fli6«otf / /fHoljxLgtf =+ ;f+;bx¿sf]nflu...

$: fli6«otf / /fHoljxLgtf =+ ;f+;bx¿sf]nflu xft]k'l:tsfarchive.ipu.org/PDF/publications/nationality_nep.pdf · k|f Ssyg æk|To ]s JolQmnfO { /fli6 «otfsf ] clwsf/ 5 . s; }nfO { klg$
UN

HC

R/fli6

«ot

f/

/fH

olj

xLg

tf=+ ;

f+;b

x¿

sf ] n

flux

ft] k

'l: ts

fIP

U

;f+;bx¿sf] nflu xft] k'l:tsf g+= !! – @))%

;f+;bx¿sf] nflu xft] k'l:tsf;f+;bx¿sf] nflu xft] k'l:tsf/fli6«otf / /fHoljxLgtf/fli6«otf / /fHoljxLgtf=+ =+= +

ægful/stf dflg;sf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/ xf] hf]clwsf/x¿ k|Tofe"t ug]{ clwsf/ eGbf klg dfly x'G5 .Æ

k|wfgGofofwLz cn{ jf/]g -;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf !(%*_

cGt/–;+;bLo o'lgog

o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=z/0ffyL{sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no



/fli6«otf / /fHoljxLgtf

;f+;bx¿sf] nflu xft] k'l:tsf

@

s[t1tf

of] xft] k'l:tsf cGt/–;+;bLo o'lgogsf] k|hftGq / dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL :yfoL;ldltsf] ;xof]udf tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .

cg';Gwfg tyf ljZn]if0fM Sof/f]n afrn/ / lkmlnk] n]Sns{ -o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=_

n]vsM >L dfl/lng Pls/f]g

;Dkfbg ;ldltMo"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=M Pl/sf km]n]/, lkmlnk] n]Sns{, hf]; l/P/f / ;f/f af:;]6\6Lcf=lk=o"=M PG8/ la= hf]G;g / sl/g hfA/]

d"nk|ltM c+u|]hLse/ l8hfOgM HofS; jf08\ˆn', :6'l8of] OGkmf]u|fkmL, :jL6\h/Nof08d' lb|tM ;]G6«n]; 8] nfp;fg] k|];, :jL6\h/Nof08

cg'jfbsM xl/ km"ofn, clwjQmf / o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/= sf7df08f}

k|f Ssyg

æk|To]s JolQmnfO{ /fli6«otfsf] clwsf/ 5 . s;}nfO{ klg /fli6«otfsf] clwsf/af6:j]R5frf/L ¿kn] jl~rt ul/g] 5}g g t pgLx¿sf] /fli6«otf kl/j{tg ug]{ clwsf/ g}OGsf/ ul/g]5 .Æ tL ;+lIfKt egfOx¿;Fu} ;g\ !($* sf] dfgjclwsf/;DaGwLljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqsf] wf/f !% n] ljZjsf] s'g} klg s'gfdf s'g} klg JolQmnfO{/fHo;Fu sfg"gL ;DaGw /fVg] clwsf/ k|bfg ub{5 . gful/stf cyjf /fli6«otf -oL b'O{zAbnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP cg';f/ o; xft] k'l:tsfdf Ps csf{sf]kof{ojfrLsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] 5_ n] hgtfdf klxrfgsf] af]w dfq u/fpFb}g o;n]/fHoaf6 JolQmn] kfpg] ;+/If0f / cGo gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ bfaL ug{] xsk|bfg ub{5 . jf:tjdf gful/stfnfO{ æclwsf/x¿ k|Tofe"t ug]{ clwsf/Æ sf] ¿kdfljj]rgf ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

gful/stfsf] k|flKt, cGTo jf OGsf/L ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g eP tfklg ljZjsfnfvf}+ dflg;x¿ /fli6«otf ljxLg 5g\ . ltgLx¿ /fHoljxLg x'g\ . /fHoljxLgtfsf] cj:yfljleGg sf/0fx¿af6 ;[hgf x'g;S5 . h:t} sfg"gx¿sf] cGtå{Gb nufot /fHoIf]qsf]:yfgfGt/0f, j}jflxs sfg"gx¿, k|zf;lgs cEof;x¿, lje]b, hGdbtf{sf] cefj,u}/–/fli6«os/0f -ha /fHon] s'g} JolQmsf] /fli6«otf /2 ub{5_, / kl/Tofu -ha s'g}JolQmn] /fHosf] ;+/If0fsf] OGsf/L ub{5_ /x]sf 5g\ .

clwsf+z ljZjsf /fHoljxLg dflg;x¿ ank"j{s lj:yfkgsf] lzsf/ klg x'g k'u]sf 5g\ . cfˆgf]af;:yfg 5f]8\g afWo kfl/Psf dflg;x¿ ljz]if u/L /fHoIf]qsf] k'gMl;df+sg ubf{lj:yflkt ePsfx¿ /fHoljxLgtfsf] hf]lvddf k/]sf 5g\ eg] /fHoljxLg tyfu}/–/fli6«os/0f ul/Psf JolQmx¿nfO{ k|foM pgLx¿ a;f]af; ub{} cfPsf] af;:yfg5f8\g afWo u/fOPsf] 5 . o;sf] ;DaGw z/0ffyL{x¿sf] cj:yf;Fu ePsf]n] k|f/lDes¿kdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo z/0ffyL{ ;DaGwL pRrfo'Qmsf]sfof{nonfO{ /fHoljxLgtfsf] lgjf/0f tyf Go"lgs/0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf] ¿kdflgo'Qm u/]sf] 5 .

xfnsf] cg'dfg cg';f/ ljZjel/ g} nueu ! s/f]8 !) nfv /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿ /x]sf5g\ . t/ of] ;+Vof cGbfhL xf] . /fHoljxLgtfsf] cjwf/0ffaf/] /fi6«x¿aLr dt}Sotf x'gg;Sgfn], k|foM ;/sf/x¿ /fHoljxLgtfsf] ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs ug{ clgR5's /x]sf]n] //fHoljxLgtfsf] cj:yf cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] sfo{;"rLsf] pRr k|fyldstfdfgk/]sf];d]t sf/0fn] o;;Fu ;DalGwt ;+u7gx¿nfO{ lj:t[t tYof+s ;+sng ug{ w]/}sl7gfO k/]sf] 5 .

#

$

xfnsf jif{x¿df, dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg k|lt cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfo cem ;hu ePsf]sf/0fn] ubf{ ;fd"lxs knfog tyf ank"j{s lj:yflkt x'gaf6 hf]ufpg ;xof]u k'u]sf]5 . To:t} cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwx¿df ;dfj]z ePsf l;4fGtx¿df cfwfl/t eP/hgr]tgfsf] clej[l4 x'Fbf /fHox¿ /fHoljxLgtfsf] ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ afWo 5g\ ./fHo;Fu jf:tljs tyf k|efjsf/L ;DaGw /fVg] s'g} klg JolQmsf] gful/stf ;DaGwL;'ljwfnfO{ lkmtf{ lng] jf /f]s nufpg] clwsf/ pgLx¿nfO{ 5}g eGg] s'/f ;/sf/x¿n]cf}krfl/s tyf Jojxfl/s ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug'{ kb{5 .

;+f;bx¿n] /fHoljxLgtfsf] 36gfx¿nfO{ pGd"ng tyf Go"lgs/0f ug]{ k|ltj4tf k|bz{gug]{ pQd pkfo cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g cg'¿k /fli6«o sfg"g lgdf{0f ug'{ xf] h;n] ubf{s'g}klg JolQm :j]R5frf/L 9+uaf6 /fli6«otfaf6 jl~rt x'g gk/f];\ eGg] s'/fsf];'lglZrt ub{5 . To:tf] /fli6«o sfg"gåf/f vf; kl/l:yltx¿df /fHoljxLg x'g ;Sg]JolQmx¿nfO{ /fli6«otf k|bfg ul/g] 5 cGoyf pgLx¿ /fHoljxLg x'g ;S5g\ . To;} u/LTo:tf] /fli6«o sfg"gåf/f /fHoljxLg ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ kof{Kt ;+/If0f k|bfg x'g]5 .s'g} JolQmnfO{ /fHosf] gLltn] hfgLhfgL jf c;fjwfgLsf sf/0f /fHoljxLg x'g glbg]s'/fsf] ;'lglZrt u/]/, /fHoljxLg ePsfx¿sf] d'2f ;dfwfg ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ k|]l/t u/]/,/ /fHoljxLg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿af/] ;+f;bx¿n] cfkm\gf dtbftfx¿dfem 5nkmnu/L r]tgf clej[l4 u/L dxTjk"0f{ …/vjf/L]]Úsf] e"ldsf klg lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g\ .

of] xft] k'l:tsfn] /fHoljxLgtfsf] dfgjLo cfofdnfO{ cf]e]mndf gkf/L ;+;b ;b:ox¿n]ug{ ;Sg] sfo{ / ;DalGwt ;jfnx¿ tyf ;DefJo ;dfwfgx¿af/] ;'emfj k|:t'tub{5 . ljZjel/sf nfvf}+ k'?if, dlxnf tyf afnjflnsfx¿sf] hLjgdf k|lts"n k|efjkfg]{ o:tf 36gfx¿sf] Go"lgs/0f ug{ tyf cGtQf]uTjf pGd"ng ug{ cfjZos sbdrfNgsf] nflu o;n] ;+f;bx¿sf nflu cfjZos ;+oGqsf] ¿kdf sfo{ ug{ ;xof]uk'¥ofpg] 5 eGg] s'/fdf xfdL cfzfjfbL 5f}+} .

PG6f]lgcf] u'6]/]; P08;{ la= hf]G;g

z/0ffyL{sf nflu dxf;lrj

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo pRrfo'Qm cGt/–;+;bLo o'lgog

ljifo–;"rL

s[t1tf ===============================================================================================@

k|fSsyg ============================================================================================ #

kl/ro ================================================================================================ ^

kl/R5]b != /fli6«otfsf] clwsf/ tyf /fHoljxLgtfsf] Go"lgs/0f;DaGwLcGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL ¿k/]vf =====================================================(

kl/R5]b @= /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] klxrfg / ;+/If0f ============================== @)

kl/R5]b #= /fHoljxLgtfsf sf/0fx¿sf] pGd"ng ===================================== #@

kl/R5]b $= o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=sf] e"ldsf ================================================ %@

kl/R5]b %= ;f+;bx¿n] s;/L ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ ==================================== %(

kl/lzi6 != /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] x}l;ot;DaGwL ;g\ !(%$ sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGwsf kIf /fi6«x¿ =======================================^%

kl/lzi6 @= /fHoljxLgtf Go"lgs/0f ug{];DaGwL ;g\ !(^! sf];+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGwsf kIf /fi6«x¿ ============================== ^&

kl/lzi6 #= ;lDdng ug{] lnvtx¿sf gd"gfx¿ ======================================= ^*

kl/lzi6 $= o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=sf k|ltlglwTjx¿ ======================================== &)

;+If]kdf o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/= / cfO=lk=o"= ======================================================= &(

%

^

kl/ro

xfdL s'g} Ps b]zsf gful/sx¿ ;fdfGotof gful/stfn] k|bfg u/]sf clwsf/ TfyfbfloTjx¿ u|x0f ub{5f}++ . xfdL dWo] k|foM ;a}n] cfˆgf aRrfx¿nfO{ ljBfnodf egf{ ug{,la/fdL kbf{ cf}ifwf]krf/ k|fKt ug{, cfjZos kbf{ /f]huf/Lsf] nflu cfj]bg lbg /;/sf/df xfd|f k|ltlglwx¿ lgjf{lrt ug{ dtbfg ug{ ;S5f}+ . xfdL a;]sf] /fi6«df xfd|f]lx:;f 5 eGg] dx;'; ub{5f}+ . xfd|f] JolQmTj eGbf klg ljzfn efjgf;Fu;DalGwt 5f}+ eGg] dx;'; ub{5f}+ .

t/ /fli6«otf gePsf /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] hLjg s:tf] xf]nf < gful/stfljgfs'g}klg JolQmn] cfkm" a;]sf] b]zsf] dtbftf ;"rLdf cfˆgf] gfd btf{ ug{, ofqfcg'dltkqsf] nflu cfj]bg lbg, ljjfx btf{ ug{ ;Sb}g . sltko cj:yfdf cfˆgf]pTklQsf] b]z jf klxnf] a;f]af;sf] b]z aflx/ ePsf /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿nfO{ olb tLb]zx¿n] k'gM k|j]zdf /f]s nufP eg] pgLx¿ nfdf] cjlw;Dd y'gfdf kg{ ;S5g . k|foMpQm b]z;Fusf] sfg"gL ;DaGw k|dfl0ft ug{ g;Sg] JolQmx¿nfO{ h:t} lzIff,:jf:Yof]krf/ / /f]huf/L nufotsf cfwf/e"t clwsf/x¿ k|Tofe"t ug{ OGsf/ ul/G5 .

;g\ @))# df z/0ffyL{sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6««;+3Lo pRrfo'Qm -o'=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/_ sf]sfof{non] u/]sf] /fHoljxLgtf ;DaGwL ;j]{If0fn] ljZjsf s'g} klg If]q /fHoljxLgtfsf];d:ofaf6 d'Qm 5}g eGg] s'/f k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . tyflk ljZjel/sf /fHoljxLgx¿sf]lglZrt ;+Vof olsg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . /fi6«x¿ k|foM h;f] jf:tljs tYof+s pknAwu/fpg clgR5's jf c;Ifd 5g\ / s]xL /fi6«x¿;Fu dfq /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] btf{ug]{ ;+oGq 5g\ . oyfy{df, /fi6«x¿n] ltgLx¿sf] e"lddf /x]sf /fHoljxLgx¿sf] ;+Vofsf]af/]df hfgsf/L lbg' kg]{ :ki6 k|fjwfg 5}g . ljZjel/ nfvf}+ /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿k|efjsf/L /fli6«otfljgf afFlr/x]sf 5g\ eGg] cg'dfg o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=sf] sfof{non]u/]sf] 5 .

aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] k"jf{4{lt/ /fHoljxLgtfnfO{ klxnf]k6s ljZjJofkL ;d:ofsf] ¿kdfklxrfg ul/of] . /fHoljxLgtfsf] ;d:of /fi6«x¿sf aLr JolQmx¿sf] sfg"gL klxrfg;DaGwL ljjfbx¿, /fHosf] pQ/flwsf/, ;dfhsf s]lx vf; ;d"xx¿sf] nfdf] ;dob]lvsf] ;LdfGtLs/0f, jf JolQm tyf ;d"xx¿sf] /fli6«otf vf]:g]] sfo{af6 pTkGgx'g;Sb5 . ;fdfGotof /fHoljxLgtf cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwdf ePsf] 7"nf] kl/jt{gsf]

d a:g] b]zn] …xf]OgÚ eg]kl5, d hGd]sf] b]zn] …xf]OgÚ eg] kl5, d]/f] cfdfafa'sf]b]zn] …xf]OgÚ eg]kl5, …ltdL xfdL;Fu ;DalGwt 5}gf}Ú eg]sf] ;w}+ ;'g]kl5, d sf]xLklg xf]Og eGg] dx;'z u5{' / dnfO{ d lsg afFlr/x]5' eGg] yfxf 5}g . /fHoljxLgePsf]n] ltdLnfO{ d"NoljxLgtfsf] efjn] ;bf ;tfO{/xG5 .

nf/f, k"j{ /fHoljxLg

;do;Fu} hf]l8Psf]5 . cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldfgfx¿sf] k'gM/]vfª\sg, /fli6«o g]tfx¿åf/f lglxt:jfy{sf] /fhg}lts nIo k|flKtsf nflu /fhgLlts k|0ffnLdf ul/g] rnv]n tyfcnf]sk|Lo /+u, wfld{s tyf hftLo cNk;+Vosx¿nfO{ alx:sf/ jf ;LdfGts[t ug{/fli6«otfaf6 al~rt jf OGsf/Laf6 ljZjsf x/]s If]qx¿df /fHoljxLgtfsf] pTklQePsf] kfOG5 . ljutsf @) jif{df, a9\bf] ;+Vofdf JolQmx¿ pgLx¿sf] /fli6«otfaf6jl~rt ePsf 5g\ ;fy} k|efjsf/L gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . olb o:tf]l:yltnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] xf] eg] k|efljt JolQmx¿sfaLr al9/x]sf] ljd'vLs/0fn]cGTodf lj:yfkg lgDTofpg ;Sb5 .

;f+;bx¿nfO{ /fli6«otf / /fHoljxLgtf lgoldt ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o l;4fGtx¿sf] lj:t[tljj/0f k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zo o; xft] k'l:tsfn] lnPsf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gn] /fi6«x¿nfO{gful/sx¿sf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ / gful/stf k|flKt, ;dflKt / sfod /fVg] cj:yfx¿ Tff]Sg];DaGwdf Jofks :jljj]sLo clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] Jofks :jljj]sLoclwsf/nfO{ aL;f}+ ztfAbLdf ljsl;t dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL l;4fGtx¿n]/fHoljxLgtfsf] ;[hgf ug{] u/L / lje]bk"0f{ tl/sfaf6 nfu" ug]{ u/L k|of]u ug{ gldNg]bfo/fdf ;Lldt u/]sf 5g\ .

/fHoljxLgtf;Fu hf]l8Psf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ /fHox¿n] Ps;fy eP/ sfo{ul//x]sf] ePtfklg ce}m ljZjel/sf nfvf+} JolQmx¿;Fu k|efjsf/L /fli6«otf 5}g . of]xft] k'l:tsfn] cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gÙ ljz]if u/L ;g\ !(%$ sf] /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf]x}l;ot;DaGwL dxf;lGw;d]tn] ;+/If0f k|bfg u/]sf /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] clwsf/ /bfloTjx¿sf] af/]df ljj]rgf u/]sf] 5 . o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=sf] /fHoljxLgtf cGTo ug{];DaGwL k|j4{gfTds k|of;x¿sf] afah'b ! hgj/L @))& ;Dddf ^@ j6f /fi6«x¿n]dfq ;g\ !(%$ sf] dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf 5g\ . To;sf] bfFhf]df !$* /fi6«x¿n]z/0ffyL{sf] x}l;ot;DaGwL ;g\ !(%! sf] dxf;lGw / !(^& sf] cfn]vnfO{ cg'df]bgu/]sf 5g\ . of] xft] k'l:tsfn] /fHoljxLgtfsf k|d'v sf/0fx¿ af/]df k|sfz kfb{5 /;/sf/x¿n] s;/L pgLx¿sf] /fli6«otf;DaGwL sfg"gsf] nfk/jfxLk"0f{ sfof{Gjogaf6/fHoljxLgtf gx'g] cj:yf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] af/] ljj]rgf ub{5 .

/fHoljxLgtfsf 36gfdf sld Nofpg / /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿n] k|efjsf/L /fli6«otf k|fKtug{] sfo{df ;xfof]u ug{sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=nfO{ lhDd]jf/L

ægful/stf vf]l;g' ljZj ;Eotfaf6 cnUofOg' xf] . of] c;Eo jf h+unL dfG5]cfˆg} h+unL u'kmfsf] hLjgdf kmls{g' h:t} xf]=== of] dflg;sf] s]xL gePsf] cj:yfdfq geO{ p;nfO{ cGo JolQmx¿n] dflg; ;/x Jojxf/ ug]{ u'0f g/x]sf] cj:yfxf]=== pgLx¿ of] ;+;f/nfO{ s'g} of]ubfg gu/L klxrfga]u/ afFRg jf dg{ ;S5g\Æ

xfGgf P/]G8, ;j{;Qfjfbsf pTklQx¿

&

*

lbO{Psf] 5 . o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] of] e"ldsf lgefpg s] ub{5 eGg] s'/f of] xft]k'l:tsfn] j0f{g ub{5 . ;f+;bx¿n] gful/stf ;DaGwL sfg"gx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg /cfjZostf cg';f/ kl/j{tg u/L /fHoljxLgtfsf] 36gfdf sdL Nofpg ;xof]u ug{;S5g\ . To;} u/L ;/sf/nfO{ /fHoljxLgtf ;DaGwL] cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwx¿ ;lDdng ug{k|f]T;fxg ug{ / /fHoljxLgtf;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿df ;fj{hlgs hgr]tgf km}nfpg;xof]u ug{ rfNg ;Sg] Jojxfl/s sbdx¿ klg ;'emfj :j¿k of] xft] k'l:tsfn] k|:t'tub{5 .

of] xft] k'l:tsfn] s;/L nfdf] ;dob]lv ;dfwfg x'g g;s]sf /fHoljxLgtfsf]cj:yfx¿ ;dfwfg ul/Psf 5g\ eGg] ;DaGwdf ;sf/fTds pbfx/0f klg k|:t't u/]sf]5 . o;sf nflu ;DalGwt b]zx¿sf] /fhgLlts OR5f zlQm, gful/s ;dfhsf] ;+nUgtf/ cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] k|bfg u/]sf] ;xfotfnfO{ wGojfb 1fkg ub{5f}+ . oL c;ncEof;x¿n] s] b]vfpF5 eg] ;/sf/, gful/s ;dfh tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] Ps;fy/x]/ sfo{ ug]{ xf] eg] /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿n] cGTodf æclwsf/x¿ k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/Æsf] pkef]u ug{ ;S5g\ .

kl/R5]b !

/fli6«otfsf] clwsf/ tyf /fHoljxLgtf Go"lgs/0f ug{] ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL ¿k/]vf

/fli6«otf cToGt ;+j]bgzLn ljifo xf] . of] s'g} klg /fHosf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf tyfklxrfgsf] cfwf/ xf] . :jfefljs¿kdf gful/stf;DaGwL ljjfbx¿ k|foM h;f] /fi6« leq}jf /fi6«x¿ aLr tgfj tyf åGbdf kl/0ft x'g ;Sb5g\ . aL;f+} ztfAbLdf/fHoljxLgtfsf 36gf / dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL hgr]tgfsf] clej[l4 tyf oLljifo;DaGwL ;/f]sf/ ;Fu;Fu} a9\bf] cj:yfdf /x]sf lyP . o;/L /fli6«otf;DaGwLcGt/f{li6«o sfg"g /fHoljxLg ePsf JolQmx¿sf] ;+/If0f / ;xfotf ug]{ jf/fHoljxLgtfsf 36gfx¿nfO{ cGTo ug{ k|of; ug{] jf Go"lgs/0f ug]{ eGg] b'O{ wf/dfljsl;t eof] .

s'g} JolQm ;DalGwt /fHosf] gful/s xf] jf xf]Og eGg] ;DjGwdf s;n] lg0f{oub{5 <

;}4flGts ¿kdf /fli6«otfsf] ;jfn k|To]s /fHosf] cfGtl/s If]qflwsf/ leq kg{]ePtfklg /fHosf cfGtl/s lg0f{ox¿sf] sfof{Gjog cGo /fi6« tyf cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gsf];dfg sfo{af6 ;Lldt x'g ;Sb5g\ .

;g\ !(@# sf] 6\o"lgz tyf df]/Ssf]sf] /fli6«otf;DaGwL sfg"gdf cGt/f{li6«o Gofofnon]lbPsf] /fodf o; k|sf/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5M

æs'g} ljifo /fHosf] Psnf}6L cfGtl/s If]qflwsf/leq k5{ jf kb}{g eGg]k|Zg Ps ;fk]If k|Zg xf] . of] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf] ljsf;df e/kb{5 .Æ

cGt/f{li6«o Gofofnosf cg';f/ /fli6«otfsf ljifox¿ l;4fGttM cfGtl/s If]qflwsf/leq kb{5g\ t/ s'g} klg /fi6«n] cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gsf lgodx¿n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhdcGo /fi6«k|ltsf] bfloTjnfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf ;Ddfg ug{' kb{5 .

of] dfGotfnfO{ ;ft jif{ kl5, /fli6«otf:;DaGwL sfg"gsf] ljjfb;“u ;DalGwt s]xLlglZrt k|Zgx¿:fDaGwL x]u dxf;lGwdf k'gM pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;g\ !(@# df cGt/f{li6«oGofonon] lbPsf] /fo ;g\ !(#) sf] /fli6«otf ;DaGwL x]u dxf;lGwsf] tof/Lsf] nflulbOPsf] xf] egL w]/} /fHox¿n] cleJolQm lbPsf lyP . w]/}h;f] /fi6«n] pQm /fonfO{ljz]if u/L /fi6«sf] /fli6«otf;DaGwL lg0f{o cGo b]zsf] /fli6«otf ;DaGwL lg0f{o;FuaflemPsf] v08df /fHosf] e"ldsf ;Lldt ug]{ vfnsf] 5 egL JofVof u/]sf lyP .

(

!)

/fi6«;+3 (League of Nations) sf] tTjfjwfgdf ;DkGg ePsf] ;g\ !(#) sf] x]u dxf;lGwn] ;a}JolQmsf] /fli6«otf ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] lyof] . pQm dxf;lGwsf] wf/f ! cg';f/M

æk|To]s /fi6«n] cf̂ gf] sfg"g cg';f/ cf̂ gf gful/sx¿sf] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . o:tf sfg"gnfO{ cGo b]zx¿n] cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwx¿, cGt/f{li6«o k|yf / /fli6«otf;DaGwL dfGotf k|bfg ul/Psf l;4fGtx¿;Fu gaflemPsf] xb;Dd dfGotf k|bfg ug]{5g\ .

csf]{ zAbdf eGg'kbf{ /fi6«n] s;/L cf̂ gf gful/sx¿ lgwf{/0f ub{5 eGg] ;jfn cGt/f{li6«osfg"gsf] ;DalGwt k|fjwfg;Fu ldNbf] h'Nbf] x'g' kb{5 . aL;f}+ ztfAbLdf tL k|fjwfgx¿ qmlds¿kdf dfgjclwsf/sf kIfdf / /fHosf] ;fj{ef}ldstfsf] ljk/Lt ljsf; eP .

;g\ !($* sf] dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqsf] wf/f !% n] lgDg adf]lhdJofj:yf u/]sf] 5 M

æk|To]s JolQmnfO{ /fli6«otfsf] clwsf/ x'g]5 . s;}nfO{ klg :j]R5frf/L 9+un] p;sf]/fli6«otfaf6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g, g t p;sf] gful/stf kl/jt{g ug]{ clwsf/af6 g}jl~rt ul/g]5 .Æ

of] clwsf/ JolQm tyf /fHo aLrsf] jf:tljs tyf k|efjsf/L ;DaGwsf] cl:tTjdfcfwfl/t /x]sf]5 . k|yd k6s, ;g\ !(%% sf] gf]6]jf]d (Nottebohm) sf] d'2fdfcGt/f{li6«o Gofofnon] o:tf] ;DaGwnfO{ gful/stfsf] cfwf/e"t tTjsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ub}{ lg0{fo u/]sf] lyof] . cbfntn] km};nfdf o; k|sf/ pNn]v u/]sf]5 M

æ/fi6«sf cEof;x¿, dWo:y tyf Goflos lg0f{ox¿ / n]vssf /fo cg';f//fli6«otf ;fdflhs ;+nUgtfsf] tYo, hLjgsf] jf:tljs ;DaGw, lxt tyf efjgfsf] ;fy kf/:kl/s clwsf/ / st{Jodf cfwfl/t Ps sfg"gL aGwg xf] .Æ

jf:tljs tyf k|efjsf/L /fli6«otfsf] ;DaGw hGd, a;f]af; tyf j+zhsf] cfwf/df x'G5. oL /fli6«otfsf] ;DaGw b]vfpg] s'/fx¿ w]/}h;f] b]zsf /fli6«o sfg"gL k|fjwfgx¿dfk|ltljlDat ePsf 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} /fli6«otf;DaGwL xfn;fn}sf cGt/f{li6«ob:tfj]hx¿ h:t} ;g\ !((& sf] /fli6«otf ;DaGwL o"/f]lkog dxf;lGwdf klg k|ltljlDatePsf] kfO{G5 .

/fli6«otfnfO{ dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/–cd]l/sL cbfntn] o; k|sf/ kl/eflift u/]sf]5M

æo:tf] /fhg}lts tyf sfg"gL aGwg xf] h;n] s'g} JolQmnfO{ ;DalGwt /fHo;Fu hf]8]sf]x'G5 / p;nfO{ pQm /fHol;t OdfGbfl/tf tyf jkmfbfl/tfsf] aGwgdf afFwL To; /fHosf] s'6g}lts ;+/If0fsf] xsbf/ agfPsf] x'G5 .Æ (Castillo-Petruzzi et al v. Judgement of May

1999, IACHR ([ ser.c]No. 52 1999)

!!

s;/L z/0ffyL{ tyf /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] clwsf/x¿ ;+/If0f ul/G5 <

dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqsf] wf/f !% n] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ /fli6«otfsf]clwsf/ 5 egL pNn]v u/]tfklg o;n] s'g} JolQmnfO{ ljz]if /fli6«otfsf] xsbf/agfPsf] ljifodf eg] pNn]v ub}{g . /fli6«otfaf6 k|fKt x'g] Go"gtd clwsf/x¿af6 s'g}klg JolQm jl~rt x'g' gk/f]; eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{ cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfoåf/f ;g\!(%! sf] z/0ffyL{sf] x}l;ot\;DaGwL / ;g\ !(%$ sf] /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] x}l;ot;DaGwL b'O{ d'Vo dxf;lGwsf] ljsf; ul/Psf]5M .

/fHoljxLgtfsf] ljifo / ;g\ !(%! sf] z/0ffyL{sf] x}l;ot;DaGwL dxf;lGw aLr s'g};DaGw 5 <

bf];|f] ljZjo'4 kl5 gjul7t ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{ w]/} d'2fx¿dWo] o'4n]z/0ffyL{ agfPsf nfvf}+ JolQmx¿ jf /fHoljxLg ePsf JolQmx¿sf] cfjZostfnfO{s;/L ;Daf]wg ug]{ eGg] ljifo k|d'v d'2f ag]sf]] lyof] . ;g\ !($( sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf]cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\sf] Ps k|:tfjn] Ps tby{ ;ldlt u7g u¥of] . pQm tby{;ldltsf] sfo{ z/0ffyL{ tyf /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] x}l;ot;DaGwL dxf;lGw th'{df ug]{/ /fHoljxLgtfsf] cGTosf] k|:tfjx¿df Wofg k'¥ofpg' lyof] .

cGTotM pQm ;ldltn] /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿dfly s]lGb|t z/0ffyL{sf] x}l;ot;DaGwL dxf;lGw /pQm k|:tfljt dxf;lGwsf] cfn]v d:of}bf u¥of] . tTsfn u7g ul/Psf] cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g cfof]u/fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] d'2fdf s]lGb|t x'g]5 eGg] cg'dfg u/]sf] sf/0f pQm ;ldltn]/fHoljxLgtfsf] ;d:ofnfO{ cGTo ug]{ d'2fnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf ;Daf]wg u/]g .

clxn]sf] o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/= h:t} o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/= :yfkgf x'g' eGbf klxn] z/0ffyL{tyf /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿n] cGt/f{li6«o z/0ffyL{ ;+Ë7gAff6 ;+/If0f / ;xof]u kfpg]uy]{ . /fHoljxLgtf;DaGwL d:of}bf cfn]vsf] dg;fo z/0ffyL{ / /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿aLrsf] ;DaGw k|ltljDat ug'{ /x]sf] lyof] . t/, z/0ffyL{ / /fHoljxLg;DaGwLljifox¿df 5nkmn ug{ z'? ePsf] ;/sf/sf clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Lx¿(Plenipotentiaries) sf] ;g\ !(@# sf] ;Dd]ngdf /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] af/]df 5nkmnug{ kof{Kt ;do lyPg eGg] s'/f z/0ffyL{x¿sf] tTsfn cfjZostf tyf cGt/f{li6«oz/0ffyL{ ;Ë7gsf] lj36gn]] b]vfpF5 . o;/L pQm ;Dd]ngn] ;g\ !(%! sf] z/0ffyL{sf]x}l;ot;DaGwL dxf;lGwnfO{ cjnDag u/]tfklg /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] ;jfnnfO{;Daf]wg ug]{ cfn]vnfO{ kl5 cjnDag ug{] egL :ylut ul/of] .

;g\ !(%! sf] z/0ffyL{sf] x}l;ot;DaGwL dxf;lGw cGtu{t s'g} klg /fHoljxLg z/0ffyL{n] z/0ffyL{;/xg} ;;+/If0f k|fKt ub{5 . JolQmsf] hft, wd{, /fli6«otf, s'g} vf; ;fdflhs ;d"xsf] ;b:otf,cyjf /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/fsf] sf/0faf6 gful/stfsf] :j]R5frf/L OGsf/Ln] pm /fHoljxLgz/0ffyL{ ePsf] xf] eg] lghnfO{ z/0ffyL{ ;/x g} dfGotf lbg'kg]{ ;+s]t ub{5 .

!@

;g\ !(%$ sf] /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] x}l;ot;DaGwL dxf;lGwn] s] pNn]vub{5 <

;g\ !(%! sf] z/0ffyL{;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] cltl/Qm Joj:yfsf] ¿kdf d:of}bf ul/Psf]/fHoljxLg JolQmx¿;DaGwL cfn]vnfO{{ ;g\ !(%$ df clwsf/;DkGg dxf;lGwdfkl/0ft ul/of] . pQm ;g\ !(%$ sf] dxf;lGw /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] x}l;ot ;'wf/ tyflgoldt ug]{ p2]Zo ePsf] klxnf] cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]h xf] . o;n] /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sfdf}lns clwsf/ tyf :jtGqtfnfO{ e]befjljgf ;'lglZrt ub{5 . -;g\ !(%$ sf]dxf;lGwsf kIf/fi6«x¿sf] ;"rLsf] nflu x]g'{xf];\ kl/lzi6 !_

o; dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfgx¿ ;g\ !(%! sf] z/0ffyL{ dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfgx¿;Fu w]/}xb;Dd ldNbf]h'Nbf] 5g\ . dxf;lGwdf ;lDdng ug'{ eg]sf] /fHosf] If]qleq hGd]sf /:yfoL ¿kdf a;f]af:f u/]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ /fli6«otf k|bfg ug{] sfo{sf] lj:yfkg xf]Og .hlt Jofks ¿kdf /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿nfO{ clwsf/x¿ k|bfg u/]tfklg pgLx¿gful/stf k|fKt u/] ;/x x'Fb}gg\ .

