Fluid Flow Training Presentation.ppt
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![Page 1: Fluid Flow Training Presentation.ppt](https://reader030.fdocument.pub/reader030/viewer/2022033013/55cf8fd2550346703ba031d8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
FLUID FLOW AND FLUID MOVER
TRAINING BASIC PROCESS ENGINEERING
PT KRAKATAU ENGINEERING
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Fluid Flow: Prinsip Aliran Fluida
• Fluida dapat mengalir sebagai akibat adanya perbedaan tekanan
• Perbedaan tekanan antara dua titik dalam suatu sistem dinyatakan dengan menggunakan persamaan Bernoulli
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
fg
vph
g
vph
22
2
221
2
2
11
1
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Fluid Flow: Prinsip Aliran Fluida• Penyederhanaan
persamaan Bernoulli menghasilkan:
• Sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa:
• Δp = pressure drop• Hs = Static head
• Hv = Velocity Head
• Hf = Friction Loss
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
fh
g
vh
p
2
2
fVsHHHp
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Fluid Flow: Static Head• Static Head menyatakan tekanan
yang dihasilkan fluida dengan ketinggian tertentu dalam suatu kolom ruang.
• Static Heaed berubah sesuai dengan ketinggian cairan
• Static Head dihitung dengan:
• ΔH = Static head (kg/cm2G)• SG = fluid specific gravity
• Z1 = ketinggian fluida di poin no 1 terhadap datum (m)
• Z2 = ketinggian fluida di poin no 2 terhadap datum (m)
Fluid Flow
10
12ZZSG
H
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Fluid Flow: Velocity Head
• Velocity head merupakan perubahan energi dari fluida sebagai akibat dari perubahan kecepatan di dalam sistem perpipaan
• Untuk aplikasi fluida incompressible, kecepatan relatif konstan sehingga dianggap tidak ada perubahan terhadap velocity head
• Jika ada perubahan, perubahan velocity head umumnya kurang dari 1% terhadap total pressure loss.
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
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Fluid Flow: Friction Loss
• Friction loss menyatakan kehilangan energi yang diakibatkan oleh adanya gaya gesekan selama fluida mengalir dalam sistem perpipaan
• Friction loss merupakan fungsi dari karakteristik aliran fluida dan sistem perpipaan dimana:
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
D
DvD
vD
f
f
H
H
Re,
,
,,,,
f
f
f
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Fluid Flow: Reynold Number
• Reynolds Number, Re
• Reynold Number merupakan bilangan tidak berdimensi yang dapat digunakan untuk menganalisa karakter aliran fluida dalam sistem perpipaan
• Reynold Number merupakan fungsi flow rate, diameter pipa, fluid density dan fluid viscosity
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
• D = diameter (m)• v = fluid velocity (m/s)• = fluid density (kg/m3)• = fluid viscosity (Ns/m2)
vD
Re
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Fluid Flow: Friction Factor
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
• Besarnya friction loss dinyatakan dengan friction factor yang dihasilkan dari korelasi antara Reynold number dengan pipe roughness (/D)
• Ada dua jenis friction factor: Fanning’s Friction Factor (ff) dan Darcy’s Friction Factor, (f).
