POLYTECHNIC OF NAMIBIA (TRANSFORMING INTO NAMIBIA UNVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY)

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Electronics and Telecommunications Project 511 (ETP 830 S)

FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT

PROJECT TITLE:

ALCOHOL AND FINGERPRINT ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM

Prepared by: Nuumbala Sakaria

Student Number: 201066262

Supervisor: Mrs Smita Francis

Project Coordinator: Mr Gideon Gope

PROGRAM

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION)

JUNE 2015

A project report submitted to the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the

Polytechnic of Namibia in partial fulfilment of the academic requirements for a Bachelor of

Engineering degree in Electronics and Telecommunication.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA i

Declaration

I Sakaria Nuumbala hereby declare that the content of this project report titled “Alcohol and

Fingerprint Access Control System” represents my own unaided work, and that the report has not

previously been submitted for academic examination towards any qualification. Furthermore, it

represents my own opinions and not necessarily those of the Polytechnic of Namibia (PON). This

work is being submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and

Telecommunications at the Polytechnic of Namibia.

Signature: ……………………………………..

Date: …………………………………………...

NUUMBALA SAKARIA ii

Abstract

The project presents a design and implementation of Alcohol and Fingerprint Access Control

System at the Polytechnic of Namibia (PON). It utilizes the fingerprint recognition technology to

allow access to only those students whose fingerprints are in the system database upon registration.

The designed system prevent unauthorized and inebriated students on campus. Students will enter

by simply pressing their index finger (Left or Right) on a fingerprint scanner that will be made

available at the entrance of the campus. In this project implementation of a stand-along base

fingerprint identification module (GT-511C1R) was used, which can store up to 20 different

fingerprints on its board flash memory. The first step that is required at the system is the scan of

the finger, then the fingerprint reader extract the unique pattern features of the print to provide a

match from the database. If there is a match, the system will require student to blow into an alcohol

breathalyser (MQ-3) for alcohol test. If the student’s blood alcohol content (BAC) is below

maximum limit of 0.08mg/L of alcohol per blood and student fingerprint is in the database a signal

is sent to a microcontroller to instruct a stepper motor of the revolving door to rotate, then access

is granted, otherwise access is denied.

Key Words: Alcohol Gas Analyser (MQ-3), Fingerprint scanner (GT-511C1R), Stepper motor,

Arduino Uno broad

NUUMBALA SAKARIA iii

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank the almighty God for making everything possible for me throughout the

course of my studies. Furthermost I would like to express my deepest sense of gratitude towards

my supervisor, Mrs Francis Smita who has given me much suggestion, guidance and support. I

wish to thank my family for the support they gave me throughout my studies, particularly my

mother (Martha Tomas Nzigona Yuuwa) who taught a wisdom of discipline in me, all my siblings,

Mr Johannes Kalimba, the late Mrs Hanna Kateta-Kalimba, Malakia Ndilipunye Kashona, Pinehas

Rehabeam Kondjashili, Kamati Oiva Viety and Mr Shilongo Ndjamba for the financial support

they gave me during my stay in Windhoek. God bless you all. Further gratitude goes to Namibia

Students Financial Assistance Fund (NSFAF) for supporting me financially. I could not have come

this far without your support.

Finally my extended appreciation goes to all the staff members of the Department of Electrical and

Computer Engineering for their extensive cooperation and guidance. I also take this opportunity

to give thanks to all my colleagues and others who have given me support in other aspects of my

stay at PON.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA iv

Table of Contents

Declaration ....................................................................................................................................... i

Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ii

Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ iii

List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vii

List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. ix

Definitions..................................................................................................................................... xii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Purpose of the study ......................................................................................................... 3

1.3 Scope and limitations ....................................................................................................... 3

1.4 Aims and Objectives ........................................................................................................ 4

1.5 Problem Statement ........................................................................................................... 4

1.6 Project Methodology ........................................................................................................ 5

1.7 Significance of the Project ............................................................................................... 6

1.8 Project Assumptions ......................................................................................................... 6

1.9 Report Outline .................................................................................................................. 7