;g\ !(%$ sf] dxf;lGwn] /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf ;DaGwdf :ki6 sfg"gL kl/efiff;dfj]z u/]sf] 5M æ/fHosf] k|rlnt sfg"g cGtu{t gful/ssf] dfGotf k|fKt gu/]sf] s'g}klg JolQmÆ -h;nfO{ sfg"gtM /fHoljxLgtf (de jure) eg]/ klg a'lemG5_ .

gful/s sf] x'g\ < /fHoljxLg sf] x'g\ <

sfg"g adf]lhd s;}nfO{ gful/s dfGgsf nflu /fHosf] gful/stf;DaGwL sfg"gn]Joj:yf u/] adf]lhd Tof] JolQm :jtM gful/s dflgG5 jf tt\;DaGwLclwsf/Lx¿sf] lg0f{oåf/f pQm JolQmnfO{ gful/stf pknAw u/fOPsf] x'G5 . To:tfsfg"gL ;+oGqx¿ ;+ljwfg, /fi6«k|d'vsf] cfb]z jf gful/stf;DaGwL sfg"g x'g;S5g\\ . k|foM JolQmx¿ s'g} Ps /fHosf] sfg"gL k|fjwfgadf]lhd dfq gful/sdflgPsf x'G5g\ . To:tf] gful/s of t p hGd]sf] /fi6«sf] sfg"g adf]lhd hGdsf]cfwf/df (jus soli) gful/s dflgPsf] x'G5 jf p hGdbf p;sf afa' cfdfsf] /fi6«sf]sfg"gadf]lhd pgLx¿ Tof] /fi6«sf] gful/s ePsf]n] j+zhsf] cfwf/df (jus sanguinis)

gful/s dflgPsf] x'G5 .

gful/stf k|bfg ug{] k|zf;lgs k|s[ofdf :jljj]sLo clwsf/ lbO{Psf] cj:yfdfgful/stfsf] cfj]bg pk/ ;DalGwt /fi6«sf] sfg"g adf]lhd k|s[of k'/f eO{gful/stf k|bfg ug]{ lg0f{o gx'Fbf;Dd gful/stfsf] nflu cfj]bg ug{] JolQm gful/s

!#

dxf;lGwsf] d:of}bfsf/x¿n] sfg"gtM /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿ / tYout ¿kdf /fHoljxLgJolQmx¿ aLr leGgtf x'g'k5{ eGg] cfjZostf dx;'; u/]sf lyP . d:of}bfsf/x¿n]tL tYout tyf sfg"gtM /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] cj:yfsf ;dfgtfnfO{ dfGotf k|bfgu/]sf lyP . dxf;lGwsf] clGtd d:of}bfn] tYout /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] ;jfnnfO{u}/–aGwgsf/L l;kmfl/; ;lxt ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5M

æs'g} gful/sn] To; /fi6«sf] ;+/If0f kl/Tofu u/]sf] dgfl;a sf/0f klxrfgub{5 eg] ;++ej eP;Dd To; JolQmnfO{ dxf;lGwn] /fHoljxLg;/x Jojxf/ug{] Joj:yf u/] adf]lhd k|To]s kIf/fi6«n] ;xfg'e"ltk"j{s Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 .Æ

/fHoljxLg;DaGwL dxf;lGwcg';f/sf] ;'ljwfsf] xsbf/ eP gePsf] s'/f k|To]s /fi6«n]:yflkt u/]sf sfo{ljlwcg';f/ lgwf{/0f x'G5 . cg'/f]w ul/Pdf To:tf sfo{ljlwx¿ s;/Lth{'df / sfof{Gjog ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=, o;sf ljleGg b]zdf /x]sfk|ltlglw / sfof{nox¿ tyf o;sf] k|wfg sfof{noaf6 ;Nnfx lng ;lsG5 .o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=sf sfof{nox¿sf] ;"rLsf nflu kl/lzi6 $ x]g'{xf];\ ._

s] /fHoljxLg JolQm z/0ffyL{ klg x'g ;S5 <

tYout /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿nfO{ ;g\ !(%$ sf] /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿;DaGwLdxf;lGwsf] kl/efiffdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g . ;g\ !(%$ sf] dxf;lGwsfd:of}bfsf/x¿n] k|efjsf/L /fli6«otfljgfsf ;a} JolQmx¿ -tYout /fHoljxLgJolQmx¿_ z/0ffyL{ x'g eGg] cg'dfg u/] . -o; dxf;lGwsf d:of}bfsf/x¿n] s'g}JolQm lghsf] /fHon] u/]sf] pTkL8g / To:tf] pTkL8g s'g} k|efjsf/L gful/stfsf]cefj;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf] sf/0faf6 p;sf] b]zaf6 knfog ePkl5 tYout ¿kdf/fHoljxLg x'G5 eGg] cg'dfg u/] ._ o;} cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df tYout /fHoljxLg

dflgb}Fg . sfg"g adf]lhd gful/stfsf] nflu cfj]bg lbg of]Uo JolQmx¿sf] cfj]bgc:jLs[t ul/Pdf To; b]zsf] sfg"g adf]lhd tL JolQmx¿ Tof] b]zsf] gful/sx'Fb}gg\ .

h;n] :jtM ¿kdf jf /fi6«sf] sfg"g adf]lhd gful/stf k|bfg ug{] clwsf/ k|fKtJolQmsf] lg0f{ofg';f/ gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf 5}gg\ eg] To:tf /fHoljxLg JolQmnfO{sfg"gtM /fHoljxLg (de jure stateless) JolQm elgG5 . k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd To:tfJolQmx¿ /fHoljxLg dflgG5g .

cGoyf k|dfl0ft geP;Dd s'g} klg JolQmsf] /fli6«otf 5 eGg] cg'dfg ul/G5 .slxn]sfxLF JolQmsf] jf:tljs ;DaGw ePsf /fHox¿ dWo To:tf] JolQmnfO{ s;n]gful/stf k|bfg u/]sf] xf] eGg] ljifodf ;xdt x'g ;Sb}gg\ . t;y{ pm cfk"m sfg"gL¿kdf /fHoljxLg x'F egL :yflkt ug{ c;dy{ x'G5 . To:tf] JolQmsf] k|efjsf/L/fli6«otf x'Fb}g / /fli6«o ;+/If0f k|fKt u/]sf] x'Fb}g . To:tf] JolQm tYout ¿kdf/fHoljxLg (de facto stateless) JolQm dflgG5 .

!$

;g\ !(^! sf] /fHoljxLgtf Go"lgs/0f ug]{ ;DaGwL dxf;lGwn] s] ljifox¿ pNn]vub{5 <

;g\ !(%) sf] cu:6df cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g cfof]unfO{ /fHoljxLgtfsf] pGd"ngsf] nflucGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw -jf dxf;lGwx¿_ d:of}bf ug{ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\n] Psk|:tfjåf/f cg'/f]w u¥of] . cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g cfof]un] sfg"gx¿sf] ljjfbaf6 pTkGg x'g]/fHoljxLgtfsf] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ b'O{ j6f dxf;lGwx¿ 5nkmnsf nflu d:of}bfu¥of] . efljiodf /fHoljxLgtfsf] pGd"ng ug{] ;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] d:of}bfdf bf];|f]d:of}bf dxf;lGwdf ;dfj]z ePsf eGbf yk k|fjwfgx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . pQmbf];|f] dxf;lGw eljiodf x'g] /fHoljxLgtfsf 36gfx¿df sdL Nofpg s]lGb|t lyof] ./fHoljxLgtf;DaGwL ;jfnx¿df 5nkmn ug{ pkl:yt ePsf ;Dd]ngsf ;xefuLx¿n]klxnf] dxf;lGw clt cfd"n kl/jt{gsf/L ePsf]n] eljiodf /fHoljxLgtfsf] Go"lgs/0fug{] ;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] d:of}bf tof/ u/L sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg ;xdt eP . of]k|ls|ofaf6 cGttM /fHoljxLgtf Go"lgs/0f ug]{ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(^! sf] b:tfj]hdf;xdlt eof] . -;g\ !(^! sf] dxf;lGwsf kIf/fi6«x¿sf] ;"rLsf] nflu kl/lzi6 @x]g'{xf];\_

;g\ !(^! sf] dxf:flGwsf k|fjwfgx¿n] hGdb} x'g] /fHoljxLgtf Go"lgs/0f ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 t/tL k|fjwfgx¿n] g t vf; cj:yfdf /fli6«otfsf] vf/]hLsf] ;DefJotfnfO{ /f]Sg ;S5g\ g tjt{dfgsf /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿nfO{ e"tnlIf ¿kdf gful/stf g} k|bfg ug{ ;S5g\ . dxf;lGwsfk|fjwfgx¿af6 kmfObf k'Ug] JolQmn] cfkm'n] u/]sf] cfj]bg pk/ 5fgljg ug{sf] nflu / pko'Qmlgsfodf cf̂ gf] bfaL k|:t't ug{ ;xof]usf nflu dxf;lGwn] Pp6f ;+oGq klg :yfkgf u/]sf] 5. dxf;efn] pQm dxf;lGwn] tf]s]sf] ;+oGqsf] sfo{ ug{sf nflu tTsfn]} o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=nfO{To:tf] e"ldsf k'/f ug{] lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] 5 .

cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g cfof]u / /fi6«sf k|ltlglwx¿n] /fHoljxLgx¿sf] nflucGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u cTofjZos x'G5 eGg] s'/f lgZro u/] . s'g} JolQmnfO{ s'g}

JolQmx¿n] ;g\ !(%! sf] z/0ffyL{sf] x}l;ot;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] k|fjwfgx¿cg';f/ cGt/f{li6«o ;xfotf k|fKt ub{5g\ .

sfg"gtM jf tYout /fHoljxLgtfn] dfq pTkL8gnfO{ hgfpFb}g . -pTkL8g x'g] k|jneosf] cj:yf ljBdfg x'g' kg{] s'/f ;g\ !(%! sf] z/0ffyL{sf] x}l;ot;DaGwLdxf;lGwn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kl/efiffsf] d'Vo ljifo xf]_ . ljutsf aif{x¿af6 s] :ki6eO;s]sf] 5 eg] tYout /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿n] cfˆgf] :yfoL a;f]af;sf] b]zsf]gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ g t z/0ffyL{sf] x}l;ot g} k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ jfsfg"gtM /fHoljxLg JolQmsf] ¿kdf g} of]Uo x'G5g\ . oyfy{df, o'=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=sf];xfotf cfjZos kg{] w]/} /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿ sfg"gtM jf tYout /fHoljxLgJolQm ePklg pgLx¿ z/0ffyL{ xf]Ogg\ / pgLx¿n] z/0fsf] bfaL klg u/]sf x'Fb}g .

!%

/fi6«sf] gful/stf k|bfg ug{ OGsf/ ul/G5 eg] p;sf] ] nflu To; b]zsf]/fli6«otfsf] bfaL ug{ cfjZos kg]{ cfly{s ;|f]t / lj1tf pknAw x' Fb}g . s'g}b]zn] s'g} JolQmsf] nflu plrt ¿kdf kxn ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfdf To;f] ug{sfnflu lhDd]jf/ x'g] Pp6f :jtGq cGt/f{li6«o lgsfosf] :yfkgf ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ x'g]7flgof] . o; cj:yfdf cGt/f{li6«o lgof]un] u/]sf] k|ltlglwTjåf/f ;DalGwtJolQm cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gsf] ljifoj:t' lyof] jf lyPg eGg] k|ZgnfO{ klg lsgf/fnufpg] 5 . o;sf] cnfjf , o:tf] sfo{df ;dlk{t eO{ sfo{ ug{ ] lgof]un] cGttMTo:tf ljifodf ljz]if1tfsf] ljsf; ub{5 . To:tf] ljz]if1tf ;DalGwt JolQmljz]ifsf nflu ;Nnfx lbg dfq geO{ k|efjsf/L gful/stf k|fKt ug{sf] nflupkfox¿ k|:t't ug{ / /fHoljxLgtf Go"lgs/0f ug{df ;d]t pkof]uL x'g]5g\ .

/fHoljxLgtf;DaGwL 36gfnfO{ Go"lgs/0f ug{sf] nflu kIf/fi6«x¿n] gful/stf k|flKt /;dflKt;DaGwL dfkb08x¿ k|ltljlDat x'g] vfnsf] gful/stf ;DaGwL sfg"g hf/L ug{'kg]{ Joj:yf ;g\ !(^! sf] dxf;lGwn] u/]sf] 5 . kIf/fi6«x¿ aLr dxf;lGwsf] JofVof/ sfof{Gjog;Fu ;DalGwt pTkGg ePsf ljjfb cGo dfWodaf6 ;dfwfg gePdfljjfbsf kIfx¿ dWo s'g} Pssf] cg'/f]wdf cGt/f{li6«o Gofofnodf k]z ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

of] dxf;lGwsf] clGtd d:of}bfn] kIf/fi6«x¿nfO{ ;Dej eP;Dd hlxn]klg tYout/fHoljxLg JolQmx¿;Fu ;DalGwt k|fjwfgx¿ yKg k|f]T;flxt ug{] ;g\ !(%$ sf]dxf;lGwsf] clGtd d:of}bfdf ;dfj]z u/]sf w]/}h;f] ;'emfjx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 .

dfgjclwsf/ sfg"gn] /fli6«otfsf] clwsf/nfO{ s;/L ;'lglZrt ub{5 <

ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL b:tfj]hx¿n] /fli6«o tfsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;Daf]wgu/]sf 5g\ . ;g\ !(%& sf] ljjflxtf dlxnfsf] /fli6«otf;DaGwL dxf;lGwn]dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqnfO{ pNn]v ub{ } /fli6«otfsf] //fli6«otfaf6 jl~rt x'g' gkg]{ clwsf/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf]5 . o;n] æn}lËse]befjlagf ;a}sf nflu dfgjclwsf/ / df}lns :jtGqtfsf] ljZjJofkL ;Ddfg/ cg'udgÆ sf] k|j4{g ug{ klg sf]lzz ub{5 . dxf;lGwsf] wf/f # ;DdkTgLsf] /fli6«otf;Fu ;DalGwt ljz]if k|fjwfgx¿ ;dfj]z 5g\ M

æPs lbg d b'O{ b]zsf l;dfgfx¿sf] aLrdf pleO/x]sf] lyPF / s'g} klg b]zdfhfg ;s]sf] lyPg . of] d]/f] hLjgsf] ;a}eGbf clj:d/0fLo If0f lyof] Û h'g b]zdfd a;]sf] lyPF Tof] b]zdf hfg ;ls/x]sf] lyPg / d hGd]sf], x's]{sf] / a;]sf] b]zdfklg hfg ;ls/x]sf] lyPg . d s'g 7fpF:fFu :fDalGwt 5' < Po/kf]6{df cg'ej u/]sf]kL8fbfoL efjgf d cem} la;{g ;lSbg .Æ

r]g, k"j{ /fHoljxLg

!^

wf/f ! n] æs'g} gful/sn] ljb]zL;Fu ljjfx ;DkGg u/]sf]n] jf ljjfxsf] ;dflKtePsf]n] jf ljjfx cjlwdf kltn] cfˆgf] /fli6«otf kl/jt{g u/]sf] sf/0faf6kTgLsf] /fli6«otfnfO{ :jtM c;/ kfb}{g eGg] lglZrt ub{5 .Æ

wf/f @ n] æcsf]{ /fi6«sf] /fli6«otfsf] :j]lR5s k|flKtn] jf cfˆgf]] /fli6«otfsf] kl/Tofu u/]sf] sf/0fn] To; gful/ssf] kTgLsf] To; /fi6«sf] /fli6«otf sfod/flv/xg s'g} /f]s nufpFb}g egL pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .Æ

wf/f # nfO{ b'O{ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 / o:n] s] pNn]v ub{5 eg]æs'g} gful/ssf] -kIf/fi6«sf]_ ljb]zL kTgLn] pgsf] cg'/f]wdf ljz]if ;x'lnotc+uLs/0f k|lqmofaf6 cfˆgf] kltsf] /fi6«sf] /fli6«otf k|fKt ug{ ;Sbl5g .ÆæTo;/L k|bfg ul/Psf] /fli6«otf pk/ /fli6«o ;'/Iff jf ;fj{hlgs gLltsf]lxtsf] nflu nufO{Psf l;dfx¿ nfu' x'g ;S5g\ .Æ dxf;lGwsf kIf/fi6«x¿n]æcfˆgf] gful/ssf] ljb]zL kTgLn] kltsf] /fli6«otf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]clwsf/nfO{ sfg"g tyf Goflos Jojxf/nfO{ c;/ kfg]{ u/LÆ dxf;lGwsf] JofVofug]{ 5}gg\ eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

:fg\ !(^% sf] :fa} lsl;dsf hftLo e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwn ]k|To]s JolQmnfO{ j0f{, /Ë, /fli6«o jf hftLo pTklQsf cfwf/df e]befjljgf /fli6«otfsf]clwsf/nufot ljleGg df}lns clwsf/x¿sf] pkef]usf nflu sfg"gsf] b[li6df;dfgtfsf] clwsf/ k|Tofe"t ug{ /fi6«x¿nfO{ bfloTj tf]s]sf] 5 . -wf/f %_

;g\ !(^^ sf] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGwsf] wf/f @$n] pNn]v u/] cg';f/M

æk|To]s afnaflnsnfO{ pm afns ePsf] sf/0fn] kfpg' kg{] ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/ p;sf]hflt, j0f{, lnË, efiff, wd{, /fli6«otf jf ;fdflhs pTklQ, ;DklQ jf hGdsf] cfw f/df e]befjljgf lghsf] kl/jf/, ;dfh tyf /fi6«af6 k|fKt x'g]5 .Æ

æk|To]s afnaflnsf hGd]kl5 t'¿Gt} btf{ ul/g]5 / lghsf] gfd /flvg]5 . Æ

æk|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ /fli6«otf k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5 .Æ

cg'aGwsf] wf/f @^ n]] æ;a} JolQmx¿ sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg x'g]5g\ / ljgfe]befjsfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0fsf xsbf/ 5g\ . o; ;DaGwdf sfg"gn] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befjnfO{lgif]w ug]{5 / ;a} JolQmnfO{ hflt, j0f{, lnË, efiff, wd{, /fhgLlts jf cGo ljrf/wf/f,/fli6«otf jf ;fdflhs pTklQ, ;DklQ, hGd jf cGo x}l;otsf cfwf/df x'g] s'g} klge]befj lj?4 ;dfg tyf k|efjsf/L ;+/If0fsf] k|Tofe"lt lbO{g]5 .Æ eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

!&

;g\ !(&( sf] dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug{] ; DaGwL cGt/f{li6«odxf;lGwsf ] wf/f ( n] lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v u/]sf] 5M

ækIf /fi6«x¿n] dlxnfnfO{ k'?if ;/x /fli6«otf k|fKt ug]{, kl/jt{g ug]{ jfwf/0f ug]{ ;dfg clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{5g\ . kIf/fi6«x¿n] vf; u/]/ ljb]zL;Fuljjfx u/]sf] sf/0faf6 jf ljjflxt cj:yfdf kltn] /fli6«otf kl/jt{g u/]sf]sf/0faf6 kTgLsf /fli6«otf :jtM kl/jt{g gx'g], lghnfO{ /fHoljxLg gagfOg]jf kltsf] /fli6«otf u|x0f ug{ afWo x'g' gkg]{ Joj:yf ;'lgZrt ug]{5g\ .Æ

ækIf/fi6«x¿n] afnaflnsfsf] /fli6«otf ;DaGwdf dlxnfnfO{ k'?if ;/xsf] ;dfg clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{5g\ .Æ

k|foM ;a} /fi6«x¿n] cg'df]bg u/]sf] ;g\ !(*( sf] afnclwsf/ :fDaGwL dxf;lGwdf /fli6«otf;DaGwL b'O{ dxTjk"0f{ wf/fx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf5g\M

wf/f @ n] ækIf/fi6«x¿n] cfˆgf] If]qflwsf/ leqsf k|To]s afnaflnsfsf] jf lghsf afa' cfdfsf] jf sfg"gL ;+/Ifssf] hft, j0f{, lnË, efiff, wd{, /fhgLltsjf cGo ljrf/wf/f, /fli6«otf, hftLo jf ;fdflhs pTklQ, ;DklQ, czQmtf,hGd jf cGo x}l;otsf] cfwf/df e]befj gu/L o; dxf;lGwdf pNn]lvtclwsf/x¿nfO{ ;Ddfg tyf ;'lglZrt ug]{5g\Æ egL pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .wf/f & n] æhGdgf;fy afnaflnsfnfO{ btf{ ul/g]5 / afnsn] hGd]kl5 cfˆgf] gfd /fVg kfpg] / /fli6«otfsf] clwsf/ / ;+Dej eP;Dd cfˆgf afa'cfdf yfxf kfpg] / pgLx¿af6 :ofxf/ kfpg] clwsf/ kfpg]5g\Æ egL pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . / of] wf/fn] ækIf/fi6«x¿n] cf–cfˆgf /fli6«o sfg"g / cGt/f{li6«o ;+oGqx¿ cGtu{tsf] bfloTj cg';f/ ljz]if ul/ afnaflnsf /fHoljxLg x'g] ePdf dfly pNn]lvt clwsf/x¿sf] sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrt ug]{Æ s'/f klg pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .

d ;g\ !(&! b]lv lzlj/df al;/x]sf] 5' / o; lzlj/af6 d}n] d]/f 5f]/f5f]/L;lxtrfF8} g} aflx/ a;f]jf; ug]{ cfzf /fv]sf] 5' . d a+unfb]zsf gful/sx¿ ;/xclwsf/x¿ rfxG5' . xfdL;Fu dof{lbt hLjg 5}g . d]/f 5f]/f5f]/L o; lzlj/df/fd|f];Fu x'ls{/x]sf 5}gg\ . ltgLx¿n] lzIff kfPsf 5}gg\ . lzIff gePdf ltgLx¿n]eljiodf b'vMdo sfd dfq kfpg ;Sg]5g\ .

;]bfxf, a+unfb]zdf al;/x]sf Ps /fHoljxLg JolQm

s] /fli6«otfsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ s'g} If]qLo ;lGwx¿ 5g\ <

If]qLo ;+oGqx¿n] /fli6«otfsf] clwsf/sf] sfg"gL cfwf/nfO{ yk hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ .dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cd]l/sL dxf;lGw ;g\ !(^( sf] wf/f @) n] pNn]v u/] cg';f/M

æk|To]s JolQmnfO{ /fli6«otfsf] clwsf/ x'g]5 . k|To]s JolQmnfO{ cGo s'g}/fli6«otfsf] clwsf/ gePdf cfkm' hlGdPsf] b]zsf] If]qflwsf/leq/fli6«otfsf] clwsf/ x'g]5 . s;}nfO{ klg cfˆgf] /fli6«otfaf6 :j]R5frf/L 9+un] jl~rt ul/g] 5}g, g t p;nfO{ /fli6«otf kl/jt{g ug]{ clwsf/af6 jl~rt g}ul/g] 5 .Æ

oL l;4fGtx¿nfO{ cGt/–cd]l/sL cbfntn] lg0f{o ubf{ :yflkt u/]sf ljlwzf:qx¿n]klg ;dy{g u/]sf 5g\ . t/ pQm cbfntn] gful/stf k|bfg ug]{ cj:yfx¿ /fHosf]cfGtl/s If]qflwsf/ leq kb{5g eGg] lgZro u/]sf] 5 / cbfntn] cfˆgf] km};nfdflgDgfg';f/ pNn]v u/]sf]5M

æk/Dk/fut¿kdf dflgcfPsf] tYocg';f/ /fli6«otfsf] k|bfg / dfGotf lbg];jfn x/]s /fi6«n] lg0f{o ug]{ ePtfklg cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gsf] ;dsflngljsf;x¿n] /fHon] To:tf If]qdf k|of]u u/]sf] Jofks clwsf/x¿df lglZrt;Ldfx¿ Tff]Sg] ub{5 / /fHon] lgoldt ug]{ /fli6«otf ;DaGwL tf}/ tl/sf cfh ltgLx¿sf] cfˆg}dfq If]qflwsf/ xf] egL dfGg ;lsGg .Æ -dfgjclwsf/;DaGwLcGt/–cd]l/sL cbfntsf] /fo, æsf]i6fl/sfsf] ;+ljwfgdf c+uLs/0fsf]k|fjwfg;DaGwL ;+zf]wgx¿Æ cg'R5]b #@–#$ d'nkf7–%–HRLJ !(*$ _

csf]{ zAbdf, olb pQm sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjogn] /fHoljxLgtf pTkGg x'g;S5 eg]/fi6«x¿n] cfˆgf] cfGtl/s /fli6«otf ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] cGt/f{li6«o k|efjnfO{ cjZo Wofgk'¥ofpg' kb{5 .

;g\ !(^# df o'/f]kel/ ax'–/fli6«otfsf 36gfx¿ Go"lgs/0f ug]{ / ax'–/fli6«otfsf]36gfx¿df ;}lgs bfloTj;DaGwL dxf;lGw u|x0f ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm dxf;lGw To;;dodf clwsf+z klZrdL o'/f]k]nL d'n'sx¿n] :jLsf/ u/]sf] ax'/fli6«otf clglR5t xf]eGg] / o;nfO{ vf/]h ug'{k5{ eGg] cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t 5 . ha ls ;g\ !(^# sf]dxf;lGw ax'/fli6«otfsf] ljifosf] If]qdf dfq ;Lldt 5 / o;;Fu ;DalGwt ;f]r /cEof;sf] ljsf;x¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ ;g\ !(&& / !((# df b'O{j6f cfn]vx¿ ykul/Psf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, dxf;lGwsf] bf];|f] cfn]vn] bf];|f] k':tfsf k|jf;Lx¿ /ldl>t ljjfxsf bDktLx¿ / pgLx¿sf aRrfx¿sf] ;DaGwdf eg] ax'/fli6«otf k|flKtsf]cg'dlt k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

;g\ !((& sf] /fli6«otf;DaGwL o'/f]k]nL dxf;lGw o'/f]k]nL kl/ifb\åf/f d:of}bf ul/Psf]csf]{ If]qLo b:tfj]h xf] . of] /fli6«otf ;DaGwL sfg"gx¿sf] ljjfbx¿sf] ljifonfO{ dfq;Daf]wg ug]{ ;g\ !(#) sf] x]u dxf;lGw b]lv /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gdf/fli6«otfsf] ;DaGwdf ePsf ;a} ljsf;x¿nfO{ ;+lxtfj4 u/L Pp6} b:tfj]hsf] lgdf{0f!*

ug]{ cfjZostfsf] af]w eO{ hlGdPsf] lyof] . of] dxf;lGwn] g t ;g\ !(^# sf]dxf;lGwnfO{ kl/jt{g u5{ g t of] klxn]sf] dxf;lGwsf] k|lts'n g} 5 . jf:tjdf,/fli6«otf;DaGwL ;g\ !((& sf] dxf;lGwn] ljleGg /fi6«x¿sf ljjflxt JolQmx¿ /ltgLx¿sf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu ax'–/fli6«otf k|fKt ug{sf] nflu d~h'/L k|bfg ub{5. t/ pQm dxf;lGwn] /fli6«otfsf] k|flKt, lg/Gt/tf, ;dflKt / /fli6«otfsf] k'gM k|flKt,sfo{ljlwut clwsf/x¿, /fHosf] pQ/flwsf/sf] kl/k|]Ifdf /fli6«otf, ;}lgs bfloTj /kIf/fi6«x¿sf] aLrdf ;xsfo{sf ljifox¿ klg ;dfj]z ub{5 . o;n] /fHoljxLgtfpTkGg ug{] 36gfx¿nfO{ /f]syfd ug{ nIo lnPsf w]/} k|fjwfgx¿ klg ;dfj]z u/]sf]5 . pQm dxf;lGwn] /fHoljxLg JolQmsf] x}l;ot;DaGwL dxf;lGwnfO{ /fHoljxLgJolQmx¿sf] kl/efiffsf ;Gbe{df p4[t u/]sf] 5 . pQm kl/efiffcg';f/ o'/f]k]nL/fli6«otf;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfgx¿n] sfg"gtM /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿nfO{ dfq ;d]6]sf] 5 .

o'/f]ksf] ;dsflng cg'ejdf /fHosf] pQ/flwsf/sf] sf/0fn] w]/} ;+Vofdf dflg;/fHoljxLg x'g] vt/f a9fPsf] 5 lsgeg] csf]{ /fli6«otf k|fKt ug'{ cufl8 g} pgLx¿n]/fli6«otf u'dfpg ;Sb5g\ . s'g} /fi6«sf] s]xL e"–efu csf]{ /fi6«df x:tfGt/0f, /fi6«x¿aLrsf] PsLs/0f, s'g} /fi6«sf] lj36g cyjf s'g} e"–efu, ljleGg efu jf efux¿dfljeflht ePsf] kl/0ffdaf6 x'g] /fHopQ/flwsf/ / /fHoljxLgtfnfO{ Wofg lbg] k|of;dfo'/f]k]nL kl/ifb\n] ljz]if¿kdf of] ;d:ofnfO{ s]lGb|t u/L /fHo pQ/flwsf/af6 x'g]/fHoljxLgtf Go"lgs/0f ug{];DaGwL dxf;lGw cjnDag u¥of] . !% dfr{ @))^ dfcjnDag ul/Psf] pQm dxf;lGwn] /fli6«otf;DaGwL ;j{dfGo l;4fGtnfO{ k|sfz kfb}{/fHopQ/flwsf/sf] ljifodf /fli6«otf;DaGwL ljz]if lgodx¿ ;dfj]z u/]sf]5 . o;sf@@ j6f wf/fx¿n] To:tf pQ/flwsf/ / ;flas /fi6«sf bfloTjx¿, k|df0fsf lgodx¿,hGdb} x'g] /fHoljxLgtf Go"lgs/0f ug]{ / /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿nfO{ /fli6«otf k|fKt ug{;/n agfpg] h:tf ljifox¿df Jojxfl/s dfu{bz{g k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . of] cfn]v ;g\@))^ sf] k'jf{w{df cjnDag ul/g] ck]Iff ul/Psf]5 .

;g\ !((( df, clk|msL Pstfsf] ;+u7g -xfn clk|msg o'lgog_ n] afnaflnsfsf]clwsf/ / sNof0f ;DaGwL clk|msL a8fkq cjnDag u¥of] . afnclwsf/;DaGwLdxf;lGwsf] 9fFrf cg'¿k of] a8fkqn] s]xL k|d'v clje]bsf/L tyf afnaflnsfsf];jf]{Qd lxtsf] k|fylds dxTjsf l;4fGtx¿nfO{ klxn]sf ;lGwx¿ cg'¿k pNn]vu/]sf]5 . a8fkqsf] wf/f ^ n] gfd / /fli6«otfnfO{ s]lGb|t u/L pNn]v u/]sf]5M

� k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ hGd] kl5 cfˆgf] gfd /fVg kfpg] clwsf/ x'g]]5,

� k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ hGdgf;fy tTsfn btf{ ul/g]5,

� k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ /fli6«otf k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5,

� a8fkqsf kIf/fi6«x¿n] ltgLx¿sf] ;+j}wflgs sfg"g cg';f/ s'g} afnaflnsfnfO{cGo s'g} b]zn] To; b]zsf] sfg"g cg';f/ /fli6«otf k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g eg] Tof] afnsh'gb]zsf] e"–efudf hlGdPsf] xf] p;n] Tolx b]zsf /fli6«otf k|fKt ug]{5 eGg];'lglZrt ug{] l;4fGtnfO{ dfGotf lbg]5g\ .

!(

@)

kl/R5]b @

/fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] klxrfg / ;+/If0f

/fHosf gful/stf;DaGwL sfg"gx¿ Dffkm{t tyf cGo cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]h / ;g\ !(^!sf] /fHoljxLgtf Go"lgs/0f ug]{ dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjog dfkm{t /fHoljxLgtfsf 36gfGo"lgs/0f ug{ k|oTg ul/Psf] ePtf klg ljZje/ nfvf}sf] ;+Vofdf /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿/x]sf 5g\ eGg] o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] cg'dfg u/]sf]5 . ;g\ !(%$ sf] /fHoljxLgJolQmsf] x}l;ot;DaGwL dxf;lGwn], /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿ sf] x'g\ egL klxrfg ub{5,To:tf JolQmx¿sf] sfg"gL klxrfgsf] k|j4{g ub{5, tyf /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿n] ljgfe]befj df}lns clwsf/ tyf :jtGqtfsf] k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] ;'lglZrt ub{5 .

/fHoljxLg JolQm sf] x'g\ <

;g\ !(%$ sf] dxf;lGwn] /fHoljxLg JolQmnfO{ æs'g}klg /fi6«n] cfkm\gf] b]zsf] sfg"gadf]lhd gful/ssf] ¿kdf dfGotf k|bfg gu/]sf]Æ JolQmsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5-wf/f–!_ . of] Pp6f ljz'4 sfg"gL kl/efiff xf] . o;n] /fli6«otfsf u'0fx¿, /fli6«otfk|bfg ug]{ tl/sfx¿, jf /fli6«otfsf] kx'FrnfO{ lglb{i6 ub}{g . o; kl/efiffn] ;fdfGo¿kdf sfg"gsf] sfof{GjognfO{ hgfpFb5 h;cg';f/ pQm /fi6«sf] /fli6«otf;DaGwLsfg"gn] ;DalGwt JolQm;Fu :jtM gful/stf 5 egL kl/eflift ub{5 .

pNn]lvt kl/efiff cg';f/, æ/fHoljxLgÆ lgwf{/0f ug{, s'g} JolQmn] gsf/fTdsM s'g};DalGwt /fi6«;+u sfg"gL aGwg g/x]sf] egL k|dfl0ft ug'kg]{ x'G5 .

/fHoljxLgtfsf] k|df0f :yflkt ug{sf] nflu, s'g} klg JolQmsf] k"j{ ;DaGw -h:tf] lshGd, klxn]sf] lgoldt a;f]af;, bDklQ cyjf afnaflnsfx¿ Gfful/s /x]sf /fHox¿,JolQmsf] cfdfafa' cyjf xh'/a'af, xh'/cfdf gful/s /x]sf /fHox¿_ /x]sf tL/fHox¿sf] ;DalGwt /fli6«otf;DaGwL sfg"gnfO{ /fHox¿n] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kb{5 . tL/fHo;Fu k/fdz{ tyf cfjZostf cg';f/ k|df0fx¿sf] nflu cg'/f]w ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 ./fHon] ;Dk"0f{ tYo tyf hfgsf/Lx¿ ;DalGwt JolQmaf6 pknAw u/fOlbgsf] nflu tyfk"0f{ ;xof]usf] nflu cg'/f]w ug'{ kb{5 . olb cg'/f]w ePdf, o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] /fHox¿

xfdL lgoldt sfd kfpg ;Qm}gf+}, xfdL cfjthfjt ug{ ;Qm}gf+}, xfdLaGb/ufxljgfsf 8'Ëf h:tf ePsf 5f}+ . lzIff tyf :jf:Yo pkrf/sf] kx'Frdf klg;d:ofx¿ 5g\ . d}n] dfWolds ljBfno k'/f ug{ / sn]h hfg ;lsg .d lghL c:ktfndf dfq 8fS6/nfO{ hrfpFg ;S5' t/ ;/sf/L c:ktfndf hfgkfpFlbg .

cAb'Nnfx, ;+o'Qm c/a Old/]6\;df a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf Ps lab"g /fHoljxLg JolQm

@!

aLr ;xlhs/0f tyf ;DalGwt sfg"gx¿sf] k|fljlws hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg tyfljleGg /fHox¿df ltgLx¿sf] sfof{Gjog af/] hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg ;Sb5 .