• Korelasi Fanning’s Friction Factor (ff) dan Darcy’s Friction Factor, (f):
f = 4 ff
• Korelasi friction factor dengan Reynold number dan pipe roughness juga dapat dinyatakan dengan Moody diagram
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Fluid Flow: Moody Diagram
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
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Fluid Flow: Colebrook White Correlation
• Colebrook White Correlation
• Menyatakan hubungan antara the friction factor dengan Reynolds number, pipe roughness, dan pipe diameter
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
• f = friction factor (dimensionless)• D= pipe inside diameter (in)• e = absolute pipe roughness (in) • Re = Reynolds number of flow
(dimensionless)
fD
eLog
f Re
51.2
7.32
110
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Fluid Flow: Colebrook White Correlation
• Untuk menghitung nilai friction factor, dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan trial-and-error. Dimana di tahap awal nilai friction factor diasumsikan terlebih dahulu
• Umumnya iterasi dilakukan sebanyak 4-5 kali untuk mendapatkan hasil yang konvergen
Fluid Flow
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Fluid Flow: Perhitungan ΔP Akibat Friction Loss
Perhitungan ΔP akibat pressure loss menggunakan persamaan Darcy-Weisbach :
• k = 1.0197x10-5
• f = friction factor
• Le = equivalent length (m)
• D = pipe diameter (m)• ρ = fluid density (kg/m3)• v = velocity (m/s)
Fluid Flow
D
vLfkP e
2
2
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Fluid Flow: Perhitungan Equivelent Length
• Perhitungan ΔP pada sistem perpipaan meliputi ΔP pada pipa lurus (straight length) dan komponen perpipaan lainnya (fitting dan valve)
• Untuk mempermudah perhitungan ΔP pada fitting dan valve digunakan metoda equivalent length
• Nilai equivalent length dapat ditentukan dengan tabel
Fluid Flow
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Fluid Flow: Perhitungan Equivelent Length• Tabel equivalent length untuk valve
Fluid Flow
Valves(fullyopen)
Ball valve Reduced bore 40 mm (11/2 in) and smaller 65D
Reduced bore 50 mm (2 in) and larger 45D
Gate valve Standard bore 13D
Reduced bore 40 mm (11/2 in) and smaller 65D
Globe valve Straight pattern 340D
Y pattern 160D
Angle pattern 145D
Check valve Swing type 135D
Ball or piston type 40 mm (11/2 ) in. and smaller 340D
Plug valve Regular pattern 45D
Butterfly valve 150 mm (6 in.) and larger 20D
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Fluid Flow: Perhitungan Equivelent Length• Tabel equivalent length untuk fitting
Fluid Flow
Fittings Tee-equal Flow straight-through 20D
Flow through side outlet 65D
Elbow 90°, R = 11/2 D 20D
45°, R = 11/2 D 16D
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Fluid Flow: Perhitungan Equivelent Length
Perhitungan total equivalent length:
Fluid Flow
fittingefittingstotale LnLL ,,
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Fluid Flow: Gas Transmission Pipeline
Untuk aplikasi gas transmission pipeline, dapat digunakan persamaan berikut:•General Flow equation•Weymouth equation•Panhandle A equation•Panhandle B equation
Fluid Flow
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Fluid Flow: General Flow Equation
• General Flow Equation
• Temperatur gas diasumsikan konstan (isothermal flow)
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
• Q = gas flow rate(MMSCFD)
• f = friction factor • P1 = upstream pressure
(psia)• P2 = downstream
pressure(psia)• G = gas SG (air = 1.00)• Tf = gas temperature(R)
• L = pipe length (ft)• Z = gas compressibility
factor• d = pipe diameter (in)
5
22
22
1 2.25d
ZfTLGQPP
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Fluid Flow: Weymouth Equation
• Weymouth Equation
• Weymouth equation dapat digunakan pada pipeline dengan tekanan tinggi, laju alir besar dan pipa dengan diameter besar
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
• Q = gas flow rate(MMSCFD)• P1 = upstream pressure
(psia)• P2 = downstream
pressure(psia)• G = gas SG (air = 1.00)• T = gas temperature(R)
• L = pipe length (ft)• Z = gas compressibility
factor (dimensionless)• d = pipe diameter (in)• E =pipeline efficiency
(max=1)
334.5
22
22
1 826.0d
ZTLGQPP
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Fluid Flow: Panhandle A Equation
• Panhandle A Equation
• Panhandle A Equation diaplikasikan pada pipa natural gas dengan Reynold number 5-11 juta
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
• Q = gas flow rate(MMSCFD)
• P1 = upstream pressure (psia)
• P2 = downstream pressure(psia)
• G = gas SG (air = 1.00)• T = gas temperature(R)
• L = pipe length (mile)• Z = gas compressibility
factor (dimensionless)• d = pipe diameter (in)• E =pipeline efficiency
(max=1)
06.5
961.022
22
1 1275dE
ZTLGQPP
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Fluid Flow: Panhandle B Equation
• Panhandle B Equation
• Panhandle B equation diaplikasikan pada pipa transmission dengan diameter besar dan tekanan tinggi dengan Reynolds number 4 -40 juta
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
• Q = gas flow rate(MMSCFD)
• P1 = upstream pressure (psia)
• P2 = downstream pressure(psia)
• G = gas SG (air = 1.00)• T = gas temperature(R)• L = pipe length (mile)• Z = gas compressibility
factor (dimensionless)• d = pipe diameter (in)• E =pipeline efficiency
(max=1)
06.5
961.022
22
1 979dE
ZTLGQPP
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Fluid Flow: Comparison for Gas Flow Equation
Fluid Flow
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Fluid Flow: Practical Line Sizing
• Final line size ditentukan berdasarkan hydraulic calculation dengan melihat kebutuhan pressure loss maksimum didalam sistem
• Sebagai cara untuk mempermudah dalam proses penentuan line sizing, digunakan beberapa parameter atau kriteria seperti velocity dan ΔP/100m
Fluid Flow
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Fluid Flow: Parameter Criteria for Line Sizing
Crtiteria of line sizing
Fluid Flow
ErosionCriteria
SonicVelocity
NoiseVelocity
FlowPattern
ΔP/100
Velocity
Liquid - general
Liquid - at boiling point
Gas or vapor
Steam
Gas / liquid two phase
Steam condensate
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Fluid Flow: Velocity and Max ΔP for CS Liquid Lines
Fluid Flow
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Fluid Flow: Velocity and Max ΔP for CS Vapor Lines
Fluid Flow
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Fluid Flow: Erosion Criteria
• Erosion criteria ditentukan dengan persamaan:
• Dapat diaplikasikan pada material carbon steel, low alloy dan stainless steel.
