Folio Chemz..

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CHEMISTRY

CHAPTER 9:MANUFACTURED SUBTANCES

IN INDUSTRY

NAME: MUHAMAD JAMIL ABDULLAH

I/C: 950406-03-5567

TEACHER: SIR ZAINUR

SCHOOL: SEK. MEN. KEB. JELAWANG



What You Will See & Learn In This Folio is….

9.1: Manufacture of sulphuric acid

- Uses of sulphuric acid - Manufacture of sulphuric acid in industry

- Environmental pollution by sulphur dioxide

9.2: Manufacture of Ammonia & its salt

- Uses of ammonia

- Manufacture of ammonia- Preparation of ammonium fertilizers in laboratory

9.3: Alloys

- Arrangement of atoms in pure metal

- Alloy

- Arragement of atoms in alloys

- Uses of alloy

9.4: Synthetic Polymers and their Uses

- Natural Polymers

- Synthetic Polymers

- Uses of Synthetic Polymers

- Effect of the disposal of items made from synthetic

polymers on the environment.

9.5: The Uses of Glass and Ceramics



- Types, composition, characteristics and uses of glass

- Composition, properties and uses of ceramics

9.6: The Uses of Composite Materials- Composite materials

(a): Reinforced concrete

(b): Superconductor

(c): Fibre glass

(d): Fibre optics

(e): Photochromic glass

(f): Ceramic glass

(g): Plastic strengthened with glass fibres



9.1: MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACID

Uses of sulphuric acid

Uses of sulphuric acid ,H SO ,in our daily life are as below:

- Manufacture of fertilizers such as ammonium

sulphate ,

- Manufacture of electrolyte in lead-acid accumulators

(car battery)

- Manufacture of soap and detergents

- Manufacture of pesticides (insecticide)

- Manufacture of plastic item such as rayon and nylon

- Manufacture of paint and dyes

Manufacture of sulphuric acid in industry

1. Sulphuric acid, H SO , is manufactured in industry

through the Contact process2. The manufacturing of sulphuric acid , H SO, in industry

Involves three stages:



Environmental pollution by sulphur dioxide

1. Fossil fuel such as petrol and manufactured products

of sulphuric acid , H SO , contain sulphur. S2. Burning of these products will oxidise sulphur ,S, to

form sulphur dioxide, SO

3. Sulphur dioxide, SO , is an acidic gas. When it

dissolves in rainwater, it forms sulphurous acid,

,H SO , and causes acid rain

4. Sulphur trioxide, SO , will also form when sulphur

dioxide, SO , reacs with oxygen, O , gas in air

5. When sulphur trioxide, SO , dissolves in rainwater,

sulphuric acid, H SO , is also formed causing acidrain.

6. The effects of acid rain on the environment are as

below:

(a) Corrodes and destroys property such as bridges,

building & statues.(b) Reduces pH of soil and causes it to be unsuiable

for plant life.

(c) Reduces pH of water and causes the death of

aquatic life.



9.2: MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA & IT’S

SALT

Uses of ammonia

Uses of ammonia, NH , in daily life are as below:- Manufacture of nitrogenous fertilizers such as

ammonium phosphate, (NH ) PO

- Manufacture of nitric acid, HNO , through the Ostwald

process.

- Manufacture of electrolytes in dry cells- Manufacture of cleaning agents such as washing

powder and detergents

- Manufacture of explosives such as trinitrotoluene

(TNT )

- Manufacture of dyes

Properties of ammonia

Properties of ammonia, NH , are sumarised below:



Manufacture of ammonia

• Ammonia, NH , is manufactured on a large scale in

factories through the Haber Process• In the Haber process, nitrogen, N , and hydrogen, H ,

gases are mixed in the ratio of 1:3 volumes (or moles)

• The hydrogen, H , gas is obtained from methane CH ,

a type of natural gas, while nitrogen, N , gas isobtained from air by fractional distillation of liquefied

air.

• The gas mixture is passed over iron (catalyst ) at a

temperature of 450-550 C and compressed under a

pressure of 200-500 atmoshpere.

• The ammonia, NH , gas obtained is cooled

(temperature of -50 C) to become liquid ammonia,

NH (l).



Preparation of ammonium fertilizers in the

laboratory

• Ammonium fertilizers are nitrogenous fertilizers thatcan provide nitrogen elements to plants.

• Examples of ammonium salts are used as fertilizers

are ammonium nitrate, NH NO , ammonium sulphate,

(NH ) SO , and ammonium phosphate, (NH ) PO .

• Ammonia, NH , dissolves in water to form ammonia

solution, NH (aq), (aqueous ammonia or ammonium

hydroxide, NH OH)• Neutralisation reaction between ammonia solution,

NH (aq), and acid solution produces ammonium, NH ,

salt which is used as fertilizers.