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................ 9

2.1 Fingerprint ............................................................................................................................. 9

2.1.1 Definition of fingerprint ................................................................................................. 9

2.1.2 Fingerprint recognition and verification ....................................................................... 10

2.2 Advantage of using biometric system ................................................................................. 12

2.3 Polytechnic of Namibia’s policy on student alcohol consumption on campus ................... 13

2.4 Technology Review............................................................................................................. 14

2.5 Related work ....................................................................................................................... 18

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .......................................................................... 23

3.1 Project Execution Methodology .......................................................................................... 23

3.2 Analysis and theories .......................................................................................................... 24

3.3 Functional Block Diagram .................................................................................................. 26

3.3.1 Block Diagram Description .......................................................................................... 27

3.3.2 Function of Components .............................................................................................. 27

NUUMBALA SAKARIA v

3.4 Operational Flow Chart ....................................................................................................... 28

3.5 Project Time Line ................................................................................................................ 29

3.6 Project Cost ......................................................................................................................... 30

CHAPTER 4: SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND SPECIFICATIONS .......................................... 31

4.1 Technical Specification ....................................................................................................... 31

4.2 Software Specification ........................................................................................................ 41

4.3 System Architecture ............................................................................................................ 43

CHAPTER 5: SYSTEM DESIGN ................................................................................................ 44

5.1 System Software design ...................................................................................................... 44

5.2 System Hardware Design .................................................................................................... 48

5.2.1 Alcohol Gas Sensor (MQ-3) ......................................................................................... 48

5.2.2 Fingerprint Scanner Circuit Setup ................................................................................ 51

5.2.3 28BYJ – 48 Stepper Motor Circuit Setup ..................................................................... 53

5.2.4 MQ-3 and Fingerprint Scanner combined a with stepper motor .................................. 55

5.2.5 Database Design ........................................................................................................... 56

CHAPTER 6: SYSTEM TESTING .............................................................................................. 58

6.1 Alcohol Gas Sensor (MQ-3) Testing .................................................................................. 58

6.1.1 A Breath content with no alcohol ................................................................................. 58

6.1.2 A Breath content with alcohol ...................................................................................... 59

6.2 Fingerprint Scanner (GT-511C1R) Testing ........................................................................ 60

6.2.1 Fingerprint Enrolling and storing in the database ........................................................ 60

6.2.2 Fingerprint searching and verification the identity from the database ......................... 60

6.3. Combined System with, Fingerprint Scanner, Alcohol gas sensor and stepper motor ...... 61

6.3.1 Test of student in the database with no alcohol breath sample .................................... 61

6.3.2 Test of student in the database with alcohol breath sample ......................................... 62

6.3.3 Test of student not in the database ................................................................................ 63

6.4 The Prototype Display unit ................................................................................................. 63

6.5 Discussion of Results .......................................................................................................... 64

CHAPTER 7: SYSTEM OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ................................................ 66

7.1 System Operation ................................................................................................................ 66

7.2 Maintenance ........................................................................................................................ 67

NUUMBALA SAKARIA vi

CHAPTER 8: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ................................................ 68

8.1 Positive Impacts .................................................................................................................. 68

8.2 Negative Impacts ................................................................................................................. 69

8.3 Economic Impact................................................................................................................. 69

8.4 Health Analysis ................................................................................................................... 69

CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK SUGGESTION .................................. 71

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 73

APPENDICES .............................................................................................................................. 76

APPENDIX A (SOURCE CODES) ........................................................................................... 76

APPENDIX B (PROTOTYPE DESIGN BOX) .......................................................................... 93

APPENDIX C (INTERVIEW QUESTIONS) ............................................................................. 94

APPENDIX D (DATABASE TABLES DETAILS)...................................................................... 96

APPENDIX E (STUDENT SELF - ASSESSMENT) .................................................................. 97

NUUMBALA SAKARIA vii

List of Figures

Figure 1: Category of minutia Fingerprint Features [8]................................................................. 9

Figure 2: Description of Fingerprint patterns ............................................................................... 10

Figure 3: A typical biometric feature extraction and matching process [11] ............................... 11