• Umumnya digunakan pada two phase flow
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
• ρ = fluid density (kg/m3)• V = velocity (m/s)
• Ce = Erosion constant (dimensionless)
eCv 2
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Fluid Flow: Erosion Criteria
Erosion Criteria
Fluid Flow
Ce Service
180-240 Fluida bersih (solid free) dimana kemungkinan terjadinya korosi kecil atau proses terjadinya korosi dikontrol dengan corrosion inhibitor atau menggnakan material alloy tahan korosi; dan fluida mengalir secara kontinyu
300 Kondisi sama seperti di atas tapi fluida mengalir secara intermittent
120 Fluida mengandung padatan atau material korosif
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Fluid Flow: Sonic Velocity
• Sonic Velocity ditentukan dengan persamaan:
• Vmax < 50% of the sonic velocity untuk gas/vapor flow secara kontinyu
• Untuk gas/vapor flow secara intermittent Vmax < 80% sonic velocity
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
• Vsonic = sonic velocity (m/s)
• K = Cp/Cv• T = Temperature (K)• M = Molecular weightM
TkV
sonic
8309
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Fluid Flow: Noise Velocity
• Noise Velocity ditentukan dengan persamaan:
• Noise umumnya terjadi akibat pressure drop tinggi
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
• Vnoise = noise velocity (m/s)
• ρ = fluid density (kg/m3)43.0
1175
noiseV
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Fluid Flow: Two Phase Flow
• Aliran dua fasa (Two phase flow liquid-vapour) dapat membentuk beberapa tipe aliran fluida yang disebut flow regime atau flow pattern
• Evaluasi terhadap flow regime yang terbentuk diperlukan untuk dapat melihat kestabilan aliran dan efeknya terhadap desain mekanik terhadap sistem aliran fluida, perpindahan panas dll
• Tipe flow regime yang terbentuk dipengaruhi oleh komposisi dari gas-cairan yang mengalir di dalam sistem perpipaan
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
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Fluid Flow: Two Phase Flow
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
Bubble Flow
Wavy Flow
Slug Flow
Annular Flow
Mist Flow
Plug Flow
Stratified Flow
Increasing Vapor
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Fluid Flow: Two Phase Flow
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
Bubble Flow
Slug Flow
Froth Flow
Annular Flow
Mist Flow
Increasing Vapor
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Fluid Flow: Bubble Flow
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
• Gelembung gas terdispersi dalam aliran cairan dengan konsentrasi tinggi
• Umumnya terjadi di aliran fluida dengan laju alir besar.
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Fluid Flow: Plug Flow
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
• Dengan meningkatnya laju alir gas, gelembung udara akan bergabung membentuk fraksi yang lebih besar berbentuk seperti sumbat (plug)
• Di bagian atas pipa, sumbat cairan dan gas mengalir secara bergantian
• Hanya cairan yang mengalir di bagian bawah pipa
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Fluid Flow: Stratified Flow
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
• Akibat kecepatan aliran fluida yang rendah, terjadi pemisahan 2 fasa fluida, cair dan gas
• Pada aliran horizontal, gas berada di bagian atas pipa, cairan dibagian bawah.
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Fluid Flow: Wavy Flow
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
• Meningkatnya kecepatan aliran gas menyebabkan terbentuknya gelombang pada aliran stratified.
