SciELO Books / SciELO Livros / SciELO Libros FERREIRA, L.F., REINHARD, K.J., and ARAÚJO, A., ed. Foundations of Paleoparasitology [online]. Rio de Janeiro: Editora FIOCRUZ, 2014, pp. 1-13. ISBN: 978-85-7541-598-6. Available from: doi: 10.7476/9788575415986. Also available in ePUB from: http://books.scielo.org/id/zngnn/epub/ferreira-9788575415986.epub.

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Front Matter / Elementos Pré-textuais / Páginas Iniciales

Luiz Fernando Ferreira Karl Jan Reinhard

Adauto Araújo (Ed.)

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Foundations of Paleoparasitology

Fundamentos da Paleoparasitologia

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OSWALDO CRUZ FOUNDATION

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Luiz Fernando FerreiraKarl Jan Reinhard

Adauto AraújoEditors

Foundations of Paleoparasitology

Translated from the Portuguese by Christopher Peterson

Fundamentos da Paleoparasitologia

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Copyright © 2014, English-language edition, by the authorsCopyright © 2011, First Portuguese-language edition, by the authorsAll rights reserved, oswaldo Cruz Foundation Cover design

Eduardo Pucu de Araujo

Layout, final cover artwork, and image processingAdriana Carvalho Peixoto da Costa and Carlos Fernando Reis da Costa

Revision of the First Portuguese-language edition Fernanda Veneu Lumb and Irene Ernest Dias

Standardization of references in the First Portuguese-language editionClarissa Bravo

English translationChristopher Peterson

Cataloguing-in-Publication DataInstituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e TecnológicaBiblioteca de Saúde Pública

F383 Ferreira, Luiz Fernando (Editor) Foundations of Paleoparasitology. / Luiz Fernando Ferreira, Karl Jan Reinhard & Adauto Araújo, Editors, Rio de Janeiro, Editora Fiocruz, 2014. Translated from the Portuguese by Christopher Peterson.

484 p. il., tab., graphs.

ISBN: 978-85-7541-440-8

1. Paleopathology. 2. Parasitology. 3. Epidemiology. 4. Chagas disease. 5. Arthropods. 6. Mites and Ticks. 7. Bacteria. 8. Viruses. I. Reinhard, Karl Jan (Ed.). II. Araújo, Adauto (Ed.). III. Title.

CDD -616.96

2014EDITORA FIOCRUZAv. Brasil, 4036 – 1o andar – sala 112 – Manguinhos21040-361 – Rio de Janeiro – RJ – BrazilTels.: (55 21) 3882-9039 and 3882-9041Telefax: (55 21) 3882-9006 http://www.fiocruz.br/editorae-mail: editora@fiocruz.br

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For José Rodrigues da Silva, an unforgettable teacher, Adolpho Lutz, Lobato Paraense, and José Rodrigues Coura.

Because it’s good to grow old in Manguinhos.

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Infectious disease is composed of three variables, the host,

the pathogen and the environment. It is a constant state of flux,

capable of changing in step with any variation in any one of

its components. New diseases appear, old ones alter,

and some may disappear completely.

Aidan Cockburn

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Authors

Adauto José Gonçalves de Araújo (Editor)Physician, PhD in Public Health from the Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (ENSP/FIOCRUZ), where he works as Senior Researcher.

Alena Mayo IñiguezBiologist, PhD in Parasite Biology from the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IOC/FIOCRUZ), where she works as Associate Researcher.

Ana Maria JansenVeterinarian, PhD in Microbiology from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). Senior Researcher at the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IOC/FIOCRUZ).

Carlos Maurício de AndradePharmacist, PhD in Parasite Biology from the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. Senior Researcher at the Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology (Farmanguinhos/FIOCRUZ).

Daniela Leles de Sousa Biologist, PhD in Public Health from the Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (ENSP/FIOCRUZ). Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rio de Janeiro.

Diana Maul de CarvalhoPhysician, PhD in Public Health from the Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (ENSP/FIOCRUZ). Associate Professor I at the Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ).

Ernesto HoferVeterinarian, Professor at the Fluminense Federal University (UFF). Senior Researcher at the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IOC/Fiocruz).