Figure 4: The fingerprint Scanner (GT-511C1R) pin numbering [15] ......................................... 15

Figure 5: The structure and configuration of an Alcohol analyser (MQ-3) [19] ......................... 17

Figure 6: The interface of employee enrolment ............................................................................ 21

Figure 7: An interface for access group given by City Police ...................................................... 21

Figure 8: An interface for fingerprint capturing at enrolment used by City of Windhoek ........... 22

Figure 9: The project execution flow chart ................................................................................... 23

Figure 10: Fingerprint Scanner used by City of Windhoek for enrolment and access ................. 25

Figure 11: The database for City of Windhoek which store identity of employees ..................... 25

Figure 12: The Project Block Diagram ......................................................................................... 26

Figure 13: The project operational flow chart .............................................................................. 28

Figure 14: Arduino Uno-R3 board ................................................................................................ 31

Figure 15: Arduino compatible mega 2560 R3 ............................................................................. 33

Figure 16: Alcohol Gas Sensor (MQ-3)....................................................................................... 34

Figure 17: Fingerprint Scanner -5 V TTL (GT-511C1R) ............................................................ 36

Figure 18: LCD (16 character by 2 line) view from the front and its pin diagram ....................... 37

Figure 19: LCD Block Diagram .................................................................................................. 37

Figure 20: Arduino Wi-Fi shield................................................................................................... 38

Figure 21: 28BYJ-48 Stepper Motor 4 Phase 5 V (Unipolar) ...................................................... 39

Figure 22: Pin diagram of ULN 2003A (Darlington transistor) .................................................. 40

Figure 23: Alcohol and fingerprint access control system architecture ...................................... 43

Figure 24: The model of Alcohol Gas Analyser in Proteus using a variable Resistor ................ 45

Figure 25: The model of fingerprint scanner using a virtual terminal .......................................... 46

Figure 26: Screen of a Virtual Terminal ...................................................................................... 46

Figure 27: The model of alcohol Analyser and fingerprint access control .................................. 47

Figure 28: The cross-section view of MQ-3 alcohol gas sensor with a heating system .............. 48

Figure 29: The connection of MQ-3 on a bread broad ................................................................ 50

Figure 30: The circuit connection of MQ-3 with a buzzer as connected on a bread board ......... 50

Figure 31: The circuit connection of the fingerprint scanner [25] ................................................ 51

Figure 32: The circuit connection for Rx voltage divider ............................................................. 52

Figure 33: The connection of a fingerprint scanner 5 V – TTL (GT-511C1R) ............................ 53

Figure 34: The circuit connection of a stepper motor (28BYJ – 48) [26] .................................... 54

Figure 35: The Stepper Motor tested on the bread board ............................................................. 55

Figure 36: Alcohol and Fingerprint Access Control, system connection on a bread board ......... 55

Figure 37: Creating tables in the database .................................................................................... 56

Figure 38: Table with student’s information in the database ........................................................ 56

Figure 39: Verifying student details with assigned verified ID from the database. ..................... 57

NUUMBALA SAKARIA viii

Figure 40: MQ-3 Results with no alcohol content from the breath sample .................................. 58

Figure 41: MQ-3 Results with alcohol content from the breath sample ....................................... 59

Figure 42: Snapshot of a Serial monitor after enrolling the fingerprints in the database ............. 60

Figure 43: Snapshot of a Serial monitor after verifying ID stored in the database ...................... 61

Figure 44: Snapshot of a Serial monitor after verifying the fingerprint and test the breath with no

alcohol ........................................................................................................................................... 62

Figure 45: Snapshot of a Serial monitor after verifying the fingerprint and test the breath with

alcohol ........................................................................................................................................... 62

Figure 46: Snapshot of a Serial monitor with a fingerprint which was not stored in the database63

Figure 47: Snapshot of LCD after testing the prototype with no alcohol in a breath sample ....... 63

Figure 48: Snapshot of LCD after testing the prototype with alcohol in a breath sample ............ 64

NUUMBALA SAKARIA ix

List of Tables

Table 1 : Biometric Technology ................................................................................................... 13

