From: Michel Suignard, Microsoft Corporation To: ICANN IDN President’s Committee Date: February 23, 2006 Subject: Research on IDN cc TLD names

Summary:

Following the ICANN announcement in the Vancouver meeting concerning test bed with IDN TLDs, it is interesting to investigate how the concept could be applied to these root zones. Because, unlike the two letter acronyms used for the current ccTLD names, there is no authoritative source for these native IDN TLDs, it is necessary to investigate various sources to research the matter and come up with names. Although no research was done for gTLDs, a similar research could be done to come with translation for the most common and popular gTLD name.

Disclaimer: The author by no mean implying that the names mentioned below are what should be used by the appropriate constituencies. It is up to members of these relevant constituencies to come up with the final names when they become available. This is simply a research work on what they could be.

Context

The context of the research was as following:

• Use the shortest name which is still deemed acceptable by the community, • Recognize that some countries and territories are multi-lingual by nature (India is probably the

extreme case).

Classifications

There are clearly two categories of results:

1. Countries and Territories that only use Latin names to designate themselves. (Example: France, Belgium and most of Europeans countries). It is not obvious that users in these countries will see a benefit in transitioning to a scheme using longer names. Typically the current TLD name is well accepted and perceived as reasonably user friendly. A list with native names has been created for reference, but is unlikely to be used.

2. Countries and territories that only use non Latin names or a mix of Latin/Non Latin names to designate themselves. It is likely that the Latin names will not be used, but there is a good chance that the entity name expressed in other scripts will be used. For example, the name of the country Azerbaijan can be written as: Azərbaycan, ‘Азəрбајҹан’, and آذربايجان. It is likely that should IDN TLDs be created for the ‘az’ TLD, only ‘Азəрбајҹан’ and ‘آذربايجان’ would be considered. Users processing Latin based content would probably prefer the ‘az’ term over the longer ‘Azərbaycan’.

Issues/Concerns:

Multiple names Countries/Territories designate themselves with text sequences which vary greatly in length. Typically the longer ones contain a reference to a political system, like ‘Democratic Republic’ or such. For IDN usage it seems preferable to use the shorter version. In the few existing experiments this seems to have been the

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trend. For example, for the People Republic of China, the official full name for the country is ‘中华人民共

和国’, but the name used in IDN TLD experiment has been ‘中国’. Furthermore, many of the long names contain space characters, which is problematic in the context of IDN.

Some Countries/Territories have alternate names of same length which are used in different context. For example, Taiwan uses both ‘台灣’ and ‘臺灣’.

Usage of space Many Countries/Territories contain space characters in all their designation and no shorter single word designator seems to exist. Unless new input can be provided, it seems prudent to either replace the space character by ‘-’ or concatenate the words. For example ‘Bosnia and Herzegovina’ and ‘Serbia and Montenegro’ can be concatenated into ‘Босна-и-Херцеговина’ and ‘Србија-и-Црна-Гора’ respectively. Western Sahara may have its Arabic name concatenated as in ‘ّالصحراءالغربية ’, because it remains legible.

Usage of symbols and punctuation characters Many Latin script based native names used symbols and punctuations characters such as grave accent, apostrophe, etc…It does not seem to appear in other scripts.

Zero Width Joiner (ZWJ) and Zero Width Non Joiner (ZWNJ) These two characters were initially to create variants rendering of semantically identical text strings. As such they are removed from input string by the IDNA Nameprep() function. Consider for example ‘Sri Lanka’ written in Sinhala: ‘ශී ලංකා’, which uses both a space character (prohibited by IDN) and a Zero Width Joiner (ZWJ) (map to nothing by IDN). Removing the space gives ‘ශීලංකා’ which is still readable, but removing the ZWJ completely modifies the appearance of the ‘Sri’ cluster and gives the following text: ‘ශ්රී ලංකා’.

Similarly, Myanmar uses a ZWNJ in its name: . Again removing the ZWNJ would significantly alter the appearance (by hiding a virama that should be visible) as in: မ္ရန္မာ.

In some languages, such as Persian, there are words with completely different meanings with the only difference in placement of a single ZWNJ. That means ZWNJ cannot be ignored anywhere where there is a semantic difference (example: ' یا نامه ' and ' یھا نام ', first meaning ‘a letter’, second meaning ‘names of’). Fortunately this does not appear in country names.

Usage of in-script confusable character There is at least one occurrence of a country which can be represented by two different sequences of code points which are visually confusable. Iran can be written in Persian as ‘ايران’ or in Arabic as ‘ رانيا ’. They look identical, but the first name uses the Arabic Letter Farsi Yeh (U+06CC ی), while the second name use the Arabic Letter Yeh (U+064A ي). The two letters are identical in their medial form, but different in other forms (for example in isolated form as shown above).

Remapped characters Some countries or territories may use in their name a character which is remapped to a different character beyond the upper to lower case folding. For example, because the final sigma ς cannot be used in IDN, Cyprus has to be represented as ‘κύπροσ’, transforming the final sigma into a regular sigma σ.