;DalGwt JolQm /fHosf] gful/s xf]Og egL /fHosf] lhDd]jf/ lgsfon] k|dfl0ft u/]sf]sfuhftnfO{ ljz]if u/L ljZj;gLo /fHoljxLgtfsf] k|df0fsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . tyflkTo:tf k|df0fx¿ ;w+} pknAw x'g ;Sb}gg\ . pTklQsf] /fHo tyf cl3Nnf] :yfoLa;f]af;sf] /fHosf] ;DalGwt lgsfon] ;DalGwt JolQm gful/s xf]Og egL k|dfl0ft ug]{sfuhftx¿ pknAw u/fpg OGsf/L ug{ ;Sb5, cyjf ;fdfGotof tL /fHox¿n] hjfkmlkm/fpFb}gg\ . s'g} JolQm /fHo;Fu sfg"gL ¿kdf ;DalGwt g/x]sf] elg hgfOlbg s]xL/fHosf lgsfox¿ cfkm" lhDd]jf/ g/x]sf] dx;'; ub{5g\ . olb s'g} /fHon] s'g} JolQmcfkm\gf] /fHosf] gful/s xf]Og eGg OGsf/ u5{ eg], Tof] OGsf/L cfkm}df k|df0fsf] ¿kdf/x]sf] x'G5, To;}n] /fHon] ;fwf/0ftof cfkm\gf gful/ssf] s'6g}lts ;+/If0f k|bfg ug]{ub{5g\ .

s] s'g} JolQm ;g\ !(%$ sf] dxf;lGwsf] k|fjwfgx¿af6 ljd'v u/fO{g ;S5 <

;g\ !(%! sf] dxf;lGwsf] k|:tfjgf cg';f/ /fHoljxLg z/0ffyL{x¿nfO{ ;g\ !(%! sf]z/0ffyL{sf] x}l;ot;DaGwL dxf;lGwn] ;d]6]sf] 5 To;sf/0f ;g\ !(%$ sf] dxf;lGwn]o;nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5}g .

/fHoljxLg JolQmsf] kl/efiffsf] cltl/Qm ;g\ !(%$ sf] dxf;lGwsf] wf/f ! n] o:tfJolQmx¿nfO{ klg kl/eflift u/]sf] 5, hf] dxf;lGwsf] kl/efiffsf] bfo/f leq -jf:tjdftL JolQm /fHoljxLg g} ePklg_ k/]klg, lglZrt\ sf/0fx¿ h:t}M ljz]if sfg"gL of]hgfjf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]uaf6 klxnf g} ;'ljwf k|fKt u/]sf sf/0fn] ubf{ pQm ;+/If0fcfjZostf gk/]sf] of cfkm\gf] JolQmut kmf}Hbf/L sfo{x¿sf] cfwf/df tL JolQmx¿cGt/f{li6«o ;+/If0fsf nflu of]Uo gePsf sf/0fn] ubf{, pgLx¿sf xsdf of] dxf;lGwnfu" x'Fb}g . o;df lgDg JolQmx¿ kb{5g\M

� æo"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=afx]s cGo /fi6«;+3Lo lgof]ux¿af6 xfn ;+/If0f / ;xof]ukfO/x]sf JolQmx¿ / o:tf] kfO/x];Dd

o; wf/f;Fu ;DalGwt xfn sfo{/t Ps dfq ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo lgof]u ælgs6k"j{df /x]sf Kofn]:6fOg z/0ffyL{x¿sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo /fxt tyf sfo{lgof]uÆ xf] .

� æcfkm"x¿ a;f]af; ul//x]sf] b]zsf ;Ifd lgsfon] To; b]zsf] /fli6«otfsf]xs;Fu hf]l8Psf clwsf/ / bfloTj egL dfGotf lbPsf JolQmx¿Æ

o;sf] cy{ olb s'g} JolQm s'g} /fHodf sfg"gL ¿kdf a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf]5 / p;nfO{ ;g\ !(%$ sf] dxf;lGwn] eGbf al9 clwsf/ pknAw u/fPsf]

5 / ljz]ifu/L cfˆg} gful/s ;/x k"0f{ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs clwsf/x¿ lbO{Psf] / ltgLx¿ b]z lgsfnf lj?4 ;+/lIft 5g\ eg] To:tf JolQmx¿ /fHoljxLg g} ePklg dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfgx¿ nfu" ug{ cfjZos x'Fb}g .

� æcGt/fli6«o b:tfj]hx¿df kl/efiff ul/P cg';f/ zflGt lj?4sf] ck/fw, o'4 ck/fw jf dfgjtf lj?4sf ck/fw u/]sf JolQmx¿Ù

To; b]zdf k|j]z ug]{ cg'dlt kfpg' cl3 cfkm\gf] a;f]af;sf] b]z aflx/ ulDe/ u}/–/fhgLlts ck/fw u/]sf JolQmÙ cyjf

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf p2]Zo / l;4fGtx¿ ljk/Ltsf sfo{ u/L bf]ifL kfO{Psf JolQmx¿ .Æ

s:tf] cj:yfdf s'g} JolQm /fHoljxLg gePsf] dflgG5 <

;DalGwt JolQmn] k|efjsf/L /fli6«otf k|fKt u/]kl5 /fHoljxLg cj:yfsf] cGTo x'G5 .

s'g} JolQm /fHoljxLg xf] jf xf]Og eGg] lgwf{/0f ug{ s:tf sfo{ljlwx¿ k|of]uul/G5g\ <

;g\ !(%$ sf] dxf;lGwn] /fHoljxLg JolQmsf] kl/efiff u/]tfklg o;n] /fHoljxLgsf]klxrfg ug]{ sfo{ljlwsf] lj:t[t JofVof ub}{g . t;y{, /fHox¿n] cfk\mgf :jfy{ cg'¿kdxf;lGw nfu" x'g] JolQmx¿sf xsdf To:tf] sfg"g nfu" u5{g\ h;n] /fHoljxLg JolQmklxrfg ug]{ tl/sf lgb]{lzt ub{5 . To:tf] sfg"gn] Ps lg0f{ostf{sf] lgo'lQm ug'{kb{5/ JolQmnfO{ /fHoljxLg ¿kdf klxrfg ePkl5sf cfpg] kl/0ffdx¿ :yflkt ug'{k5{ .

s]xL /fHox¿n] sfof{Gjog sfg"g nfu" u/]sf 5g\ h;n] ;/sf/L sfof{noleq ljz]iflgsfox¿ :yfkgf ub{5 . o:tf lgsfox¿n] ljz]if u/L z/0f cfj]bsx¿, z/0ffyL{x¿tyf /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿nfO{ x]b{5g\ . cyjf pbfx/0fsf] nflu, u[x dGqfnon]/fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf cfj]bgsf] k/LIf0f tyf lg0f{o ub{5g\ . /fHoljxLgtfsf] lgwf{/0f

@@

;g\ @))# sf] l8;]Da/df O{lyof]lkof / ;g\ @))$ sf] gf]e]Da/df nf]stflGqs u0ftGq sËf]n] cjnDag u/]sf gful/stf P]gn] b'j} b]zsf ljnlDat cj:yfx¿hxfF w]/} ;+Vofdf dflg;x¿ k|efjsf/L /fli6«otfaf6 jl~rt lyP To;sf] cGTo ug]{nfdf] ofqf to ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . O{lyof]lkofnL sfg"gn] O{lyof]lkofdf al;/x]sf w]/}JolQmx¿nfO{ O{lyof]lkofsf] /fli6«otf k'gM k|flKt ug]{ cj:yf ;[hgf u5{ eg]nf]stflGqs u0ftGq sËf]sf] gofF sfg"gn] gful/sx¿nfO{ b]zsf] gful/ssf] ¿kdfklxrfg ug{ ;xfotf k'¥ofpF5 .

;DaGwdf s'g} lglZrt sfg"g gePsf cGo /fHox¿n] /fHoljxLgx¿sf] lgwf{/0fsf] nfluPs k|zf;lgs jf Goflos lgsfo :yfkgf u/]sf 5g\ . oBlk w]/} /fHox¿;Fu o;sfnflus'g} lgZrt sfo{ljlw 5}g . k|foM o:tf ;jfnx¿, z/0ffyL{x¿sf] x}l;ot lgwf{/0f ubf{/fHoljxLgtfsf] k|Zg;Fu} p7\g] ub{5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf /fHoljxLg JolQmnfO{ dfgjLojf ;xfos ;+/If0fsf] ¿k/]vfleq /fv]/ sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fpg ;lsG5 . jf:tjdf,/fHoljxLg JolQmx¿ s]jn z/0f vf]Hg] Joj:yf cGt{ut b/vf:t lbg afWo x'g]5g\lsgeg] pgLx¿sf nflu cGo s'g} sfo{ljlw pknAw 5}g .

s]xL /fHo;Fu /fHoljxLg JolQmsf] klxrfg ug]{ ljz]if sfo{ljlw x'Fb}g, t/ ha s'g}JolQmn] a;f]af; jf ofqf sfuhftsf] nflu lbPsf] lgj]bg cyjf z/0fsf] nflu lbPsf]cfj]bg c:jLs[t x'G5 ta pQm z/0f vf]hL/x]sf] /fHodf /xgsf] nflu cGo cfwf/dfbfaL k]z x'G5 To;a]nf o:tf] ;jfn p7\g ;S5 .

/fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] klxrfgsf] ljz]if sfo{ljlwljgf, /fHoljxLgtf klxrfg ug{g;lsPsf 36gfx¿ slt 5g\ eGg] s'/f lgSof{}n ug{ c;Dej x'G5 / ;d:ofsf] cfsf/cf+sng ug{ c;Dej x'G5 .

s:tf k|sf/sf k|df0fx¿ cfjZos kb{5g\ <

æpTklQsf] b]zÆ jf hlGdPsf] b]z jf h;n] klxn] g} ofqf sfuhft hf/L ul/;s]sf]cfwf/df pQm /fHosf] jfl0fHob't jf /fhb' tfjf;af6 of] JolQm gful/s xf]Og egLlglZrt u/]sf] tYonfO{ ;dy{g ug{ ;fdfGotof lgj]bs :jod\n] sfuhkq pknAwu/fpg' kb{5 .

k|mfG;df /fHoljxLgtfsf] x}l;ot klxrfgsf nflu /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿ tyfz/0ffyL{x¿sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu k|mfG;]nL sfof{no (OFPRA) n] sfd ub{5 ./fHoljxLg JolQmx¿nfO{ Goflos tyf k|zf;sLo ;+/If0f pknAw u/fpg] clVtof/k|fKt 5 . lgj]bsn] l;w} OFPRA df lgj]bg lbg' kb{5 .

:k]gdf zfxL cfb]zåf/f lgodg ul/Psf]] sfo{ljlwadf]lhd u[x dGqfnon]/fHoljxLgtfsf] x}l;ot klxrfg ug]{5 egL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . lgj]bsn] z/0ffyL{tyf z/0f;DaGwL sfof{no (Office for Asylum and Refugee OAR) cyjf k|x/Lrf}sLdf ;Dks{ ug{ ;Sb5g\ . cg';Gwfgsf] ;dofjlw l;l¢Pkl5 OAR n]sfo{ljlwut k|lqmof k'/f u/L pko'Qm ;'emfj ;lxt u[x dGqfnodf k]z ub{5 .

O6fnLdf, ;g\ !((# df /fli6«otf;DaGwL sfg"gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ hf/L ul/Psf]sfof{Gjog cfb]zåf/f u[x dGqfnonfO{ /fHoljxLgx¿sf] x}l;ot klxrfg ug{]clwsf/ lbOPsf] 5 .

@#

dfly elgPh:t} of] ;wF} ;Dej x'g ;Sb}g . olb ;Dk"0f{ sfuhkq pknAw x'g ;s]geg], s]xL /fHox¿n] cGo k|df0fx¿ h:tf]M ;DalGwt /fli6«otf ;DaGwL sfg"gsf]k'g/fjnf]sg / cGo t];|f] kIfn] u/]sf 3f]if0ffsf cfwf/nfO{ /fHoljxLgtfsf] k|df0fsf]¿kdf :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sb5g\ . s'g} ;/sf/ leqsf cg]s ljefux¿ tyf dGqfnox¿ aLrtyf cGo /fHox¿ aLr ;"rgfsf] vf]hLsf] nflu Pp6f ;+o'Qm kxnsf] cfjZostf kg{;Sb5 .

of] xft] k'l:tsf n]lvFbf;Dd, /fHox¿dfem /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] klxrfgsfpkfox¿df ;fd~h:otf kfO{Psf] 5}g . /fHoljxLgtfsf] k|df0f :yflkt ug]{ cfwf/x¿/fHolkR5] km/s x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] Ps b]zdf /fHoljxLgsf] ¿kdf kl/lrt JolQm csf]{b]zdf /fHoljxLg gx'g;S5 .

s'g} JolQm /fHoljxLg xf] eGg] s;n] lg0f{o ub{5 <

/fHoljxLgtfsf] If]qdf ljz]if1sf] of]Uotf ePsf] JolQm h;n] lgj]bg tyf o;nfO{;dy{g ug]{ k|df0fsf] s'/fnfO{ lgikIf tyf j:t'lgi6 tl/sfaf6 hfFr ug{;S5, p;nfO{/fHoljxLgtf lgwf{/0f ug]{ JolQmsf] ¿kdf lgo'Qm ul/g'kb{5 . o:tf] lgwf{l/t lhDd]jf/LePsf] s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] :yfkgfn] lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ lg0f{ox¿sf] vt/f 36fpF5 . pTklQsf]/fHo;DaGwL hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ / phfu/ ug{ a9L k|efjsf/L x'g]5, tyf o;sf] s]lGb|tsfo{n] /fHoljxLgtf;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox¿df cem a9L ljz]if1tf ljsf; ug{ ;Sb5 ./fHoljxLgtfsf] x}l;ot lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ sfg"gsf] ;+sng tyf ljZn]if0fsf]cfjZostf kb{5 . oBlk, s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] :yfkgf gePtf klg ;dsfnLg lj1x¿;Fu/fli6«otf;DaGwL sfg"g;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf ;xsfo{ ub}{, ;/sf/ leqsf / cGo/fHox¿sf lg0f{ostf{x¿n] o; ljifodfnfe k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

s;/L JolQmx¿n] sfo{ljlwdf kx'Fr k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ <

;g\ !(%$ sf] dxf;lGwn] /fHoljxLgtfsf] x}l;ot lgwf{/0fsf] qmd rln/x]sf] a]nf ;DalGwt@$

;g\ @))% df o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] o"/f]k]nL ;+3sf ;b:o /fi6«x¿ dfem ;g\ !(%$sf] dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjog af/] k|ltj]bg hf/L u/]sf] lyof] . pQm cWoogn] s] kfof]eg] k|foM h;f] o"/f]k]nL /fi6«x¿n] /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] klxrfg ug{ / dfGotfk|bfg ug{ xfn;Dd ljz]if ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyPgg\, a? o;sf] ;§f;fdfGotof z/0f cfj]bs;DaGwL sfo{ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] kfO{Psf] lyof] .kl/0ffd:j¿k, o"/f]k]nL ;+3 leqsf /fHoljxLgtfsf] ;d:ofsf] kl/0ffd lglZrt ug{c;Dej ePsf] 5 . tyflk, o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n]] k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ qmddf c;ncEof;x¿sf] /fli6«o :t/df phfu/ u¥of], h'g o'/f]k]nL /fi6«x¿ aLrdf klxrfgtyf dfGotf k|fKt ug]{ sfo{ljlwsf] ;fd~h:o sfod ug{ tyf ;g\ !(%$ sf]dxf;lGw cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf /fHox¿nfO{ dfu{bz{g lbgsf] nflu k|of]u ug{;lsGYof] .

JolQmnfO{ sfg"gL a;f]af; k|bfg ug{ /fHox¿nfO{ afWo kfb}{g . oBlk s'g} JolQm s'g} /fHosf]If]qflwsf/leq ePdf /fli6«otfsf] x}l;ot lgwf{/0f g} p;sf] nflu b'Mvsf] ;dodf Ps dfq;dfwfg xf] . olb cl3Nnf] :yfoL a;f]af;sf]] /fHodf cfkm" kms{g ;Sg] cj:yf gePdf cyjfTo:tf] /fHo gePdf lghnfO{ pm tTsfn /x]sf] /fHosf] If]qflwsf/leq a:g] cg'dlt lbg' jf s'g}k|sf/sf] j}wflgs a;f]af;sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' Psdfq ;dfwfgsf] pkfo xf] .

olb s'g} JolQmn] /fHoljxLgsf] dfGotf kfpF egL lgj]bg lbPsf] 5 jf lgsfox¿ pm/fHoljxLg xf] jf xf]Og eGg] klxrfgsf nflu sf]lz; ul//x]sf] a]nfdf, k|lqmof rn'Gh]nc:yfoL a;f]af; pknAw u/fpg' cfjZos x'g ;S5 . /fHoljxLgtfsf] x}l;otlgwf{/0fsf] qmd rln/x]sf] cj:yfdf j}wflgs a;f]af; lbOg' k5{ jf kb}{g eGg] ljifodfdxf;lGw df}g 5 . o; ;DaGwdf /fHosf cEof;df ljljwtf kfO{G5 .

plrt k|lqmofsf] l;4fGt cg';f/ lgj]bsnfO{ lgDg adf]lhd k|Tofe"ltx¿ x'g'kb{5 M

� bfaL dflysf] JolQmut k/LIf0fsf] clwsf/ h;df lgj]bs klg ;xeflu x'g;S5Ù� bfaLsf j:t'k/s pkrf/sf] clwsf/Ù� sfo{ljlwsf] lglZrt ;do ;LdfÙ� cfj]bsn] a'e\mg] efiffdf sfo{ljlw;DaGwL ;"rgfdf kFx'rÙ� bf]efif] tyf sfg"gL ;Nnfsf/ dfly kxF'rÙ� tYofÍ ;+/If0f tyf uf]kgLotf;DaGwL clwsf/Ù� lg0f{ofwf/ ;lxtsf] lg0f{oÙ tyf� lg0f{osf] j}wtfnfO{ r'gf}tL ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf .

/fHoljxLgsf] x}l;ot kfpg' kg]{ lgj]bs dWo]sf s]xL ;d"xx¿ vf;u/L ;+/IfsljxLgafnaflnsfnfO{ lghx¿sf] cfjZostf cg';f/ ljlzi6 sfo{ljlwut k|fjwfgx¿sf]cfjZostf kb{5 . o:tf k|fjwfgsf] p2]Zox¿df ;+/IfsljxLg afnaflnsfsf] d'2fdfk|ltlglwTj ug{ cljefjssf] lgo'lQm tyf k|zf;lgs sfo{ljlwsf] qmddf pgLx¿nfO{;xfotf k'¥ofpg' x'g ;Sb5g\ .

s] /fHon] s'g} j}wflgs a;f]af; gePsf /fHoljxLg JolQmnfO{ lx/f;tdf lng;Sb5 <

/fHoljxLg JolQmx¿ ;fdfGotof lx/f;tdf /flvg' x“'b}g . /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿;Fuk|foh;f] kl/rokq x'Fb}g, h:tf] /fli6«o kl/rokq cyjf /fxbfgL, h;n] ltgLx¿sf]kl/ro :yflkt ub{5 . oBlk pgLx¿sf] cl3Nnf] a;f]af;sf] b]zsf] klxrfg ePtfklgk|foM h;f] tL /fHox¿n] tL JolQmsf] k'gMk|j]zsf] nflu tTsfn :jLs[[lt lbb}gFg\ . o:tf]cj:yfdf klg lx/f;tdf /flvg' xF'b}g / olb /flvg' kg]{ cj:yf cfPdf cGt/f{li6«odfgjclwsf/ sfg"g adf]lhd lglb{i6 /fli6«o sfg"gsf] :ki6 cfwf/df dfq} y'gfdf /fVg

@%

;lsG5 . ;DalGwt JolQmsfnflu cGo ljsNkx¿ k|efjsf/L x'g] 5}gg\ eGg] s'/fsf]k|df0f gePdf afx]s klxnf lx/f;tsf ljsNkx¿ vf]lhg' kb{5 .

u}/–sfg"gL ¿kdf /x]sf /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿nfO{ oyf;So cGo ljsNkx¿ dfly ljrf/ u/]/ dfqy'gf /fVg' kb{5 . y'gfdf /fVg] ckjfbfTds lg0f{o ug'{ kbf{ clwsf/jfnfx¿n] y'gf ljj]sk"0f{ tyfp2]Zox¿ k|fKt ug{ ;xfotf k'¥ofpg ;dfg'kflts 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/f lgZro ug'{ kb{5 . olby'gf cfjZos 7flgPdf lje]b/lxt 9+uaf6 yf]/} cjlwsf] nflu dfq k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . cg'/f]wePdf o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] o:tf d'2fx¿df ;Nnfx lbg ;Sb5 .

@^

:j]R5frf/L y'gf;DaGwL sfo{bn

;g\ !(*% b]lv :j]R5frf/L lx/f;tsf] cj/f]wk"0f{ lj:tf/nfO{ /f]s nufpg ;+o'Qm/fi6«;+3Lo dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltn] ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5 . o;n] e]befjsf]] /f]syfd tyfcNk;+Vosx¿sf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL pk–cfof]unfO{ To; ljifodf ulx/f] cWoog ug{tyf To:tf cEof;x¿ Go"lgs/0fsf] nflu l;kmfl/;x¿ k]; ug{ cg'/f]w u/]sf]lyof] . pQm ;dodf, :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt u/fOPsf ;a} JolQmx¿n] pkef]u ug{]k|Tofe"ltsf] ;/f]sf/ :j¿k ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] dxf;efåf/f ;g\ !(** sf]l8;]Da/df s'g}klg k|sf/sf] y'gf jf sf/fjf; cGtu{tsf ;a} JolQmx¿sf];+/If0f;DaGwL l;4fGtx¿sf] ;+ufnf] hf/L ul/of] . ;g\ !(() df dfly pNn]lvtl;kmfl/; adf]lhd pk–cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/ dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cfof]un]:j]R5frf/L y'gf;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{bnsf] u7g u/]sf lyof] . pQm sfo{bnn] lx/f;t/ y'gfnfO{ lgodg ug{ lgDg l;4fGtx¿ u|x0f u/]sf] 5M

l;4fGt !s'g} z/0f cfj]bs jf cfk|jf;LnfO{ l;dfgfdf cyjf /fHosf] ;LdfIf]q leq -olbu}/sfg"gL ¿kdf k|j]z u/]sf] v08df_ lh/x ug{sfnflu / k|j]z ug{ OGsf/L ug]{lg0f{o ePsf]df To;sf] cfwf/ / k|s[lt cyjf ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ To; ;LdfIf]qleq c:yfoL a;f]af;sf] cf1f lbg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ b]lvPdf ;f] sf]hfgsf/L slDtdf klg df}lvs ¿kdf tyf lghn] a'em\g] efiffdf lbg' kb{5 .

l;4fGt @ s'g} klg z/0f cfj]bs JolQm jf cfk|jf;LnfO{ lx/f;tdf /flvPsf] cj:yfdf6]lnkmf]g nufot km\ofS; cyjf ljB'tLo k|0ffnL dfkm{t aflx/L ;+;f/;Fu ;~rf/;DaGw :yfkgf ug{ tyf sfg"g Joj;foL, s"6g}lts k|ltlglw tyf cfkmGt;Fu;Dk{s ug{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf sfod ePsf] x'g' kb{5 .

l;4fGt # s'g} z/0f cfj]bs jf cfk|jf;LnfO{ lx/f;tdf /flvPsf] cj:yfdf GoflostyfcGo lgsfox¿df oyf;So rfF8f] pkl:yt u/fpg' kb{5.

@&

l;4fGt $ s'g} z/0f cfj]bs jf cfk|jf;LnfO{ lx/f;tdf /flvG5 eg], p;sf] x:tfIf/ To;btf{ k'l:tsfdf u/fOg' kb{5 h;df qmd;+Vof / sf/0f pNn]v ul/Psf] xf];\ .To:t} k|sf/sf k|Tofe"ltx¿ h;df JolQmsf] kl/ro, y'gfsf] sf/0f, lg0f{o lng]clwsf/L ;fy–;fy} k|j]z u/]sf] / l/xf ePsf] ;do v'n]sf] x'g'kb{5 .

l;4fGt %s'g} z/0f cfj]bs jf cfk|jf;L lx/f;t s]Gb|df k|j]z u/]kl5 p;nfO{ cfGtl/slgodx¿ tyf pko'Qm cg'zf;gsf lgodx¿ tyf ;Defljt ;Dks{ljxLg y'gfdfkg{ ;Sg] ;Defjgfsf af/]df ;fy} To:tf Joj:yfsf k|Tofe"lt lgZlrt ug]{ ljifodf hfgsf/L u/fpg' kb{5 .

l;4fGt ^/Ltk"j{s clVtof/ k|fKt lgsfon] lhDdj]jf/Lk"0f{ tyf sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/]sf]j}wtfsf] kl/lwdf cfwfl/t eP/ lg0f{o ug'{k5{ .

l;4fGt &sfg"gn] clwstd ;dofjlw tf]Sg' kb{5 tyf s'g} klg cj:yfdf lx/f;tc;Lldt cyjf cToflws nfdf] x'g' xF'b}g .

l;4fGt *lx/f;t;DaGwL k|lqmofsf] ;"rgf s'g} z/0f cfj]bs jf cfk|jf;Ln] a'em\g] efiffdfpQm k|lqmofsf cfwf/x¿ pNn]v u/L lnlvt ¿kdf lbOg' kb{5Ù o;n] s'g} z/0f cfj]bs jf ck|jf;Ln] s'g} Goflos lgsfodfly pkrf/sf nflu cfj]bg lbg ;Sg]zt{x¿sf] lgwf{/0f ug]{5g\ To:tf] Goflos lgsfon] pQm k|lqmofsf] j}wtfdftTsfn lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg]5 tyf pko'Qm nfu]df ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ l/xf ug{cfb]z lbg;Sg]5 .

l;4fGt (lx/f;t ;fj{hlgs k|s[ltsf] x'g'kb{5 / ljz]ifu/L o;} k|of]hgsf] nflu agfOPsf]x'g'kb{5, t/ Jojxfl/s sf/0fn] ubf{ z/0f cfj]bs jf cfk|jf;LnfO{ kmf}hbf/Lsfg"g cGt{ut y'gfdf k/]sf JolQmx¿ eGbf 5'§} :yfgdf g} /fVg'kb{5 eGg]rflxxf]O{g .

l;4fGt !)pko'Qm eP;Dd o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=, /]8qm;sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;ldlt (ICRC) tyfclVtof/k|fKt u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{ y'g'jf /x]sf] :yfgx¿df k|j]z ug{ :jLs[ltlbg' kb{5 .

@*

/fHoljxLgsf] dfGotf k|fKt JolQmx¿sf] clwsf/ tyf bfloTjx¿ s]–s] x'g\ <

JolQmsf] x}l;ot hf];'s} ePklg jf h'g;'s} If]qflwsf/ cGtu{t a;f]af; /x]sf] ePklgs]xL df}lns dfgjclwsf/x¿ ;a} JolQmx¿dfly ;dfg ¿kdf nfu" x'G5g\ . o; cGtu{toftgf lj?4sf] k|ltaGw tyf clje]bsf] l;4fGt klg o;df kb{5g . oyfy{df ;g\ !(%$sf] dxf;lGwsf Joj:yfx¿ æhflt, wd{ jf pTklQsf] b]z h:tf cfwf/df e]befj gu/LÆ/fHoljxLg JolQmnfO{ nfu" ul/g]5 egL ;'lglZrt u5{ -wf/f #_ .

cfkm" a;]sf] b]zsf] sfg"g / lgodx¿sf] kfngf ug'{ k|To]s /fHoljxLg gful/ssf] st{Jo xf] -wf/f @_ . o:tf] bfloTjsf] kl/kfngf ul/Psf] cg'dfgdf /fHoljxLg JolQmnfO{ k|bfg ul/g]cfwf/e"t ;+/If0f dxf;lGwsf] wf/f &-!_df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . dxf;lGwn] a9L ;'ljwfhgsJojxf/sf] af/]sf Joj:yf u/]sf]df afx]s æs'g} kIf /fi6«n] ;fdfGotof ljb]zLx¿nfO{ ul/P ;/xs}Jojxf/ /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿nfO{ ug]{5Æ egL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

;g\ !(%$ sf] dxf;lGwdf ;dflji6 k|foMh;f] clwsf/x¿sf] xsdf, /fHoljxLgJolQmx¿nfO{ sDtLdf ljb]zLsfnflu ;'/lIft ul/Psf Go"gtd xs tyf ;'ljwfx¿,ljz]ifu/L nfek|b /f]huf/L -wf/f !&, !* tyf !(_, ;fj{hlgs lzIff -wf/f @@_, cfjf;-wf/f @!_ tyf cfjthfjtsf] :jtGqtf -wf/f @^_ cflb pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 .

s] dfGotf k|fKt /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿ kl/rokq tyf ofqf sfuhftx¿sf xsbf/x'G5g\ <

kIf /fi6«x¿n] dfGotfk|fKt ofqf sfuhftkq gePsf, cfkm\gf] e"efudf /x]sf] s'g} klg/fHoljxLg JolQmx¿nfO{ kl/rokq hf/L ug'{ kb{5 egL pQm dxf;lGwn] pNn]v u/]sf]5 . kIf /fi6«n] cfkm\gf] e"efuleq sfg"gL ¿kdf al;/x]sf /fHoljxLg JolQmsf xsdf/fli6«o ;'/Iff / ;fj{hlgs ;'Joj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt afWofTds sf/0fn] /f]s nufpg' kg]{cj:yfdf afx]s ofqf sfuhft hf/L ug]{5g\ egL wf/f @* n] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .

pQm sfuhkq hf/L ul/g'n] /fli6«otf k|bfg u/]sf] dflgb}g . o;n] g t JolQmsf] x}l;otkl/jt{g x'G5 g t s'6g}lts ;+/If0fsf] ;'ljwfsf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] g} dflgG5 .

wf/f @* sf] bf];|f] efun] u}/ sfg"gL cfk|jf;L ePklg To; b]zsf e"–efuleq a;f]af;ul//x]sf] s'g} /fHoljxLg JolQmsf] xsdf ofqf sfuhft hf/L ug{sf nflu kIf/fi6«x¿nfO{ cfdGq0f u5{ . /fi6«x¿n] o:tf ofqf sfuhft cfkm\gf e"efuleqsf s'g}klg/fHoljxLg JolQmsf xsdf hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5g\, vf;u/L sfg"gL ¿kdf cfkm\gf] cfjf;ePsf] b]zaf6 ofqf;DaGwL sfuhft kfpg g;s]sf /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿nfO{ o:tf]ofqf;DaGwL sfuhft hf/L ug{ /fHox¿nfO{ ;xfg'e"ltk"j{s ljrf/ ug{ cg'/f]w ul/Psf]5 . of] k|fjwfg lsg dxTjk"0f{ 5 eg], w]/} /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] sfg"gL ¿kdf cfkm\gf]

:yfoL a;f]af;sf] /fHo gx'g ;Sb5 . s'g} ofqf sfuhftn] /fHoljxLg JolQmsf] klxrfgug{ tyf s'g} lglZrt /fHodf k|j]z ug{ rfxg] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ ;xof]u ub{5 .

ofqf sfuhft /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿nfO{ vf;u/L k'gjf{;, :jf:Yo pkrf/, /f]huf/L tyfcWoogsf] nflu cGo /fHox¿df ofqf ug{ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . pQm dxf;lGwsf] cg';"rLcg';f/, k|To]s kIf /fHon] cGo /fHoåf/f hf/L u/]sf] ofqf sfuhftnfO{ j}wflgsdfGotf lbOg]5 egL d~h'/L hgfPsf 5g\ . o:tf k|sf/sf sfuhftx¿ hf/L ug{o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] k|fljlws ;'emfj lbg k|:tfj /fVg ;Sg] 5 .

s] /fHon] dfGotf k|fKt /fHoljxLg JolQmnfO{ lgisfzg ug{ ;S5 <

dxf;lGwsf Joj:yf cg';f/ /fli6«o ;'/Iff jf ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfsf sf/0fn] afx]s, s'g}klg b]zdf sfg"gL ¿kdf a;f]af; ul//x]sf /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿nfO{ lgisfzg ug{'xF'b}g . /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf afWofTds sf/0fn] cGoyf cfjZos ePdf afx]s, plrt sfg"gLk|lqmofaf6 lg0f{odf k'u] cg'¿k dfq o:tf /fHoljxLg JolQmnfO{ lgisfzg ug{;lsG5 . t;y{, /fHoljxLg JolQmnfO{ sfo{ljlwut k|Tofe"lt / nfu]sf] cleof]u;DaGwLk|ltpQ/ tyf k|df0f k]z ug]{, sfg"g Joj;foLaf6 k|ltlglwTj ug]{, tyf k'g/fj]bg ug]{clwsf/ pknAw u/fOg' kb{5 .

;fdfGotof hf]lvd ePsf] d'n'sdf lkmtf{ gk7fOg] l;4fGt (Principle of non-refoule-

ment) dfGotf k|fKt l;4fGt xf] eGg] dxf;lGwsf] clGtd d:of}bfn] bzf{pF5 . hf]lvdePsf] d'n'sdf lkmtf{ gk7fOg] l;4fGt s'g} Ps e"–efudf s'g} JolQmdfly pTkL8gsf]vt/f ePdf To; e"efudf lkmtf{ gk7fOg] l;4fGt xf], o; ;DaGwdf ;g\ !(%! sf]z/0ffyL{x¿sf] x}l;ot ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGwsf] wf/f ##, otgf tyf cGoqm"/, cdfgjLo, ckdfghgs Jojxf/ tyf ;hfFo lj?4sf] dxf;lGwsf] wf/f-#, gful/styf /fhg}lts clwsf/sf] cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw sf] wf/f &, tyf ljleGg If]qLodfgjclwsf/;F+u ;DalGwt b:tfj]hsf k|fjwfgx¿ nufot ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o;lGwx¿n] :ki6 ¿kdf JofVof tyf Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\ .

t;y{, hf]lvd ePsf] d'n'sdf lkmtf{ k7fpg] sfo{sf] k|ltaGwnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gn]l;4fGtsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/]sf] x'gfn] o; dxf;lGwsf d:of}bfsf/n] sfg"gut (de jure)

/fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] x}l;ot lgoldt ug{sf nflu, o; Joj:yfnfO{ dxf;lGwsf]wf/fx¿df /fVg gkg]{ dx;'; u/]sf lyP .

lkmtf{ k7fpg] clGtd lg0f{o ePsf] cj:yfdf /fHoljxLg JolQmnfO{ csf] { b]zdfsfg"gL k|j]z vf]Hg ;Sg] plrt ;dofcjlw pknAw u/fpg dxf;lGwn] cg'/f]wu/]sf]5 .