Table 2: The project time management planning ......................................................................... 29

Table 3: The project cost management ......................................................................................... 30

Table 4: Arduino uno- R3 specification........................................................................................ 32

Table 5: Arduino compatible mega 2560 R3 specification .......................................................... 33

Table 6: Alcohol Gas Sensor (MQ-3) specification ..................................................................... 35

Table 7: Fingerprint Scanner (GT-511C1R) specification ........................................................... 36

Table 8: Alphanumeric Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) specification ........................................... 38

Table 9: Arduino Wi-Fi shield specification ................................................................................ 39

Table 10: 28BYJ-48 Stepper Motor Unipolar specification ......................................................... 40

Table 11: ULN 2003A Specification ............................................................................................ 41

Table 12: Oracle 10g Database Hardware requirements .............................................................. 42

Table 13: Switching sequence of a 4 phase stepper motor ........................................................... 54

NUUMBALA SAKARIA x

Acronyms and Symbols

AC Alternating Current

ADC Analog- to- Digital Converter

AREF Analog Voltage References

ARP Address Resolution Protocol

ATmega Atmel megaAVR series.

AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator

BAC Blood Alcohol Concentration

BIID Breath Ignition Interlock Device

CMOS Complementary Metal-Oxide-semiconductor

DC Direct Current

DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid

DNS Domain Name System

Dpi Dots per inch

DSP Digital signal processing

DUI Driving Under the Influence

DWI Driving While Intoxicated

E Enable

EEPROM Electrically Erasable Read Only Memory

ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

FAR False Acceptance Rate

FRR False Rejection Rate

GB Gigabyte

GSM Global System for Mobile communications

I/O Input/ Output

IC Integrated Circuits

ICSP In Circuit Serial Programming

ID Identification Document

IOREF Input/output Voltage Reference

IP Internet Protocol

NUUMBALA SAKARIA xi

IR Infra-Red

KB Kilobyte

kΩ Kilo Ohms

LCD Liquid Crystal Display

LED Light Emitting Diode

mA Miliamperes

Mb Megabits

Mbps Megabits per second

Mg/L Milligram per litre

PC Personal Computer

PON Polytechnic of Namibia

PSK Pre- Shared Key

PWM Pulses width Modulation

R/W Read/Write

RAM Random Access Memory

RDIF Radio Frequency Identify Device

RS Register Select

SD Secure Digital

SPI Serial Peripheral Interface

TCP Transmission Control Protocol

TKIP Temporal Key Integrity Protocol

TTL Transistor–transistor logic

UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter

UDP User Datagram Protocol/ Universal Datagram Protocol

USB Universal Serial Bus

V Volts

WEP Wired Equivalent Privacy

WPA Wifi Protected Access

Ω Ohm

NUUMBALA SAKARIA xii

Definitions

Wi-Fi: a system for connecting electronic equipment such as computers and electronic organizers

to the internet without using wires.

Wi-Fi Shield: allows an Arduino board to connect to the internet using the Wi-Fi library and to

read and write an SD card using the SD library.

Interrupt: is a signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software indicating an event that

needs immediate. Interrupts are divided into hardware and Software.

MQ-3: This is the module Number, for the alcohol sensor

Arduino uno: is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328, with 14 digital input and

output pins, of which 6 can be PWM outputs.

ULN2003: is a high voltage, high current Darlington array containing seven open collector

Darlington pairs with common emitters. These chips allow you to drive high current loads like

relays and motors which require more power than a microcontroller can supply or sink.

Vcc: refer to IC power supply.

Tx: refer to a Transmitter terminal

Rx: refer to Receiver terminal

GND: Ground terminal

TTL: is not a protocol. It's an older technology for digital logic, but the name is often used to refer

to the 5 V supply voltage.

UART: is one of the most used serial protocols that use a single data line for transmitting and one

for receiving data.