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The following table shows IDN names for ccTLDs that have at least one non Latin script native name. It is assumed that the native name using the Latin script would not be used. For example, for Cyprus, the ccTLD name in Turkish, English, or other Latin based context should probably be ‘cy’ (instead of ‘Kıbrıs’, ‘Cyprus’, etc…) while in Greek context it would be ‘κύπροσ’. The Latin names are provided in the more detailed appendices.

CC English name Native name Native name Language

(Input) (Output) .ae United Arab Emirates االمارات االمارات Arabic .af Afghanistan افغانستان افغانستان Arabic .am Armenia Հայաստան հայաստան Armenian .az Azerbaijan Азəрбајҹан азəрбајҹан Cyrillic

آذربايجان آذربايجان Arabic .ba Bosnia and

Herzegovina Босна-и-Херцеговина

Босна-и-херцеговина

Cyrillic

.bd Bangladesh বাংলােদশ বাংলােদশ Bengali

.bg Bulgaria България българия Cyrillic

.bh Bahrain البحرين البحرين Arabic

.bn Brunei Darussalam بروني بروني Arabic

.bt Bhutan འ ག་ ལ འ ག་ ལ Tibetan

.by Belarus Беларусь беларусь Cyrillic

.ca Canada ᑲᓇᑕ ᑲᓇᑕ Inuktitut (Syllabic)

.cn China 中国 中国 China (Mandarin)

.cs Serbia and Montenegro

Србија-и-Црна-Гора

србија-и-црна-гора

Cyrillic

.cy Cyprus Κύπρος κύπροσ Greek, Turkish uses ‘cy’

.dj Djibouti جيبوتي جيبوتي Arabic

.dz Algeria الجزائر الجزائر Arabic

.eg Egypt مصر مصر Arabic

.eh ّالصحراءالغربية Western Sahara Arabicّالصحراءالغربية

.er Eritrea ኤርትራ ኤርትራ Amharic (Ethiopic) إريتريا إريتريا Arabic

.et Ethiopia ኢትዮጵያ ኢትዮጵያ Amharic (Ethiopic)

.ge Georgia საქართველო საქართველო Georgian

.gr Greece Ελλάδα ελλάδα Greek

.hk Hong Kong 香港 香港 Chinese

.il Israel ישראל ישראל Hebrew إسرائيل إسرائيل Arabic

.in India भारत ভারত

ਭਾਰਤ ભારત இந்தியா

ారత

भारत ভারত

ਭਾਰਤ ભારત இந்தியா

ారత

Hindi, Marathi, Konkani (Devanagari) Bengali Punjabi (Gurmukhi) Gujarati Tamil

Telugu

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ಭಾರತ ಭಾರತ ഭാരത भारतम ्ଭାରତ ভাৰত

ഭാരത भारतम ्ଭାରତ ভাৰত بھارت بھارت

Kannada Malayalam Sanskrit (Devanagari) Oriya Assamese (Bengali) Sindhi, Urdu (Arabic)

.iq Iraq العراق العراق Arabic

.ir Iran, Islamic Republic of

رانيا رانياايران ايران

Persian (Arabic with Farsi Yeh) Persian (Arabic with Arabic Yeh)

.jo Jordan األردن األردن Arabic

.jp Japan 日本 日本 Japanese (Han)

.kg Kyrgyzstan Кыргызстан кыргызстан Cyrillic

.kh Cambodia កមពុជា កមពុជា Khmer

.km Comoros القمر القمر Arabic

.kp Korea, DPR 조선 조선 Hangul

.kr Korea, ROK 한국 한국 Hangul

.kw Kuwait الكويت الكويت Arabic

.kz Kazakhstan Қазақстан қазақстан Kazakh (Cyrillic)

.la Lao PDR ລາວ ລາວ Lao

.lb Lebanon لبنان لبنان Arabic

.lk Sri Lanka ශීලංකා ශ්රීලංකා

இலங்ைக Sinhala Tamil இலங்ைக

.ly Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

ليبيا ليبيا Arabic

.ma Morocco المغرب المغرب Arabic

.mk Macedonia, FYROM Македонија македонија Cyrillic

.mm Myanmar မ္ရန္မာ Myanmar

.mn Mongolia Монгол-улс ᠮᠣᠨᠭᠣᠯ

монгол-улс ᠮᠣᠨᠭᠣᠯ

Cyrillic (hyphen in name) Mongolian

.mo Macau 澳門 澳門 Chinese

.mr Mauritania موريتانية موريتانية Arabic

.mv Maldives ިދވހ ެ ި ިދވހ ެ ި Divehi (Thaana)

.np Nepal नेपाल नेपाल Nepali (Devanagari)

.om Oman عمان عمان Arabic

.pk Pakistan پاکستان پاکستان Urdu (Arabic)

.ps Palestinian Territories

فلسطين فلسطين Arabic

.qa Qatar قطر قطر Arabic

.ru Russian Federation Россия россия Cyrillic

.sa Saudi Arabia السعودية السعودية Arabic

.sd Sudan السودان السودان Arabic

.sg Singapore 新加坡 சிங்கப் ர்

新加坡 சிங்கப் ர்

Chinese Tamil

.sy Syrian Arab Republic سوريا سوريا Arabic

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.td Chad تشاد تشاد Arabic

.th Thailand ประเทศไทย ประเทศไทย Thai

.tj Tajikistan Тоҷикистон тоҷикистон Tajikii (Cyrillic)