@(

dfGotf k|fKt /fHoljxLg JolQmnfO{ s:tf] lsl;dsf] c+uLs/0f sfo{ljlw pknAw x'g'kb{5 <

dxf;lGwsf kIf /fi6«x¿nfO{ ;Dej eP;Dd /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿nfO{ c+uLs/0f tyf ;lDd>0fug{ cg'/f]w ul/Psf] 5 . -;lDd>0f zAbn] oxfF s'g} Ps JolQmsf] ljz]if klxrfgsf] cGTo ug'{xf]Og\, t/ s'g} klg /fHosf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts hLjgdf PsLs/0f ug'{ xf] ._ljz]ifu/L, tL /fHox¿n] ;Dej eP;Dd z'Ns tyf vr{ 36fpFb}, c+uLs/0fsf sf/jfxLx¿oyfzSo l56f] ;DkGg u/fpg x/;Dej k|oTg ug{ h?/L x'G5 .

s]xL /fHox¿n] z/0ffyL{ tyf c+uLs/0fsf] nflu cfj]bg lbg] /fHoljxLg JolQmsf] xsdfsfg"gL a;f]af;sf] ;dofjlw;DaGwL zt{x¿ 36fpg] Joj:yf cfˆgf] /fli6«otf;DaGwLsfg"gdf ;dfj]z u/]sf5g\ .

;g\ !((& sf] /fli6«otf ;DaGwL o"/f]k]nL dxf;lGw (European Convention on Nationality ECN)

n] /fli6«o sfg"gdf lgod dfkm{t ljb]zLx¿nfO{ c+uLs[t x'g] d'n'sdf sfg"gL tyf lgoldt afl;GbfaGg ;Dej x'g] agfpg cg'/f]w ub}{ o; l;kmfl/;nfO{ cem ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . s'g}klg JolQmnfO{c+uLs/0fsf] nflu lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{ xs k|fKt ug'{ clw pm clwstd !) jif{ cfjf;Lo /x]sf]x'g'k5{ egL o'/f]k]nL dxf;lGwn] cltl/Qm xbDofbsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; dxf;lGwn] /fHoljxLgtyf dfGotf k|fKt z/0ffyL{x¿sf] nflu zL3| c+uLs/0fsf] sfo{ljlwx¿ cjnDag ug{ /fHox¿nfO{klg k|f]T;fxg ub{5 .

dxf;lGwsf] clGtd d:of}bfsf] ljz]iftf s] xf] <

clGtd d:of}bfn] k|To]s kIf /fi6«nfO{ ha s'g} JolQmn] s'g} /fi6«sf] ;+/If0f Tofu]sf]dfgl;a 3f]if0ff ub{5 eg] kIf /fHon]] ;f] JolQmnfO{ /fHoljxLg JolQmnfO{ ;fxg'e"ltk"j{sdxf;lGwn] tf]s];/xsf]] Jojxf/ ug'{ kb{5 egL l;kmfl/; ub{5 . of] l;kmfl/; tYout(de facto) /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf nflu ;dfj]z ul/Psf] xf] h;n] k|fljlws ¿kdf,/fli6«otf k|fKt u/]sf] x'G5 t/ ;fdfGotof /fli6«otfl;t ;DalGwt s'g} klg ;'ljwfx¿ljz]if¿kdf /fli6«o ;+/If0f k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf] xF'b}g .

/fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] ;+/If0fsf pko'Qm pkfox¿ s] s] x'g\ <

/fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf ;+/If0fsf nflu ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L dfWod eg]sf] sfg"g lgdf{0fug'{ xf] h;n] klxnf] r/0fdf /fHoljxLgtfsf] ;[hgf x'g] cj:yfnfO{ c;Dej agfpF5

#)

l6df]]/–n]:6] OG8f]g]l;ofaf6 :jtGq 3f]if0ff ePkl5 ;a} k"jL{ l6df]/LnfO{OG8f]lgzLofnL gful/stf g} oyfl:yltdf /fVg 5'6lyof] of pgLx¿ l6df]]/–n]:6]sf]gful/stf k|fKt u/L a;f]af;sf] :jLs[lt ;lxt ljb]zL ;/x OG8f]g]l;ofdf a:g;Sy] .

-j[xt 5nkmnsf] nflu x]g'{xf]; ;g\ !(^! sf] /fHoljxLgtf Go"lgs/0f ug{] dxf;lGwsf]efu–# tyf ;DalGwt k|lqmofx¿ h;nfO{ /fHox¿n] /fHoljxLgtf Go"lgs/0f ug{ cyjflgd"{n kfg{ u|x0f ug{ ;Sg]5g\_ .

ha;Dd /fHoljxLgtfsf] ;d:of lgd"{n xF'b}g /fHoljxLgtfsf] dfGotf k|fKt JolQmx¿ h;/LePklg ;+/lIft x'g' kb{5 . ;g\ !(%$ sf] /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] x}l;ot;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf]cg'df]bg / sfof{Gjog ub}{ tyf dxf;lGw sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfg"g hf/L ul/Pdf /fHoljxLgJolQmx¿sf] clwsf/ tyf bfloTjx¿ ;Ddfg u/]sf] ;'lglZrt x'g]5 .

dfly 5nkmn ul/P cg';f/ ;g\ !(%$ sf] dxf;lGwn] s'g} klg JolQmsf] /fli6«otf kl/jt{g ub}{gg t o;n] u}/–z/0ffyL{ /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿nfO{ p;sf e"efudf k|j]z lbg /fHonfO{ afWo g}kf5{ . ;g\ !(%$ sf] dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfgx¿ nfu" ug'{ eg]sf] /fli6«otf k|bfg ug]{ ;x'nLot lbg'xf]Og . ;Dej eP;Dd, /fHon] /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿, Hff] To; /fHosf] / /fli6«otf sfg"g tyfcEof; cGtu{t To; e"–efudf a;]sf tL /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] c+uLs/0f tyf ;lDd>0f ug{;'ljwf k'¥ofpg' g} xf] eGg] a'lemG5 . ;dfwfgsf] o; pkfonfO{ :yfgLo PsLs/0f (Local

Integration) eGg] a'lemG5 .

s]xL ckjfbafx]s /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿nfO{ h'g /fi6«df pgLx¿ a;]sf 5g\ To; /fi6«dfcfˆgf] sfg"gL x}l;ot lgoldt ug{ ;Dej gx'g ;Sb5 . o:tf JolQmx¿sf] nflu csf]{/fi6«df k'gjf{; g} pko'Qm ;dfwfg x'g ;S5 . /fHoljxLgtfsf] 36gfnfO{ k|foM h;f]/fi6«sf] k'gjf{;;DaGwL dfkb08n] ;d]6]sf] x'G5, o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=sf] sfo{sf/L ;ldltn]/fHoljxLg JolQmx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ /fHox¿nfO{ cfˆgf] dfkb08x¿ lj:tf/ ug{cfXjfg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] lgisz{ ;++Vof (% -@))#_ df, sfo{sf/L ;ldltn]

/fHox¿nfO{ /fHoljxLgtfsf 36gfx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=;Fu ;xsfo{ ug{sf nflu k|f]T;fxg ub{5 / /fHoljxLgx¿ a;f]af; u/]sf] b]zdf pgLx¿sf] cj:yfsf] ;dfwfg gx'g] ePdf jf lgoldt a;f]af;sf ;flascGo b]zx¿df jf pgLx¿sf] cj:yf ;+s6k"0f{ ePdf k'gjf{; pknAw u/fpg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug{ k|f]T;fxg ub{5===

o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] ;lDdng / k'gjf{; ;DaGwdf ;Nnfx /;xfotf pknAw u/fpg ;Sb5 .

#!

z/0f vf]lhPsf] /fHodf cfkm\gf] hLjg k'gM lgdf{0fsf] z'?jft ug{ ;s'g\ eGg]p2]Zon] ;g\ @))% df lslu{h:tfg tyf t's{d]lg:tfgsf] ;/sf/n] tfhLls:tfgaf6pTklQ ePsf w]/} /fHoljxLg z/0ffyL{x¿nfO{ gful/stfdf zL3| kx'Fr pknAwu/fPsf lyP .

#@

kl/R5]b #

/fHoljxLgtfsf sf/0fx¿sf] pGd"ng

/fHoljxLgtf ljleGg kl/l:yltaf6 pTkGg x'g ;S5 . /fHoljxLgtfsf s]xL k|d'vsf/0fx¿ / /fi6«x¿n] oL kl/l:yltx¿ 36fpg, ljz]if¿kdf gful/stf sfg"gx¿dfk'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ lng ;Sg] Jojxfl/s sbdx¿sf] af/]df tn 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 .

k|fljlws sf/0fx¿

sfg"gx¿ aLrsf] ljjfb

s'g} b]zsf] /fli6«otf ;DaGwL sfg"g ha csf]{ b]zsf] sfg"g;Fu aflemg] ub{5 / s'g}JolQmnfO{ b'O{dWo] s'g}klg b]zsf] /fli6«otf a]u/ 5fl8lbFbf ;d:ofx¿ cfO{ kg{ ;S5g\ .sfg"gx¿ 7Ls;Fu d:of}bf ul/Psf x'g;S5g\ t/ ;d:ofx¿ Tolta]nf cfOk5{g\ haltgLx¿ Ps} ;fy sfof{Gjog ul/G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu æsÆ /fHon] To; b]zdfhlGdPsf] JolQmnfO{ j+zhsf] cfwf/df /fli6«otf k|bfg ub{5 t/ To;/L hGdg] JolQmsfafa'cfdf ævÆ /fHosf gful/s x'g;Qm5g\ . csf]{ tkm{ ævÆ /fHon] hlGdPsf] 7fpFsf]cfwf/df dfq /fli6«otfsf] k|bfg ub{5 t/ To:tf] JolQm æsÆ /fHodf hlGdPsf] lyof] .o;/L To:tf JolQm /fHoljxLg x'g ;Sb5g\ .

oL ;d:ofx¿ lg/fs/0f ug{ M

� x]u dxf;lGw ;g\ !(#) sf cg';f/ k|To]s /fi6«n] p;sf gful/s sf] x'g] eGg]s'/f cfˆgf sfg"gåf/f lgZro ub{5 . cGo /fi6«x¿n] dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf] of]sfg"g cjZoklg /fli6«otfsf] k|Zgx¿df nfu" x'g] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwx¿,cGt/f{li6«o k|yf / sfg"gsf dfGo l;4fGtx¿ cg'¿k x'g'kb{5 . t;y{ /fi6«x¿;Fu/fli6«otf ;DaGwL sfg"gx¿sf] cBfjlws ;+u|x x'g'kb{5 / /fli6«otf;Fu;DalGwt sfg"gx¿ aLrsf] ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] nflu Jojxf/df ltgLx¿sf]sfof{GjognfO{ /fd|/L a'em\g' kb{5 .

� ;g\ !(^! sf] /fHoljxLgtf Go"lgs/0f ug]{ dxf;lGwn] lgDg cj:yfdf

/fli6«otf k|bfg ul/g] 5 egL ls6fg u/]sf] 5M – hGdsf] cfwf/df, s'g} /fi6«sf] e"–efudf hGd]sf] JolQmnfO{ sfg"gsf]

sfof{Gjogåf/fÙ– lglZrt pd]/df sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjogåf/f, /fi6«sf] e"–efudf hGd]sf] JolQmnfO{/ /fli6«o sfg"gsf k|fjwfg cg';f/Ù

– /fi6«sf] e"–efudf hGd]sf] JolQmnfO{ cfj]bg adf]lhd -To:tf] cfj]bg b]xfosfPs jf ;f]eGbf a9L tYodf cfwfl/t x'g' kb{5M s'g} lglZrt cjlw leqcfj]bg btf{ ug{ ;lsg], lglZrt a;f]af;sf] cfjZostf kg]{, s'g} ljz]ifk|s[tLsf] kmf}hbf/L cleof]u gePsf] /÷jf pQm JolQm ;w}+ /fHoljxLgcj:yfdf /lxcfPsf]_Ù

##

– hGdsf] cfwf/df sfg"g ;Ddt afnsnfO{, olb afnssf] cfdf;Fu pQm afnshGd]sf] b]zsf] /fli6«otf 5 eg]Ù

– j+zhsf] cfwf/df, s'g} JolQm hf] s'g} kIf /fi6«sf] e"efudf hlGdP/ klg pd]/ jf a;f]af;sf cfjZostfx¿sf] sf/0faf6 /fli6«otf k|fKt ug{ c;dy{ 5Ù -h'g b]xfosf Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9Ldf tYodf cfwfl/t x'g' kb{5 s'g} lglZrt cjlw leq cfj]bg btf{ ug{ ;lsg], lglZrt a;f]af;sf] cfjZostf kg]{, /÷cyjf pQm JolQm ;w}+ /fHoljxLg cj:yfdf /lxcfPsf]_,

– s'g} kIf /fi6«sf] e"–efudf kfOPsf cgfyx¿nfO{Ù– hGdsf] cfwf/df, olb kIf /fi6«sf] e"–efudf ghGd]sf] s'g} JolQmnfO{ olb p

hGdbfsf] avtdf cfdf afa' dWo] s'g} Pssf] /fli6«otf To; /fi6«sf] lyof] eg]sfg"g adf]lhd Ù

– cfj]bg adf]lhd, kIf /fi6«sf] e"–efudf ghGd]sf] -cGoq hGd]sf]_ JolQm olb pm hGdbfsf] avtdf cfdf afa' dWo] s'g} Pssf] /fli6«otf To; /fi6«sf] lyof] eg] /fli6«o sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/] adf]lhdÙ -pQm cfj]bg b]xfosfPs jf ;f]eGbf a9Ldf tYodf cfwfl/t x'g' kb{5 M s'g} lglZrt cjlw leqcfj]bg btf{ ug{ ;lsg], lglZrt a;f]af;sf] cfjZostf kg]{, s'g} /fli6«o ;'/Iff lj?4sf] ck/fwdf ;hfo gkfPsf]] /÷jf pQm JolQm ;w}+ /fHoljxLg cj:yfdf /lxcfPsf]_ .

� clwsf+z /fi6«x¿n] ltlgx¿sf] gful/stf;DaGwL sfg"gdf /fi6«sf] gful/sx¿sf] z'?sf]lgsfo / hGdsf] cfwf/df s;/L gful/stf k|bfg ug]{ eGg] lgZrt ug{sf nfluhGd]sf] 7fpFsf] cfwf/ (jus soli) / j+zhsf] cfwf/ (jus sanguinis) sf ] l;4fGtx¿nfO{;+of]hg ug]{ ub{5g\ . bf]xf]/f] gful/stf (dual citizenship) nfO{ :jLsf/ gug]{ /fi6«x¿n]eg] s'g} lglZrt cjlwdf s'g} JolQm jf To; JolQmsf cfdf afa'nfO{ s'g} Ps /fli6«otf\5fGg kfpg] ljsNksf] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug'{kb{5 .

kl/Tofu;Fu ;DalGwt sfg"gx¿ aLrsf] ljjfb

s]xL /fi6«x¿df To:tf /fli6«otf;DaGwL sfg"gx¿ 5g\ h;n] JolQmx¿nfO{ csf]{gful/stf k|fKt gu/Lsg} cyjf csf]{ gful/stf k|fKt ug]{ k|Tofe"lt gePsf] cj:yfdf;d]t gful/stf kl/Tofu ug{ cg'dlt lbG5g\ . o;n] k|foM /fHoljxLgtfsf] cj:yf;[hgf u5{ . o; ljifodf sfg"gx¿ aLrsf] ljjfb Tolta]nf cfO{k5{ ha s'g} /fi6«n]gful/stfsf] kl/Tofu nfO{ csf]{ /fi6«sf] gful/stf k|fKt gu/];Dd :jLsf/ ub}{g .To;}u/L csf]{ ;+nUg /fi6«n] Tolta]nf ;Dd gful/stf k|bfg ub}{g ha;Dd pQm JolQmn]p;sf] k|yd /fi6«sf] gful/stfsf] kl/Tofu ub}{g . slxn]sfxLF s'g} JolQmn] pm a;f]af;u/]sf] :yfgdf gful/stfsf] nflu b/vf:t ug'{ cl3 p;n] wf/0f u/]sf] cGoqsf]gful/stfsf] kl/Tofu ug{ cfjZos x'g ;S5, o; cj:yfdf gofF gful/stf k|bfggul/P;Dd pQm JolQm /fHoljxLg x'G5 .

#$

o:tf] ;d:of cfpg glbgM

� ;g\ !(^! sf] dxf;lGw cg';f/ gful/stfsf] cGTo jf kl/Tofu, csf]{ gful/stfsf k"j{ k|flKt jf k|fKt ug]{ cfZjf;gsf zt{df cfwfl/t x'g'kb5{ . t/Pp6f ckjfbsf] ¿kdf c+uLs[t JolQmx¿sf] ljifonfO{ eg] lng ;lsG5 hf] cf}krfl/s hfgsf/L / ;do ;Ldfsf] hfgsf/Lsf afah'bklg lglZrt jif{;Ddljb]zdf a;f]af; ub{5g\ / gful/stf sfod /fVg] dg;fo JoQm ug{ ;d]t c;dy{ x'G5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf kIf /fi6«n] c+uLs[t gful/ssf] pQm cfj]bgnfO{OGsf/ klg ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf ljBdfg x'Fbf cfj]bg u/]s} cfwf/df gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] x'G5 . gful/stfsf] ;dflKt sfg"g adf]lhd dfq / k"0f{ sfo{ljlwutk|0ffnL, h:t}M s'g} cbfnt jf cGo :jtGq lgsfoaf6 lgikIf ;'g'jfO{sf] clwsf/sf] k|Tofel"t ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq x'g ;Qm5 .

� s'g} klg gful/sn] csf]{ gful/stf k|fKt gu/L jf lghn] csf]{ gful/stf k|fKtug]{5 egL ;DalGwt lgsfox¿ Aff6 cf}krf/Ls tyf lnlvt cfwf/ k|fKt gu/Llghn] gful/stf kl/Tofu ug{ ;Sb}g egL gful/stf ;DaGwL sfg"gdf Joj:yf u]g'{kb{5 .

� s]xL b]zn] JolQmx¿n] gful/stf u'dfP jf csf]{ gful/stf k|fKt u/]gg\ eg] k'gM gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfgx¿ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .

� bf]xf]/f] jf ax'–/fli6«otf :jLsf/ gug]{ b]zx¿n] gful/stf k|flKt jf sfod /fVgs nflu k"j{;t{sf] ¿kdf /flvg] gful/stfsf] kl/Tofu u/]sf] jf 5f]8]sf] x'g'kg]{ cfwf/ gful/stf kl/Tofu jf ;dfKtL ;Dej gx'g] cj:yfdf gful/stf;DaGwL sfg"gdf ;dfj]z 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug'{ kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu z/0ffyL{x¿ cfkm\gf] gful/stf kl/Tofu ug{ pgLx¿sf] pTklQsf] b]zdf kms{g jf ;Da4 lgsfodf ;Dks{ ug{ ;Sg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsb}g .

c;n cEof;x¿M o'q]mg

;g\ !($$ df, b'O{ nfv eGbfa9L lqmldog 6f6f/x¿nfO{ lqmldofaf6 ;+3Lo;f]leot ;dfhjfbL u0ftGq (USSR) sf] ljleGg If]qx¿df ank"j{s lgisfzgul/of], / pgLx¿nfO{ sAhf ub}{ cfPsf gflh n8fs'x¿nfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf] egLcleof]u nufOPsf] lyof] .clwsf+znfO{ pHj]s ;f]leot ;fdflhs u0ftGqdflgisfzg lyof]] . b'O bzs kl5 ;f]leot ;+3sf] ;jf]{Rr ;f]leot /fi6«kltn] lqmldog6f6fx¿ lj?4 nufOPsf cleof]ux¿ cfwf/xLg ePsf / tL 6f6f/x¿ lqmldogk|folåk nufot, ;f]leot ;+3sf] s'g} klg e"–efudf a;f]af; ug{ ;Sg]5g\\ egL3f]if0ff u/] .

tyflk tL 6f6f/x¿ h;n] lqmldof kms]{g] lg0f{o u/], pgLx¿n] btf{, /f]huf/L /hUuf tyf 3/x¿ k|fKt ug{ ;d:ofx¿ ef]Ug'k¥of] . ;g\ !(*& df ;f]leot ;+3sf]dGqLkl/ifb\n] :jb]z kms]{sf lqmldog 6f6f/x¿nfO{ 6fk' leqsf cf7 lhNnfx¿df

#%

dfq :jb]z lkmtL{sf] k|:tfj kfl/t u/L a9L pAhfp / ljsl;t blIf0f lsgf/ft6df/x]sf] pgLx¿sf] k"j{ af;:yfgdf kms{g /f]s nufof] . b'O{ aif{ kl5, ;jf]{Rr;f]leotn] hj{h:t ¿kn] b]z lgsfnf ul/Psf JolQmx¿sf], clwsf/nfO{ OGsf/ ug]{sfo{x¿nfO{ æu}/ sfg"gL / cfk/flwsÆ elg 3f]if0ff u/]sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k lqmldofkms{g]x¿sf] ;+Vofdf cTolws j[l4 eof] .

;g\ !((! sf] l8;]Da/ df ;+3Lo ;f]leot ;dfhjfbL u0ftGqsf] lj36g;Fu} If]qLol;dfgf / /fli6«otfsf k|Zgx¿ nufot /fHosf] pQ/flwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt hl6n/fhgLlts tyf sfg"gL ;d:ofx¿ cs:dft b]vf k/] .

o'qm]g, h;n] clxn] lqmldofsf] e"efunfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 Tof] g} k"j{ o'qm]gL;f]leot ;dfhjfbL u0ftGq sf]] pQ/flwsf/L eof] . pQm /fi6«sf] klxnf] /fli6«otf;DaGwL sfg"g -!((!_ cg';f/ ;g\ !((! sf] cui6 @$ df o'qm]gsf] :jtGqtfsf]3f]if0ffsf avt hf] JolQmx¿ k"j{ ;f]leot ;+3sf gful/sx¿ lyP / lqmldofnufot o'q]mgsf] e"–efudf :yfoL ¿kdf a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf lyP pgLx¿ h'g;'s}pTklQ, ;fdflhs x}l;ot, hft, /fli6«otf, lnË, lZfIff, dft[efiff, /fhgLlts ljrf/cyjf wd{sf] ePklg :jtM o'q]mgsf gful/s ePsf] 3f]if0ff ul/of] . o'q]mgsf]gful/stf :jtM k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] Psdfq cj:yf o:tf] lyof] ls tL JolQmx¿ cGo/fHosf gful/s /x]5g\ eg] jf pgLx¿nfO{ o'qm]gsf] gful/s x'gdf cfklQ ePsf]x'g'kYof]{ . oxfF;Dd ls tL JolQmx¿ h;n] o'q]mgsf] :jtGqtf / gful/stf sfg"gsf]sfof{Gjog x'g] aLrdf pgLx¿sf sfg"gL a;f]af; btf{ u/]sf lyP pgLx¿nfO{ ;d]ttLg dlxgf kl5 :jtM o'q]mgsf] gful/stf k|bfg ul/of] . o:tf k|fjwfgx¿af6 sl/aPs nfv krf; xhf/ lqmldog 6f6f/x¿n] o'q]mgsf] gful/stf k|fKt u/] .

cg'dflgt Ps nfv cf7xhf/ lqmldog 6f6f/x¿ hf] !((! sf gful/stf sfg"ggf]e]Da/df nfu" ePkl5 o'qm]g kmls{P ltlgx¿nfO{ o'qm]gL gful/stf k|fKt ug{ gofF;d:ofx¿ b]lvP . sl/a @* xhf/ JolQmx¿, h;n] pgLx¿sf] cGo b]zx¿dfePsf] :yfoL a;f]af;sf] x}l;ot tL b]zx¿sf gful/stf sfg"g nfu" x'g' cl3 g}/2 ul/;s]sf lyP, sfg"gtM /fHoljxLg x'g k'u] . c? *) xhf/ JolQmx¿ h;sf]pgLx¿sf k"j{ a;f]af;sf] /fi6«df btf{ cBfjlw sfod lyof] pgLx¿ pQm /fi6«sf]gful/stf sfg"g nfu" ePkl5 tL /fi6«x¿sf sfg"gL gful/s ePsf lyP . kl/0ffd:j¿k pgLx¿nfO{ :jtM o'qm]gsf] gful/stf k|bfg ul/Pg . oBlk pgLx¿nfO{JolQmut c+uLs/0fsf] k|lqmofåf/f o'q]mgL gful/stfsf] nflu k|:tfj ul/Psf]ePtfklg w]/} h;f] kms]{sfx¿ h;n] o'q]mgsf] gful/stf k|fKt ug]{ cfz u/]sf lyPpgLx¿n] o'qm]gdf kfFr jif{sf] a;f]af;, kof{Kt cfo / o'q]mgL efiffsf] 1fg ePsf]x'g'kg]{ h:tf s7f]/ sfo{ljlwut ;t{x¿ k'/f ug{ ;s]gg\ .

#^

o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=, o'/f]k]nL ;'/Iff / ;xof]u ;+u7g (OSCE) / o'/f]k]nL kl/ifb\n]o'qm]gsf] ;/sf/nfO{ of] ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ p;sf] gful/stf sfg"gdf ;+zf]wgug{ k|f]T;fxg u/] . o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] æo'qm]gL /fxbfgL / c+uLs/0f ;]jfÆ nfO{tflnd / k|ljlws ;xof]u k|bfg u¥of] / gful/stf;DaGwL Pp6f ;+rf/ cleofg;+rfng u¥of] . o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] ;'kl/j]If0f u/]sf :yfgLo u}/—;/sf/L;+:yfx¿n] o'qm]gsf] gful/stf k|fKt ug{ lbPsf cfj]bsx¿nfO{ sfg"gL k/fdz{k|bfg u/] / ;'g'jfO{sf] qmddf o'qm]gL lgsfox¿ ;dIf tLgsf] k|ltlglwTj u/] .

/fHoljxLgtfnfO{ 36fpg] / cGtQf]uTj pGd"ng ug]{ k|of; cg'¿k o'qm]gsf] ;+;bn],o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=;Fusf] k/fdz{af6 /fi6«sf] gful/stf;DaGwL sfg"gnfO{ o;sf] bzjif{sf] sfof{Gjog cjlwdf ;ftf}+ k6s;Dd ;+zf]wg u¥of] . ;g\ !((& sf] d] dfcfj]bssf] eflifs / cfo;DaGwL zt{x¿nfO{ x6fOof], / klxn] b]z lgsfnf ul/PsfJolQmx¿sf ;Gtltx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] k"j{h sf] pTklQ lqmldofsf] e"–efu xf] eGg]cfwf/df o'qm]gsf] gful/stf k|fKt ug{ cg'dlt lbOof] . o:tf ;sf/fTds;+zf]wgx¿af6 cGttM em08} @* xhf/ sfg"gtM /fHoljxLg ag]sf -lkmtf{ ePsf_JolQmx¿ nfO{ o'qm]gsf] gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;Dej eof] .

oL ;+zf]wgx¿n] /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ cu|ufdL e"ldsfv]n]klg bf]xf]/f] gful/stf;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs c8\rg nufot o'q]mgL gful/stf k|fKtug]{ cGo jfwf eg] /lx/x\of] . lkmtf{ ePsf JolQmx¿ hf] lqmldof kmls{g' cl3g}sfg"gtM pHj]ls:tfg sf] gful/s eO;s]sf eP pgLx¿n] o'qm]gsf] gful/stf k|fKtug'{ cl3 cf}krfl/s ¿kdf pHj]ls:tfgsf] gful/stf 5f8]sf] x'g'kb{Yof] . halspHj]ls:tfgsf] gful/stf kl/Tofu ug{sf] nflu !)) cd]l/sL 8n/ a'emfpg' kb{Yof],lse l:yt pHj]s b"tfjf; k'Ug' kYof]{]] / k|zf;lgs sfo{ljlw k'/f ug{ k|foMh;f] Psjif{ eGbf a9L ;do nfUbYof] .

o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/= / o'/f]k]nL ;'/Iff tyf ;xof]u ;+u7g (OSCE) n] b'O{ b]zx¿aLrjftf{sfnflu dWo:ytf u/] h;n] tL b'O{ b]zx¿nfO{ b'O{ kIfLo ;Demf}tf -;g\ !((*df u|x0f ul/Psf]_ lt/ pGd'v u/fof] / pQm ;Demf}tfn] gful/stf kl/jt{g ug]{sfo{ljlwx¿nfO{ ;/lns[t u¥of] . pHj]ls:tfg gful/stf kl/Tofusfnflu cfj]bgz'Ns glng] / o'qm]gsf] u[x dGqfno cGtu{tsf] :yfgLo /fxbfgL sfof{nox¿n]gful/stf kl/Tofu;DaGwL cfj]bgx¿ ;+sng ug]{ / ltgnfO{ pHj]slgsfox¿;dIf k]z ug{] s'/fdf ;xdt eof] . o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=af6 p7fOPsf]rf;f]nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ o'qm]gL gful/stf k|flKt;Fu} pHj]s gful/stfsf] kl/Tofux'G5 eGg] k|zf;lgs gLlt agfO{ pQm k|lqmof cjlwe/ s'g} klg JolQm /fHoljxLgx'g;Sg] ;Defjgfsf] lg/fs/0f ul/of] .

o:tf b'O{ kIfLo ;Demf}tf nfu" ePsf] tLg jif{sf] cjlwdf pHj]ls:tfgaf6 kmls{Psf*),))) JolQmx¿nfO{ o'qm]gsf] gful/lstf k|bfg ul/of] . o'qm]gn] kl5 o:t}k|sf/sf b'O{kIfLo ;Demf}tfx¿ a]nf?; -!(((_, sfhV:tfg -@)))_, tfhLls:tfg-@))!_, / lslu{h u0ftGq -@))#_ ;Fu ;DkGg u¥of] .

;g\ @))! sf] hgj/Ldf o'qm]gsf] ;+;bn] Pp6f gofF gful/stf sfg"g u|x0f u¥of]h'g /fHoljxLgtfnfO{ lgjf/0f ug{ cem k|efjsf/L /x]sf]5 . cGo k|fjwfgsf ;fy;g\ @))% df ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] pQm sfg"gn] cfj]bsx¿nfO{ o'qm]gsf] /fli6«otf k|fKtu/]sf] Ps j if{ leq cfkm\gf] ljb]zL gful/stf TofUg cg'dlt k|bfg u5{ / olbgful/stf kl/Tofu jfktsf] z'Ns o'qm]gsf] Go"gtd dfl;s HofnfeGbf a9L x'G5eg] cf}krfl/s kl/Tofusf ;t{x¿af6 5'6sf/f lbG5 .

#&

ljz]if¿kdf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ c;/ kfg]{ sfg"g tyf cEof;x¿

gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw (ICCPR) tyfafnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw (CRC) b'j}n] Joj:yf u/] cg';f/ ;a} afnaflnsfx¿,hxfF;'s} hGd]sf ePklg hGdg] ljlQs} pgLx¿sf] hGd:yfgdf tTsfn btf{ ul/g'k5{ .;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ /fli6«otf;DaGwL xs 5 . s'g} klg afnssf] /fli6«otf ;DalGwtb]zsf] sfg"g cg';f/ lgwf{/0f ul/G5 / ;a} /fi6«x¿nfO{ pQm aRrf sxfF / sf] af6hGd]sf] lyof] eGg] :kli6s/0fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . hGdsf] k|df0fljgf h:tf] ls s'g}dfGotf k|fKt hGd btf{ljgf, s'g} afnsnfO{ cfkm\gf] klxrfg :yflkt ug{ / /fli6«otfk|fKt ug{ k|foM c;Dej g} x'G5 .

of] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{M

� /fi6«x¿n] CRC sf] wf/f & / ICCPR sf] wf/f @$ adf]lhd hGd btf{sf]k|lqmof Jojl:yt tl/sfn] ;~rfng ePsf] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{ ;DalGwt :yfgLok|zf;gnfO{ cfjZos ;|f]tx¿ pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 . cfjZos ePdfcGt/f{li6«o ;d"bfox¿ ljz]if u/L ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo afnsf]if (UNICEF) af6 ;xof]usf] nflu cg'/f]w ug{'kb{5 .

� hGd btf{sf] ;dodf /fHon] /fli6«otfdf ljjfb p7]sf 36gfx¿ klxrfg ug'{k5{ / tL afnsx¿ cGoyf /fHoljxLg x'g] b]lvPdf pgLx¿nfO{ gful/stf k|bfgug'{kb{5 . ;g\ !(^! sf] /fHoljxLgtf Go"lgs/0f ug]{ dxf;lGwsf ;Da4 k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ dxf;lGwsf] cg'df]bg u/]kZrft /fli6«o sfg"gdf ;dfj]zul/g'kb{5 . s'g} /fi6«n] ;g\ !(^! sf] dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg gu/]sf] ePtfklgoL Joj:yfx¿nfO{ pQm /fi6«sf /fli6«o sfg"gdf ;dfj]z ul/g'kb{5 .

� s'g} aRrf hGd]sf] b]zsf] gful/stf sfg"gdf gful/stf k|fKt ug]{ k|fjwfgx¿sf]Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 . o;n] s'g} klg afnssf] hGdsf] cfwf/df k|fKt x'g]

#*

/fli6«otf lgZro ubf{ q'l6 x'g uPklg /fHoljxLg x'gaf6 hf]ufpF5 .

� j}jflxs ;DaGwljgf hGd]sf] afnsnfO{ ;Dej eP ;Dd j}jflxs bDkQLaf6 hGd]sf afns ;/x hGdb]vL g} /fli6«o sfg"g cg';f/ /fli6«otfsf nflu ;dfgkx'Fr pknAw u/fOg'kb{5 .

s'g} aRrf p;sf] cfdfsf] /fli6«otfsf] /fi6«df hGdG5 / p;sf] afa'sf] /fli6«otf gePsf] cj:yf;lxt w]/} /fi6«x¿df dlxnfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] cfkm\\gf] gfdaf6 /fli6«otf cf̊ gf ;Gtfgx¿nfO{x:tfGt/0f ug]{ cg'dlt lbOPsf] x“b}¬g . o:tf cj:yfdf pQm aRrfx¿ /fHoljxLg x'g k'Ub5g\ .