Fundamentos da Paleoparasitologia

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Francisco Inácio Bastos Physician, PhD in Public Health from the Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (ENSP/FIOCRUZ). Senior Researcher at the Institute of Scientific and Technological Communication and Information in Health (ICICT/FIOCRUZ).

Françoise Bouchet Pharmacist, PhD in Pharmaceutical Sciences from Université de Paris. Professor of Parasitology, member of Académie Nationale de Pharmacie, Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques au Ministère de l’Éducation Nationale, and Laboratoire de Parasitologie Environnementale et Paléoparasitologie, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (France).

Gino Chaves da RochaVeterinarian, PhD in Public Health from the Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (ENSP/FIOCRUZ). Visiting Professor of Veterinary Parasitology at the School of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasilia (FAV/UnB), where he heads the Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases.

Hermann G. Schatzmayr (in memoriam)Veterinarian, Professor at Fluminense Federal University (UFF). Senior Researcher at the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IOC/FIOCRUZ).

José Dilermando Andrade FilhoBiologist, PhD in Parasite Biology from the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IOC/FIOCRUZ). Senior Technology Expert at the René Rachou Research Center (CPqRR/FIOCRUZ).

Joseli Maria da Rocha Nogueira Biologist, PhD from the Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (ENSP/FIOCRUZ), where she works as Senior Technology Expert.

Karl Jan Reinhard (Editor) Archeologist and biologist, PhD in Sciences from Texas A & M University, Senior Professor, School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA.

Katharina Dittmar de la Cruz Veterinarian, PhD in Parasitology and Ecology from the University of Leipzig, Germany. Professor at the Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, USA.

Léa Ferreira Camillo-CouraPhysician, Professor at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). Senior Researcher at the Evandro Chagas Research Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IPEC/FIOCRUZ) and Researcher Emeritus at UFRJ.

Lídia Susana BurryBiologist, PhD in Natural Sciences from Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina, where she teaches at the School of Exact and Natural Sciences.

Luciana SiantoBiologist, PhD from the Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (ENSP/FIOCRUZ). Researcher at the National Institute of Science and Technology in Archeology, Paleontology, and

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Environment of the Semiarid, and Visiting Researcher at FIOCRUZ under the National Council on Scientific and

Technological Development (CNPq).

Luiz Fernando Rocha Ferreira da Silva (Editor)

Physician, PhD in Medicine from the University of Brazil, Researcher Emeritus at the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ).

Marcelo Luiz Carvalho Gonçalves

Physician, PhD in Public Health from the Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation

(ENSP/FIOCRUZ), Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation.

Marcia Chame

Biologist, PhD in Zoology from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). Senior Researcher at the Sérgio

Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (ENSP/FIOCRUZ).

Martín Horácio Fugassa

Biologist, PhD from Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina, where he is Senior Professor.

Matilde Elena Trivi

Biologist, Senior Professor at Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina.

Matthieu Le Bailly

Biologist, PhD in Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences from Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne. Maître de

Conférences/CNRS, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l’Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), France.

Nicolau Maués da Serra-Freire

Veterinarian, PhD in Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Parasitology from the Federal Rural University of Rio de

Janeiro (UFRRJ). Senior Researcher at the Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC/FIOCRUZ).

Paulo Roberto de Figueiredo Souto

Biologist, PhD in Geology from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Professor at the State University of

Rio de Janeiro (UERJ).

Reginaldo Peçanha Brazil

Pharmacist, PhD in Parasitology from the University of Liverpool (UK). Senior Researcher at the Oswaldo Cruz

Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IOC/FIOCRUZ).

Ricardo Anibal Guichón

Anthropologist, PhD in Physical Anthropology from Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Associate Rese-

archer at the Laboratory of Human Evolutionary Ecology, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de

Buenos Aires; Department of Biology, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del

Plata, Argentina.

Scott Lyell Gardner

Biologist, PhD in Parasitology from the University of New Mexico. Professor and Curator at University of Nebraska

State Museum, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA.

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Sérgio Augusto Miranda ChavesBiologist, PhD in Geology of the Quaternary and Human Paleontology from the Museum National d’Histoire Natu-relle (France). Senior Researcher at the Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (ENSP/FIOCRUZ).

Sheila Maria Ferraz Mendonça de SouzaPhysician, PhD in Public Health from the Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (ENSP/FIOCRUZ), where she is Senior Researcher.