• Gelombang terbentuk di interface antara gas dengan cairan dan bergerak searah dengan arahaliran fluida
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Fluid Flow: Slug Flow
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
• Pada aliran horizontal, jika vapor rate mencapai nilai tertentu puncak gelombang cairan akan mencapai dinding atas pipa dan membentuk slug
• Pada aliran vertikal, dengan meningkatnya aliran gas, gelembung gas akan berkumpul membentuk slug. Slug cairan dan slug gas akanmengalir secara bergantian di sepanjang pipa.
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Fluid Flow: Annular Flow
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
• Pada annular flow, cairan terbentuk lapisan anulus di sekelililing bagian dalam pipa.
• Dibagian tengah terdapat partikel cairam yang terdispersi dalam aliran gas
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Fluid Flow: Mist Flow
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
• Pada aliran gas yang sangat tinggi carian terdispersi dalam aliran gas
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Fluid Flow: Two Phase Flow
• Tipe flow regime yang direkomendasikan untuk horizontal flow adalah annular, stratified dan bubble
• Tipe flow regime yang direkomendasikan untuk vertical flow adalah annular dan bubble
• Tipe flow regime yang tidak direkomendasikan adalah slug dan froth
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
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Fluid Flow: Two Phase Flow • Horizontal Flow Map
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
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Fluid Flow: Two Phase Flow
• Penentuan Koordinat pada horizontal flow map
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
• F1 = 2100
• F2 = 3.24 x 107
• W = Total mass flow rate (kg/s)
• x = vapor mass fraction• d = pipe diameter (mm)
• ρG = vapor density (kg/m3)
• ρL = liquid density (kg/m3)
• μL = liquid viscosity (Pa.s)
• σ = liquid surface tension (mN/m)
16.0
33.05.0
11
L
LG
x
xFX
5.05.022
LGd
WxFY
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Fluid Flow: Two Phase Flow • Vertical Flow Map
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
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Fluid Flow: Two Phase Flow
• Penentuan Koordinat pada Vertical flow map
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
• F4 = 0.52
• F5 = 1.273 x 106
• F6 = 0.486
• W = Total mass flow rate (kg/s)
• x = vapor mass fraction• d = pipe diameter (mm)
• ρG = vapor density (kg/m3)
• ρL = liquid density (kg/m3)
• σ = liquid surface tension (mN/m)
• Vsl = liquid velocity (m/s)
• Vsg = gas velocity (m/s)
25.0
4
LF
25
1
d
WxFV
Lsl
33.025.0
6 GLF
25
d
WxFV
Gsg
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Fluid Flow: ΔP Two Phase Flow Metode Lockhart Martinelli
Perhitungan Pressure Drop
Perhitungan two phase flow modulus:
Perhitungan Lockhart-Martinelli modulus
ΔpL = pressure drop 1 fasa liquid
ΦLtt2 = two phase flow
modulus
Xtt = Lockhart-Martinelli Modulus
C = konstan
x = vapor mass fraction
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
LLtt pP 2
22 1
1tttt
LttXX
C
1.05.09.01
G
L
L
Gtt x
xX
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Fluid Flow: ΔP Two Phase Flow Metode Lockhart Martinelli
Tabel nilai C
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
Liquid Gas C
Turbulent Turbulent 20
Laminar Turbulent 12
Turbulent Laminar 10
Laminar Laminar 5
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Fluid Flow: Penentuan Pipe Size
• Langkah 1 : Lengkapi input data berupa flowrate, fluid density dan fluid viscosity
• Langkah 2: Estimasi nilai awal dari pipe diameter (ambil lebih dari satu nilai diameter) untuk mendapatkan velocity yang sesuai dengan recommended velocity
• Langkah 3: Hitung Reynold Number dan friction factor• Langkah 4: Hitung parameter line sizing yang lainnya seperti
ΔP/100m, erosion criteria, sonic velocity dll. • Langkah 5: Pilih nilai diameter yang memenuhi parameter line
sizing yang sudah ditetapkan
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
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Fluid Flow: ΔP Calculation for Single Phase Piping Systems
• Langkah 1 : Bagi Sistem menjadi beberapa segmen berdasarkan ukuran pipa dan flowrate yang sama
• Langkah 2: Lakukan perhitungan untuk menentukan pipe size (pipe diameter)
• Langkah 3: Tentukan nilai ΔP untuk 100m pipa dengan menggunakan persamaan Darcy-Weisbach
• Langkah 4: Tentukan nilai total equivalent length, Le dari sistem perpipaan tersebut
• Langkah 5: Tentukan total ΔP total sebagai hasil perkalian dari ΔP/100m dengan Le.
