tra. Be.

Narrat1ve

~ 1 . !~~-~!!~~~.6 ~..

Q!_!~~!e~~s .A~6 !~_~~!!~~!2 1.

~6.

~.!:!~!!

~ &~ ~a&.

GREEK BASIC COURSE

p:!nete E~~~ ts4y. 'always'

URl'f 4

E~ ~& ~y ~6 y~&~~ n&~pa. n&~pa ~ o~ v&4~ 'A~, 4& ~6 ~~ ~o~~ . n&~pa ~ o~ &

. Ex~ a~~~6~, ,~ . 8~ 6yua; 6 Ixovv , & ~a&' . ~6 ~a& x~ xou~

~ ~ V~ ~~v ~ ~ &. ~i~; ~lva o~~~ 60 6. n&~pa x~x~ 6 x~~6yo. x~

~6yo ~6 ~ o~ d:~6.6 a~~~~o x&~ 6x~ x~4pxtte~ ~~ 6x~. '6 ~4, I.6~~ 6x~ ~y ~6 ~

tCl..

st1s ept4, me leofor:!o ya 1()

b4tra. 1 ptra :!ne pol makr1A apt1n

ae:!na. al4 :!1 :!ne 0"0. 1ptra :!ne pol meyll1. 1 est1at6r1a,

ksenooDa, tanrnes ke katena. .1pr6yevma1 ,a katen:!a ~xun kati, y4la k8

ts4y. me ts4y .xete kul11rya f pso! ..

friyan~s me wtiro ke _11, : marme1'a.

ste? p:!nete.na pot:!r1 kr:!o ner6. 1

ptra 41 k'na me-y4lo k1n1mat6yrato.

k1niatyratos att6s, :!ne !! akr1y68.

1s1t:!r1o kAni okt6 raxms, kyarx:ls1

pMda st1s kt. alA krt_, 11 st1.

okt6 f.vyo ya :!1.

~ ra tvy1 leotor:!o?

6 _kr14, L 1 p4tra apt1n aef~7

L tak.ld1 or401

~ ' 1 :4tral

~ 'xun t.a .teda'lp6s p:!nete e.l. to(n) gat'?'xun .ta katen:!a ku1'ya7

6 keun kat'. ts1y ~8?

ra t~vyete ests ya 1() b4tra?

1 1 ptra k1n1mat6yrato?

: ra arx:lz1 k1n1atyratos?

:!n(e) akr1v6s?p6S0 k4n1 ~na 1s1t:!r1o?

leotor:!o teyY1 .t1. epU.

1 ptra :!ne pol:! 8BkriA apt1n aa:!na.

_l1rt.a, totalc81d1 po1f -orfo.

1 p4tra '1 katenfa, e.t1at6ria, tayfrne.

ke ksenoooDa.

ta kateda ~xun Irat.,. y4la ke ku16rya.() b:!no sk~to, ke xorfs yl1a.

8l1sta, lxun.

me purbu4r, k4nun 6 brUJlll&s.

ey ya t1(lII) b!tra stis tlpt4.1, 1 p4tra '1 'na(n) bo1f _y410

k1n1matyrato.

k1n1matyrafos arx:!z1 p4nda st1s kt.

m4l1sta, :!ne polf akr1vs

na 1s1t:!r10 k!n1 okt6 ra~s.


..6 . o~

.

GREEK HASIC COURSE

DIU 1ete 8'"kal

eretznata

xronya polieps1s

Pleaa8 tell .

Greetings.

Many happy returns.

SaIe to you.

.6 . K~ ..X~. . .acnf;

. .~A ~x ..

.K~ !..

'.

ard.: 8a8

ka1D takskal! nd8os1

sinxarlt.ria

peras~ ...

pertest1n iy8 &n exete tin ka1Dsinl

IIIU k8net.e d. x8rietxarstos! ep1tixU..ra1&s

Grammat1cal Notes

Have a n1ce tr1pJ

Good-by8 t1U 8 meetagaino

Congratulat1ons.

Get. e .

Af'ter 1'0'1.

1'our hea1th.

Would :rou be k1nd

Do e a taOr.

G1ad1y.

Good 1uck (tor anyundertak1n)~.

!~!_!t.:.l Phon010gy: Assim1lation

/p6s plMte to(n) gaf~ sas'l/ ' do 1'ou take 1'our cottee?'()

Fsi GreekBasicCourse Volume1 StudentText

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Transcript of Fsi GreekBasicCourse Volume1 StudentText