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Preface ................................................................................................................................................................... 17

Presentation ........................................................................................................................................................... 21

Part i: Parasites, Human Hosts, and tHe environment

1. An Introduction to Paleoparasitology ................................................................................................................. 27

Luiz Fernando Ferreira

2. The Preservation of Organic Material over Time ................................................................................................. 43

Luiz Fernando Ferreira

3. The History of Paleopathology in Brazil: skulls, parasites, and diseases from the past ....................................... 53

Sheila Mendonça de Souza

4. The Dispersal of Homo sapiens and the Peopling of the Continents .................................................................... 69

Sheila Mendonça de Souza

5. Human Occupation of Patagonia ........................................................................................................................ 93

Ricardo A. Guichón, Matilde Elena Trivi, and Lídia Susana Burry

6. Parasitism ........................................................................................................................................................ 111

Adauto Araújo and Luiz Fernando Ferreira

7. The Origin of Parasites of Humans .................................................................................................................. 121

Luiz Fernando Ferreira, Karl Jan Reinhard, and Adauto Araújo

8. Parasites as Markers of Prehistoric Migrations ................................................................................................. 141

Adauto Araújo, Karl Jan Reinhard, Scott L. Gardner, and Luiz Fernando Ferreira

Table of Contents

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Part ii. Parasite remains Preserved in various materials and teCHniques in miCrosCoPy and moleCular diagnosis

9. The Study of Microinclusions in Coprolites ....................................................................................................... 153

Paulo Roberto de Figueiredo Souto

10. Arthropods and Parasites Found in Amber ....................................................................................................... 161

Reginaldo Peçanha Brazil and José Dilermando Andrade Filho

11. Mites, Ticks, and Paleoparasitology ................................................................................................................ 171

Gino Chaves da Rocha and Nicolau Maués da Serra-Freire

12. Bacteria and Paleoparasitology ....................................................................................................................... 187

Joseli Maria da Rocha Nogueira and Ernesto Hofer

13. Viruses and Paleoparasitology ........................................................................................................................ 199

Hermann G. Schatzmayr

14. Pollen Grains, Landscapes, and Paleoenvironments ....................................................................................... 205

Sérgio Augusto de Miranda Chaves

15. Paleoparasitological Diagnosis ....................................................................................................................... 223

Martín H. Fugassa

16. Coprolite diagnosis, or who made the coprolite? ............................................................................................. 255

Marcia Chame and Luciana Sianto

17. Paleoserology ................................................................................................................................................. 273

Carlos Maurício de Andrade

18. Paleoparasitology and Ancient DNA ............................................................................................................... 277

Katharina Dittmar

19. Molecular Paleoparasitology ........................................................................................................................... 289

Alena Mayo Iñiguez

Part iii. Parasite Findings in arCHeologiCal remains: a PaleogeograPHiC view

20. The Findings in South America ....................................................................................................................... 307

Luiz Fernando Ferreira, Léa Camillo-Coura, Martín H. Fugassa, Marcelo Luiz Carvalho Gonçalves,

Luciana Sianto, and Adauto Araújo

21. The Findings in North America ....................................................................................................................... 341

Karl Jan Reinhard

22. The Findings in Europe .................................................................................................................................. 363

Françoise Bouchet and Matthieu Le Bailly

23. The Findings in Asia ....................................................................................................................................... 389

Adauto Araújo and Luiz Fernando Ferreira

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24. The Findings in Oceania ................................................................................................................................. 397

Luiz Fernando Ferreira and Adauto Araújo

25. The Findings in Africa .................................................................................................................................... 403

Adauto Araújo and Luiz Fernando Ferreira

Part iv: sPeCial studies and PersPeCtives

26. The Paleoepidemiology of Chagas disease ....................................................................................................... 419

Adauto Araújo, Ana Maria Jansen, Karl Jan Reinhard, and Luiz Fernando Ferreira

27. Diseases Recorded in Historical Documents .................................................................................................... 435 Diana Maul de Carvalho

28. Methods in Paleoepidemiology and New Perspectives in Paleoparasitology .................................................... 453

Francisco Inácio Bastos, Daniela Leles, and Adauto Araújo