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
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Fluid Flow: Pump
Fungsi pompa:
• Transfer fluida menuju peralatan yang dituju
• Sirkulasi fluida di dalam suatu sistem
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
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Fluid Flow: Pump
Komponen utama sistem aliran fluida
• Pompa
• Prime movers: electric motors, diesel engines, air system
• Piping sebagai jalur untuk mengalirkan fluida
• Valve
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
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Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
Fluid Flow: Pump Type
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Dynamic• Centrifugal atau Axial pumps• Merupakan tipe yang lebih
banyak dipakai di industri• Meningkatkan kecepatan dari
cairan yang dipompakan dan mengkonversi kecepatan menjadi energi tekanan
• Biaya maintenance lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan positive displacement
Positive Displacement• Reciprocating, Diaphragm
(metering) atau Rotary• Digunakan pada aplikasi yang
lebih spesifik• Beroperasi dengan
mendorong cairan dalam volume yang tetap dari inlet zone ke discharge zone
• Untuk sistem operasi intermittent dan kontinyu
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
Fluid Flow: Pump Type
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Fluid Flow: Pump
Pump Characteristic:• Differential Head• NPSH • Pump Shut Off Pressure• Hydraulic Power, Brake Horse Power, Motor Power• Efficiency
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
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Fluid Flow: Pump Characteristic
Differential Head:• Differential head
menyatakan tekanan yang harus diberikan oleh pompa untuk mengalirkan fluida pada laju alir tertentu.
• Total differential head sebanding dengan jumlah antara static head dan friction head
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
Systemhead
Flow
Static head
Frictionhead
Systemcurve
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Fluid Flow: Pump Characteristic
Static Head:• Static Head menyatakan
tekanan yang dihasilkan fluida dengan ketinggian tertentu dalam suatu kolom ruang
• Static head dalam perhitungan pompa merupakan selisih antara static head suction dengan discharge pompa
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
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Fluid Flow: Pump Characteristic
Friction Head:• Friction Head menyatakan
tekanan yang harus diberikan pompa untuk mengkompensasi tekanan yang hilang dari friction loss pada sistem perpipaan
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
Frictionhead
Flow
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Fluid Flow: Pump Characteristic
• Total differential head dapat dinyatakan dalam perbedaan tekanan di suction dan discharge pompa
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
• ΔH = Total differential head (m)
• Pd = Pump discharge pressure (kg/m2G)
• Ps = Pump suction pressure (kg/m2G)
• SG =Fluid specific gravity
SG
PPH sd
10
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Fluid Flow: Pump Characteristic
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) :• Merupakan nilai head yang dibutuhkan untuk memberikan selisih
antara tekanan fluida di sisi pump dengan nilai tekanan uap (vapor pressure) dari fluida yang dipompakan pada temperatur operasi
• Terdapat dua tipe NPSH, NPSH available (NPSHA) dan NPSH required (NPSHR)
• NPSH available (NPSHA) adalah nilai NPSH di pump suction nozzle dan merupakan fungsi dari sistem hydraulic (perpipaan) di suction pompa
• NPSH required (NPSHR) adalah nilai NPSH di impleller centrerline pompa dan merupakan fungsi dari desain pump inlet. Nilai NPSHr dihitung oleh pump manufacturer
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
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Fluid Flow: Pump Characteristic
NPSH available:• Perhitungan NPSHa:
• P = Tekanan absolut di suction vessel (m)
• Hs = Static head di pump suction (m)
• Hf = Friction loss di pump suction (m)
• Hvp = Fluid Vapor Pressure (m)
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
vpfsaHHHPNPSH
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P of suction piping = 0.098 Kg/cm2G/100m 1.4m of liquid/100m
PF of suction system = 1.4/100 * 22.8 = 0.32 m (HF).