.tm Turkmenistan Туркменистан туркменистан Cyrillic

.tn Tunisia تونس تونس Arabic

.tw Taiwan 台灣 臺灣

台灣 臺灣

Modern Mandarin Traditional Mandarin

.ua Ukraine Україна Украина

україна украина

Ukrainian (Cyrillic) Russian (Cyrillic)

.uz Uzbekistan Ўзбекистон ўзбекистон Cyrillic

.ye Yemen اليمن اليمن Arabic Appendices A and B contain information for all cc TLD to date, including Unicode encoding, Latin names, long names, and alternate names. The choice of the alternate name selected in the previous table is only tentative. Finally, because the document uses real fonts to display text sequences, there are few cases where the shaping is not correctly done (such as Mongolian, Myanmar, etc…). However the Unicode code sequences are always provided (except for common ASCII text). References: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_native_nameshttp://www.omniglot.com/countries/ http://www.iana.org/cctld/cctld-whois.htmhttp://www.iana.org/gtld/gtld.htm

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Translation gtld com net org biz coop info jobs mobi Japanese 会社 Chinese S 公司 网络 Chinese T Persian رسا سازمان اطالعات کار شرکتموبايل gtld museum name pro travel asia mail post tel Japanese 博物館 Chinese S 博物馆 Chinese T 博物館 Persian نام موزه سفر آسيا نامه تلفن ستپ Some gtlds are expected to be ASCII only: aero, cat, gov, edu, mil, int. Background:

• The .aero domain is reserved for members of the air-transport industry and is sponsored by Société Internationale de Télécommunications Aéronautiques (SITA).

• The .biz domain is restricted to businesses and is operated by NeuLevel, Inc. • The .cat domain is reserved for the Catalan linguistic and cultural community and is sponsored by

Fundació puntCat • The .com domain is operated by VeriSign Global Registry Services. • The .coop domain is reserved for cooperative associations and is sponsored by Dot Cooperation

LLC. • The .info domain is operated by Afilias Limited. • The .jobs domain is reserved for human resource managers and is sponsored by Employ Media

LLC. • The .mobi domain is reserved for consumers and providers of mobile products and services and is

sponsored by mTLD Top Level Domain, Ltd. • The .museum domain is reserved for museums and is sponsored by the Museum Domain

Management Association. • The .name domain is reserved for individuals and is operated by Global Name Registry. • The .net domain is operated by VeriSign Global Registry Services. • The .org domain is operated by Public Interest Registry. It is intended to serve the noncommercial

community, but all are eligible to register within .org. • The .pro domain is restricted to credentialed professionals and related entities and is operated by

RegistryPro. • The .travel domain is reserved for entities whose primary area of activity is in the travel industry

and is sponsored by Tralliance Corporation.

Registrations in the domains listed above may be made through dozens of competitive registrars. For a list of the currently operating accredited registrars, go to the InterNIC site. Information about becoming an accredited registrar is available on the ICANN site.

• The .gov domain is reserved exclusively for the United States Government. It is operated by the US General Services Administration.

• The .edu domain is reserved for postsecondary institutions accredited by an agency on the U.S. Department of Education's list of Nationally Recognized Accrediting Agencies and is registered only through Educause.

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• The .mil domain is reserved exclusively for the United States Military. It is operated by the US DoD Network Information Center.

• The .int domain is used only for registering organizations established by international treaties between governments. It is operated by the IANA .int Domain Registry.

Appendix A: Countries and Territories with at least one non-Latin name .ae United Arab

Emirates االماراتاإلمارات العربية المتحدة

\x0627\x0644\x0627\x0645\x0627\x0631\x0627\x062A

\x0627\x0644\x0625\x0645\x0627\x0631\x0627\x062a\x0020

\x0627\x0644\x0639\x0631\x0628\x064a\x0629\x0020

\x0627\x0644\x0645\x062a\x062d\x062f\x0629

Arabic (short name) Arabic (long name with spaces)

.af Afghanistan افغانستان \x0627\x0641\x063a\x0627\x0646\x0633\x062a\x0627\x0646 Arabic (Same name in Pashto and Dari)

.am Armenia Հայաստան \x0540\x0561\x0575\x0561\x057d\x057f\x0561\x0576 Armenian

.az Azerbaijan Azərbaycan Azeri (Latin) Az\x0259rbaycan

Азəрбајҹан Cyrillic \x0410\x0437\x04d9\x0440\x0431\x0430\x0458\x04b9\x0430\x043d

آذربايجان Arabic \x0622\x0630\x0631\x0628\x0627\x064A\x062C\x0627\x0646

.ba Bosnia and

Herzegovina Bosna i Hercegovina Latin (Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian), (space in name)

Босна и Херцеговина \x0411\x043e\x0441\x043d\x0430\x0020\x0438\x0020

Cyrillic (Bosnian, Serbian), (space in name) \x0425\x0435\x0440\x0446\x0435\x0433\x043e\x0432