Neutralisation reaction Ammonium salt

( fertiliser )Ammonia solution + phosphoric acid Ammonium phosphate

Ammonia solution + nitric acid Ammonium nitrate

Ammonia solution + sulphuric acid Ammonium sulphate



9.3: ALLOYS

Arragement of atoms in pure metal

• Pure metal is soft and not very strong.

• Atoms of pure metals have similar size and shape and

are arranged closely but there is still space between the

atoms.

• When force is applied to pure metals, the atoms slide

along one another easily.

• This property causes pure metal to be ductile, that is, itcan be stretched into a wire.

• When knocked or hammered, metal atoms slide along

one another to fill spaces between the metals atoms.

• This property causes pure metal to be malleable, that is

it can be knocked or pressed into various



Alloy

• An alloy is a substance from a mixture and other

elements• A foreign atom (impurity atom) may be atoms of other

metals or non-metals such as carbon.

• the process of mixing atoms of impurities with atoms

of pure metal by melting is called alloying

• The aims of alloying are to:

Increase the strength and hardness of the metal

Prevent corrosion of the metal

Improve the appearance of the metal so that it is

more attractive.



Arragement of atoms in alloys

• Impurity atoms which are mixed may be larger or smaller than atoms of pure metal.

• Impurity atom fill the empty spaces between the atoms

in pure metal.

• Impurity atoms can prevent the layers of metal atoms

from sliding along one another easily.

• Due to this, an alloy is harder & stronger than pure

metal.

• For example, stell is harder than iron.

Uses of alloy



The properties of alloy such as its strength, ability to

withstand corrosion and its shiny appearance cause it to be

suitable to be made into various items for daily use.

9.4: SYNTHETIC POLYMERS & THEIR

USES



• Polymers are long chains of molecules made

from combination of many small molecules.• Small molecules that combine to form polymers

are called monomers

• Polymerisation is a process of combining

monomers to form a long chain of molecules.

• Polymers can be divided by 2.

Natural polymers

Synthetic polymers

Natural Polymers



• A natural polymer is a polymer that occurs naturally

• Natural polymers are normally made by living

organism.

Natural Polymers Monomers(small molecule)

Rubber Isoprene

Cellulose Glucose

Strach Glucose

Protein Amino Acid

Fat Fatty Acid & Glycerol

Nucleic Acid Nucleotides

Synthetic Polymer



• Synthetic (artificial) polymers are man-made polymers

that are produce from chemical compounds through

polymerization.

• Plastic, synthetic fibres and synthetic rubbers are threeexamples of synthetic polymers.

• There are two types of polymerisation:

Addition polymerisation

Condensation polymerisation

( Addition polymerisation )



Unsaturated monomers that contain double bonds between two carbon atoms undergo addition polymerisation.

Monomers undergo addition polymerisation as shown

below.



If the structure of a monomer is known, the structural

formula of its synthetic polymer can be determined as

shown below:

Step 1: Write the symbol for two carbon

atoms with double bonds in the middle.

push the atom or molecule that is tied to

the two carbon atoms above or below

two carbon atoms.

Step 2:Change or open the double

bond into two single

covalent bonds and draw

brackets.

Step 3:

Write the letter ‘n’ at the bottom right-hand corner

of the molecule.

( Example 1)



You are given a propane monomer, C H . Write the

structual formula of the synthetic polymer.

The monomers in a polymer can be determined. The following

guidelines are given to help you to determine the monomer in a

polymer, formed through the addition polymerisation.

( Example 2)

Part of the structure of a molecule of a polymer (PVC) isgiven below. Determine and name the monomer.

( Condensation polymerisation)



• Small molecules such as water, H O, and ammonia, NH

, are released in condensation polymerisation.

Monomer Polymer

(a) Adipic acid and hexanediamine Nylon(b) 1,4-dicarboxylbenzene & ethane-1,2-diol Terylene

Example of synthetic polymer and their monomer

Uses of synthetic polymers.



•Synthetic polymers are used widely in daily life.

Type of polymer Use

Polythene Make bucket, plastic bag, raincoats, films,

bowls and rubbish bins.

Polyvinyl chloride(PVC)

Make water pipes, electric cables, matsvinyl records and clothes.

Perspex Make car windscreens, airplane window

panes & spectacle lense.

Nylon Make ropes, curtain, stocking and clothes

Polypropene Make ropes, bottles, chairs, drink can, and

carpets.

Polystyrene Make packing boxes, buttons, &noticeboards

Terylene Make textile item such as clothes & cloths.Application of synthetic polymers



• Synthetic polymers such as plastic, synthetic fibres &

synthetic rubber have been used to replace various

natural items such as cotton, silk, glass, metal, timber &

rock.

