Flow assurance work process - Seoul National University · 2020. 10. 7. · Paraffin build-up in...
Transcript of Flow assurance work process - Seoul National University · 2020. 10. 7. · Paraffin build-up in...
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Flow Assurance
서유택
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Petroleum Industry
• Upstream: Exploration and Production
• Midstream: Transportation (Field to Refinery)
• Downstream: Refining and Marketing
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Upstream
• Three major oil/gas flow systems
1. Reservoir
2. Wellbore (Casing/Tubing)
3. Surface (Flowline/Treating)
(Surface/Platform/Topside/Ocean floor)
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Pressure drop in flow systems
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Reservoirs
• Accumulation of hydrocarbons
- Oil and/or Gas plus initial saturated water
- Contaminants
- Free water
• Trapped underground within porous and permeable rock
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Reservoir
• Trap rock retains the hydrocarbons in the reservoir rock. Without a seal rock,
hydrocarbons cannot be retained. The hydrocarbons will flow until they reach
another reservoir with a trap and seal rock.
• Seal rock is impermeable and made up of fine grains or salt such as shale,
anhydrite and gypsum. Its impermeability prevents the migration of
hydrocarbons and retains the hydrocarbon in a reservoir under a trap.
• Reservoirs exist anywhere from the land surface to 30,000 ft (9,000 m) below
the surface and are in a variety of shapes, sizes and ages. The hydrocarbons
will stay in the reservoir until they are discovered, extracted and processed into
oil and gas products
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Reservoir rock
• Rock – Water – Reservoir fluids
• Gas in the reservoir is saturated with water vapor at reservoir condition
• For an oil reservoir to form, porous rock needs to be covered by a non-porous
layer such as salt, shale, chalk or mud rock that does not allow hydrocarbons to
leak from the structure.
Gas
Sand
Grain
Water
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Reservoir fluids
• Hydrocarbons: Oil and Gas
• Water
- Irreducible
- Mobile
• Contaminants
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Reservoir fluids
• Hydrocarbon vapour – Natural gas (Gas)
• Hydrocarbon liquid
- Oil (If liquid when in reservoir)
- Condensate (If vapour when in reservoir)
• Fluid
- Liquid or Vapor
oil / condensate / water
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Petroleum fluids
• Large number of petroleum compounds mixed together
• Individual molecules
- “Hydro” or hydrogen
- “Carbon” or carbon
• Classification:
- Open chain vs Cyclic chain (Ring)
- Single or Multiple carbon bonding
: Single = saturated
: Multiple = unsaturated
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Petroleum fluids
Paraffin
= Alkane
(CnH2n+2)
Note:
Paraffin wax= 20<n<40
Naphthene
= Cycloalkane
C5H10
CH3C5H10
C6H12
Sweet corrosion
Sour corrosion
LNG
LPG
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Hydrocarbon molecules
• More than C3, getting closer to the properties of liquid hydrocarbon
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Open chains – Single bonds
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Paraffin build-up in flowline
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Ring chain – Single bonds
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Asphaltenes
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Open chain – Double bond
• Very small fraction in the reservoir
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Ring chain – Double bonds
• Aromatic components: Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene (BTEX)
• Hazardous!! → must track the composition in every stream
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Hydrocarbon classification
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Four H-C Series: C6
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Natural Gas
• Mixture of mainly smaller sized hydrocarbons
- Light hydrocarbons C1 – C4
- Intermediates C5 – C9
• Described by
1. Chemical composition
(C1, C2, C3, C4, ………….., C7+)
2. Gas specific gravity
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Gas sample – chemical composition
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Gas sample – chemical composition
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Gas composition – Fractional analysis
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Natural Gas
• Mixture of mainly smaller sized hydrocarbons
- Light hydrocarbons C1 – C4
- Intermediates C5 – C9
• Described by
1. Chemical composition
(C1, C2, C3, C4, ………….., C7+)
2. Gas specific gravity: SGg
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Gas specific gravity
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Natural Gas Compositions
ComponentPluto
(mol %)
NWS
(mol %)
Gorgon
(vol. %)
Jansz
(vol. %)
Browse
(mol %)
Ichthys
(mol %)
N2 8.1 0.8 2.0 2.3 0.5 0.4
CO2 1.9 3.0 14.0 0.3 9.8 8.5
CH4 83.0 85.3 76.7 91.5 79.3 70.0
C2H6 3.9 5.8 3.2 3.8 5.6 10.3
C3H8 1.4 2.2 0.9 1.1 2.1 4.2
C4H10 0.7 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.9 1.9
C5+ 1.4 1.9 0.1 0.6 1.8 4.4
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Crude oil
• Mixture of large range of H-C (includes “Heavies”)
• Described by
1. Liquid specific gravity
2. oAPI (American Petroleum Institute: First standards issued in 1924)
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Single component hydrocarbon at standard conditions
• C1 – C4: Vapor phase
• C6 – C17: Liquid phase
• C18 – + : Solid phase (paraffin, asphaltene)
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Typical oil field composition
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Different crude oil sample
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Different crude oil samples
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Phase behavior – Single component
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Changes in Petroleum Phases
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Vapor pressure for light hydrocarbons
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Physical properties of hydrocarbons
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Hydrostatic head: Fresh water
• 8.3372 lbm/gal ( = ppg, pound per gallon)
= 8.3372 lb / 0.13368 ft3 = 62.37 lb/ft3
• Transform the density to pressure
psi = pounds per square inch
62.37 lb / (12 inch * 12 inch) = 0.433 psi
→ 1 foot depth of fresh water exerts 0.433 psi pressure
: Hydrostatic head
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Q. How much pressure does a 10 foot column of liquid C10 exert at its
base?
A. P = 0.433 * SGL * H
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Fluid viscosity
• Symbol: μ
- Internal resistance of a fluid to flow against itself
- Usually measured in centipoise
• Absolute viscosity: μ
- Greek letter mu
- Units: Centipoise
• Kinematic viscosity: ν
- Greek letter nu
- Units: Centistrokes
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Absolute (μ) and Kinematic (ν) viscosity
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Oil viscosity vs. Temperature
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Oil viscosity vs. Temperature
• Dominant effect by temperature
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Effect of solution gas on oil viscosity
• Gas dissolution reduces viscosity
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Phase diagram: Two components
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Phase behavior
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Phase behavior
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Petroleum fluid classification
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Reservoir composition vs. GOR
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Reservoir classification
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Critical pressure and critical temperature
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Exercise 1.
• Calculate Ppc and Tpc for a gas mixture composed of
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Tc, Pc from SG
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Compressibility Factor: Z
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Compressibility Factor: Z
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Exercise 2.
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Thank you