\x0438\x043d\x0430 .bd Bangladesh বাংলােদশ

বাংলা \x09AC\x09BE\x0982\x09B2\x09BE\x09A6\x09C7\x09B6

\x09ac\x09be\x0982\x09b2\x09be

Bengali Bengali (alternate)

.bg Bulgaria България \x0411\x044a\x043b\x0433\x0430\x0440\x0438\x044f Cyrillic

.bh Bahrain البحرين Arabic \x0627\x0644\x0628\x062d\x0631\x064a\x0646

.bn Brunei Darussalam

Brunei Brunei Darussalam

\x0628\x0631\x0648\x0646\x064A

\x0628\x0631\x0648\x0646\x064A\x0020\x062F\x0627

\x0631\x0627\x0644\x0633\x0644\x0627\x0645

Latin Latin (long name with space) Arabic Arabic (long name with space)

برونيبروني دارالسالم

.bt Bhutan འ ག་ ལ།

འ ག་ ལ

\x0F60\x0F56\x0FB2\x0F74\x0F42\x0F0B\x0F61\x0F74\x0F63\x0F0D

\x0F60\x0F56\x0FB2\x0F74\x0F42\x0F0B\x0F61\x0F74\x0F63

Tibetan (with ending ‘mark shad’) Tibetan (without the ‘mark shad’)

.by Belarus Беларусь Biełaruś

\x0411\x0435\x043b\x0430\x0440\x0443\x0441\x044c

Bie\x0142aru\x015B

Cyrillic Latin

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.ca Canada Canada

Kanata ᑲᓇᑕ

\x1472\x14c7\x1455

English/French (Latin) Inuktitut (Latin) Inuktitut (Syllabic)

.cn China 中国 中华人民共和国

\x4E2D\x56FD

\x4e2d\x534e\x4eba\x6c11\x5171\x548c\x56fd

China (Mandarin) People Republic of China (Mandarin)

.cs Serbia and Montenegro

Srbija i Crna Gora Србија и Црна Гора

Srbija\x0020i\x0020Crna Gora

x0421\x0440\x0431\x0438\x0458\x0430\x0020\x0438\x0020

\x0426\x0440\x043d\x0430\x0020\x0413\x043e\x0440\x0430

Latin (spaces in name), not in use Cyrillic (spaces in name), not in use

.cy Cyprus Κύπρος Kıbrıs

\x039A\x03CD\x03C0\x03C1\x03BF\x03C2

K\x0131br\x0131s

Greek (Greek, also w/o accent)) Turkish (Latin)

.dj Djibouti Djibouti

\x062C\x064A\x0628\x0648\x062A\x064A

Latin Arabic جيبوتي

.dz Algeria الجزائرDjazaïr

\x0627\x0644\x062c\x0632\x0627\x0626\x0631

Djaza/x00EFr

Arabic Tamazight (latin)

.eg Egypt مصر \x0645\x0635\x0631 Arabic .eh Western

Sahara ّالصحراء الغربية \x0627\x0644\x0635\x062D\x0631\x0627\x0621\x0020\x0627

\x0644\x063A\x0631\x0628\x064A\x0651\x0629

Arabic (space in name)

.er Eritrea Ertra ኤርትራ

\x12A4\x122D\x1275\x122B

\x0625\x0631\x064A\x062A\x0631\x064A\x0627

Tigrinya (Latin) Amharic (Ethiopic)

إريتريا Arabic .et Ethiopia ኢትዮጵያ \x12A2\x1275\x12EE\x1335\x12EB Amharic (Ethiopic) .ge Georgia საქართველო \x10e1\x10d0\x10e5\x10d0\x10e0\x10d7\x10d5\x10d4\x10da\x10dd Georgian .gr Greece Ελλάδα

Έλλας \x0395\x03bb\x03bb\x03ac\x03b4\x03b1

\x0388\x03BB\x03BB\x03B1\x03C2

Greek Greek (alternate)

.hk Hong Kong 香港 \x9999\x6e2f Chinese

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香港特別行政區 \x9999\x6e2f\x7279\x5225\x884c\x653f\x5340 Chinese (full name) .il Israel ישראל Hebrew \x05d9\x05e9\x05e8\x05d0\x05dc

\x0625\x0633\x0631\x0627\x0626\x064A\x0644

भारत إسرائيل Arabic

.in India ভারত

ਭਾਰਤ ભારત இந்தியா ారత ారత ేశం

Hindi, Marathi, Konkani (Devanagari) \x092d\x093e\x0930\x0924

\x09ad\x09be\x09b0\x09a4

\x0a2d\x0a3e\x0a30\x0a24

\x0aad\x0abe\x0ab0\x0aa4

\x0b87\x0ba8\x0bcd\x0ba4\x0bbf\x0baf\x0bbe

Bengali Punjabi (Gurmukhi) Gujarati Tamil Telugu Telugu (alternate with space) Kannada Malayalam