NPSHa Calculation Example
Fluid Flow and Fluid MoverFluid Flow: Pump Characteristic
3.75 m
0.60 m
3.5 kg/cm2G
1.75 m
Bubble Point Liquid
S.G.COND = 0.70
Suction Line: 15 m of 6" line,
3 x 90° elbows, 1 gate valve
Total equivalent length = 22.8 m
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• NPSHa Calculation Example
Fluid Flow and Fluid MoverFluid Flow: Pump Characteristic
liquidofm
HHHHNPSHFSVPPA
83.2
32.0
60.075.3
7.0
1053.4
7.0
1003.15.3
Hp
Hvp
Hs
HF
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Fluid Flow: Pump Characteristic
NPSHr:• Nilai NPSHr dapat diestimasi
dengan persamaan berikut:
• S n = Suction Specific Speed
• N = Speed of rotation(rpm)
• Q = Flowrate (m3/hr)• NPSHr= NPSH required (m)
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
6.082.03
4
n
r S
QNNPSH
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Fluid Flow: Pump Characteristic
Pump Shut Off Pressure:• Pump Shut Off Pressure
menyatakan tekanan discharge pompa pada saat discharge valve tertutup penuh
• P so = Shut Off Pressure (kg/cm2G)
• P smax = Max Suction Pressure (kg/cm2G)
• C = 1.25 (pump with motor drive)
• C = 1.25 (pump with turbine drive)
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
PCPPsso
max
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Fluid Flow: Pump Characteristic
Hydraulic Power:• Hydraulic power menyatakan
power minimal yang dibutuhkan untuk memompa fluida.
• Dalam menghitung hydraulic power efisiensi pompa dianggap 100%.
• P H = Hydraulic Power (kW)
• Q = Pump capacity (m3/hr)• SG = Fluid Specific Gravity• ΔH = Total Differential Head
(m)
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
368
HSGQPH
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Fluid Flow: Pump Characteristic
Brake Horse Power (BHP):• Brake horsepower (BHP)
menyatakan jumlah power aktual yang harus diberikan pada pompa.
• BHP menyatakan input power ke pompa, atau output power dari driver.
• BHP merupakan fungsi dari specific gravity.
• P H = Hydraulic Power (kW)
• Q = Pump capacity (m3/hr)• SG = Fluid Specific Gravity• ΔH = Total Differential Head
(m)• η P = Pump Efficiency
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
P
HSGQBHP
368
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Fluid Flow: Pump Characteristic
Pump Hydraulic Efficiency :• Rasio antara hydraulic
power terhadap BHP:
• BHP merupakan power yang diberikan motor ke impeller pompa
• η p = pump efficiency
• PH = Hydraulic Power (kW)
• BHP = Brake Horse Power(kW)
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
BHP
PH
p
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Fluid Flow: Pump Characteristic
Power Input from Motor :• Power yang diberikan
motor ke pump coupling
• Effisiensi motor berubah nilainya sesuai dengan load pada motor.
• V = measured voltage (Volt)
• I = measured current (Ampere)
• cos φ = Measured power factor
• η M = motor efficiency
• PM = Motor power (kW)
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
1000
cos3M
M
IVP
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Fluid Flow: Pump Characteristic
Temperature rise:• Kenaikan temperature
liquid akibat energi yang diberikan oleh pompa
• ΔH = Pump head (m)• Cp = Heat Capacity
(kcal/kgoC)
• η M = motor efficiency
• TR = Temperature rise (oC)
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
p
R C
HT
427
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Fluid Flow: Low Flow Protection
Fungsi Pump Low Flow Protection:• Mencegah kerusakan akibat overheating• Mencegah kavitasi dan vibrasi akibat sirkulasi fluida di
dalam pompa secara berlebihan• Mencegah overload pada driver
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
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Fluid Flow: Low Flow Protection
Panduan Penentuan Pump Minimum Continuous Flow:
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
Type of Service Recommended MinimumFlow, % of Design
Hydrocarbons, single-and double-suction
25-50
Water and water solutions, single-suction
40-70
Water and water solution, double-suction(>1000gpm)
70-85
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Fluid Flow: Low Flow Protection
Manual Recycle :• Sistem low flow protection
dengan biaya paling rendah. • Restriction orifice dipasang
bypass line untuk mengatur minimum flow.
• Besarnya minimum flow harus ditambahkan terhadap normal flow untuk menenetukan design flow dari pompa
• Akan ada energi yang terbuang jika pompa dioperasikan diatas minimum flow
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
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Fluid Flow: Low Flow Protection
Automatic Flow Control :• Jenis low flow protection
yang paling umum digunakan.