� ljjflxt dlxnfsf] /fli6«otf;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(%& / dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;a} lsl;dsf e]befj pGd"ng ug{];DaGwL dxf;lGw !(&( sf cg';f/ dlxnfnfO{ pgLx¿sf afnaflnsfsf /fli6«otfsf] ;DaGwdf k'?if ;/xsf] ;dfg clwsf/x'g kb{5 . oL l;4fGtx¿sf] sfof{Gjogaf6 dlxnf lj?4 x'g] lje]b / s'g} afnsn] lghsf] afa' /fHoljxLg ePsf] cj:yfdf /fHo ljxLgtfsf] x}l;otu|x0f ug{' kg]{ ;Defjgf b'a}nfO 36fpg ;lsG5 .

� /fi6«x¿n] cfˆgf gful/stf;DaGwL /fli6«o sfg"gdf lnËsf cfwf/df ul/g] lje]b /lxt k|fjwfgx¿ ;dfj]z ug'{kb{5 .

cgfy tyf kl/ToQm afnaflnsfx¿;Fu k|foM s'g} lglZrt /fli6«otf xF'b}g . cj}w;DaGwaf6 hlGdPsf afnaflnsfx¿ klg /fli6«otf k|fKt ug{af6 jl~rt ePsf x'g;S5g\ .


� s'g} /fi6«sf] e"efu leq km]nf k/]sf kl/ToQmnfO{ To; /fi6«sf] gful/stf k|bfgug'{ kb{5 . of] l;4fGt w]/} /fi6«x¿sf gful/stf;DaGwL sfg"g / /fli6«otf;Fu;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx¿df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

� s'g} klg afnssf] /fli6«otfsf] lgwf{/0f ubf{ pQm afnssf] ;jf]{Qd lxt ;w}+k|fylds ;f]rsf] ljifo x'g'kb{5 .

s'g} b]zx¿sf wd{k'q÷k'qL;DaGwL cEof;n] s'g}klg afnssf] /fli6«otfnfO{/fHoljxLgtflt/ pGd'v u/fpg ;Qm5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu afnaflnsfx¿n] pgLx¿nfO{u|x0f ug]{ afa'cfdfx¿sf] /fli6«otf k|fKt ug{ c;dy{ ePdf .

#(


� /fi6«x¿n] wd{k'q÷k'qL agfO{ ljb]zdf k7fO{g] u/]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«osfg"g cg'¿k dfGotfsf] ;'lglZrttf k|Tofe"t ub}{ ltgsf] /fli6«o sfg"gdf Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . ;g\ !(^& sf] afnaflnsfnfO{ wd{k'q÷k'qL /fVg];DaGwL o'/f]k]nL dxf;lGwn] /fi6«x¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf gful/sx¿n] wd{k'q÷k'qLsf] ¿kdfu|x0f u/]sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ gful/stf k|bfg ubf{ ;xhtf ckgfpg k|f]T;flxt u/]sf]5 .

k|zf;lgs cEof;x¿

/fli6«otfsf] k|flKt, k'gMk|flKt / cGTo;Fu ;DalGwt w]/} k|zf;lgs / sfo{ljlwutljifox¿ 5g\ . s'g} JolQm gful/stfsf] nflu of]Uo ePklg, cem s'g} JolQmn]gful/stfsf] nflu ;kmntfk"j{s cfj]bg g} u/]sf] ePtfklg – pgLx¿ k"j{ /fli6«otfsf]/fi6«sf] clwgdf /x]sf] sf/0fn] clwstd k|zf;lgs z'Ns / k'/f ug{ g;lsg] Dofbcyjf cfjZos sfuhftx¿ pknAw ug{ c;dy{ x'g' h:tf sf/0fn] /fli6«otf k|fKtug{df /f]sfj6 cfpg ;Sb5 .


� /fli6«otfsf] k|flKt, ydf}lt, cGTo, k'gMk|flKt jf k|df0fLs/0f;Fu ;DalGwt lgj]bgx¿ plrt ;dofjlwleq sf/afxL cufl8 a9fpg'kb{5 .

� /fHo pQ/flwsf/sf] cj:yfx¿df lgoldt tyf sfg"gL a;f]af; nufot/fli6«otfsf] :jtM k|flKt jf ;dflKtsf] btf{sf]nflu ;fwf/0ftof /fi6«x¿nfO{gful/stf;DaGwL ;a} lg0f{ox¿sf] lnlvt k|df0f /fVg] ;'emfj lbO{Pklg lnlvtd'r'Nsf eg] dfu ug'{ x'Fb}g .

� /fli6«otf k|flKt, ydf}lt, cGTo, k'gMk|flKt jf k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu nfUg] z'Nsx¿tyf k|zf;lgs / Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg;Fu ;DalGwt z'Ns dgfl;a x'g' kb{5 .

ljz]iful/ dlxnfnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ sfg"g / cEof;x¿

s]xL /fi6«x¿n] s'g} dlxnfsf] /fli6«otfsf] x}l;ot pgsf] s'g} u}/–gful/s;Fu ljjfxePdf :jtM x]/km]/ ub{5g\ . To;sf/0f olb s'g} dlxnfn] cfˆgf] kltsf] /fli6«otf :jtMk|fKt ul/gg\ jf pgsf] klt;Fu s'g} /fli6«otf 5}g eg] pgL /fHoljxLg x'g ;lS5g\ .

s'g} dlxnfn] kltaf6 /fli6«otf k|fKt ul/;s]kl5, olb pgsf] ;DaGw ljR5]b eof] /pgn] ljjfxaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] /fli6«otfsf]] ;dflKt eof] t/ pgsf] k"j{ /fli6«otfsf] :jtMk'gM k|flKt ePg eg]klg pgL /fHoljxLg x'g ;lS5g\ .

oL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{M

� ;g\ !(%& sf] ljjflxt dlxnfsf] /fli6«tf;DaGwL dxf;lGw / ;g\ !(&( sf] dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;a} lsl;dsf lje]b pGd"ng ug]{ dxf;lGwn] dlxnfnfO{ k'?if;/x gful/stf k|fKt ug{, kl/jt{g tyf sfod ug{ kfpg] ;dfg clwsf/k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . tL dxf;lGwx¿df ;dflji6 pQm l;4fGtx¿ cg';f/, s'g} klgnf]Ug]dfG5]sf] /fli6«otfsf] x}l;otn] :jtM p;sf] >LdtLsf] /fli6«otf kl/jt{g ub}{g / pgnfO{ /fHoljxLg agfpFb}g g t pgnfO{ >Ldfgsf] /fli6«otf k|fKtug{ g} afWo u/fpF5 .

� h'g d'n'sdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ k'?if ;/x ;dfg clwsf/x¿ glbOPsf] / ljjfxkl5 cf̂ gf] gful/stf :jtM u'Dg] jf hxfF dlxnfn] cfk\mgf] ljjfxkl5 klxn]sf]gful/stf TofUg'kb{5, To:tf d'n'sn] cf̂ gf]] gful/stf;DaGwL sfg"gdf To:tf dlxnfn]j}jflxs ;DaGwsf] ;dflKt kZrft cfk\mgf] klxn]sf] gful/stf :jtM k|fKt ug{ ;Ifd agfpg] k|fjwfgsf] Joj:yf s'g} ;fdfGo 3f]if0ff dfk{mt ug'{kb{5 .

/fli6«otfsf] :jtM cGTo

s]xL /fi6«x¿n] cfˆgf] b]z 5f8]sf] jf ljb]zdf a;]sf] JolQmsf] gful/stf :jtM /2ub{5g\ . s'g} JolQmsf] k|:yfgsf] s]xL dlxgf kZrft g} /fli6«otfsf] /2 x'g' hxfF;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf] /fi6«sf] lgsfo ;dIf lgoldt ¿kdf btf{ gu/]df lghsf]/fli6«otf ;dfKt x'g] vt/f x'G5 eGg] hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] gx'g' k|foM unt k|zf;lgscEof;;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 .

olb s'g} JolQm s'g} /fi6«df hGd]sf] jf j+zhsf] cfwf/df /fli6«otf k|fKt u/]sf] geP/Pp6f c+uLs[t gful/s xf] eg] p;sf] /fli6«otf /2 ul/g] 5}g egL k|Tofe"t ug{ lgoldtbtf{ ;d]t ckof{Kt x'g ;S5 . /fHoljxLgtf k|foM oLg} cEof;sf] k|ToIf kl/0ffd xf] .


� /fHoljxLgtf Go"lgs/0f;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(^! sf] wf/f &-#_ n] s'g} klg JolQmn k|:yfg u/]sf], ljb]zdf a;f]af; u/]sf], btf{ ug{ c;kmn ePsf] jfo:t} cGo cfwf/af6 /fli6«otf u'dfpg] 5}g / /fHoljxLg x'g] 5}g egL pNn]vu/]sf] 5 . t/ pQm dxf;lGwn] ljb]zdf nuftf/ ¿kdf & aif{ eGbf al9 a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf c+uLs[t gful/sx¿nfO{ eg] of] l;4fGtsf] ckjfbsf] ¿kdfdfg]sf]5 . tL JolQmx¿n pko'Qm lgsfo ;dIf cfkm\gf] gful/stf ydf}lt ug{rfxG5g\ eGg] s'/f JoQm ug{'kb{5 . ctM /fHon] ltgsf] ;Ldfleq / ljb]zdf klgcfk\mgf lgof]u (Consular) dfk{mt of] gLltsf] ;"rgf kof{Kt ¿kdf c+uLs[tgful/sx¿nfO{ lbg'kb{5 .

$)

� cem gofF b:tfj]hx¿ h:t} /fli6«otf;DaGwL o'/f]k]nL dxf;lGwn] /fHox¿nfO{ JolQm /fHoljxLg x'g] cj:yf 5 eg] lgoldt ¿kdf ljb]zdf a;f]af; u/]s} sf/0faf6 p;sf] /fli6«otfaf6 jl~rt ug]{ cg'dlt lbb}g .

/fHo pQ/flwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt sf/0fx¿

e"–efu jf ;Dk|e"tfsf] x:tfGt/0f

o;nfO{ lglZrt cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]h Tfyf l;4fGtx¿df cf+lzs ¿kdf dfq ;Daf]wgul/Psf] ePtfklg nfdf] ;do b]lv /fHo If]q jf ;Dk|e'tfsf] x:tfGt/0f /fHoljxLgtfsf]Pp6f k|d'v sf/0fsf] ¿kdf /lxcfPsf] 5 . ha s'g} /fi6«n] cfkmgf] e"–efu jf;Dk|e'tfdf uDeL/ kl/jt{gx¿ Joxf]b{5 h:t}M /fi6«n] pklgj]zLo zlQmaf6 :jtGqtfk|fKt ub{5, /fi6« lj36g ePkl5 olb s'g} gofF /fi6«n] csf]{ lj3l6t /fi6«nfO{ ufEb5cyjf olb s'g} /fi6« lj36gsf] cjlw kl5 k'gu{7g ePsf] cj:yfdf /fli6«o sfg"g /cEof;x¿df ckl/xfo{ ¿kdf kl/jt{g cfpg] ub{5 . o:tf s'g}klg cj:yfx¿n] gofFgful/stf;DaGwL sfg"g jf lg0f{ox¿ / gofF k|zf;lgs k|lqmofx¿ cjnDag ug{ afWoagfpg ;Sb5g\ . oL cj:yfx¿ h:t}M gofF sfg"g÷lg0f{ox¿ jf gofF k|zf;lgssfo{ljlw cGtu{t s;}n] /fli6«otf k|fKt ug{ c;kmn ePdf jf klxn] nfu" x'g] sfg"g /cEof;x¿sf] k'gJof{Vofsf] sf/0faf6 pgLx¿nfO{ /fli6«otfaf6 jl~rt u/fO{Pdf To:tfJolQmx¿ /fHoljxLg x'g ;Sb5g\ .


� /fHoljxLgtf Go"lgs/0f;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(^! sf] wf/f !) n] pNn]v u/] cg';f/ kIf /fi6«x¿n] e"–efu x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] sf/0faf6 /fHoljxLgtf k}bf x'g]5}g egL ;'lglZrt ug{'kb{5 . /fi6«x¿n] To:tf s'g} x:tfGt/0fsf]kl/0ffdaf6 /fHoljxLgtf k}bf x'g] 5}g egL ;'lglZrt ul/Psf k|fjwfg ;dfj]zu/L b'O{ kIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo ;Demf}tf ug{'kb{5 . s'g} ;lGw ;Demf}tf gul/Psf]cj:yfdf ;DalGwt /fi6«n] cGoyf /fHoljxLg x'g ;Sg] JolQmx¿nfO{ /fli6«otfk|bfg ug{'kb{5 .

� Jojxf/df ;dfGotof hg;+Vof E"f–efu;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 tyflk s]lx cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw, ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg / /fli6«otf;DaGwL sfg"gn] pQ/flwsf/jfnf /fi6«x¿ dWo]af6 /fli6«otf 5fGg] df}sf klg k|bfg u5{g\\ .

� pQ/flwsf/;DaGwL ;lGwx¿n] s;/L /fHosf] lj36g jf ljefhgn]] /fli6«otfnfO{k|efj kfg{ ;Sb5 egL pNn]v ug]{ k|fjwfgx¿ Kflg ;dfj]z ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

� /fHo pQ/flwsf/;Fu hf]l8Psf] /fli6«otf;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gsf] ;+lxtfj4 ug]{ / ljsf; ug'{kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf]

$!

cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g cfof]u (ILC) n] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efsf] k|:tfj @))!sf] %%÷!%# sf] cg';"lrdf ;dfj]z ePsf ljifodf d:of}bf k|fjwfgx¿ tof/u¥of] . pQm d:of}bf k|fjwfgx¿n] lgDg adf]lhd Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M

– ;a} ;DalGwt /fi6«x¿n] /fHo pQ/flwsf/sf] lbg;Dd ;fljs /fi6«sf] gful/sePsf] JolQmnfO{ pQm pQ/flwsf/sf] kl/0ffdaf6 /fHoljxLg ul/g] 5}g egLpko'Qm pkfo cjnDag ug{'kb{5 .

– s};sf]] lgoldt a;f]af; pQ/flwsf/af6 k|efljt e"–efudf cjl:ytePsf]df ;f] JolQmn] pQ/flwsf/sf] lbg b]lv pQm pQ/flwsf/jfnf /fi6«sf]/fli6«otf k|fKt ug]{ cg'dfg ul/G5 .

– s'g} pQ/flwsf/jfnf /fi6«n] csf]{ b]zdf lgoldt a;f]af; ePsf To:tf;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQmx¿ /fHoljxLg x'g] cj:yf geP;Dd pgLx¿sfOR5f ljkl/t cfkm\gf] /fi6«sf] /fli6«otf k|bfg ug'{x'b}g .

– ;DalGwt /fi6«x¿n] ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQmx¿ b'O{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L /fi6«x¿sf]/fli6«otf k|fKt ug{ of]Uo /x];Dd pgLx¿sf OR5fnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg' kb{5 .;DalGwt k|To]s /fi6«n] Tof] /fi6«;Fu oyf]lrt ;fO{gf] ePsf JolQmx¿ hf]cGoyf /fHoljxLg x'g;Sy] ltgLx¿nfO{ /fli6«otf 5fGg] clwsf/ k|bfgug]{5 .

– ;DalGwt /fi6«x¿n] ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQmx¿sf] /fli6«otf k|fKt ug]{ tyf sfod/fVg] clwsf/ jf /fli6«otf 5fGg kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ s'g} klg cfwf/df e]befj u/L OGsf/ ug]{ 5}gg\ .

� /fli6«otf;DaGwL o'/f]k]nL dxf;lGw / /fHo pQ/flwsf/af6 x'g] /fHoljxLgtfnfO{ lg/fs/0f ug]{ dxf;lGw n] ;g\ !(^! sf] dxf;lGwdf pNn]lvt k|fjwfgx¿ /cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g cfof]un]] u/]sf] d:of}bf k|fjwfgx¿df ;dflji6 w]/}l;4fGtx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ub{5 . pQm o'/f]k]nL dxf;lGwn] /fli6«otf / /fHopQ/flwsf/ ;DaGwdf Pp6f 5'§} kl/R5]b ;dk{0f u/L rf/ d'Vo l;4fGtx¿dflyk|sfz kf/]sf] 5 M

– ;DalGwt JolQm / /fi6«aLrsf] oyfy{ tyf k|efjsf/L ;DaGwÙ

– ;DalGwt JolQmsf] pQ/flwsf/sf] ;dodf ePsf] lgoldt a;f]af;Ù

– ;DalGwt JolQmsf] OR5fÙ /

– ;DalGwt JolQmsf] pTklQsf] e"–efu .

$@

$#

o;sf cltl/Qm /fli6«otf ;DaGwL o'/f]k]nL dxf;lGwn] pNn]v u/] cg';f/ s'g} ;flasd'n'ssf u}/–gful/sx¿ lgoldt ¿kdf a;f]af; u/]sf] e"–efudflysf] ;Dk|e" s'g}pQ/flwsf/ /fi6«df x:tfGtl/t ePsf]df / pgLx¿n] pQm pQ/flwsf/ /fi6«sf] gful/stfk|fKt u/]sf xF'b}gg\ eg]klg To:tf JolQmx¿nfO{ Tof] /fi6«df /xg] / ;f] /fi6«sfgful/sx¿ ;/x ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s clwsf/x¿ pkef]u ug]{ clwsf/ x'G5 .

/fHo pQ/flwsf/af6 x'g ;Sg] /fHoljxLgtf lg/fs/0f ug{] ;DaGwL dxf;lGwn] /fHopQ/flwsf/sf] ljifodf /fli6«otf;Fu ;DalGwt k|df0f;DaGwL ljz]if lgodx¿ -wf/f *_ ljsf; u¥of]M

æ;DalGwt JolQmx¿ /fHo pQ/flwsf/sf] kl/0ffdaf6 /fHoljxLg ePsf jf x'g;Sg] cj:yf ePsf] v08df s'g} pQ/flwsf/ /fi6«n] cfˆgf]] gful/stf k|bfg ug{k|df0fsf] cfjZostfsf] dfkb08nfO{ hf]8 lbg] 5}g / To:tf JolQmx¿nfO{ pQmdfkb08sf] cfjZostf k'/f ug{ dfu ug'{ pko'Qm x'Fb}g .

s'g} pQ/flwsf/ /fi6«n] pQ/flwsf/sf] ;dodf cfˆgf]] e"–efudf, lgoldt a;f]af; ul//x]sf / pQm /fHo pQ/flwsf/sf] kl/0ffdaf6 /fHoljxLg ePsf jfx'g ;Sg] JolQmx¿nfO{ cfˆgf]] /fli6«otf k|bfg ug{' cl3 csf]{ /fli6«otf k|fKtgu/]sf] k|df0f dfu ug]{ 5}gg\ .Æ

wf/f * sf] klxnf] cg'R5]b\n] s'g} JolQmn] /fli6«otf k|fKt ug{sf nflu k'/f ug'{kg]{k|df0fsf cfjZos dfkb08 k'/f ug{ c;Dej of cToGt sl7g x'g] cj:yfnfO{ Wofgdf/fVb5 . sltko cj:yfdf s'g} JolQmnfO{ p;sf] j+zhsf] k"0f{ lnlvt k|df0fx¿ pknAwu/fpg k|foM c;Dej x'g ;S5, pbfx/0fsf nflu olb To:tf gful/stfsf clen]vx¿Gffz eO;s]sf x'g;S5g\ . cem a;f]af;sf] 7fpF g} btf{ gePsf] cj:yfdf a;f]af;sf]7fpFsf] lnlvt k|df0f pknAw u/fpg c;Dej x'g ;S5 . of] k|fjwfgn] To:tfcj:yfx¿ klg ;d]6\5 h:tf] s'g} JolQmn] k|df0f pknJw u/fpg ;Dej x'g ;S5 t/olb k|df0f k'¥ofpg' kg]{ sf/0fn] lgj]bssf] Hofg jf :jf:Yo g} hf]lvddf kb{5 eg]To:tf] cj:yfdf k|df0fsf] dfu ug{' cg'lrt x'ghfG5 . To:tf k|df0f k'¥ofpg sl7gagfpg] cj:yfx¿ ;w+} k|ToIf ¿kdf /fHo pQ/flwsf/sf] 36gf;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'b}g . oL/fHo pQ/flwsf/ cl3 jf kl5 36]sf] s'g} 36gfsf] kl/0ffd x'g;S5 pbfx/0fsf] nflu;flas d'n'ssf] zf;gsfndf gful/stfsf] clen]v gi6 ul/Psf] jf hg;+Vofsf] s'g}lglZrt ;d"xnfO{ cfjZos lnvtx¿ hf/L gul/Psf] cj:yf . oL ;a} cj:yfx¿dfPp6f pRr ;DefJotfsf] k|df0f /÷jf :jtGq k|df0f g} s'g} pQ/flwsf/ /fi6«sf]gful/stf k|fKt ug]{ zt{x¿ k'/f ug{sf] nflu kof{Kt x'g]5 .

wf/f–* sf] bf];|f] cg'R5]b\ ;flas d'n's ljno ePsf] cj:yfdf To;/L ljnog ePsf]/fi6«sf] /fli6«otf u|x0f ul//x]sf ;a} JolQmx¿n] pQm /fi6«sf] lj36gsf] kl/0ffdaf6:jtM gful/stf u'dfPsf] cj:yf;Fu dfq ;DalGwt 5 . olb pQm gofF pQ/flwsf/

$$

/fi6«n] ax'/fli6«otfsf] ;+VofnfO{ /f]S5 jf 36fpF5 eg] pQm /fi6«n] tL ;DalGwtJolQmx¿af6 pgLx¿n] csf]{ gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf 5}gg\ jf pgLx¿ /fHoljxLg x'g\eGg] k|df0f cfjZos 7fGg ;Sg]5 . cGo /fi6«x¿sf] ;xof]udf lge{/ /xg' kg]{ x'Fbf s'g}JolQmn] csf]{ /fi6«sf] /fli6«otf u|x0f u/]sf] 5}g jf pm /fHoljxLg 5 eGg] k|df0fsf]cfjZostf k'/f ug{ k|foM c;Dej x'G5 . olb /fHo pQ/flwsf/sf] kl/0ffdaf6 s'g}JolQm /fHoljxLg x'g ;Sg] vt/f 5 eg] pQ/flwsf/ /fi6«n] pQm JolQm;Fu gful/stfk|bfg ug'{ k"j{ csf]{ /fi6«sf] /fli6«otf lyPg jf To; JolQm /fHoljxLg lyof] eGg]k|df0fsf] dfu ug{' x'Fb}g . of] lgod /fHoljxLgtf lgjf/0f ug'{ cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf]k|fylds ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf] eGg] ;j{dfGo b[li6sf]0fdf cfwfl/t ePtfklg PseGbf al9/fi6«sf] /fli6«otfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ jf OGsf/ ug]{ eGg] ljifo x/]s /fi6«n] cfkm}{ ug]{lg0f{odf cfwfl/t x'G5 .

oL k|fjwfgx¿n] cGo /fi6«x¿af6 ;xof]u lnO{ cfˆgf] e"efudf /x]sf ax'/fli6«otf ePsfJolQmx¿sf] ;+Vof 36fpg rfxg] /fi6«nfO{ / /fli6«otfsf] k|flKt / ;dflKt;Fu ;DalGwt;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg ug{ /f]s nufPsf] 5}g . æ/fli6«otf;DaGwL sfg"gsf] ljjfb ;DaGwLlglZrt k|Zgx¿;DaGwL x]u dxf;lGw !(#)Æ sf] cGo /fli6«otfnfO{ dfGotf glbg];DaGwL k|fjwfg / æo'/f]k]nL dxf;lGwÆ sf] wf/f–& -!_ -s_ n] Joj:yf u/]sf] :j]lR5s¿kdf csf]{ gful/stf k|fKt u/]df /fli6«otfsf] :jtM cGTo x'g] ;Defjgfsf] k|fjwfgx¿ax'/fli6«otfsf] ljifo aflemg ;Sb5 . s'g} /fi6«n] ;DalGwt JolQmaf6 p;n] csf]{/fli6«otf u|x0f u/]sf] 5}g jf ug]{ 5}g egL 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lnlvt aofg klg dfu ug{;Sg]5 h;n] pQm /fi6«nfO{ ;DalGwt JolQmn] e'm§f aofg u/]sf] kQfnfUof] eg] To:tf]gful/stf vf/]h ug{ ;dy{ agfpF5 .

c;n cEof;x¿M r]s u0ftGq

ha ;g\ !((# sf] hgj/L ! df k"j{ r]sf]:nf]eflsof cf}krfl/s¿kdf lj36g ePkZrft b'O{ pQ/flwsf/L /fi6«x¿–r]s u0ftGq / :nf]efs u0ftGq b'j}n]gful/stf;DaGwL sfg"g hf/L u/] . ltgLx¿n] cf–cfˆgf /fi6«sf gful/sx¿sf nfluk|f/lDes lgsfo / To:tf k|lqmofx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/lbP h;af6 JolQmx¿n] cfˆgf]/fi6«sf] gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;Sby], tyflk b'j} d'n'ssf] sfg"g r]sf]:nf]eflsofsf]gful/stf sfg"gx¿df cfwfl/t lyof] h'g ;g\ !(^( df d:of}bf ul/Psf] lyof] /To;sf/0f s'g} klg sfg"g pQm gofF kl/l:yltsf] cg's"n lyPg .

b'j} gjul7t /fi6«x¿sf] cfGtl/s gful/stfsf] sfg"g cg';f/, ;g\ !(%$ cl3hlGdPsf JolQmx¿ hf] r]sf]:nf]efs ;dfhjfbL u0ftGq b'O{ u0ftGqx¿sf] Pp6} ;+3ePsf] avtdf tL /fHosf e"–efudf hlGdPsf !% aif{ jf Tof] eGbf dflysfJolQmx¿ pQm /fHosf gful/s eP (jus soli) . ;g\ !(%$ kl5 hlGdPsf JolQmx¿of t hlGdPsf] 7fpFsf] sfg"gsf (jus soli) cfwf/df -r]s–:nf]efs ldl>tafa'cfdfaf6 hlGdPsf JolQmx¿n] ;fdfGotof pgLx¿ hGd]sf] 7fpFdf cfwfl/teP/ gful/stf k|fKt u/]_ cyjf b'j} afa'cfdfn] ;dfg /fli6«otf u|x0fu/]sf]cj:yfdf pgLx¿sf afa'cfdfsf] gful/stf (jus sanguinis) sf] cfwf/df pQm/fi6«sf] gful/s dflgP . kl/0ffd:j¿k w]/} JolQmx¿ h;n] cfˆgf] ;+o'Qm hLjgr]su0ftGqdf latfPsf lyP, pgLx¿nfO{ :nf]efs gful/stf k|bfg ul/of] / To;}ul/ :nf]efsdf ;Dk"0f{ hLjg latfPsfnfO{ r]ssf] gful/stf k|bfg ul/of] .r]su0ftGqdf a;f]af; ul//x]sf w]/}h;f] /f]df cNk;+Vos hfltx¿ of] sfg"gLc:ki6tfdf km;]sf lyP lsgls pgLx¿dWo] w]/} :nf]efs e"–efudf hlGdPsf lyP/ :nf]efsdf hlGdPsf k'vf{sf ;Gtlt lyP .

o;}aLrdf gofF :nf]efs gful/stf sfg"gn] r]sf]:nf]eflsofsf ;Dk"0f{ k"j{gful/sx¿nfO{ /fli6«otfsf] lgjf{w clwsf/ lbof], ptf gofF r]s gful/stf P]gn]eg] gful/stf k|flKtsf] nflu s8f ;t{x¿ k|:t't u¥of] . r]s gful/stf k|fKt ug{s'g} klg JolQmn] lgDg ;t{x¿ k'/f u/]sf] x'g'kYof]{M

� r]su0ftGqsf] e"lddf Go"gtd b'O{jif{ cl3b]lv ;+3Lo/fHosf] lj36g ePsf]cjlw;Dd lgoldt :yfoL a;f]af;sf] btf{ sfod /x]sf] x'g'kg]{Ù

� :nf]efs gful/stfaf6 5'6 kfPsf] x'g'kg]{Ù /

� lat]sf kfFr jif{x¿df s'g} dg;foo'Qm ck/fwdf ;hfo gkfPsf] x'g'kg]{ .

;g\ !(() sf] dWolt/, r]s / :nf]efs ;/sf/x¿n] o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=nfO{ sfg"gLljjfbsf] kl/0ffd :j¿k pTkGg ePsf] /fHoljxLgtfsf xhf/f}+ 36gfx¿ ;'Nemfpg;xof]u ug{ cfu|x u/] hf] lyof] . o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] To;If]qdf b'O{j6f tYo ;+sngug]{ ld;g (Fact finding missions) x¿ k7fof] / tL /fHox¿sf gful/stfsfg"gx¿sf] ;DaGwdf ;/sf/x¿;Fu cGt/lqmofx¿sf] cfof]hgf u¥of] .

;g\ !((^ df, o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] kf/fUj]df sfof{no /xg] u/L ægful/stf k/fdz{s]Gb|Æ u7g ug{ ;xof]u u¥of] . pQm s]Gb|n] r]sf]:nf]efsLofsf k"j{ gful/sx¿nfO{sfg"gL tyf ;fdflhs k/fdz{ pknAw u/fof], hf] r]su0ftGq;Fu nfdf] ;do b]lvhfoh ;DaGw ePtfklg /fHoljxLg cj:yfdf lyP . Ps jif{sf] cjlwdf s]Gb|n]c?sf] x]/rfxdf /x]sf ()) afnaflnsf;lxt ^,))) JolQmx¿, r]ssf

$%

e]befj jf gful/stfaf6 :j]R5frf/Ljl~rlts/0f;”u ;DalGwt sf/0fx¿

e]befj

gful/stf k|bfg ug]{ jf OGsf/ ug]{ /fi6«sf] :jljj]ssf] Pp6f k|d'v Jojwfg hftLoe]befjdflysf] aGb]h xf] . of] l;4fGt æ;a} lsl;dsf hftLo e]befj pGd"ngug]{;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwÆ / cGo w]/} b:tfj]hx¿df k|ltljlDat ePsf] 5 .;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] hftLo e]befj;DaGwL ;ldltn] ;g\ @))$ cS6'a/–! sf] æu}/gful/s lj?4sf e]befj;DaGwL ;fwf/0f ;'emfj (General Recommendation) x¿Ædf æhft, /+u, j+z, jf /fli6«o jf hftLo pTklQsf] cfwf/df gful/stfaf6 jl+~rt ug'{/fi6«sf] clje]bsf/L ¿kdf /fli6«otfsf] clwsf/ pkef]u ug{ ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{ bfloTjsf]pNn+3g xf]” egL pNn]v u¥of] .

oBlk, slxn]sfxLF JolQmx¿ s'g} vf; b]z;Fu alnof] ;DaGw eP/ klg /fli6«otf k|fKtug{ c;dy{ x'G5g\ . To:tf] ;DaGw cGo JolQmx¿sf] nflu gful/stf k|flKtsf] p7fgug{ kof{Kt x'G5 . hft, /+u, j0f{, wd{, ln+u, /fhgLlts ljrf/ jf cGo ljifox¿df

$^

sf/fuf/x¿df /x]sf #,%)) eGbf al9 JolQmx¿ tyf /fli6«otfsf] lgwf] ug{ jf k|of]uug{ g;s]sf @,))) eGbf al9 JolQmx¿nfO{ ;xfotf k|bfg u¥of] .

o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/= / o'/f]k]nL kl/ifb\n] pknAw u/fPsf] ;'emfjnfO{ nfu" ub}{, r]s;/sf/n] gful/stf k|flKt;DaGwL aGb]hx¿nfO{ km's'jf ug{ z'? u¥of] . ;g\ !((^sf] clk|ndf, r]s Joj:yflksfn] gful/stf P]gsf] ;+zf]wg kfl/t u¥of] h;n] u[xdGqfnonfO{ cfj]bsx¿ :nf]efs gful/s eP/ klg lgoldt ¿kdf r]su0ftGqdfa;f]af; ul//x]sf jf ub}{ cfPsf / To:tf] a;f]af;sf] cf}krfl/s k|df0f k|:t't u/]dfpgLx¿n] æck/fw gu/]sf] ljj/0fÆ a'emfpg' kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ 5'6 lbg ;Sg]:jljj]sLo clwsf/ lbof] .

;g\ !((( df, r]s Joj:yflksfn] csf]{ ;+zf]wg kfl/t u¥of] h;n] k"j{r]s:nf]eflsofsf] e"efu, h'g kl5 r]s u0ftGq eof], df :yfoL ¿kdf a;f]af; ub}{cfPsf t/ cf}krfl/s a;f]af;sf] :jLs[tL k|fKt gu/]sf gful/sx¿nfO{r]su0ftGqsf] gful/s x'g cg'dlt lbof] . pQm ;+zf]wg cGtu{t tL JolQmx¿nfO{sfd jf lgjf;sf] s/f/ jf ;fIfLx¿ dfkm{t cfˆgf] a;f]af; k|dfl0ft ug]{ OhfhtlbOPsf] lYfof] . cem pgLx¿nfO{ s'g} æck/fw gu/]sf] ljj/0fÆ klg cfjZostf gkg]{eof] . o;/L qmlds ¿kdf o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf / r]s lgsfox¿;xefuL ePsf] cfk;L k|of;åf/f tL k"j{ r]sf]:nf]efsx¿ Hff] ;+3Lo u0f/fHo lj36gePb]lv :yfoL ¿kdf r]s u0ftGqdf a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf lyP pgLx¿nfO{gful/stfdf lgjf{w kx'Fr lbO{of] .

$&

cfwfl/t lje]bx¿ k|ToIf ¿kdf jf c;fjwflgk"j{s s'g} sfg"gdf jf ltgLx¿sf]sfof{Gjogsf qmddf ;[hgf ePsf x'g;5g\ . sfg"gnfO{ Tolta]nf lje]bsf/L dfGg;lsG5 hf ltgdf k"jf{u|xL efiff k|of]u ul/Psf x'G5 jf ltgsf] sfof{Gjogsf] kl/0ffdlje]bsf/L x'G5 .