\x0C2D\x0C3E\x0C30\x0C24

\x0c2d\x0c3e\x0c30\x0c24\x0020\x0c26\x0c47\x0c36\x0c02

\x0cad\x0cbe\x0cb0\x0ca4

\x0d2d\x0d3e\x0d30\x0d24

\x0d2d\x0d3e\x0d30\x0d24\x0d02

\x092d\x093e\x0930\x0924\x092e\x094d

\x0b2d\x0b3e\x0b30\x0b24

\x09ad\x09be\x09f0\x09a4

ಭಾರತ ഭാരത ഭാരതം भारतम ्India ଭାରତ

Malayalam (alternate with anusvara sign) Sanskrit (Devanagari)

ভাৰত بھارت \x0628\x0647\x0627\x0631\x062A

English Oriya Assamese (Bengali) Sindhi, Urdu (Arabic)

.iq Iraq العراق \x0627\x0644\x0639\x0631\x0627\x0642 Arabic

.ir Iran, Islamic Republic of

رانياايران

\x0627\x06cc\x0631\x0627\x0646

\x0627\x064a\x0631\x0627\x0646

Persian (Arabic with the Farsi Yeh) Persian (Arabic with the Arabic Yeh)

.jo Jordan األردن \x0627\x0644\x0623\x0631\x062f\x0646 Arabic .jp Japan 日本 \x65e5\x672c Japanese (Han) .kg Kyrgyzstan Кыргызстан \x041a\x044b\x0440\x0433\x044b\x0437\x0441\x0442\x0430\x043d Cyrillic .kh Cambodia កមពុជា

Kambucā Kâmpŭchea

x1780\x1798\x17D2\x1796\x17BB\x1787\x17B6

Kambuc\x0101

K\x00E2mp\x016Dchea

Khmer Latin Latin (alternate)

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.km Comoros Comores Komori القمر

\x0627\x0644\x0642\x0645\x0631

French (Latin) Comoro (Latin) Arabic

.kp Korea, Democratic People's Republic

조선 \xC870\xC120 Hangul

.kr Korea, Republic of

한국 대한민국

\xD55C\xAD6D

\xb300\xd55c\xbbfc\xad6d

Hangul Hangul (longer name)

.kw Kuwait الكويت \x0627\x0644\x0643\x0648\x064a\x062a Arabic

.kz Kazakhstan Қазақстан \x049a\x0430\x0437\x0430\x049b\x0441\x0442\x0430\x043d Kazakh (Cyrillic) .la Lao People's

Democratic Republic

ລາວ Lao ສ.ປ.ປ. ລາວ ນລາວ

\x0EA5\x0EB2\x0EA7

\x0eaa\x002e\x0e9b\x002e\x0e9b\x002e\x0020\x0ea5\x0eb2\x0ea7

\x0E99\x0EA5\x0EB2\x0EA7

Lao (space and dots in name) Lao (alternate from wikipedia)

.lb Lebanon لبنان \x0644\x0628\x0646\x0627\x0646 Arabic

.lk Sri Lanka ශී ලංකා இலங்ைக

\x0dc1\x0dca\x200d\x0dbb\x0dd3\x0020\x0dbd\x0d82\x0d9a\x0dcf

\x0B87\x0BB2\x0B99\x0BCD\x0B95\x0BC8

Sinhala (ZWJ, space in name) Tamil

.ly Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

ليبيا \x0644\x064a\x0628\x064a\x0627

.ma Morocco المغرب \x0627\x0644\x0645\x063A\x0631\x0628

x0627\x0644\x0645\x0645\x0644\x0643\x0629\x0020\ المغربيةةالمملك

\x0627\x0644\x0645\x063a\x0631\x0628\x064a\x0629

Arabic Arabic (alternate with space in name)

.mk Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of

Македонија \x041c\x0430\x043a\x0435\x0434\x043e\x043d\x0438\x0458\x0430 Cyrillic

.mm Myanmar မ္ရန္မာ \x1019\x1039\x101B\x1014\x1039\x200C\x1019\x102C Myanmar (ZWNJ, should look like: )

.mn Mongolia Монгол улс \x041c\x043e\x043d\x0433\x043e\x043b\x0020\x0443\x043b\x0441

ᠮᠣᠨᠭᠣᠯ \x182E\x1823\x1828\x182D\x1823\x182F

Cyrillic (space in name) Mongolian

11

.mo Macau 澳門 澳門特別行政區Macau

\x6fb3\x9580

\x6fb3\x9580\x7279\x5225\x884c\x653f\x5340

Chinese Chinese (alternate) Latin

.mr Mauritania Mauritania موريتانية

\x0645\x0648\x0631\x064A\x062A\x0627\x0646\x064A\x0629

Latin Arabic

.mv Maldives ިދވހ ެ ި ިދވހ ެ ެރއޖ ި ް ާ

\x078B\x07A8\x0788\x07AC\x0780\x07A8

\x078b\x07a8\x0788\x07ac\x0780\x07a8\x0020

\x0783\x07a7\x0787\x07b0\x0796\x07ac

Divehi (Thaana) Divehi (Thaana with space in name)