• Dapat digunakan dalam berbagai tipe fluida termasuk jika terdapat scale atau partikel padatan lainnya
• Control valve akan membuka sesuai jika low flow terdeteksi pada flow meter
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
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Fluid Flow: Low Flow Protection
Automatic Recycle Valve:• The automatic recalculation
(ARV) valve umumnya digunakan untuk fluida yang bersih seperti Boiler Feeed Water atau Steam Condensate
• ARV merupakan kombinasi dari check valve dan control vale.
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
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Fluid Flow: Low Flow ProtectionARV operation -No Main Flow :
Disc-Pistons Assembly berfungsi sebagai check valve untuk main flow dan mencegah aliran balik ke arah pompa. By pass modulator akan membuka sesuai dengan pump minimum flow yang dibutuhkan
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
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Fluid Flow: Low Flow Protection
ARV operation –Modulating Flow:
Terjadi pada kondisi dimana main flow + bypass flow ≥ pump minimum flow; main flow < pump minimum flow
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
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Fluid Flow: Low Flow Protection
ARV operation –Main Flow Only:
Jika main flow lebih besar dari pada pump minimum flow., jalur recirculation flow akan menutup.
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
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Fluid Flow: Low Flow ProtectionARV component:1. Check Valve Disc prevents mencegah
aliran balik dan mengatur posisi by pass modulator dengan mendeteksi besarnya permintaan flow rate
2. Bypass modulator untuk mengatur by-pass flow
3. Flow Straightener untuk mencegah turbulensi
4. Integral Pulsation Dampener untuk mencegah water hammer akibat perubahan flow secara mendadak
5. Integral Check Valve untuk mencegah aliran balik di aliran by-pass
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
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Pemilihan Low Flow Protection System
Fluid Flow and Fluid MoverFluid Flow: Low Flow Protection
Protection System Power size (kW)
Manual Recycle <22.4
Automatic Recirculation Valve
>26.1
Automatic Flow Control >22.4
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Fluid Flow: Pump Curve• Pump curve dibuat oleh pump manufacturer untuk
menampilak informasi mengenai performance dan karakteristik dari pompa tersebut
• Informasi yang umumnya ditampilkan di pump curve:• Head vs Flowrate• Power vs Flowrate• Pump efficiency vs Flowrate,• NPSH vs Flowrate
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
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Fluid Flow: Pump Curve
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
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Fluid Flow: Pump Curve
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
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Fluid Flow: Pump Curve
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
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Tipe Pump Performance Curve
Fluid Flow and Fluid MoverFluid Flow: Pump Curve
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Flat Pump Performance Curve• Pada flat pump curve perubahan yang signifikan pada
flowrate tidak memberikan perubahan yang signifikan terhadap head.
• Digunakan pada sistem yang tidak membutuhkan head tinggi, tapi nilai head stabil dalam rentang kapasitas pompa yang lebar. Umumnya dipakai pada sistem dengan multi sirkuit, misal fire water pump
• Peningkatan head tidak lebih dari 25% jika operating flowrate bergerak ke arah shut-off head
Fluid Flow and Fluid MoverFluid Flow: Pump Curve
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Steep Pump Performance Curve• Pada steep pump curve perubahan kecil pada flow rate
dapat menyebabkan perubahan yang signifikan terhadap head
• steep pump curves diaplikasikan pada sistem yang memiliki head loss tinggi pada flowrate rendah. Atau pada sistem yang membutuhkan head tinggi dan flowrate relatif konstan
Fluid Flow and Fluid MoverFluid Flow: Pump Curve
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Drooping Pump Performance Curve•Pada drooping performace curve pump mencapai peak head pada nilai tertentu , dan nilai head menurun jika operating fowrate bergerak ke arah shut-off•Tidak dapat diaplikasikan pada sistem yang memiliki system head curve yang relatif datar (flat) karena system head curve akan memiliki lebih dari satu titik potong dengan pump head curve
Fluid Flow and Fluid MoverFluid Flow: Pump Curve
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Fluid Flow: Adjusting Pump Performance Curve
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
• Performance dari centrifugal pump dapat dimodifikasi secara permanen dengan mengubah speed atau impeller diameter
• Perubahan Performance dengan mengubah speed dan impeller diameter mengikuti “affinity law”
• “Affinity law” merupakan korelasi matematis yang menunjukkan perubahan pump capacity, head, dan power dengan mengubah pump speed atau impller diameter dengan menganggap komponen lain konstan
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Fluid Flow: Adjusting Pump Performance Curve
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover
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Fluid Flow: Work Procedure for Basic Design of Pump
Fluid Flow and Fluid Mover