Natural compound that

have been replaced by

synthetic polymers

The advantages of synthetic

polymers compared to natural

compounds

Cotton and Silk Stronger, more durable, withstands dirt,

and does not wrinkle easily

Paper Waterproof, does not wrinkle or tear

easily

Timber Does not rot easily

Metal Lighter, does not corrode easily, more

easily forged and coloured

Glass and Ceramics Does not break easily

Marble (rock ) Cheaper Advantages of synthetic polymers used to replace natural compounds

Effects of the disposal of item made from synthetic

polymers on the environment



• Synthetic polymer are not biodegradle (not decomposed by microorganisms).

•

The careless disposal of items made from synthetis polymers such as plastic causes environmental

pollution.

• The effect of burning and careless disposal of items

made from synthetic polymers on the environment are

as below…

(a) Burning of synthetic polymers

Release pollutants that endanger health uch

as smoke, gases that are smelly poisonous

and corrosive such as sulphur dioxide,

pollutants that cause acid rain and the

greenhouse effect.

(b) Careless disposal of synthetic polymers

Spoils the beauty of the environment

Causes flash floods during heavy rainfall Endangers marine life like turtles that

accidentally eat polymers such as plastic as

its food.

• The best way to manage used items made from

synthetic polymers is to recycle them.

• Plastics that are biodegradable can be used instead toreduce environmental pollution.

9.5: THE USES OF GLASS AND CERAMICS



Types, composition, characteristics and uses of

glass

• The main component of glass is silica or silicon

dioxide, SiO , which obtain from sand

• The main characteristics of glass are

Brittle

Hard

Chemically inert

Transparent Not permeable to gas and liquid ( fluid )

Does not conduct electricity

Heat insulator

• The most simple glass is fused silica glass. This glass

mainly contains silica, SiO ,

• Most of the glass are produced by mixing molten

silica, SiO , with other compounds.• Glass can be recycled. Glass can also be melted and

solidified repeatedly.



• Diffferent types of glass have different uses

Composition, properties and uses of ceramics



• Ceramics are made from clay that has been heated at

a very high temperature.

• The main component of ceramics is silicate

•

Most ceramics contain silicon, Si, oxygen, O, andaluminium, Al.

• Unlike glass, ceramics cannot be recycled . Ceramics

that have been solidified cannot be melted again as

they are extremely heat resistant.

• Common properties of ceramics

Brittle

Extremely hard

High melting point

Withstand compression

Cracks when temperature changes drastically

• Several uses of ceramics are as follows.

Manufactured of computer microchip

Make dentures (enamel )

Make porcelain, vase and ornamental items

Make plates, bowls and pots

Used in the manufacturing of car engines,

spacecraft, superconductors and nuclear

reactors.

9.6: THE USES OF COMPOSITE



MATERIALS

• In this modern world, the demand for items withspecific properties is high

• Compounds with specific properties are combined to

produce a composite material that meets the

requirements of industry, construction and

transportation

Composite materials

• Composite materialsare produced from the

combination of two or more different compounds such

as alloys, metals, glass, polymers and ceramics.

• The characteristics of the produced material are much

more superior than those original components.

• Several uses of composite materials are:

(a) Reinforced concrete

Made from a mixture of cement, gravel,

sands, water, iron or steel to produce nets,

rods or bars

Strong, high tensile strength and cheap

Construction material for buildings,

bridges, highway and dams.

(b) Superconductor



Made from various components such as

mixture of niobium and germanium

Compound that has no electrical resistance

( zero resistance) Can function only under extremely low

temperatures

Used in the transportation,

telecommunications and astronomy

industries and in medical field

(c) Fibre glass

Made from silica, sodium carbonate, and

calcium carbonateGood insulator of heat and electricity

Used to make protective apparel for

astronauts and firefighters



(d) Fibre optics

Made from glass, copper and aluminium

Enables information to be transmitted in

light form at high speed ( speed of light )Used in the field of communication to

make electrical cables and in the field of

medicine to observe internal organs

without performing surgery

(e) Photochromic glass

Produced from molten silica that is mixed

with a little silver chloride, AgCl

Dark in color when exposed to bright light(ultraviolet ray) and bright when in the

dark

Used to make optical lenses and glass

windows (windshields) of certain vehicles

(f) Ceramic glass

Produced by exposing glass that containscertain amount of metals to ultraviolet rays

and heating it at high temperature

Used to make cooking material and rocket

head



Withstand heat

(g) Plastic strengthened with glass fibres

Made of plastic and glass fibres

Composite plastics that are very strong,light, easily formed and can withstand

corrosion

Use to make body of car & aeroplane, rods

and other parts of aeroplans.

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