.np Nepal नेपाल \x0928\x0947\x092a\x093e\x0932 Nepali (Devanagari) .om Oman عمان \x0639\x0645\x0627\x0646 Arabic .pk Pakistan پاکستان \x067e\x0627\x06a9\x0633\x062a\x0627\x0646 Urdu (Arabic) .ps Palestinian

Territories فلسطين \x0641\x0644\x0633\x0637\x064A\x0646 Arabic

.qa Qatar قطر \x0642\x0637\x0631 Arabic .ru Russian

Federation Россия \x0420\x043e\x0441\x0441\x0438\x044f Cyrillic

.sa Saudi Arabia السعودية Arabic (short name) \x0627\x0644\x0633\x0639\x0648\x062F\x064A\x0629

x0627\x0644\x0645\x0645\x0644\x0643\x0629\x0020\x0627\x0644

\x0639\x0631\x0628\x064a\x0629\x0020\x0627\x0644\x0633\x0639

\x0648\x062f\x064a\x0629

المملكة العربية السعودية Arabic (long name with spaces)

.sd Sudan السودان \x0627\x0644\x0633\x0648\x062F\x0627\x0646 Arabic

.sg Singapore 新加坡 Singapore Singapura

\x65b0\x52a0\x5761

Chinese English (Latin) Malay (Latin)

12

சிங்கப் ர் \x0B9A\x0BBF\x0B99\x0BCD\x0B95\x0BAA\x0BCD\x0BAA

\x0BC2\x0BB0\x0BCD

Tamil

.sy Syrian Arab Republic

سوريا x0633\x0648\x0631\x064a\x0627 Arabic

.td Chad Tchad

تشاد

\x062A\x0634\x0627\x062F

Latin Arabic

.th Thailand ประเทศไทย ไทย

\x0E1B\x0E23\x0E30\x0E40\x0E17\x0E28\x0E44\x0E17\x0E22 Thai \x0e44\x0e17\x0e22 Thai (alternate shorter form)

.tj Tajikistan Тоҷикистон Tajikii (Cyrillic) \x0422\x043e\x04b7\x0438\x043a\x0438\x0441\x0442\x043e\x043d

.tm Turkmenistan Türkmenistan Туркменистан

T\x00FCrkmenistan

\x0422\x0443\x0440\x043A\x043C\x0435\x043D\x0438\x0441

\x0442\x0430\x043D

Latin Cyrillic

.tn Tunisia تونس \x062a\x0648\x0646\x0633 Arabic

.tw Taiwan 台灣 臺灣

\x53f0\x7063

\x81FA\x7063

Modern Mandarin Traditional Mandarin

.ua Ukraine Україна

Украина \x0423\x043a\x0440\x0430\x0457\x043d\x0430

\x0423\x043A\x0440\x0430\x0438\x043D\x0430

Ukrainian (Cyrillic) Russian (Cyrillic)

.uz Uzbekistan O`zbеkistоn O\x0060zbеkistоn

O'zbekiston Özbekistân Ŭzbekiston U'zbekiston Respublikasi Ўзбекистон Ўзбекистон Республикаси

O\x0027zbekiston

\x00D6zbekistân

\x016Czbekiston

U\x0027zbekiston Respublikasi

\x040e\x0437\x0431\x0435\x043a\x0438\x0441\x0442\x043e\x043d

\x040e\x0437\x0431\x0435\x043a\x0438\x0441\x0442\x043e

\x043d\x0020\x0420\x0435\x0441\x043f\x0443\x0431\x043b

\x0438\x043a\x0430\x0441\x0438

Latin (grave accent in name) Latin (apostrophe in name) Latin Latin Latin (space, apostrophe in name) Cyrillic Cyrillic (space in name)

.ye Yemen اليمن \x0627\x0644\x064a\x0645\x0646 Arabic

13

Appendix B: Country and Territory using only Latin-based names .ac Ascension

Island Ascension Island

.ad Andorra Andorra

.ag Antigua and Barbuda

Antigua and Barbuda

.ai Anguilla Anguilla

.al Albania Shqipëria Shqip\x00EBria

.an Netherlands Antilles

Netherlands Antilles Nederlandse Antillen

English Dutch

.ao Angola Angola

.aq Antarctica Antartica No URL registration service listed

.ar Argentina Argentina

.as American Samoa

American Samoa

.at Austria Österreich \x00D6sterreich

.au Australia Australia

.aw Aruba Aruba No URL registration service listed

.ax Aland Islands Åland Ahvenanmaa

\x00C5land Swedish Finnish

.bb Barbados Barbados .be Belgium Belgique

België Belgien

Belgi\x00EB

French Dutch German

.bf Burkina Faso Burkina Faso

.bi Burundi Burundi Uburundi

English Kirundi

14

.bj Benin Bénin B\x00E9nin

.bm Bermuda Bermuda

.bo Bolivia Bolivia Bolivia Suyu in Quechua

.br Brazil Brasil

.bs Bahamas Bahamas

.bv Bouvet Island Bouvet IslandBouvetøya

Bouvet\x00F8ya English (not used) Norwegian (not used)