� /fli6«otf;Fu ;DalGwt clje]bsf/Ltfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ ;+ljwfg / /fli6«otf;DaGwLsfg"gdf Jojl:yt ul/G5 egL ;'lglZrt ug'{kb{5 / pQm l;4fGtnfO{ k|zf;sLo/ Goflos lg0f{ox¿åf/f sfof{Gjog ul/G5 egL ;'lglZrt ug'kb{5 .

� /fi6«x¿n] cfGtl/s tyf cGo b]zx¿sf] ;xof]udf cyf{t b'j} tl/sfaf6 k|To]s afnsnfO{ p hGd] b]lvg} /fli6«otf k|fKt x'g]5 egL ;'lglZrt ug{ ;a} k|sf/sf pko'Qm pkfo cjnDag ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . To;sf/0f, ljjflxt bDkltaf6 hGd]sf] afns, ljgfljjfx hGd]sf] afns / /fHoljxLg bDkltaf6 hGd]sf] afns ;a}nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g cg';f/ /fli6«otfsf] ;dfg clwsf/ x'G5 .

� ljjflxt gf/Lsf] /fli6«otf;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(%& / dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug{];DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(&( n] dlxnfnfO{ /fli6«otfk|fKt ug]{, kl/jt{g ug]{ jf sfod /fVg] k'?if ;/x ;dfg clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ck]Iff u/]sf] 5 . oL dxf;lGwdf pNn]lvt l;4fGtcg';f/ >Ldfg\sf]] /fli6«otfsf]x}l;otn] >LdtLsf] /fli6«otf :jtM kl/jt{g u/L /fHoljxLg agfOg' xF'b}g g t pgnfO{ >Ldfg\sf] /fli6«otf u|x0f ug{ afWo g} agfOg' x'G5 .

gful/stfaf6 jl~rlts/0f / OGsf/L

dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqn] s;}nfO{ klg /fli6«otfaf6 :j]R5frf/L¿kn]ljd'vLs/0f ul/g] 5}g egL pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . To:t} ;g\ !(^! sf] dxf;lGw / ;g\!((& sf] /fli6«otf;DaGwL o'/f]k]nL dxf;lGwn] /fi6«x¿n] k|bfg u/]sf] gful/stfsf]cGTo ug]{ ;Defjgfx¿nfO{ s8f¿kdf ;Lldt u/]sf] 5 . To:tf s'g} gful/stfsf];dflKt k"0f{tM sfo{ljlwut k|Tofe"ltaf6 x'g'k5{ / o;n] /fHoljxLgtfsf] kl/0ffd Nofpg'xF'b}g .

;fdfGotofM Pp6f /fi6« hf] lje]bsf/L sfg"gdf cEo:t 5 To;n] JolQmnfO{gful/stfaf6 jl~rt u/]kl5 u}//fli6«os/0fsf] ¿k lnG5 / kmntM To:tf JolQmnfO{ha/h:tL b]z lgsfnf ul/G5 .

$*


� cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gsf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGt cg';f/ /fHoljxLgtfdf kl/0ft x'g] ePsf]xL klg JolQmnfO{ /fli6«otfaf6 jl~rt u/fOg' x'Fb}g .

� /fHoljxLgtf Go"lgs/0f ug]{ dxf;lGw !(^! n] of] l;4fGtsf] lgDg adf]lhdsfckjfbx¿ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 M

– 5nsk6 jf hfn;fhLaf6 k|fKt u/]]sf] /fli6«otfÙ

– ljb]zdf a;f]af;sf sf/0f gful/stfsf] ;dflKt -dfly x]g'{xf];_Ù

– s'g} akmfbfl/tfsf] st{Jo ljk/Ltsf sfo{x¿ u/]df, cGo /fi6«nfO{ ;]jf k|bfgug{ u/]sf] k|i6 lgif]wf1fsf] pNn+3g u/]df jf JolQmut cfr/0faf6 /fi6«lxtdfulDe/ c;/ kfg]{ sfo{ u/]df -olb oL k|fjwfgx¿ dxf;lGw x:tfIf/ ePsf];dodf sfg"gdf pNn]v u/]sf] ePdf dfq_Ù cyjf

– csf]{ /fi6«sf] akmfbfl/tfsf] cf}krfl/s 3f]if0ff u/]df jf ;ky lnPdf jf ;f]/fi6«sf] akmfbfl/tfnfO{ kl/Tofu u/]dfÙ -olb dxf;lGwsf] x:tfIf/ x'Fbfsf]avt sfg"gdf JoQm u/]sf] eP dfq_ .

;g\ !(^! sf] dxf;lGwsf] kIf /fi6«n] x:tfIf/, cg'df]bg jf ;lDdngsf] ;dodf ljz]if¿kdf pNn]v u/]sf k"j{ cfwf/x¿sf ePdf / sfg"g adf]lhd / :jR5 k"k{Ifsf] clwsf/h:tf k"0f{ sfo{ljlwx¿ k|Tofe"t ePsf] v08df dfq s'g} JolQmnfO{ gful/snfO{/fli6«otfaf6 jl~rt ug{ ;Sb5 . s'g} kIf /fi6«n] s'g} JolQm jf JolQmx¿sf] ;d"xsf]/fli6«otf hftLo, wfld{s jf /fhgLlts cfwf/x¿df ckx/0f ug]{ 5}g .

� /fli6«otf;DaGwL o'/f]k]nL dxf;lGw !((& n] /fi6«x¿sf] /fli6«otfsf] ckx/0f ug]{;DaGwL clwsf/ h;n] /fHoljxLgtfsf] kl/0ffd Nofpg ;S5 To:tf] ;fdYo{nfO{ cem ;Lldt agfPsf] 5 . pQm dxf;lGwn] hfn;fhL jf em'7f]ljj/0faf6 k|fKt u/]sf] gful/stfsf] ckx/0fnfO{ dfq hfoh 7x¥ofPsf]5 . tyflk olb gful/tfsf] ckx/0f /fHoljxLgtfdf kl/0ft xF'b}g eg], s'g} /fi6«n] cfˆgf gful/ssf] gful/stf lgDg cj:yfx¿df ckx/0f ug{ ;Sb5M

– :j]lR5s ¿kdf csf]{ /fli6«otfsf] k|flKtÙ

– :j]lR5s ¿kdf ljb]zL ;}Go kmf}hdf ;]jfÙ

– /fi6«lxt ljk/Lt sfo{ u/]dfÙ

– ljb]zdf lgoldt ¿kdf a;f]af; ug]{ gful/ssf] p;sf] /fi6«;Fu jf:tljs ;DaGwsf] cefjÙ

– s'g} b]zsf] /fli6«otf :jtM k|fKt ug{ cfGtl/s sfg"gdf tf]lsP adf]lhdsfk"j{ zt{x¿sf] kl/kfngf gu/]dfÙ -of] gfafnsx¿sf nflu dfq nfu" x'G5_

– wd{k'q jf wd{k'qLsf] :j¿k u|x0f u/]sf] afnsn] u|x0f ug]{ afa'cfdf dWo] Psjf b'a}n] ljb]zL /fli6«otf k|fKt u/]df .

/fHoljxLgtf Go"lgs/0f ug]{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf]

dxf;lGw !(^! sf d'Vo k|fjwfgx¿

/fli6«otf k|bfg ug]{ ;DaGwL -wf/fx¿, !, @, # / $_

/fli6«otf To:tf JolQmnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] 5 hf] cGoyf /fHoljxLg x'g ;S5g\ / h;sf] hGd jf j+zhsf cfwf/df pQm /fi6«;Fu k|efjsf/L ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . /fli6«otf lgDg adf]lhdsf cfwf/df k|bfg ul/g]5M

hGdsf] cfwf/df, s'g} /fi6«sf] e"–efudf hGd]sf] JolQmnfO{ sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjogåf/fÙ

� lglZrt pd]/df sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjogåf/f, /fi6«sf] e"–efudf hGd]sf] JolQmnfO{, /fli6«o sfg"gsf] ;t{ cg';f/Ù

� /fi6«sf] e"–efudf hGd]sf] JolQmnfO{ cfj]bg adf]lhdÙ -To:tf] cfj]bg b]xfosf Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9Ldf tYodf cfwfl/t x'g' kb{5 M s'g} lglZrt cjlw leq cfj]bg btf{ ug{ ;lsg], lglZrt a;f]af;sf] cfjZostf kg]{, s'g} ljz]ifk|s[tLsf] kmf}hbf/L cleof]u gePsf] /÷cyjf pQm JolQm ;w}+ /fHoljxLg cj:yfdf /lxcfPsf]_,

� hGdsf] cfwf/df sfg"g ;Ddt afnsnfO{, olb afnssf] cfdf;Fu pQm afnshGd]sf] b]zsf] /fli6«otf 5 eg]Ù

� j+zhsf] cfwf/df, s'g} JolQm hf] s'g} kIf /fi6«sf] e"efudf hlGdP/ klg pd]/jf a;f]af;sf cfjZostfx¿sf] sf/0faf6 /fli6«otf k|fKt ug{ c;dy{ 5Ù-h'g b]xfosf Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9Ldf tYodf cfwfl/t x'g' kb{5 M s'g} lglZrtcjlw leq cfj]bg btf{ ug{ ;lsg], lglZrt a;f]af;sf] cfjZostf kg]{,/÷cyjf pQm JolQm ;w}+ /fHoljxLg cj:yfdf /lxcfPsf]_,

� s'g} kIf /fi6«sf] e"–efudf kfOPsf cgfyx¿nfO{Ù

� hGdsf] cfwf/df, olb kIf /fi6«sf] e"–efudf ghGd]sf] s'g} JolQmnfO{ olb p hGdbfsf] avtdf cfdf afa' dWo] s'g} Pssf] /fli6«otf To; /fi6«sf] lyof] eg]sfg"g adf]lhdÙ

� cfj]bg adf]lhd, kIf /fi6«sf] e"–efudf ghGd]sf] -cGoq hGd]sf]_ JolQm olb p hGdbfsf] avtdf cfdf afa' dWo] s'g} Pssf] /fli6«otf To; /fi6«sf] lyof] eg] /fli6«o sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/] adf]lhdÙ -pQm cfj]bg b]xfosf Ps jf ;f]eGbfa9Ldf tYodf cfwfl/t x'g' kb{5 M s'g} lglZrt cjlw leq cfj]bg btf{ ug{ ;lsg], lglZrt a;f]af;sf] cfjZostf kg]{, s'g} /fli6«o ;'/Iff lj? 4sf] ck/fwdf ;hfo gkfPsf]] /÷jf pQm JolQm ;w}+ /fHoljxLg cj:yfdf /lxcfPsf]_ .

/fli6«otfsf] ;dflKt jf kl/Tofu;DaGwL -wf/fx¿ %, ^ / &_

/fli6«otfsf] ;dflKt jf kl/Tofu csf]{ /fli6«otfsf] k"j{ u|x0f jf k|fKt ug]{cfZjf;gsf] ;t{df cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 . t/ Pp6f ckjfbsf] ¿kdf c+uLs[tJolQmx¿sf] ljifonfO{ eg] lng ;lsG5 hf] cf}krfl/s hfgsf/L / ;do ;Ldfsf]

$(

%)

hfgsf/Lsf afjh'bklg lglZrt jif{;Dd ljb]zdf a;f]af; ub{5g\ / gful/stfsfod /fVg] dg;fo JoQm ug{ ;d]t c;dy{ x'G5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf kIf /fi6«n]c+uLs[t gful/ssf] pQm cfj]bgnfO{ OGsf/ klg ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf ljBdfg x'Fbf klgcfj]bg u/]s} cfwf/df gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] x'G5 . gful/stfsf] ;dflKt sfg"gadf]lhd dfq / k"0f{ sfo{ljlwut k|0ffnL, h:t}M s'g} cbfnt jf cGo :jtGqlgsfoaf6 lgikIf ;'g'jfO{sf] clwsf/sf] k|Tofel"t ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq x'g ;Qm5 .

gful/stfsf] jl~rlts/0f;DaGwLM -wf/f * / (_

tn pNn]lvt cj:yfx¿df afx]s sf]xL klg JolQm /fli6«otfaf6 jl~rt x'g' x'Fb}golb Tof] jl~rlts/0fn] /fHoljxLgtf lgDTofpF5 eg], h:tf]M

� em'7f] ljj/0f jf hfn;fhLaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] /fli6«otfÙ

� s'g} JolQmn] akmfbfl/tfsf] st{Jo ljk/Ltsf sfo{x¿ u/]df, cGo /fi6«nfO{ ;]jfk|bfg ug{ u/]sf] k|i6 lgif]wf1fsf] pNn+3g u/]df jf JolQmut cfr/0faf6/fi6«lxtdf ulDe/ c;/ kfg]{ sfo{ u/]dfÙ

� s'g} JolQmn] csf]{ /fi6«sf] jkmfbfl/tfsf] cf}krfl/s 3f]if0ff u/]df jf ;ky lnPdf jf ;f] /fi6«sf] jkmfbfl/tfnfO{ kl/Tofu u/]dfÙ

� c+uLs[t gful/sn] kIf /fi6«;Fusf] k|efjsf/L ;DaGwnfO{ u'dfPdf / ;"rgfsfafjh'b klg pQm /fli6«otfnfO{ sfod /fVg] dg;fo :yflkt ug{ c;dy{ ePdf .

s'g} kIf /fi6«n] x:tfIf/, cg'df]bg jf ;lDdngsf] ;dodf ljz]if ¿kdf pNn]vu/]sf k"j{ cfwf/x¿sf ePdf / sfg"g adf]lhd / :jR5 k"k{Ifsf] clwsf/ h:tf k"0f{sfo{ljlwx¿ k|Tofe"t ePsf] v08df dfq s'g} JolQmnfO{ /fli6«otfaf6 jl~rt ug{;Sb5 . s'g} kIf /fi6«n] s'g} JolQm jf JolQmx¿sf] ;d"xsf] /fli6«otf hftLo, wfld{sjf /fhgLlts cfwf/x¿df ckx/0f ug]{ 5}g .

e"efusf] x:tfGt/0f;DaGwL -wf/f !)_

s'g} e"efusf] x:tfGt/0fsf sf/0faf6 /fHoljxLgtf pTkGg x'g] 5}g egL ;lGwx¿n]lglZrt ug]{5g\ . s'g} ;lGw x:tfIf/ gu/]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf e"–efusf] k|flKt jfx:tfGt/0fsf] kl/0ffdaf6 s'g} JolQm cGoyf /fHoljxLg x'g;S5 eg] ;DalGwt/fi6«n] cfˆgf] /fli6«otf k|bfg ug]{5 .

%!

cGt/f{li6«o lgsfo ;DaGwdf -wf/f !!_

dxf;lGwn], ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;+/rgfleq, Pp6f lgsfosf] :yfkgf ug{sf nflucfXjfg u5{ h;sf dfWodaf6 s'g} JolQmn] pQm dxf;lGwsf ;'ljwf;DaGwL bfaLsf]cfj]bgdf cfˆgf bfaLx¿ hfFr ul/g / To:tf bfaL pko'Qm lgsfodf k|:t't ul/g;xof]u lng ;S5 .

ljjfbx¿sf] ;dfwfg ;DaGwdf -wf/f !$_

kIf /fi6«x¿ aLr of] ;lGwsf] JofVof jf sfof{Gjog;Fu ;DalGwt ljjfbx¿ cGo;+oGqaf6 ;dfwfg x'g ;s]g eg] To:tf] ljjfbnfO{ s'g} Ps kIfsf] cg'/f]wdfcGt/f{li6«o Gofofno -International Court of Justice_ ;dIf k|:t't ul/g]5 .

clGtd d:of}bf

o; clGtd d:of}bfn] tYout /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿nfO{ ;Dej eP;Dd sfg"gL/fHoljxLg ;/x Jojxf/ u/L k|efjsf/L gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;Ifd agfpg'kb5{ egLl;kmfl/; ub{5 .

z/0ffyL{ ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no -o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=_ sf] e"ldsf

;g\ !(%) af6 o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] cfkm\gf] sfo{sf] z'?jft u/] b]lv g} /fHoljxLgtfsfd'2f tyf /fHoljxLg JolQm;Fu ;+nUg /xLcfPsf]5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] z/0ffyL{sf] ;+/If0ftyf pgLx¿sf] b'Mvsf] ;dfwfg kQf nufpg ;xof]u ug{ o; ;Ë7gnfO{ clwsf/ lbPsf]5 . o; ;+Ë7gåf/f jiff}{+;Dd ;xof]u ul/Psf w]/}] z/0ffyL{x¿ klg /fHoljxLg ePsf5g\ . t;y{, ljutsf w]/} bzsx¿df, /fli6«o ;+/If0fsf] OGsf/L jf cGTo / /fli6«otfsf]OGsf/L jf cGTo aLr /fd|f] ;DaGw :yfkgf eO;s]sf] 5 . s'g} k|efjsf/L /fli6«otfsf]pkef]u tyf /fli6«otf;DaGwL cGtlg{lxt clwsf/x¿sf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfn]JolQmx¿nfO{ ha/h:tL tyf OR5f lj?4 lj:yfkg x'gaf6 /f]s nufpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg xfn ;fdfGo¿kdf a'lemPsf] 5 .

o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/= /fHoljxLgtf;DaGwL d'2f; Fu s;/L ;+nUg eof] <

lat]sf jif{x¿af6 ;+u7gsf] lj:tf/;Fu}, o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=sf] /fHoljxLgtfsf] 36gf sdug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] / /fHoljxLgx¿nfO{ ;xfotf ug]{ e"ldsf klg a9\b} . o;nfO{cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efsf] k|:tfj tyf o; ;+Ë7gsf cfˆg} k/fdz{lgsfosf] l;kmfl/; dfkm{t / pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{qmd;DaGwL sfo{sf/L ;ldlt (ExCom)

åf/f /fHoljxLgtfsf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ clVtof/L k|fKt 5 .

;g\ !(%$ sf] /fHoljxLg JolQmsf] x}l;ot;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] pko'Qm sfof{GjognfO{;'lglZrt ug{ ko{j]IfsLo lgsfo :yfkgf ug{sf nflu s'g} klg k|fjwfg 5}g . tyflk,;g\ !(^! sf] /fHoljxLgtf Go"lgs/0f ug]{ dxf;lGwsf] wf/f !! n] æo; dxf;lGwsf];'ljwf bfaL ug]{ s'g}] JolQmn] cfˆgf] bfaLsf] k/LIf0fsf nflu / pko'Qm clwsf/L ;dIf;xfotfsf nflu lgj]bg ug{ ;Sg] s'g} Ps lgsfo,” :yfkgf ug{sf] nflu cfXjfgub{5 . of] dxf;lGw ;g\ !(&%df nfu" ePb]lv, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efn]o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=nfO{ of] e"ldsf lgefpg cg'/f]w u¥of] . o; ;+Ë7gsf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{kl5Nnf k|:tfjx¿dfkm{t cem lj:t[t kfl/Psf] lyof] .

/fHoljxLg JolQmsf] ;+/If0f tyf /fHoljxLgtf Go"lgs/0f tyf /f]s nufpg];DaGwLlgisif{ -lgisif{ ;+Vof–&*_ df, /fHoljxLgtfsf] ljifo;DaGwL dfu{bz{gsf] lj:t[t¿k/]vf pRrfo'Qmsf] sfo{qmdsf] sfo{sf/L ;ldltn] ;g\ !((% df u|x0f u/]sf] lyof] .(sfo{sf/L ;ldlt /fHox¿sf] k|ltlglwx¿af6 u7g ePsf] xf]]– @% ;]K6]Da/ ;g\ @))%

%@

kl/R5]b $

%#

;Dd &) j6f /fHox¿ ;b:o lyP– z/0ffyL{ ;d:of sf] ;dfwfg kQf nufpg OR5fhfx]/ u/]sf] cfwf/df tL /fi6«x¿ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\ åf/f 5flgPsf x'g\ _ .sfo{sf/L ;ldltsf] /fHoljxLgtf;DaGwL] ;g\ !((% lgisif{n] æ/fHoljxLg JolQmsf nflucfˆgf ultljlwx¿ ;'rf? ug{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo z/0ffyL{;DaGwL pRrfo'Qmsf]sfo.{nonfO{ k|f]T;flxt ub{5” tyf æ;g\ !(%$ sf] /fHoljxLg JolQmsf] x}l;ot;DaGwLdxf;lGw tyf ;g\ !(^! sf] /fHoljxLgtf Go"gLs/0f ug]{ dxf;lGwsf] cg'df]bg k|j4{gug{sf nflu o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=sf] sfof{nonfO{ ;lqmo eO{ sfo{ ug{ cg'/f]w ub{5” . o;sfo{sf/L ;ldltsf] lgisif{n] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo z/0ffyL{;DaGwL pRrfo'Qmsf]sfof{nonfO{, æ;"rgfsf] cfbfg–k|bfg dfkm{t /fHoljxLgtfnfO{ Go"lgs/0f ug{ tyf /f]snufpg ;lqmo eO{ k|j4{g ug{ tyf ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿ / sd{rf/LnfO{ k|lzIf0f, tyfcGo ;Ë7gx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ a9fpg klg cg'/f]w u5{ .”

;g\ !((^ df, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efn] Pp6f k|:tfj (A/RES/50/152) u|x0f u¥of] h;n]/fHoljxLg JolQmsf] xsdf ultljlw ;+rfng ug{, tyf ;g\ !(%$ / !(#! sf] dxf;lGwnfO{sfof{Gjog tyf cg'df]bg / k|j4{g ug{ pRrfo'QmnfO{ ;f]lx cg'¿k k|f]T;flxt u5{ .

o; k|:tfjn] o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=sf] sfo{nonfO{ æ/fli6«otf;DaGwL sfg"gsf] tof/L tyfsfof{Gjog;Fu ;DalGwt dxTjk"0f{ k|fljlws tyf k/fdz{ ;]jfx¿ OR5's /fi6«x¿nfO{pknAw u/fpg” cg'/f]w ub{5 .

o;} k|:tfjdf, dxf;efn] æ/fHox¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGt cg'¿k,ljz]ifu/L /fli6«otfsf] :J]fR5frf/L ljd'vLs/0fnfO{ /f]s nufpFb}, tyf csf]{ /fli6«otfsf]k"j{ ef]u jf k|flKtljgf /fli6«otf Tofu ug{ :jLs[lt lbg] k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ x6fpFb} / o;sf];fy;fy} o;} ;dodf /fli6«otfsf] k|flKt, cGTo jf TofunfO{ ;~rfng ug{, sfg"gsf]lgdf{0f ug]{ /fHosf] clwsf/nfO{ dfGotf k|bfg ub}{, /fHoljxLgtf Go"lgs/0f ug]{ p2]Zon]/fHox¿nfO{ /fli6«otf;DaGwL sfg"gsf] u|x0f ug{ cfXjfg ub{5 .”

;+/If0fsf] nflu sfo{tflnsfdf Joj:yf ul/P cg';f/ /fHoljxLgtf x'gfsf] Pp6f k|d'vsf/0fx¿df lj:yfkg / z/0ffyL{ dflgPsf] lyof] h;nfO{ o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=sf] sfo{sf/L;ldltn] -lgis{if ;+Vof–(@ [LIII] s_ ;dy{g u/]sf] lyof] / ;g\ @))@ df o; ljifonfO{;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efn] :jfut u/]sf] lyof] . z/0ffyL{sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;+/If0f;DaGwLo"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=sf] ljZjJofkL k/fd{zsf] r/dlaGb"sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] cGt/f{li6«o;+/If0fsf ljifo (The Agenda for Protection) df cGt/f{li6«o ;+/If0fsf nflu nIo,p2]Zo tyf ;+oGqx¿sf ljj/0fx¿ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . o;n] /fHox¿, cGt/f{li6«o ;Ë7gx¿,u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ / z/0ffyL{x¿sf l;kmfl/;x¿ tyf ldl>t ;/f]sf/x¿nfO{k|ltljlDat ub{5 tyf lglZrt sfo{sf] nflu dfu{bz{gsf] ¿kdf sfd ub{5 ./fHoljxLgtfsf] ljifox¿sf] ;Daf]wg ha/h:tL lj:yfkgaf6 x'gaf6 hf]ufpg ;xof]uug'{ / /fli6«otf;DaGwL clwsf/sf]] k|Tofe"lt k|bfg ug'{sf] cy{df ul/Psf] 5 .

/fHoljxLg JolQmsf w]/} jif{;Dd ;dfwfg x'g g;s]sf ljifox¿ 7"nf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf]ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt eO{ sfo{sf/L ;ldlt (ExCom) n] ;/f]sf/ /fVb}, ;g\ @))$ df,o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=nfO{ To:tf cj:yfx¿sf] ;dfwfg kQf nufpg ;DalGwt /fHo;Fusfd ub}{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng cfXjfg u¥of] . o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] /fHox¿nfO{k|fljlws tyf sfo{sf/L ;xof]u lg/Gt/ pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ cfjZostfsf] nflu klgsfo{sf/L ;ldltn] cfXjfg u¥of] .

cem tTsfnLg cj:yfdf ;g\ @))% sf] dfgjclwsf/ tyf /fli6«otfsf] :j]R5frf/Lckx/0f;DaGwL k|:tfjdf [E|CN.4|2005L.58] pQm ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf]dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cfof]un] o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=nfO{ o; ljifo;DaGwL ;"rgf ;+sngub}{ tyf /fli6«otf ckx/0fsf] ;d:ofnfO{ o;sf k|ltj]bgx¿ tyf o;sf ultljlwx¿sf]b'a} sfo{If]qdf ;Daf]wg ub}{ lg/Gt/tf lbg k|f]T;flxt u¥of] .

/fHoljxLgtfsf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] s] ub{5 <

o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] ;/sf/nfO{ gful/stf;DaGwL sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjog tyf d:of}bftof/ kfg{ ;xof]u ub{5 / ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ k|lzIf0f pknAw u/fpF5 . ;g\@))# b]lv @))% leq, o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] gofF gful/stf sfg"g agfpg tyf k'/fgf]gful/stf sfg"gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ ;xof]u ub}{ $) eGbf a9L /fi6«x¿;Fu ;xsfo{ul/;s]sf] 5 . w]/} hg;+Vofdf /fHoljxLg jf /fli6«otf klxrfg x'g g;s]sf JolQmx¿ePdf To; /fHox¿sf] gful/stf sfg"g;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfx¿dfo"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] l6Kk0fL k|:t't u¥of] .

gful/stf;DaGwL sfg"gn] lj:yfkg lgDTofpg] 5}g tyf /fHoljxLgtfsf] ;[hgf x'g;Sg] vfnsf k|fjwfgx¿ ;dfj]z ug]{ 5}g egL ;'lglZrt ug{ o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=sf]sfof{non] ;+;bx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ ub{5 . -o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=sf ljZjel/sfsfof{nox¿;DaGwL tflnsf ljj/0fsf nflu x]g'{xf]; kl/lzi6 –$_

;+/If0fsf] nflu sfof{tflnsfdf of]hgf ul/P cg'¿k o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] ;+o'Qm/fi6«;+3sf ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] /fHoljxLgtf Go"lgs/0f ug{ ckgfPsf sbd tyf/fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf ;+/If0fsf cfjZostfx¿ k'/f ug{ klxnf] ljZjJofkL ;j]{If0fo"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] u¥of] . o; ;j]{If0fn] ljZjsf] s'g} klg If]q /fHoljxLgtfaf6 d'Qm5}g tyf b'j} cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o :t/df ulDe/ sfg"gL tyf gLltut e]b /x]sf] 5egL kQf nufof] . o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] &$ b]zx¿af6 ;+sng u/]sf] hjfkmsf]ljZn]if0faf6 lj:t[t l;kmfl/;sf ¿k/]]vf tof/ kf¥of] .

s'g} /fHodf nfdf] ;do b]lv a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf /fHoljxLg JolQmnfO{ /fHosf]gful/stf k|flKt ug{ :jLs[lt lbg] gful/stf cleofgnfO{ o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] ;xof]uu/]sf] 5 .

%$

%%

o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿ jf ;d"xsf] nflu ;dfwfgx¿ kQf nufpgk|oTg ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt /fHox¿;Fu k|ToIf ¿kdf ;Nnfx ub}{ /fHoljxLgJolQmx¿nfO{ ;xof]u klg ub{5 . o; ;Ë7gn] ;DalGwt JolQmsf] sfg"gL x}l;ot :ki6kfg{ tyf s'g} JolQm jf JolQmx¿sf] ;d"x tyf s'g} /fHo hxfF s'g} ;DalGwt JolQmx¿aLr cGoyf /fHoljxLg x'g ;Sg] cj:yfsf 36gfx¿ Affx]s j}wflgs dfGotf k|j4{g ug{/fHox¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ub{5 .

/fli6«otf;DaGwL x}l;ot ;dfwfg x'g' kg]{ egL k|ltIff/t ;do;Dd /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿cfkm" a;f]af; ul//x]sf] /fHox¿df Go"gtd clwsf/ pkef]usf nflu xsbf/ x'G5g\ .;g\ !(%$ sf] /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] x}l;ot;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjog ug{sfnflu o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] jsfnt ub{5, / o:n] /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf nflu Go"gtdclwsf/ tyf bfloTjx¿ pknAw u/fpFb5, / /fHox¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{, tyf cfjZoseP;Dd tyf ;|f]tn] EofP;Dd /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf nflu, ;+/If0f tyf ;xfotfsfo{qmdx¿df ;xof]u ub{5 .

/fHoljxLgtf;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=;Fu;Fu} cGos'g–s'g ;+u7gx¿n] sfo{ ub{5g\ <

o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=;Fu /fHoljxLgtf;DaGwL ;d:of ;Daf]wg ug{ sfo{ ub}{ u/]sf ;+o'Qm/fi6«;+3sf k|d'v lgsfox¿df dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no, ;+o'Qm/fi6«;+3Lo afn sf]if (UNICEF) / dlxnfsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sf]if (UNI-

FEM) /x]sf 5g\ . /fHoljxLgtfsf] b'MvbfoL 36gfx¿ ;dfwfg ug{, o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n]slxn]sfxLF cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g (ILO), ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sf]if (UNDP) tyfljZj vfB sfo{qmd (WFP) ;Fu ;+o'Qm ¿kdf cfjf;, lzIff tyf cfo pTkfbgd"nssfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ub}{ lk5l8Psf ;d"bfox¿nfO{ /fli6«o ;dfh leq ;+ul7t jfk'g{;+ul7t ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 .

dfly pNn]lvt ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;Ë7gx¿sf cltl/Qm, o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] ;DalGwt;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ;lGw cGtu{tsf ;ldltx¿ (Treaty Bodies) h:tf] dfgjclwsf/;ldlt, afn clwsf/;DaGwL ;ldlt, ;a} k|sf/sf hftLo e]befj pGd"ng ug]{;DaGwL;ldlt tyf dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug]{;DaGwL ;ldlt;Fu ;+o'Qm¿kdf sfo{ ub{5 h;n] /fli6«otf;DaGwL clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ub{5g\ .

If]qLo lgsfox¿ h:tf] o'/f]k]nL kl/ifb\, o'/f]k]nL ;'/Iff tyf ;xfotf;DaGwL ;Ë7g,cd]l/sL /fHox¿sf] clk|msL ;+3, c/a /fHox¿sf] ;+3, tyf O:nflds /fHox¿sf];+u7g;Fu o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] ;xsfo{ ub{5 . o"/f]k]nL kl/ifbsf] /fli6«otf;DaGwL;ldltdf o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] ;xeflutf hgfPsf] 5, h;n] dfkb08 :yfkgf ug]{b:tfj]hx¿sf] ljsf; ul//x]sf] 5 h:t} /fli6«otf;DaGwL o'/f]k]nL dxf;lGw / /fHopQ/flwsf/sf] ;DaGwaf6 x'g] /fHoljxLgtf Go"lgs/0f ug]{ dxf;lGw .

o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=sf] sfo{qmdx¿df ;dy{g ub}{ tyf o;sf ultljlwx¿df ;xof]u ub}{u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ klg o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=;Fu glhsaf6 o; If]qdf sfo{ ub{5g\ . ;g\@))% df o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] &&) sfof{Gjog ;fem]bf/x¿;Fu ;xfos—;Demf}tfdfx:tfIf/ u/]sf] 5, h;df $@$ /fli6«o u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ ;lxt %&* u}/–;/sf/L;+:yfx¿ 5g\ .

/fHoljxLgtf;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL d"Nox¿ Aff/] ;+f;bx¿Dffem r]tgfkm}nfpg / k|z:t ;'emfjx¿sf] Hffgsf/L u/fpg tyf /fHoljxLgtfaf6 hf]ufpg ;lsg]c;n cEof;x¿åf/f pgLx¿nfO{ ;r]t u/fpg o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] cGt/ ;+;bLo;+u7g (IPU) ;Fu glhsaf6 sfo{ ub{5 . o; ;+u7gn] /fli6«otfaf6 jl~rt ePsfx¿sfnflu s'g} Ps /fli6«otfsf] clwsf/ ;'/lIft ub}{ /fHoljxLgtf pGd"ng ug{ ;xof]u ug]{/fli6«otf sfg"g u|x0f ug{, / å]w tyf ax'–/fli6«otfx¿n] x]nr]qm\ofOFk"j{s /fHoljxLgtf;[hgf ub}{g eGg] s'/f ;lGwx¿ dfkm{t ;'lglZrt ug{ k|f]T;flxt ub{5 .

%^

c;n cEof;x¿ M >Ln°f

>LnÍfsf] ljZj rlr{t lrof pTkfbg ug]{ >d zlQm k|foM h;f] ef/tLo d"nsf5g\ . oL >dLsx¿ æjt{dfgdf ef/tLo d"nsf tfldnx¿Æ egL ;/sf/L :t/dflrlgg] t/ ;fdfGo ¿kdf ædflyNnf] b]zsf tfldnx¿Æ eGg] ul/GYof] . oL >ldsx¿;g\ !*!% tyf !($* aLr la|l6; Joj:yfkgn] pQm 6fk' /fHodfly zf;g u/]sf];dodf ef/taf6 NofOPsf JolQmx¿sf j+zhx¿ x'g\ . logLx¿ To; a]nf l;nf]gdfa;f]jf; ub{y] . ;g\ !($* df >LnÍfn] cfˆgf] :jtGqtf k|fKt u/] b]lv !(*$ ;DdtL >ldsx¿sf] sfg"gL x}l;otsf] lgwf{/0f w]/} ef/tLo >LnÍfnL ;Demf}tfx¿n]u/]sf lyP . s]lx dflyNnf] b]zsf tfldnx¿nfO{ sfg"gL tyf b'O{ kIfLo Joj:yfdfkm{t s'g} Ps jf csf]{ /fi6«sf] gful/stf k|bfg ul/of] . pgLx¿ dWo w]/};Fu/fli6«otf lyPg . /fli6«otf gePsf]n] pgLx¿sf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/ klg lyPg .s]xLnfO{ t >LnÍfnL tyf ef/tLo gful/stf k|fKt ug]{ k|s[of dfly kx'Fr klglyPg .