.bw Botswana Botswana

.bz Belize Belize .cc Cocos

(Keeling) Islands

Cocos (Keeling) Islands

.cd Congo, The Democratic Republic of the

Congo Kinshasa (ex Zaire)

.cf Central African Republic

République Centrafricaine Centrafrique Bê-Afrîka

B\x00EA\x002DAfr\x00EEka

Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka Sango .cg Congo,

Republic of Congo Brazzaville

.ch Switzerland Schweiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra

German French Italian Romansh

.ci Cote d'Ivoire Côte d'Ivoire C\x00F4te\x0020d\x0027Ivoire

.ck Cook Islands Cook Islands

.cl Chile Chile

.cm Cameroon Cameroun

15

Cameroon .co Colombia Colombia .cr Costa Rica Costa Rica Space in name .cu Cuba Cuba .cv Cape Verde Cabo Verde .cx Christmas

Island Christmas Island

.cz Czech Republic

Česká republika \x010Cesk\x00E1\x0020republika Space in name

.de Germany Deutschland

Němska Nimska

N\x011Bmska

German Upper Sorbian Lower Sorbian

.dk Denmark Danmark

.dm Dominica Dominica

.do Dominican Republic

República Dominicana

.ec Ecuador Ecuador Ecuador Suyu in Quechua .ee Estonia Eesti .es Spain España

Espainia Espanya

Espa\x00F1a Spanish/Galician Basque Catalan

.eu European Union

European Union

.fi Finland Suomi

Finland Suopma Lää´ddjânnamSuomâ

L\x00E4\x00E4\x00B4ddj\x00E2nnam

Suom\x00E2

Finnish Swedish Sami (Northern) Sami (Skolt), (spacing acute in name) Sami (Inari)

16

.fj Fiji Viti Fiji

Fijian English

.fk Falkland Islands (Malvinas)

Falkland Islands

.fm Micronesia, Federal State of

Federated States of Micronesia

.fo Faroe Islands Føroyar Færøerne

F\x00F8royar

F\x00E6r\x00F8erne

Faroe Danish

.fr France France Frañs França

Fra\x00F1s

Fran\x00E7a

Frànkrisch

Français Breton Occitan Alsatian Frànkrisch

.ga Gabon Gabon .gb United

Kingdom United Kingdom Reserved (not used)

.gd Grenada Grenada

.gf French Guiana Guyane

.gg Guernsey Guernsey Dgèrnésy

Dg\x00E8rn\x00E9sy

.gh Ghana Ghana

.gi Gibraltar Gibraltar

.gl Greenland Grønland Kalaallit Nunaat

Gr\x00F8nland Danish? Space in name

.gm Gambia Gambia

.gn Guinea Guinée Guin\x00E9e

.gp Guadeloupe Guadeloupe

.gq Equatorial Guinea

Guinée Équatoriale Guinea Ecuatorial

Guin\x00E9e\x0020\x00C9quatoriale Space in name

17

.gs South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

.gt Guatemala Guatemala

.gu Guam Guåhan Guam

Gu\x00E5han Chamorro English

.gw Guinea-Bissau Guiné-Bissau Guin\x00E9\x002DBissau

.gy Guyana Guyana .hm Heard and

McDonald Islands

Heard and McDonald Islands

.hn Honduras Honduras

.hr Croatia/Hrvatska Hrvatska

.ht Haiti Haïti Ayiti

Ha\x00EFti

.hu Hungary Magyarország Magyarorsz\x00E1g .id Indonesia Indonesia .ie Ireland Eire

Éire Éirinn

\x00C9ire

\x00C9irinn

English Gaelic

.im Isle of Man Mannin Ellan Vannin

.io British Indian Ocean Territory

British Indian Ocean Territory Diego Garcia

.is Iceland Ísland \x00CDsland

.it Italy Italia

18

.je Jersey Jersey Jèrri

J\x00E8rri

.jm Jamaica Jamaica .ke Kenya Kenya .ki Kiribati Kiribati .kn Saint Kitts and

Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis

.ky Cayman Islands

Cayman Islands

.lc Saint Lucia Saint Lucia .li Liechtenstein Liechtenstein .lr Liberia Liberia .ls Lesotho Lesotho .lt Lithuania Lietuva .lu Luxembourg Luxembourg

Luxemburg Lëtzebuerg

L\x00EBtzebuerg

French, Luxembourgish German Luxembourgian

.lv Latvia Latvija .mc Monaco Principauté de

Monaco Monaco

Principaut\x00E9\x0020de\x0020Monaco (space in name)

.md Moldova, Republic of

Moldova

.mg Madagascar Madagasikara Madagascar

Malagasy French

.mh Marshall Islands

Marshall Islands Aelōn̄ in M ̧ajeļ

Ael\x014Dn\x0304 in M\x0327aje\x013C

19

.ml Mali Mali

.mp Northern Mariana Islands

Northern Mariana Islands

.mq Martinique Martinique

.ms Montserrat Montserrat

.mt Malta Malta

.mu Mauritius Mauritius Maurice

English French

.mw Malawi Malawi Malaŵi

Mala\x0175i

English Chewa

.mx Mexico México M\00e9xico

.my Malaysia Malaysia

.mz Mozambique Moçambique Mo\x00E7ambique .na Namibia Namibia .nc New

Caledonia Nouvelle-Calédonie Nouvelle\x0020Cal\x00E9donie Space in name

.ne Niger Niger

.nf Norfolk Island Norfolk Island Space in name

.ng Nigeria Nigeria

.ni Nicaragua Nicaragua

.nl Netherlands Nederland Nederlân

Nederl\x00E2n

Dutch Frisian

.no Norway Norge Noreg Norga Vuodna Nöörje

N\x00F6\x00F6rje

Bokmål Nynorsk Sami (Northern) Sami (Lule) Sami (Southern)

.nr Nauru Naoero Nauru

Nauruan English

20

.nu Niue Niue

.nz New Zealand New Zealand Aotearoa

English Maori

.pa Panama Panamá Panam\x00E1 .pe Peru Perú Per\x00FA Peru Suyu in Quechua .pf French

Polynesia Polynésie Française Polyn\x00E9sie\x0020Fran\x00E7aise

.pg Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea Papua Niugini

.ph Philippines Pilipinas Philippines

Filipino English

.pl Poland Polska

.pm Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Saint Pierre et Miquelon

.pn Pitcairn Island Pitcairn Island

.pr Puerto Rico Puerto Rico

.pt Portugal Portugal

.pw Palau Palau Belau

English Palauan

.py Paraguay Paraguay Paraguái

Paragu\x00E1i

Spanish, Englsih Guarani

.re Reunion Island Île de la Réunion \x00CEle\x0020de\x0020la\x0020R\x00E9union .ro Romania România Rom\x00E2nia .rw Rwanda Rwanda .sb Solomon

Islands Solomon Islands

.sc Seychelles Sesel Seychelles

Seselwa English, French

21

.se Sweden Sverige Ruoŧŧa Svierik Sveerje

Ruo\x0167\x0167a

Swedish Sami (Northern) Sami (Lule) Sami (Southern)

.sh Saint Helena Saint Helena

.si Slovenia Slovenija

.sj Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands

Svalbard Jan Mayen Norwegian islands (not used)

.sk Slovak Republic

Slovenská republika Slovensko

other source w/o accent on the a, (space in name) Slovensk\x00E1\x0020republika

.sl Sierra Leone Sierra Leone

.sm San Marino San Marino

.sn Senegal Senegal Sénégal

Sounougal S\x00E9n\x00E9gal

(should have acute accent on e)

.so Somalia Soomaaliya

.sr Suriname Suriname

.st Sao Tome and Principe

São Tomé e Príncipe

S\x00E3o\x0020Tom\x00E9\x0020e\x0020Pr\x00EDncipe

.sv El Salvador El Salvador (space in name)

.sz Swaziland Swaziland eSwatini kaNgwane

English Swazi

.tc Turks and

Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands

.tf French Southern Territories

Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises

22

.tg Togo Togo

.tk Tokelau Tokelau

.tl Timor-Leste Timor-Leste Timor Lorosa'e

Timor Lorosa\x0027e

Portuguese (Latin Apostrophe in name)

.to Tonga Tonga

.tp East Timor East Timor Same as Timor-Leste

.tr Turkey Türkiye T\x00FCrkiye

.tt Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad y Tobago Trinidad and Tobago

English (space in name)

.tv Tuvalu Tuvalu

.tz Tanzania Tanzania

.ug Uganda Uganda .uk United

Kingdom United Kingdom English (space in name)

Welsh (spaces in name) Welsh (spaces in name, less common) Scots Cornish

y Deyrnas Unedig Teyrnas Unedig Unitit Kinrick An Rywvaneth Unys An Rìoghachd Aonaichte Ríocht Aontaithe

Scottish Gaelic Irish

.um United States Minor Outlying Islands

United States Minor Outlying Islands

.us United States United States Estados Unidos

English (space in name) Spanish (space in name)

.uy Uruguay Uruguay .va Holy See

(Vatican City Vaticanum Civitas Vaticana

Latin Latin

23

State) Città del Vaticano Italian .vc Saint Vincent

and the Grenadines

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

.ve Venezuela Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela Venezuela

.vg Virgin Islands, British

British Virgin islands

.vi Virgin Islands, U.S.

US Virgin Islands

.vn Vietnam Việt Nam Việt Nam

Vi\x00ea\x0323t\x0020Nam

Vi\x1EC7t\x0020Nam

(space in name), ệ should be written using \x1ec7 Correct spelling (wikipedia)

.vu Vanuatu Vanuatu Vi1EC7t Nam .wf Wallis and

Futuna Islands Wallis et Futuna

.ws Western Samoa

Samoa

.yt Mayotte Mayotte .yu Yugoslavia Yugoslavia In use by Serbia and Montenegro .za South Africa South Africa

Aforika Borwa uMzantsi Afrika iNingizimu Afrika Suid Afrika Afrika Borwa

English Tswana Xhosa Zulu Afrikaans Northern Sotho

.zm Zambia Zambia

.zw Zimbabwe Zimbabwe

24

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