;g\ !(*@ df ef/t ;/sf/n] dflyNnf] b]zsf tfldnx¿;Fu ;DalGwt k"j{;Demf}tfx¿ ca b]]lv afWosf/L x'g] 5}g egL ;Demf}tfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;do;dfKt eO{;s]sf] hfgsf/L >LnÍfnL ;/sf/nfO{ lbof] . To; ;do kl5 ;Demf}tf;dfKt ePsf] sf/0faf6 s'g} klg dflyNnf] b]zsf] /fHoljlxg tfldnn] /fli6«otfk|fKt ug{ c;dy{ eP .

l;nf]g dhb'/ sf+u]|;, dhb'/ ;+3 tyf /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿n] dflyNnf] b]zsftfldnx¿sf] clwsf/sf nflu jiff}{+;Dd k5\ofPsf lyP . h;sf] kmn:j¿k >LnÍfnL

%&

;+;bn] æef/tLo d'nsf JolQmx¿nfO{ gful/stf k|bfg ug]{ P]gÆ sf] d:of}}bf u¥of]/ cS6f]a/ @))# df ;j{;Ddltn] kfl/t u¥of] . pQm P]gn] ef/tLo d"nsf s'g} klgJolQmnfO{ :jtM gful/stf k|bfg ub{5 . tL ef/tLo d"nsf JolQmx¿ hf] M

– ;g\ !(^$ cS6f]a/ #) b]lv >LnÍfdf :yfoL a;f]jf; ub}{ cfPsfÙ jf – ;g\ !(^$ cS6f]a/ #) b]lv >LnÍfdf :yfoL afl;Gbf ePsf JolQmsf

;Gtfg hf] >LnÍfdf a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf lyP .

pQm P]g hf/L ul/P kl5 Commissioner General sf] sfof{no,o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=sf] sfof{no tyf l;nf]g dhb'/ sf+u|];n] pQm gofF sfg"gsf] k|rf/k|;f/ ug{ z'?jft u/]sf lyP . pQm sfg"gsf] hfgsf/L ;lxt sxfF / s;/L pgLx¿n]gful/stfsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg ;S5g\ eGg] ljifodf tldn, c+u|]hL tyf l;+xfnL;~rf/ dfWodx¿n] klqsf tyf n]vx¿ dfkm{t / /]l8of] 6]lnlehg s]Gb|x¿af6;'rgf ;+k|]if0f u/]sf lyP .

cWofudg ljefusf lgoGqs tyf u[x dGqfonåf/f tof/ ul/Psf] k|zf;lgssfo{ljlwx¿ ;fwf/0f, ;+lIfKt tyf lgikIf 5g\ . /fHoljlxg JolQmsf nflu b'O{leGg–leGg sfo{ljlwx¿ ckgfOPsf] 5Ù

ef/tLo /fxbfgL wf/0f ug]{ tYout (de facto) /fHoljlxg JolQmx¿sf] /fxbfgLsf];dofjlw ;g\ !(*@ sf] ef/tLo 3f]if0ff;Fu} ;dfKt eP kl5 pgLx¿n] >LnËsfsf]gful/stf :j]lR5s ¿kdf k|fKt ug]{ dg;fo JoQm ug'{ kb{Yof] . o:tf] sfo{ k|foM3/sf] d"nLåf/f ul/G5 . pQm dg;fo JoQm ul/Psf sfuhftx¿df cWofudgclwsf/Lx¿åf/f clgjfo{ ¿kdf k'gM x:tfIf/ ul/g' kb{5 . Ps k6s :jLs[tL k|fKtu/]kl5 To; kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{ gful/stf k|bfg ul/G5 .

sfg"gtM (de jure) /fHoljlxgJolQmx¿n] lnlvt 3f]if0ff k]; ug{' kb}{g, tfklgpgLx¿nfO{ ljz]if 3f]if0ffdf x:tfIf/ ug{ k|f]T;flxt ul/G5 h;åf/f pgLx¿nfO{kl/ro sfuhkqx¿ k|fKt ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .

b'j} sfo{ljlwx¿ lgMz'Ns x'G5g\ / cfj]bgsf nflu s'g} klg xbDofb nfUb}g .

;g\ @))# l8;]Da/df o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/= / l;nf]g dhb'/x¿sf] sf+u|];åf/f %))eGbf a9L :jo+;]jsx¿sf nflu Ps lbg] uf]i7L cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . pgLx¿n]lrofaufg If]qel/ 5l/P/ /x]sf /fHoljlxg JolQmx¿n] gful/stfsf] nflu cfj]bglbPsf %) 3'DtL s]Gb|x¿df sfo{ u/] . /fHoljlxgtf;DaGwL cfwf/e"t tYox¿ ;g\!($* b]lv hf/L ul/Psf ;DalGwt sfg"gx¿ / pQm gofF sfg"g tyf o;sf]u|fXotfsf] dfkb08sf ;DaGwdf :jo+;]jsx¿n] k|lzIf0f lnPsf lyP .

o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/= sf] ultljlwx¿sf nflu s;n] cg'bfg ;xof]u ub{5 <

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf lgsfox¿ dWo] o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/= To:tf] Ps lgsfo xf] hf] cf̂ gf sfo{x¿;+rfng ug{ cfly{s ;xfotfsf nflu k"0f{¿kdf :j]lR5s cg'bfgdf lge{/ /xG5 .

o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=sf] jflif{s ah]6 dWo]sf] nueu b'O{ k|ltzt ah]6 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf]ah]6nfO{ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] cg'bfgx¿af6 cfpg]] ub{5, afFsL /sd ;/sf/x¿, JolQmx¿tyf lghL If]qaf6 :j]lR5s ¿kdf k|bfg u/]sf] cg'bfgsf] ¿kdf k|fKt x'G5 .

;g\ @))^ sf] z'?jftdf, o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] @ s/f]8 * nfv JolQmx¿/x]sf lyP . To; jif{ o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=sf] ah]6 ! c/a $) s/f]8 cd]l/sL 8n/ /x]sf]lyof] .

;g\ !(()–@))% df o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] o;sf] ah]6sf] ** k|ltzt bz ;/sf/Lbftfx¿af6 k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] . ;g\ @))% df o;n] # s/f]8 @ nfv cd]/LsL 8n/lghL If]qaf6 ljz]if u/L o'/f]k, hfkfg, ci6«]lnof tyf ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfaf6 k|fKtu/]sf] lyof] . o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=sf] lgldQ s]xL sfo{ ;+rfng ug{ u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n];fj{hlgs clkn ub}{ o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=sf] jflif{s ah]6df of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf5g\ .;fj{hlgs r]tgfsf] ljsf; j[l4 ug{sf nflu /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, 5fkf tyf cGo;~rf/sf dfWod;Fusf] ;xsfo{sf]] k|oTgsf] kl/0ffd :j¿k, lghLIf]q tyf u}/;/sf/L;+:yfaf6 x'g] of]ubfg a9L/x]sf]5 .

%*

;g\ @))# l8;]Da/ df !) lbg;Ddsf] sfo{s|d ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . pQmsfo{qmddf 3'DtL s]Gb|x¿sf sd{rf/Ln] gful/stf;DaGwL cfj]bgx¿ :jLsf/ u/]sflyP . o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=sf] sfof{non] cfj]bsx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] tyf:j]lR5s lg0f{ox¿ ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|ls|ofnfO{ cg'udg tyf dfly pNn]lvtcleofgnfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] . To;} dlxgfsf] cGTo;Dd sl/a !,(),)))3/ kl/jf/sf k|d'vx¿n] >LnÍfnL gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf lyP . tL dWo] sl/j*),))) ;Fu klxn] g} ef/tLo /fxbfgL k|fKt u/]sf lyP eg] afFsL sfg"gtM/fHoljlxg (de jure) JolQmx¿ lyP .

;g\ @))$ h'nfO{ tyf cu:6df bf];|f] ;fgf] cleofg /fHosf] pQ/k"jL{ If]qdf;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . @,))) eGbf a9L JolQmx¿n] gful/stfsf nflu cfj]bglbPsf lyP . To;/L cfj]bg lbPsfx¿nfO{ gful/stf pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] . To;a]nf b]lv tL ;fgf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf dflyNnf] If]qsf tfldnx¿n] gful/stfsf] nflu:yfgLo lhNnfsf] ;/sf/L k|ltlglw dfkm{t jf /fhwfgL sf]nf]Daf]df /x]sf ;fj{hlgs;'/Iff, sfg"g tyf Joj:yf dGqfnosf] gful/stf ljefu dfkm{t ;kmntfk"j{scfj]bg lbPsf lyP .

%(

kl/R5]b %

;+f;bx¿n] s;/L ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\

/fHoljxLgtf 36fpg ;xof]u ug{ tyf cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g cGtu{t Jojl:yt ul/Psf]bfloTjsf] kfngf ug{ tyf s'g} klg /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿nfO{ lbOPsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrtug{ ;f+;bx¿ ljlzi6 :yfgdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . ;+f;bx¿n] gful/stf sfg"g k'g/fjf]nsgug]{ tyf of] gful/stf sfg"g cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 adf]lhd 5 5}g egL lglZrt ug]{tyf ;g\ !(%$ / !(^! sf] /fHoljxLgtf;DaGwL dxf;lGwx¿df ;lDdngsf nflu;dy{g ug]{Ù /fHoljxLgtf pGd"ng cyjf Go"lgs/0fsf nflu tyf /fHoljxLgJolQmx¿;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fx¿sf] cGTo ug{sf nflu ;dy{g ug]{ h:tf w]/} sfo{x¿ ug{;Sb5g\ .

;+f;bx¿n] /fHoljxLgtf;DaGwL /fli6«o sfg"g k'g/fjf]nf]sg ug'{ kbf{ s] s'/f ljrf/ug'{ kb{5 <

� /fHo kIf ePsf ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o cyjf If]qLo ;lGwx¿sf] k'g/fjf]nsgug'{ kb{5 . ;lGwx¿, cfn]vx¿ tyf 3f]if0ffx¿ cGtu{tsf Joj:yfnfO{ /fHon]cfˆgf /fli6«o sfg"gdf lglb{i6 ubf{ k'g/fjnf]g ug'{ kb{5Ù h;åf/f /fli6«osfg"gL ;+/rgfsf] JofVof ug{df ;xfotf k'Ub5 .

� w]/} /fHox¿n] /fli6«otf;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿ leGgf–leGg} sfg"gL ;+oGqx¿df ;dfj]z u/]tf klg, /fHon] sfg"g tyf pQm sfg"gsf] JofVofdf :ki6 kfg{;Sg] ;+ljwfg, gful/stf sfg"gx¿ tyf /fli6«o sfg"gsf ;a} ;|f]tx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kb{5 .

� /fHo pQ/flwsf/sf] ;DaGwdf u|x0f ul/Psf låkIfLo tyf ax'–kIfLo;Demf}tfx¿sf] k'g/fjf]nf]sg ug'{kb{5 .

� ha cfGtl/s sfg"gL ;+/rgfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/G5, /fHon] /fli6«otfsf] cGTo,Tofu tyf ljd'vLs/0fsf] sf/0faf6 x'g] /fHoljxLgtfnfO{ /f]Sg ;'/lIft, dfkb08x¿sf] lgoldt k|of]u tyf u|x0f ;'lglZrt u5{ ls ub{}g egL lgwf{/0fug'{kb{5 .

ha /fli6«o sfg"gL ;+/rgf k'g/fjf]nsg ul/G5 lgDg lnlvt k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm lbgk|oTg ug'{ kb{5 .

/fli6«otf k|flKt;DaGwL

� s] s'g} afnsn] ljz]ifu/L p;sf] afa'sf] /fli6«otf gePdf jf lgh pkl:yt gePsf] v08df cfdfsf] /fli6«otfsf] cfwf/df /fli6«otf k|fKt ug{ ;S5 <

� hGd btf{{sf nflu k|zf;lgs sfo{ljlw s] 5 < s] of] sfo{ljlw Jojxf/df nfu"ePsf] 5 < s] /fHosf] e"–efudf hGd]sf t/ cGoyf /fHoljxLg x'g;Sg] tL JolQmx¿sf nflu gful/stf k|fKt ug{ /fHosf] /fli6«otf;DaGwL sfg"gn]] gful/stf pknAw u/fpF5 <

� s] /fli6«otf;DaGwL sfg"gdf clje]bsf/L l;4fGt nfu" ul/Psf] 5 <

� olb /fHosf] ;[hgf /fHo pQ/flwsf/sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k ePsf] xf] eg], ;DalGwtJolQm tyf /fHosf] aLr jf:tljs tyf k|efjsf/L ;DaGw, pQ/flwsf/sf] ;dodf ;DalGwt JolQmsf] lgoldt a;f]af;, To; ;DalGwt JolQmsf] OR5f, tyf ;flas /fHosf] gful/snfO{ /fli6«otf k|bfg ul/g] jf gul/g] s'/f lgSof]{nug'{ k/]df ;DalGwt JolQmsf] If]qLo pTklQnfO{ Wofgdf /flvPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

/fli6«otfsf] ;dflKt;DaGwL

� s] j}jflxs x}l;ot cyjf cGo ;fdflhs x}l;ot kl/jt{g ug]{ ;DaGwL k||fjwfgx¿n] /fHoljxLgtf glgDTofpg] s'/f ;'lglZrt u5{ <

� s;/L /fli6«otf cGTo x'G5 < s] /fHoljxLgtfsf] /f]syfd;DaGwL k"j{ 1fg lyof] <

� s] /fli6«otfsf] Tofu, /fli6«otf k|flKt dflysf] zt{ jf csf]{ /fli6«otf k|flKt ug]{k|Tofe"lt xf] <

� ljb]zdf c+uLs[t gful/stfsf] nflu cfj]bg lbPsf] / ;f] adf]lhd gful/stf k|fKt ug]{ s'g} k|Toe"lt k|fKt ul/g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] JolQmsf] ljBdfg x}l;otdf kl/jt{g NofpF5 ls <

� s] /fli6«otfsf] ckx/0f ;DaGwL k"j{1fg ePsf ljifodf To:tf] ckx/0fsf sf/0fx¿ :ki6 ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/P 5g\ < s] ToxfF sfo{ljlwut k|Tofe"lt ul/Psf] 5 <

/fli6«otfsf] k'gM k|flKt;DaGwL

� s] /fHosf] e"–efudf sfg"gL ¿kdf tyf lgoldt ¿kdf a;f]af; ug]{ k"j{ gful/sx¿nfO{ /fli6«otf k|flKt ;'ud kfl/Psf] 5 <

� ljjfx tyf cGo x}l;ot kl/jt{g x'Fbf k|fKt u/]sf] gful/stf u'dfpg] JolQmsf]nflu ;f] eGbf klxnf wf/0ff u/]sf] gful/stf k'g:yf{kgf x'G5 < o;f] xf] eg], s] :jtM ¿kdf k'g{:yfkgf x'G5 cyjf s] lghn] /fHoljxLg ePkl5 dfq cfj]bglbg'k5{ < s] ToxfF sfo{ljlwut k|Tofe"lt ul/Psf] 5 <

c+uLs/0f ;DaGwdf

� olb ljb]zLn] cfj]bg lbPdf, s] lghnfO{ k"j{ /fli6«otfsf] cflwsf/Ls ¿kdf Tofu u/]sf] k'i6L ug{ cg'/f]w ul/G5 < cyjf s] k"j{ /fli6«otfaf6 lgh d'Qm ePsf] k|Tofe"lt gofF /fli6«otf k|fKt u/]kl5 kof{Kt x'g]5 <

� s] c+uLs/0fsf] k|lqmof tyf c+uLs/0fsf] cfjZostfx¿ :ki6 ¿kdf JofVof ul/Psf] 5 <

^)

^!

� s] o;df /fHoljxLgtf x'g;Sg] k|zf;lgs k|lqmof 5g\ < h:tf] ls nfdf sfo{ljlwx¿, cToflws z'Ns, cfj]bs cfkm}n] pknAw ug{ g;Sg] sfuhftx¿ k|:t't ug{ cg'/f]w, tyf cfj]bsn] a'emfpg g;Sg] 5f]6f] Dofb .

lsg /fHox¿n] ;g\ !(%$ sf] /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] x}l;ot;DaGwL dxf;lGw tyf;g\ !(^! sf] /fHoljxLgtf Go"lgs/0f ug]{] dxf;lGwnfO{ ;lDdng ug'{ kb{5 <

;g\ !(%$ tyf !(^! sf] /fHoljxLgtf;DaGwL dxf;lGwnfO{ ;lDdng ubf{ /fli6«o:t/df M

� JolQmsf] dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f tyf dof{bf j[l4 ub{5 .

� JolQm tyf /fHoaLr jf:tljs tyf k|efjsf/L ;DaGwsf] dfGotfnfO{ phfu/ ub{5 .

� /fHoljxLgtfsf] cj:yfdf JolQmx¿sf nflu sfg"gL kl/ro tyf l:y/tfsf] efjgf ;'wf/ ub{5 .

� /fli6«o ;+/If0f -clwsf/ tyf st{Jo b'j}_ df JolQmsf] kx'Fr k|bfg ub{5Ù /

� /fli6«o P]Soj4tf tyf :yfloTj sfod /fVb5 .

;g\ !(%$ tyf !(^! sf] /fHoljxLgtf;DaGwL dxf;lGwnfO{ ;lDdng ubf{ cGt/f{li6«o:t/df M

� cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfo;Fu ;xsfo{ ub}{ /fHoljxLgtf Go"lgs/0f tyf pGd"ng ug]{ k|lta4tfsf] phfu/ ub{5 .

� JolQm jf ;fd"lxs b]z lgsfnf lj?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o k|ltaGwnfO{ ;'b[9 ub{5 .

� cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / :yfloTjdf ;'wf/ NofpF5 .

� Dffgjclwsf/ tyf dfgjLo dfkb08x¿ k|lt k|lta4tf /x]sf] s'/f cleJolQm ub{5 .

� lj:yfkgsf sf/0fx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ /f]s nufpg ;xof]u ub{5 .

� /fli6«otf k|flKt ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gsf] ljsf; ug{ tyf s'g} k|efjsf/L /fli6«otfnfO{ sfod ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .

� dxf;lGwdf pNn]lvt l;4fGt cg'¿k /lx o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]usf] kl/rfng ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .

� /fli6«otf;DaGwL ljjfbx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .

dxf;lGwnfO{ /fHon] s;/L ;lDdng ub{5g\ <

s'g} klg ;dodf cg'df]bgsf] b:tfj]h ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf dxf;lrj ;dIf k]; u/L/fHox¿n] ;g\ !(%$ tyf !(^! sf] dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg ug{ ;Qm5g\ . To:tf]b:tfj]h ljb]z dGqL cyjf ;/sf/ jf /fHo k|d'våf/f x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 / To;

kZrft ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] d'Vo sfof{no, Go"of]s{df pQm /fi6«sf] k|ltlglw dfkm{tx:tfGt/0f ul/g' kb{5 . -;lDdngsf lnvt gd"gfx¿ kl/lzi6–# df pknAw u/fOPsf]5 ._

s] /fHon] tL dxf;lGwx¿df cf/If0fx¿ /fVg ;Sb5g\ <

oL dxf;lGwx¿sf] cg'df]bg jf ;lDdngsf] ;dodf s'g} /fHonfO{ ljz]if ;t{x¿sf]:jLs[lt lbg] ;DaGwdf dxf;lGw k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt kIf /x]sf /fi6«x¿n] df}lns 7fg]sfk|fjwfgx¿ Affx]s cGo k|fjwfgx¿df kIf /fi6«x¿nfO{ cf/If0f ug{ :jLs[lt k|bfgu/]sf]5 .

;g\ !(%$ sf] /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] x}l;ot;DaGwL dxf;lGwn] M wf/f !-kl/efiff÷lgif]w;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿_, # -clje]b_, $ -wd{sf] :jtGqtf_, !^ -!_-cbfntdf kx'Fr_, tyf ## b]lv $@ -clGtd k|fjwfgx¿_ afx]s cGodf cf/If0f ug{:jLs[lt k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

;g\ !(^! sf] /fHoljxLgtf Go"lgs/0f;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] wf/f !! -lgsfo_, !$-ljjfbx¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o Gofofno ;dIf k|:t't ul/g]_, cyjf !% -e"–efusf] nflulhDd]jf/ kIf /fHox¿_ ;Fu ;DalGwt Jo:yfx¿df dfq cf/If0f ug{ :jLs[lt k|bfgul/Psf] 5 .

k|To]s dxf;lGwdf ;Lldt ;+Vofdf dfq cf/If0f ug{ ;lsg] :jLs[lt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .

s;/L ;f+;bx¿n] dxf;lGwx¿ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfo{fGjog eP gePsf] ;'lglZrtub{5g\ <

oL b'O{ dxf;lGwx¿sf] k|fjwfgx¿ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfo{Gjog ug{ gful/stf;DaGwLsfg"g hf/L tyf ;+zf]wg ul/g' kb{5 . /fi6«n] cjnDag ug'{kg]{ cGt/f{li6«o bfloTj/fi6«sf] ljz]if sfg"gL tyf k/Dk/fut ;|f]tx¿df ;d]l6Psf] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] cfˆgf] ljz]if1 /fo k|:t't ug{;Sb5 .

pQm dxf;lGwx¿ cg'df]bg ug{sf nflu ;f+;bx¿n] cfkm\gf] ;/sf/nfO{ k|f]T;flxtug{ s:tf Jojxfl/s sbdx¿ rfNg'k5{ <

� tkfO{sf] /fHo s'g} Ps jf b'j} dxf;lGwx¿sf] kIf ePsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/flgSof{}n ug'{xf];\ .

� olb oL ;+oGqx¿nfO{ tkfO{sf] /fHon] cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5}g eg], cfˆgf] ;/sf/nfO{ lnlvt jf df}lvs ¿kdf k|Zgx¿ /fVg] cyjf s'g} lghL ljw]os k|:t't ug]{ af/] ljrf/ ug'{xf];\ .

^@

^#

� ;+;bdf oyf]lrt ;do leq cg'df]bg jf ;lDdngsf] nflu cg'/f]w ePdf, cfjZos ;"rgf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;s]kl5 cg'df]bgsf] kIfdf dt hf/L ug'{xf];\ .

� lglZrt ;do leq olb ;/sf/n] pQm ljifo ;+;b cufl8 k|:t't ug{ g;s]df,;/sf/n] lsg g;s]sf] elg ljj/0f lbg cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\ tyf cg'df]bgsf] k|lqmof ;s];Dd rfF8f] z'?jft ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ ;+;bLo sfo{ljlwk|of]u ug'{xf]];\ .

� olb ;/sf/n] Ps jf b'j} dxf;lGwx¿df x:tfIf/ u/]tfklg cg'df]bg k|lqmofdfl9nfO u/]df, lsg ;/sf/n] l9nfO ul//x]sf] 5 egL ;f]wk'5 tyf pQm k|lqmofnfO{ ;s];Dd rfF8f] ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ k|f];flxt ug{ ;+;bLo sfo{ljlw k|of]uug'{xf];\ . o; ljifodf ljw]os k]; ug{ ljwflosL k|lqmof dfkm{t tkfO{sf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .

� olb ;/sf/n] cg'df]bgsf] lj/f]w u/]df, lsg o;f] u/]sf] xf] egL lj:t[t ¿kdfkQf nufpg vf]Hg'xf];\ . cfjZos k/]df, c;dembf/Lx¿ tyf cfz+sfx¿ lg/fs/0f ug{ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ tyf o:tf] k|lqmof rfF8f] u/fpg cfˆgf] /fhg}lts;~hfnsf] k|of]u ug'{xf];\ . cfˆgf 36sx¿;Fu cg'df]bg jf ;lDdngsf] sf/0fcufl8 ;fg{ ax; ug'{xf];\ .

� olb tkfO{ cGo /fHox¿af6 6'lqmP/ cyjf ljefhg eP/ ;[hgf ePsf] /fHosf];f+;b x'g'x'G5 eg], h'g ;lGwx¿df ;fljs /fHox¿ k|j]z ul/;s]sf lyP . tL ;lGwx¿ gofF /fHonfO{ :jtM¿kdf afWo x'g] 5}g . gofF /fHo ;fljs /fHosf] bfloTjx¿df k|j]z ug{ ;S5, cyjf ;fljs /fHon] hf/L u/]sf ;lGwx¿ dfGgafWo gx'g] egL dg;fo k|s6 ug{klg ;Sb5 .

� pQm ;lGwx¿ cg'df]bg tyf nfu" ePkl5, tkfO{sf] ;+;bn] tL dxf;lGwdf Jojl:yt k|fjwfgnfO{ /fli6«o sfg"gdf cjnDag ug]{ 5 eGg] ljifonfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ . ;/sf/n] d:of}bf sfg"g cyjf ljBdfg sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg plrt ;dofjlwleq ;+;bdf k7fpF5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;+;bLo sfo{ljlw k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .

� olb ;/sf/n] ;lGw cg'df]bgsf] nflu ;+;bnfO{ cg'/f]w ubf{ ;fydf ;lGwsf] If]qnfO{ ;Lldt ug]{ cf/If0f, aGb]h jf ;dembf/Lsf] 3f]if0ffx¿ klg k]z u¥of]/ tkfO{n] To:tf aGb]hx¿ cfwf/xLg /x]sf] s'/f klxrfg ug'{eof] eg], To:tf] cj:yfdf ;fDk|bflos jf kl/l:ylthGo lxt eGbf cfd lxtsf] k|j4{g ug'{xf];\ .

� olb ;lGwsf If]qnfO{ ;Lldt ug]{ cf/If0f, aGb]h jf ;dembf/Lsf] 3f]if0ffx¿ ;d{ygof]Uo gePdf, ;/sf/sf] dg;fo a'‰g ;+;bLo sfo{ljlw k|of]u ug'{xf];\ /To:tf] sfdsf/jfxL z'? ug'{xf];\ h;n] aGb]h lkmtf{ lng] dfxf}n ;[hgf u/f];\ .

� olb tkfOnfO{ pQm dxf;lGwx¿df ;dfj]z ePsf l;4fGtx¿ ;d]l6Psf] gful/stf sfg"g d:of}bf ug{ cyjf ;lGw cg'df]bg ;DaGwdf ;'emfj tyf ;xfotf rflxPdf tkfO{sf] d'n'sdf cjl:yt jf ;/f]sf/ /fVg]o"\=Pg=Pr=;L=cf/=sf] sfof{no -tL sfof{nox¿sf] ;"rL kl/lzi6 $ df lbO{Psf]5_ df ;Dk{s ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .

s;/L ;f+;bx¿n] /fHoljxLgtfsf] ljifodf r]tgf hfu/0f ug{ ;S5g\ <

/fHosf] sfg"g lgdf{0f ug{ lhDd]jf/ ePsf] sf/0f, /fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] clwsf/x¿;'/lIft ul/Psf] ;'lgZrt ug{ tyf /fHoljxLgtf pGd"ng jf Go"lgs/0fsf nflu ax;ug{ ;f+;bx¿ pTs[i6 :yfgdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . ;f+;bx¿n] cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08x¿n]lglZrt u/] cg';f/sf] sfg"g u|x0f ug{ cfˆgf] ;/sf/nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ dfq xf]Og ls,cfˆgf lgjf{rsx¿sf] ;dy{g klg lhTg'kg]{ x'G5 . ha gful/s ;dfhn]/fHoljxLgtf;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ a'e\mb5g\ ta dfq tL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{;f+;bx¿sf] k|oTgnfO{ ;dy{g ug]{5g\ .

;f+;bx¿n] cfjZostf cg';f/ /fHoljxLgtf;DaGwL JolQmut d'2fx¿sf] oyf;So rfF8f];dfwfg ug{sf nflu pko'Qm eP;Dd ax; k}/jL u/]/, To;}u/L /fHoljxLgtflgd"{nLs/0fsf] cfjZostf;DaGwL n]vx¿ kqklqsfdf k|sflzt u/]/, /fHoljxLgJolQmx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ cGo gful/s ;dfhsf kfqx¿ tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿;Fusfo{ u/]/, /fHoljxLgtf;DaGwL dGtJox¿ lbFb} tyf gful/stf sfg"gsf] dxTj af/];f+;bx¿n] cfˆgf lgjf{rsx¿ dfem /fHoljxLgtf;DaGwL r]tgf km}nfpg ;Sb5g\ .

;f+;bx¿n] cNk;+Vos jf cGo ju{sf] clwsf/sf] ;Dj4{g ub}{ /fHosf] :j¿k u7g ug]{gful/sx¿sf] ;+u7gsf] c+u agfP/ tyf ljleGg ;d'bfo aLrdf /fHoljxLg JolQmnfO{gful/ssf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug]{ lsl;dsf] ;Djfb clej[l4 u/fP/ /fHoljxLgtfsf]cj:yfsf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

o; ljifodf cGt/f{li6«o ;xsfo{sf] nflu k|f]T;flxt ug{ ;f+;bx¿n] s] ug{;S5g\ <

ljZje/sf /fHoljxLgtfsf] 36gf sdL ug{sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;xsfo{ dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf]5 . /fHoljxLgtf cGTo ug{ cyjf Go"lgs/0f ug{ ;a} cGt/f{li6«o k|of;x¿df tyf/fHoljxLgtf;DaGwL JolQmut d'2fx¿ ;dfwfg ug]{ k|To]s k|of;x¿df cfˆgf] ;/sf/k"0f{ ¿kdf ;xefuL x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f ;f+;bx¿n] ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

cf̂ gf gful/s sfg"gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg If]qLo ¿kdf ug{sf nflu ;f+;bx¿n] cf̂ gf l5d]sL/fHosf ;f+;bx¿nfO{ lgdGq0ff lbg ;Sg]5g\ . /fHox¿aLr gful/stf;DaGwL sfg"gx¿;fd~h:o sfod ug'{ g} /fHoljxLgtfsf] 36gf Go"lgs/0f ug]{{ /fd|f] pkfo xf] .

^$

^%

kl/lzi6 !

/fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] x}l;ot;DaGwL;g\ !(%$ sf] dxf;lGwsf kIf /fi6«x¿

nfu" ePsf] ldltM ^ h"g !(^)hDdf kIf /fi6«x¿sf] ;+Vof -! hgj/L @))& ;Dddf_M ^@

/fi6« x:tfIf/ cg'df]bg (r);lDdng (a)

pQ/flwsf/ (s)Albania 23 Jun 2003 aAlgeria 15 Jul 1964 aAntigua and Barbuda 25 Oct 1988 sArgentina 01 Jun 1972 aArmenia 18 May 1994 aAustralia 13 Dec 1973 aAzerbaijan 16 Aug 1996 a Barbados 06 Mar 1972 sBelgium 28 Sep 1954 27 May 1960 rBelize 14 Sep 2006 aBolivia 06 Oct 1983 aBosnia and Herzegovina 01 Sep 1993 sBotswana 25 Feb 1969 sBrazil 28 Sep 1954 13 Aug 1996 rChad 12 Aug 1999 aColombia 30 Dec 1954Costa Rica 28 Sep 1954 02 Nov 1977 rCroatia 12 Oct 1992Czech Republic 19 Jul 2004 aDenmark 28 Sep 1954 17 Jan 1956 rEcuador 28 Sep 1954 02 Oct 1970 rEl Salvador 28 Sep 1954Fiji 12 Jun 1972 sFinland 10 Oct 1968 aFrance 12 Jan 1955 08 Mar 1960 rGermany 28 Sep 1954 26 Oct 1976 rGreece 04 Nov 1975 aGuatemala 28 Sep 1954 28 Nov 2000 aGuinea 21 Mar 1962 aHoly See 28 Sep 1954Honduras 28 Sep 1954Hungary 21 Nov 2001 aIreland 17 Dec 1962 a

^^

Israel 01 Oct 1954 23 Dec 1958 rItaly 20 Oct 1954 03 Dec 1962 rKiribati 29 Nov 1983 sKorea, Republic of 22 Aug 1962 aLatvia 05 Nov 1999 aLesotho 04 Nov 1974 sLiberia 11 Sep 1964 aLibyan Arab Jamahiriya 16 May 1989 aLiechtenstein 28 Sep 1954Lithuania 07 Feb 2000 aLuxembourg 28 Oct 1955 27 Jun 1960 rMacedonia, The FormerYugoslav Republic of 18 Jan 1994 sMadagascar * [20 Feb 1962 a]Mexico 07 June 2000 aMontenegro 23 Oct 2006 sNetherlands 28 Sep 1954 12 Apr 1962 rNorway 28 Sep 1954 19 Nov 1956 rPhilippines 22 Jun 1955Romania 27 Jan 2006 aRwanda 4 Oct 2006 aSaint Vincentand the Grenadines 27 Apr 1999 sSenegal 21 Sep 2005 aSlovakia 03 Apr 2000 aSlovenia 06 Jul 1992 sSpain 12 May 1997 aSwaziland 16 Nov 1999 aSweden 28 Sep 1954 02 Apr 1965 rSwitzerland 28 Sep 1954 03 Jul 1972 rTrinidad and Tobago 11 Apr 1966 sTunisia 29 Jul 1969 aUganda 15 Apr 1965 aUnited Kingdom 28 Sep 1954 16 Apr 1959 rUruguay 02 Apr 2004 aYugoslavia, Federal Republic of 12 Mar 2001 sZambia 01 Nov 1974 sZimbabwe 01 Dec 1998 s* Through notification received by the Secretary-General on 2 April 1965,

the Government of Madagascar

/fi6« x:tfIf/ cg'df]bg (r);lDdng (a)

pQ/flwsf/ (s)

kl/lzi6 @

/fHoljxLgtf Go"lgs/0f ug{] ;DaGwL;g\ !(^! sf] dxf;lGwsf kIf /fi6«x¿

nfu" ePsf] ldltM !# l8;]Da/ !(&%

hDdf kIf /fi6«x¿sf] ;+Vof -! hgj/L @))& ;Dddf_M ##

/fi6« x:tfIf/ cg'df]bg (r), ;lDdng (a),pQ/flwsf/ (s)

Albania 09 Jul 2003 aArmenia 18 May 1994 aAustralia 13 Dec 1973 aAustria 22 Sep 1972 aAzerbaijan 16 Aug 1996 aBolivia 06 Oct 1983 aBosnia and Herzegovina 13 Dec 1996 aCanada 17 Jul 1978 aChad 12 Aug 1999 aCosta Rica 02 Nov 1977 aCzech Republic 19 Dec 2001 aDenmark 11 Jul 1977 aDominican Republic 05 Dec 1961France 31 May 1962Germany 31 Aug 1977 aGuatemala 19 Jul 2001 aIreland 18 Jan 1973 aIsrael 30 Aug 1961Kiribati 29 Nov 1983 sLatvia 14 Apr 1992 aLesotho 24 Sep 2004 aLiberia 22 Sep 2004 aNetherlands 30 Aug 1961 13 May 1985 rNew Zealand 20 Sep 2006 aNiger 17 Jun 1985 aNorway 11 Aug 1971 aRomania 27 Jan 2006 aRwanda 4 Oct 2006 aSenegal 21 Sept 2005 aSlovakia 03 Apr 2000 aSwaziland 16 Nov 1999 aSweden 19 Feb 1969 aTunisia 12 May 2000 aUnited Kingdom of Great Britian and Northern Ireland 30 Aug 1961 29 Mar 1966Uruguay 21 Sep 2001 a

^&

^*

kl/lzi6 #

/fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] x}l;ot;DaGwL dxf;lGw!(%$ df ;lDdng ug]{ lnvtsf] gd"gf

;g\ pGgfO; ;o rf}jGgsf] ;]K6]Da/sf] c¶fO;f}+ lbgdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efåf/f cjnDag ul/Psf]

/fHoljxLg JolQmx¿sf] x}l;ot;DaGwL dxf;lGw o;sf] wf/f #% cg';f/ ;lDdngsf] nflu v'Nnf ul/Psf]n]Ù

wf/f #% sf] pkwf/f # cg';f/ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf dxf;lrj ;dIf lnvt k]z ePkl5 ;lDdng k|efjsf/L x'g]

ePsfn]Ù

/fi6«k|d'v, ;/sf/ k|d'v jf k//fi6« dGqL -kb zLif{s_ n] tn b:tvt u/]adf]lhd -;DalGwt /fi6«_ nfO{ ;lDdng

hgfPsf] ;"lrt ul/G5 .

d]/f] x:tfIf/df k|bfg ul/Psf] ut] dlxgf jif{

-;/sf/ k|d'v, -olb pko'Qm ePdf /fi6«k|d'v, ;+/Ifs

k//fi6« dGqLsf] x:tfIf/_tyf ;/sf/L 5fk_

^(

/fHoljxLgtf Go"lgs/0f ug{] ;DaGwL dxf;lGw!(^! df ;lDdng ug]{ lnvtsf] gd"gf

pGgfO; ;o Ps;lÝ cu:6 tL;f}+ lbgdf ;/sf/sf clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Lx¿åf/f /fHoljxLgtf Go"lgs/0f ug{];DaGwL

dxf;lGw cjnDag ul/Psf] lyof] / o;sf] wf/f !^ cg';f/ ;lDdngsf] nflu v'Nnf ul/Psf]n]Ù

wf/f !^ sf] pkwf/f # cg';f/ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf dxf;lrj ;dIf lnvt k]; ePkl5 ;lDdng k|efjsf/L x'g]

ePsfn]Ù

/fi6«k|d'v, ;/sf/ k|d'v jf k//fi6« dGqL -kb zLif{s_ n] tn b:tvt u/]adf]lhd -;DalGwt /fi6«_ nfO{ ;lDdng

hgfPsf] ;"lrt ul/G5 .

d]/f] x:tfIf/df k|bfg ul/Psf] ut] dlxgf jif{

-;/sf/L 5fk / pko'Qm ePdf=== -/fi6«k|d'v, ;/sf/ k|d'v,

;+/Ifssf] x:tfIf/_ ljb]zdGqLsf] x:tfIf/_

AFGHANISTANUNHCR Representationin AfghanistanPO Box 3232Kabulor41 Jadi Solh (Peace Avenue)KabulTel: +92 51 922 11 25Fax: +92 51 282 05 11

ALBANIAUNHCR Representationin AlbaniaRruga “Donika Kastrioti”TiranaTel: +355 42 50 207Fax: +355 42 28 492

ALGERIAUNHCR Representationin AlgeriaBoite Postal 444HydraAlgeror20 Rue Emile PayenHydraAlgerTel: +213 21 69 1212Fax: +213 21 69 2374

ANGOLAUNHCR Representationin AngolaC.P. 1342LuandaorRua Eduard Mondlaine/SNLuandaTel: +244 2332 046Fax: +244 2331 652

ARGENTINAUNHCR RegionalRepresentation for SouthernSouth AmericaCerrito 83610 Piso – 1010Buenos AiresTel: +54 11 4815 7870Fax: +54 11 4815 4352

ARMENIAUNHCR Representation inArmenia14 Petros Adamyan Str.Yerevan 375010Tel: +37 41 56 47 71Fax: +37 41 56 78 17

AUSTRALIAUNHCR RegionalRepresentation for Australia,New Zealand, Papua NewGuinea and the SouthPacific in Australia15 Hunter StreetYarralumla ACT 2600CanberraTel: +61 2 6273 2733Fax: +61 2 6273 6822

AUSTRIAUNHCR Representation inAustriaVienna International Centre(Building J, 1st floor)Wagramerstrasse 5PO Box 5501400 ViennaTel: +431 260604047Fax: +43 1 2634115

AZERBAIJANUNHCR Representationin Azerbaijan3, Azer Aliyev StreetBakuTel: +99 412 92 1443Fax: +99 412 98 11 34

BANGLADESHUNHCR Representation inBangladeshPO Box 3474Dhaka 1000orHouse N/E (N) 8, Road 90,Gulshan 2, Dhaka 1212Tel: +8802 88 2 68 02Fax: +8802 88 2 65 57

BELARUSUNHCR Representation inBelarusProspekt Partizanskij 6 A,6th floorMinsk 220033Tel: +375 172983335Fax: +375 172982369

BELGIUMUNHCR RegionalRepresentation for Belgium,Luxembourg and theEuropean InstitutionsRue Van Eyck 11aB-1050 BruxellesTel: +32 2 649 01 53Fax: +32 2 627 17 30

BENINUNHCR RegionalRepresentation in Benin,

&)

kl/lzi6 $

o"\=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=sf sfof{nox¿

&!

Burkina Faso, Nigerand TogoBoite Postale 08-1066Lot 01 Patte d’OieCotonouTel: +229 30 28 98Fax: +229 30 28 90

BOSNIA AND HERZE-GOVINAUNHCR Representationin Bosnia and HerzegovinaUNIS Building Fra AndjelaZvizdovica 171000 SarajevoTel: +387 33 666 160Fax: +387 33 290 333

BOTSWANAUNHCR Office of the Chiefof Mission in BotswanaPO Box 288GabaroneorUN House – Plot 22Khama CrescentGabaroneTel: +267 35 21 21Fax: +267 57 09 96

BRAZILUNHCR Representationin BrazilSetor Comercial NorteQuadra 02, Bloco A11th Floor – Ed. CorporateFinancial CenterCEP 70712-901Brasilia – DFTel: +55 61 3038 9272Fax: +55 61 3038 9279

BULGARIAUNHCR Representationin Bulgaria19 Denkoglu str,1000 SofiaTel: +359 2 98 02 453Fax: +359 2 98 01 639

BURUNDI

UNHCR Representationin BurundiB.P. 307, BujumbaraorNo. 1, Avenuedu Large4620 BujumbaraTel: +257 22 3245Fax: +257 22 95 23/24 19 87

CAMBODIAUNHCR Representationin CambodiaPO Box 539House No 2, Street No 352Beung Keng KangPhnom PenhTel: +855 23 216005Fax: +855 23 216274

CAMEROONUNHCR Representationin CameroonBoite Postale 7077YaoundéorQuartier NlongkakRue No 1032 Batiment no 46YaoundéTel: +237 20 29 54Fax: +237 21 35 91

CANADAUNHCR Representationin Canada280 Albert Street, Suite 401OttawaOntarioKIP 5G8Tel: +1 613 232 09 09Fax: +1 613 230 18 55

CHADUNHCR Representationin ChadB.P. 906N’DjamenaorQuartier Cardalé, AvenueFelix EbouéImmeuble STATN’DjamenaTel: +235 51 86 10

Fax: +235 51 5340

CENTRAL AFRICANREPUBICUNHCR Representationin the Central African RepublicBoite Postale 950BanguiorRue Joseph Degrain(Route de Sofitel)BanguiTel: +236 61 40 76Fax: +236 61 98 34

CHINA (PEOPLE’SREPUBLIC OF)UNHCR RegionalRepresentation in China1-2-1, Tayan DiplomaticOffice,Building 14Liang Ma He Nan LuBeijing 100600Tel: +86 10 6 532 68 06Fax: +86 10 6532 16 47

COLOMBIAUNHCR Representationin ColombiaCalle 114 No 9-01 Office 601Edificio Teleport Torre ABogotaTel: +571 658 06 00Fax: +571 658 06 02

CONGO (DEMOCRATICREPUBLIC OF)UNHCR RegionalRepresentation for CentralAfrica in DemocraticRepublic of CongoPO Box 7248Kinshasa 1or6729 Avenue de l’OUAKinshasaTel: +243 81 880 1245Fax: +243 81 301 0435

CONGO (REPUBLIC OF)UNCHR Representationthe Republic of CongoBP 1093Brazzavilleor6, Rue 18 Mars 1977Quartier CathedraleBrazzavilleTel: +242 811 169

+242 815 763(UNDP)Fax: +242 815 912

COSTA RICAUNHCR Representationin Costa RicaEdificio Torre del Este – 5ºPisoFrente a la facultadde Derecho de la UCRApartado Postal 12-1009 - FECOSASan PedroTel: +506 225 0049Fax: +506 224 4891

COTE D’IVOIREUNHCR Representationin Cote d’Ivoire01 BP 7982Abidjan 01orAngle Rue Des Jardins –BoulevardLatrilleCocody, II PlateauxAbidjanTel: +225 22 515 577Fax: +225 22 515 588

CROATIAUNHCR Representationin Croatia3rd floor24 Slovenska Ulica10000 ZagrebTel: +385 1 3713 555Fax: +385 1 3713 588

+385 1 3713 565

CYPRUS

UNHCR Representationin CyprusPO Box 16421590 NicosiaorSouth: C/O UNFICYPSecretariat UNPANicosiaTel: +357 2 35 90 25Fax: +357 2 35 90 37

CZECH REPUBLICUNHCR Representationin Czech RepublicNamesti Kinskych 6PO Box 210150 00 Prague 5Tel: +420 2 571 998 66Fax: +420 2 571 998 62

DJIBOUTIUNHCR Representationin DjiboutiBP 1885DjiboutiorRue Abdoulkader Waberi,HeronLot No TF 1148Quartier MaraboutDjiboutiTel: +253 35 22 00Fax: +253 35 86 23

ECUADORUNHCR Representationin EcuadorAvenida Amazonas 2889y la GranjaEdificio Naciones UnidasPiso 2QuitoTel: +593 2 2460 272Fax: +593 2 2460 280

EGYPTUNHCR RegionalRepresentation in the ArabRepublic of EgyptPO Box 1844Cairo

orNo 8 el Fawakeh StreetMohandessin, GizaCairoTel: +20 2 762 1570Fax: +20 2 762 1576

ERITREAUNHCR Representationin EritreaPO Box 1995, AsmaraorHouse Number 108Emperor YohannesAvenue AsmaraTel: +291 1 12 61 21Fax: +291 1 12 72 55

ETHIOPIAUNHCR Representationin EthiopiaPO Box 1076Addis AbabaorBole Road, Wereda 1Kebele 23House No 1255/01-02Addis AbabaTel: +251 1 612 822Fax: +251 1 611 666

FRANCEUNHCR Representationin France9, rue KepplerF-75016 ParisTel: +33 1 44 43 48 58Fax: +33 1 40 70 07 39

GABONUNHCR RegionalRepresentation in GabonBP 20472LibrevilleorQuartier SotegaLibrevilleTel: +241 77 8262Fax: +241 77 8278

GAMBIA

&@

&#

UNHCR Office of theChief of Mission in GambiaPO Box 4249Bakauor6th Street East61Kotu LauoutBakauTel: +220 4 460 850Fax: +220 4 464 169

GEORGIAUNHCR Representationin Georgia2a Kazbegi Ave. – 4th floor380060 TbilissiTel: +995 32 779 612Fax: +995 32 441 302

GERMANYUNHCR Representationin GermanyWallstrasse 9 – 1310179 BerlinTel: +49 302022020Fax: +49 30 2022 0220

GHANAUNHCR Representationin GhanaNo 25 Sir Arku Korsah StreetRoman RidgeAirport Residential AreaAccraTel: +233 21776 108Fax: +233 21 773158

GREECEUNHCR Representationin Greece23 Taygetou StreetPalaio Psychico15452 AthensTel: +30 210 672 64 62Fax: +30 210 672 64 17

GUINEAUNHCR Representationin GuineaB.P. 4158

Coleah Corniche-SudConakryTel: +224 46 47 09Fax: +224 46 58 08

HUNGARYUNHCR Representationin HungaryFelvinci ut 271022 BudapestTel: +36 13363062Fax: +36 13363080

INDIAUNHCR Office of the Chiefof Mission in IndiaPO Box 313514 Jor BaghNew Delhi 110003Tel: +91 11 2469 0730Fax: +91 11 2462 0137

INDONESIAUNHCR RegionalRepresentation in IndonesiaPO Box 6602/JKPWKJakarta 10310Menova RavindoJ1. Kebon Sirih Kav.75Jakarta Pusat 10340Tel: +62 21 391 28 88Fax: +62 21 391 27 77

IRAN (ISLAMICREPUBLIC OF)UNHCR Representationin the Islamic Republic of IranNo 5, East Emdad Street,Vanak sq.North Shiraz Ave.Tehran 19917Tel: +98 21 8805 72 01Fax: +98 21 8805 72 12

IRAQUNHCR Representationin IraqPO Box 10141 KarradaBaghdadorDistrict Number 904

Hay Al-WahdaStreet Number 42Building Number 52BaghdadTel: +964 1 719 0670Fax: +1 212 963 3009

IRELANDUNHCR Representation inIrelandSuite 4Merrion House1/3 Lower Fitzwilliam StreetDublin 2Tel: +353 1 631 4510Fax: +353 1 631 4616

ISRAELUNHCR HonoraryRepresentation in Israel PO Box 3489JerusalemorShlomztsion Ha Malka 10JerusalemTel: +972 2 621 4109Fax: +972 2 623 4392

ITALYUNHCR RegionalRepresentation in ItalyVia Caroncini 1900197 RomaTel: +39 06 802121Fax: +39 06 802123/24

JAPANUNHCR Representationin JapanUNU Bldg., 6F – 5-53-70,JingumaeShibuya-ku, Tokyo 159-0001Tel: +81 33 499 20 11Fax: +81 33 499 22 72

JORDANUNHCR RegionalRepresentation in JordanPO Box 171011195 Ammanor

5 Hafez Abdul-Haija StreetDeir GhbarAmmanTel: +962 6 550 20 30Fax: +962 6 592 46 58

KAZAKHSTANUNHCR Representationin Kazakhstan67 Tole biAlmaty – 480091Tel: +7 3272 791244Fax: +7 3272 583982

KENYAUNHCR Representationin KenyaPO Box 43801, NairobiorChiromo Road(next to Caltex Station)By Consulata churchWestlandsNairobiTel: +254 20 444 2000Fax: +254 20 423 2080

KOREA (REPUBLIC OF)UNHCR Representationin Republic of Korea7F Kumsegi Bldg.16, Euljiro 1 GaJoong-KuSeoul 100-191Tel: +82 2 773 7011Fax: +82 2 773 7014

KUWAITUNHCR Liason Officein KuwaitPO Box 2874213148 SafatKuwait CityorKhaitan AreaBlock No 04Al Walid Ebin Abdel MalekStreet No 206Building No 90009Kuwait CityTel: +965 476 4982

Fax: +965 476 4257

KYRGYZSTANUNHCR Representationin KyrgyzstanUN House (3rd foor)160 Chui AvenueBishkek 720010Tel: +996 312 611 264Fax: +996 312 611 271

LEBANONUNHCR Representationin LebanonPO Box 7332BeirutorMichel Bustrus StreetNasr BuildingAchrafiehTel: +961 1 560 699Fax: +961 1 560 717

LIBERIAUNHCR Representationin LiberiaPO Box 9077MonroviaorHaider BuildingMamba PointMonroviaTel: +231 22 6233Fax: +231 22 6235

LIBYAN ARABJAMAHIRIYAUNHCR Office of the Chiefof Mission in Libyan ArabRepublicPO Box 80708TripoliorUthman Ibn Affan StBen AshourTripoliTel: +218 21 361 9662Fax: +218 21 361 9661

LUXEMBOURGOffice of the UNHCR

Corresepondent inLuxembourg1 rue Jean Pierre Brasseurb.p. 5672015 LuxembourgTel: +352 454 018Fax: +352 454 303MACEDONIA

(FORMER YUGOSLAVREPUBLIC OF)UNHCR Representationin Former Yugoslav Republicof MacedoniaPO Box 8731000 SkopjeorZeleznicka 531000 SkopjeTel: +389 2 3118 641Fax: +389 2 3131 040

MALAWIUNHCR Representationin MalawiPO Box 30230Lilongwe 3or7th FloorKang’ombe BuildingCity CentreLilongwe 3Tel: +265 177 2155Fax: +265 177 4128

MALAYSIAUNHCR Representationin MalaysiaPO Box 1018550706 Kuala Lumpuror570 Jalan Bukit Petaling50460 Kuala LumpurTel: +60 3 2141 1322Fax: +60 32141 1780

MAURITANIAUNHCR Office of the Chiefof Mission in MauritaniaC/O UNDP, BP 4405,Nouakchott

&$

&%

orIlot K No 159-160-161Route de la CornicheNouakchottTel: +222 5 257 414Fax: +222 5 256 176

MEXICOUNHCR RegionalRepresentation for Mexico,Central America and CubaPresidente Masaryk 29sexto pisoColonia Polanco11570 Mexico, D.F.Tel: +52 5 55263 9851Fax: +52 5 55250 9360

MOLDOVAUNHCR Representationin the Republic of Moldova31 August 1989 Street, #57MD-2012 ChisinauTel: +373 22 271 853Fax: +373 22 271 953

MOROCCOUNHCR HonoraryRepresentation in Morocco12, Rue de Fes-HassanRabatTel: +212 377 676 06Fax: +212 377 661 96

MOZAMBIQUEUNHCR Office of the Chiefof Mission in MozambiquePO Box 1198MaputoorAvenida dos Presidentes 33MaputoTel: +258 1 490 242Fax: +258 1 490 635

MYANMARUNHCR Representationin MyanmarPO Box 1485, Yangonor287 Pyay Road

Sanchaung TownshipYangonTel: +951 524022Fax: +951 524 031

NAMIBIAUNHCR Representationin NamibiaPrivate Bag 13310,Windhoekor2nd Floor, Sanlam BuildingIndependence AvenueWindhoekTel: +264 61 237 143Fax: +264 61 230 055

NEPALUNHCR Representationin NepalPO Box 2374, KathmanduorDhara Marga Anil KutiMaharajgunjKathmanduTel: +977 1441 2521Fax: +977 1441 2853

NIGERIAUNHCR Representationin NigeriaUN House Plot no 617/618Diplomatic ZoneCentral Area DistrictPMB 2851, GarkiAbujaTel: +234 9 461 8569Fax: +234 9 461 8598

PAKISTANUNHCR Representationin PakistanPO Box 1263IslamabadorNo 2 Diplomatic EnclaveQUAID-E-AZAM, UniversityRoadSector G-4IslamabadTel: +92 51 282 9502

Fax: +92 51 227 9455

PANAMAUNHCR Representationin PanamaLa Ciudad del SaberGaillard Street,Building 812-BPanama CityTel: +507 317 1630Fax: +507 317 1633

PAPUA NEW GUINEAUNHCR Representationin Papua New GuineaPO Box 1909, Port Moresbyor4th Floor – ADF House(Next St. Mary’sCatholic Church)Musgrave Street, TownPort Moresby.Tel: +675 321 7422Fax: +675 321 5977

PHILIPPINESUNHCR Representationin the PhilippinesPO Box 2074 (MCPO)G. Puyat Avenue1260 MakatiMetro Manilaor3rd Floor, JAKA II Building150 Legaspi Street1200 Makati, Metro ManilaTel: +63 2 818 5121Fax: +63 2 817 4057

POLANDUNHCR Representationin the Republic of Poland2, Aleja RozPL-00 556 WarsawTel: +48 22 628 69 30Fax: +48 22 625 61 24

ROMANIAUNHCR Representationin Romania25, Armeneasca Street,

Sector 270228 BucharestTel: +40 1 211 29 44Fax: +40 1 210 15 94

RUSSIAN FEDERATIONUNHCR Representationin the Russian FederationUnited Nations Office6 Obukh PereulokMoscow 103064Tel: +7 503 232 30 11Fax: +7 503 232 30 16

RWANDAUNHCR Representationin RwandaBP 867KigaliorBd de L’UmugandaCommune KacyiruSecteur KimihururaCellule KamukinaKigaliTel: +250 58 5107Fax: +250 58 3485

SAUDI ARABIAUNHCR RegionalRepresentation for SaudiArabiaPO Box 94003Riyadh 11693orFazari SquarePension Fund CommercialComplexBlock C-13Dipomatic QuartersRiyadhTel: +966 1 482 8835Fax: +966 1 482 8737

SENEGALUNHCR RegionalRepresentation in SenegalBP 3125, 59 rue DocteurThezeDakarTel: +221 823 66 03

Fax: +221 823 66 00

SERBIA ANDMONTENEGROUNHCR Representationin Serbia and MontenegroKrunska 5811000 BelgradeTel: +381 38 308 2100Fax: +381 38 344 2947

SIERRA LEONEUNHCR Representationin Sierra LeonePO Box 475, Freetownor29 Wilkinson RoadFreetownTel: +232 22 234 321Fax: +232 22 234 347

SLOVAK REPUBLICUNHCR Representationin the Slovak RepublicSturova 6811 02 BratislavaTel: +421 2 52 92 78 75Fax: +421 2 52 92 78 71

SLOVENIAUNHCR Representationin SloveniaMiklosiceva Cesta 18/II1000 LjubljanaTel: +386 1 4328 240Fax: +386 1 4328 224

SOMALIAUNHCR Representationin SomaliaPO Box 43801, NairobiorLion PlaceWaiyaki Way(Next to St Marks Church)WestlandsNairobiKenyaTel: +254 20 422 2200Fax: +254 20 422 2280

SOUTH AFRICAUNHCR RegionalRepresentation in SouthAfricaPO Box 12506The TramshedPretoriaor8th floorMetro Park Building351 Cnr. Schoaman& Prinsloo Str.Pretoria 0002Gauteng ProvinceTel: +27 12 354 8303Fax: +27 12 354 8390

SPAINUNHCR Representationin SpainAvenida General Pero 32-2ªPO Box 36-121E-28020 MadridTel: +34 91 556 36 49Fax: +34 91 417 5345

SRI LANKAUNCHR Representationin Sri Lanka97 Rosmead PlaceColombo 07Tel: +94 11 268 3968Fax: +94 11 268 3971

SUDANUNHCR Representationin SudanPO Box 2560, KhartoumorMohammed Nageeb Road(North of Farouk Cemetery)Khartoum No 2Tel: +249 11 47 11 01Fax: +249 11 47 31 01

SWEDENUNHCR RegionalRepresentationfor the Nordic and BlaticCountries in SwedenYnglingagatan 14 – 6th Floor

&^

&&

S-11347 StockholmTel: +46 8 457 4880Fax: +46 8 457 4887

SWITZERLANDUNCHR Liaison Unitfor Switzerland andLiechtensteinCase Postale 250094 Rue MontbrillantCH-1211 Geneve 2Tel: +41 22 739 8755Fax: +41 22 739 7379

SYRIANARAB REPUBLICUNHCR Representationin SyriaPO Box 30891DamascusorAl MalkiMohamed Al BazmStreet No 14Al Nabelsi BuildingDamascusTel: +963 11 373 5940Fax: +963 11 373 6108

TAJIKISTANUNHCR Representationin TajikistanProspekt Drujba Naradov 106Dushanbe, 734013Tel: +992 372 214406Fax: +992 372 510039

TANZANIA (UNITEDREPUBLIC OF)UNHCR Representationin the United Republic ofTanzaniaPO Box 2666Dar-es-SalaamorPlot 18 Kalenga StreetDar-es-SalaamTel: +255 22 215 00 75Fax: +255 22 215 28 17

THAILANDUNCHR RegionalRepresentation for Thailand,Cambodia and VietnamPO Box 2-121Rajdamnern AvenueUnited Nations Building3rd Floor, Block ABangkok 10200Tel: +66 2 288 1234Fax: +66 2 280 0555

TIMOR-LESTEUNHCR Representationin Timor-LestePO Box 456DiliorEstrada de BalidoDiliTel: +670 33 13 547Fax: +670 33 13 554

TUNISIAUNHCR HonoraryRepresentation in TunisiaBP 8631035 Tunisor61 Boulevard Bab Benat1035 TunisTel: +216 715 73586Fax: +216 715 70168

TURKEYUNHCR Representationin Turkey12. Cadde, 212. Sokak No 33 Sancak Mahallesi,CankayaAnkaraTel: +90 312 409 7000Fax: +90 312 441 2173

TURKMENISTANUNHCR Representationin Turkmenistan40, Galkynysh Street744013 AshgabatTel: +993 12 425 684Fax: +993 12 425 691

UGANDAUNHCR Representationin UgandaPO Box 3813, KampalaorPlot 18 Prince Charles DriveKololoKampalaTel: +256 41 231 231Fax: +256 41 256 989

UKRAINEUNHCR RegionalRepresentation in UkrainePO Box 122Kyiv 01015or32A, SichnevogoPovstannya Str.Kyiv 01015Tel: +380 44 573 9424Fax: +380 44 288 9850

UNITED KINGDOMUNHCR Representationin United KingdomStand Bridge House138-142 StrandLondonWC2R 1HHTel: +44 20 7759 8090Fax: +44 20 7759 8119

UNITED STATESOF AMERICAUNCHR RegionalRepresentation for theUnited States of Americaand the Caribbean1775 K Street, NW,Suite 300Washington DC 20006Tel: +1 202 296 5191Fax: +1 202 296 5660

UZBEKISTANUNHCR Representationin Uzbekistan14 Mahmood Torobi Str700090 TashkentTel: +998 71 120 68 93

&*

Fax: +998 71 120 68 91

VENEZUELAUNHCR RegionalRepresentation for NorthernSouth AmericaApartado Postal 69045Caracas 1062-AOrParque Cristal, Torre OestePiso 4, Oficina 4-4, 4-5 y 4-6Av. Francisco de MirandaUrbanización Los PalosGrandesCaracasTel: +58 212 286 3883Fax: +58 212 286 9687

VIETNAMUNHCR Representationin the Socialist Republicof Vietnam60 Rue Nguyen Thai HocBa Dinh DistrictHanoiTel: +84 4 845 78 71Fax: +84 4 823 20 55

YEMENUNHCR Representationin the Republic of YemenPO Box 12093Sana’aorAlgeria Street, No. 38Building No 2Sana’aTel: +967 1 469 771Fax: +967 1 469 770

ZAMBIAUNHCR Representationin ZambiaP.O. Box 3254210101 Lusakaor17C Leopards Hill RoadKabulonga10101 LusakaTel: +260 1 265 619Fax: +260 1 265 914

ZIMBABWEUNHCR Officeof the Chief of Mission

in ZimbabweP.O. Box 4565Harareor2nd Floor, Takura House67-69 Union AvenueHarareTel: +263 4 793 274Fax: +263 4 708 528

UNITED NATIONS(New York)Office of UNHCRin New YorkPO Box 20Grand CentralNew YorkNY 10017or220 East 42nd StreetSuite 3000New YorkNY 10017Tel: +1 212 963 00 32Fax: +1 212 963 00 74

&(

cfO{=lk=o"=

;g\ !**( df :yfkgf ul/Psf] cGt/–;+;bLoo'lgog To:tf] cGt/fli6«o ;+u7g xf] h;n];fj{ef}d /fi6«sf ;+;b k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ Pslqtub{5 . ;g\ @))^ sf] ;]K6]Da/ ;Dd !$^b]zsf ;;bx¿n] cfO{=lk=o"=df k|ltlglwTjul/;s]sf 5g\ .

cfO{=lk=o"=n] k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;anagfpg] p2]Zon] hgtf aLr zflGt tyf;xsfo{sf] nflu sfo{ ub{5 . To;sf] nflucfO{=lk=o"=n] ;a} b]zsf ;+;b / ;f+;bx¿ aLr;Dk{s / cg'ejx¿sf] cfbfgk|bfgnfO{ k|j4{gub{5 . ;fy} ;a} b]zsf ;f+;bx¿n] cGt/fli6«orf;f]sf] ljifonfO{ dgg\ ub{5g\ / To:tf lji-fox¿df cf̂ gf ljrf/ JoQm ub{5g\ . o:tfsfo{n] dfgjclwsf/sf] k|lt/Iff / ;Da4{g ug{/ k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfx¿sf] sfdsf/afxLsf];DaGwdf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf aLr hgr]tgfkm}nfpg of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb5 .

cfO{=lk=o"=n]] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] p2]Zox¿sf] Pslx:;fsf] ¿kdf /x]/ sfo{ ub{5 / ;+o'Qm/fi6«;+3Lo lgof]ux¿;Fu ;Fu;Fu} /x]/ sfo{ub{5 . To;} u/L o;n] If]qLo cGt/–;+;bLo;+u7gx¿ / ;dfg ljrf/wf/faf6 k|f]T;flxtcGt/f{li6«o, cGt/–;/sf/L tyf u}/–;/sf/L;+u7gx¿;Fu klg sfo{ ub{5 .

;+If]kdf o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/= / cfO{=lk=o"

o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=

ljZjel/ /x]sf z/0ffyL{x¿sf] ;+/If0f /z/0ffyL{ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] nflucGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf g]t[Tj / ;xsfo{ ug{o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=nfO{ sfof{b]z k|fKt 5 . z/0fvf]Hg, csf]{ b]zdf ;'/lIft z/0f kfpg /:j]lR5s tj/n] 3/ kms{g ;'lglZrt ug{sfnflu o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] e/dUb'/ k|of;ub{5 . z/0ffyL{nfO{ cf̂ gf] b]zdf kms{g;xof]u u/]/ jf csf{] b]zdf k'gjf{; u/fP/o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] z/0ffyL{sf] ;d:ofsf]:yfoL ;dfwfg vf]Hg] ub{5 .

o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=sf] sfo{sf/L ;ldlt / ;+o'Qm/fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efn] o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=nfO{/fHoljxLg jf /fli6«otfaf/] ljjfb ePsfJolQmx¿ / lglZrt kl/l:yltdf cfGtl/slj:yflktx¿ nufotsf JolQmx¿sf;DaGwdf;d]t sfo{ ug{ clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 .

dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ljjfbx¿sf]zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfgsf] plrt jftfj/0f tof/ug{ /fHo tyf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ub}{o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] ha/h:tL lj:yfkgsf36gfx¿df sdL Nofpg k|of; ub{5 .

o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] z/0ffyL{ / cfˆgf;/f]sf/sf JolQmx¿sf] cfjZostfsfcfwf/df / hft, /+u, wd{, /fhgLltsljrf/wf/f jf lnËsf] s'g} k|jfx gu/L lgikIftj/n] ;+/If0f / ;xfotf k|bfg ub{5 .o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/= ;xeflutfsf] l;4fGt k|ltk|lta4 5 . z/0ffyL{sf] hLjgdf c;/ kfg]{;a} lg0f{ox¿sf] ljifodf z/0ffyL{x¿;Fuk/fdz{ ub{5 . o"=Pg=Pr=l;=cf/=n] ;/sf/,If]qLo ;+Ë7g / cGt/f{li6«o tyf u}/–;/sf/L;+3;+:yfx¿;Fu ;fem]bf/L ub{} sfo{ ub{5 .

*)

IPU HeadquartersInter-Parliamentary UnionChemin du Pommier 5Case Postale 330CH-1218 Le Grand Saconnex,GenevaSwitzerlandTel: + 41 22 919 41 50Fax: + 41 22 919 41 60E-mail: [email protected] site: www.ipu.org

Office of the PermanentObserverof the IPU to the UNInter-Parliamentary Union220 East 42d StreetSuite 3002New York, N.Y. 10017USATel: +1 212 557 58 80Fax: +1 212 557 39 54E-mail: [email protected]

United NationsHigh CommissionerForRefugeesCase Postale 25001211 Geneva 2SwitzerlandTel: +41-22-739-8111Fax: +41-22-739-7353Web site: www.unhcr.org

© cGt/–;+;bLo o'lgog @))%

z/0ffyL{;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no:fFu ldn]/

cGt/–;+;bLo o'lgogåf/f k|sflzt

;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ ;+/lIft 5 . cGt/–;+;bLo o'lgog jf z/0ffyL{;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3LopRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] k"j{ :jLs[tLljgf o; k|sfzgsf] s'g} klg efu s'g} klg tj/ jf dfWodÙljB'tLo, kmf]6f]skL, clen]v jf cGoaf6 pTkfbg ug{, k'gM pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf /fVg, k|zf/0f ug{kfOg] 5}g .

k|sfzssf] k"j{ :jLs[tLljgf o; k':tsnfO{ h'g ¿kdf k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 ;f] eGbf km/s kg]{u/L Jofkfl/s jf cGo s'g} k|of]hgsf ;fy s;}nfO{ k|of]u ug{ lbOg], laqmL ul/g] jf cGo t/Lsfn]ljt/0f ul/g] 5}g eGg] ;t{df dfq o; k|sfzgsf] ljt/0f ug{ kfOg] 5 . kl5Nnf k|sfzsn]klg pNn]lvt ;t{ aGb]hdf /xL o;sf] k|sfzg ug]{5g\ .

ISBN 978-92-91-340-8 (IPU)

UN

HC

R/fli6

«ot

f/

/fH

olj

xLg

tf=+ ;

f+;b

x¿

sf ] n

flux

ft] k

'l:ts

fIP

U

;f+;bx¿sf] nflu xft] k'l:tsf g+= !! – @))%

;f+;bx¿sf] nflu xft] k'l:tsf;f+;bx¿sf] nflu xft] k'l:tsf/fli6«otf / /fHoljxLgtf/fli6«otf / /fHoljxLgtf=+ =+= +

ægful/stf dflg;sf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/ xf] hf]clwsf/x¿ k|Tofe"t ug]{ clwsf/ eGbf klg dfly x'G5 .Æ

k|wfgGofofwLz cn{ jf/]g -;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf !(%*_





fli6«otf / /fHoljxLgtf =+ ;f+;bx¿sf]nflu...

Documents

Transcript of fli6«otf / /fHoljxLgtf =+ ;f+;bx¿sf]nflu...