AVR: is a modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC single-chip microcontroller, which use on-

chip flash memory for program storage, as opposed to one-time programmable ROM, EPROM, or

EEPROM.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 1

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

One noticed universal problem at Polytechnic of Namibia (PON) is the use of alcohol by students

during working hours and over weekends. Parents send their children at University, Colleges and

Technical institutions with the aim to further their studies. However majorities end up on the wrong

trail due to peer pressure. The abuse of alcohol is a major issue in many countries and it can have

a serious impact on individuals, families and communities, as well as on an organization where

people work. Furthermore, the abuse of alcohol pose a challenge to student’s academic

performance, which then affects their academic progress.

The PON does not allow entry of alcohol on campus. Inebriated students and staff members are

not allowed at the PON. Due to the factor that security guard cannot stand on every entrance of

the PON with a breath analyser to check each student and staff if he/she has drunk or not and verify

the identity of every person, this will waste more time and require skilful manpower. According

to Mr Calicious Nawa assistant bursar: auxiliary services as well as chief of campus controller at

PON indicated that control of alcohol on campus can only be measured at the entrance, but this

method is not efficient, since students can bring in alcohol in their vehicle, through the fence and

drunk students can enter free without being suspected of alcohol. PON use breath analyser to test

students and staff if suspected drunk. A proof of being under the influence of alcohol will be

determined by using a breath analyser, and the maximum limit is 0, 08 ml of alcohol per 100 ml

of blood [1].

The design of this project efficiently implement a system for alcohol detection from the student’s

breath sample, which is estimated to blood alcohol content (BAC) and make use of fingerprint as

an access control. One can test alcohol consumed by individual using a breath analyser or the

breath alcohol tester. The breath alcohol tester is an electronic device that is used to measure and

test the blood alcohol content in a person’s blood stream [2]. The breath analyser will examine the

breath of a student through an alcohol sensor, checks its alcohol content and display its output on

the LCD. The use of breath alcohol test is useful to limit students from using alcohol, although this

system design cannot fully avoid students from using alcohol, especial commuters.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 2

In existing method, upon registration the PON issues a student card to each student on which the

student’s registration number and photo appear [3]. This student card are used as an access control

to allow right of entry to any of the facility on campus. According to the Polytechnic of Namibia

rules and regulations, students are required to carry their student cards at all times and may be

asked to show it by any authorised staff member of the Polytechnic or its contractors. Students

may be denied access to buildings, classrooms and or services should they be unable to show a

valid student card on demand [3]. By this method, student card can be stolen easily and unable to

prevent someone from using it for other reasons. This method has crucial weakness; students are

not allowed to enter on campus if student card is lost, stolen or forgotten home.

The implementation of fingerprint as an access control can overcome this shortcoming. Fingerprint

biometric technologies are used in a variety of applications including electronic door locks, smart

cards, vehicle ignition control systems, USB sticks with fingerprint controlled access, and many

others [4]. Digital signal processing elements in fingerprint scanners perform complex DSP

functions such as filters, transforms, feature extraction, matching operations and other algorithms.

The use of fingerprint is vital due to its biometric system.

The standard terminology meaning of biometrics is defined as a measurable biological or

behavioural characteristic which reliably distinguishes one person from another, used to recognize

the identity, or verify the claimed identity, of an enrolee [5]. Among the features measured are

face, fingerprints, hand geometry, handwriting or signature recognition, iris, retinal, vein, and

voice. In this project students will be recognizing based on their fingerprint. Fingerprint

identification has been considered as one of the most popular and reliable personal biometric

identification methods. The reason can be considered that fingerprint can achieve the best balance

among authentication performance, cost, size of device, and ease of use. However, most

of fingerprint authentication devices have some problems to be solved. One is that captured

images are easily affected by the condition of finger surface and it can degrade authentication

performance and this include, dirty fingers, dirty scanner, orientation, pressure etc.

The fingerprints of students are stored in the database, so that the moment a finger would be swiped

on a scanner, a check would be carried out with the existing database for a match. Once a student

pass all the authentication a stepper motor will rotate, then a revolving door will granted access. If

any of the authentication process fails, access will be denied and the revolving door will not rotate.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 3

In case of malfunction of the system, immediately the system is shut down then the student card

verification process is applied to grant access while the problem is rectified. One push button will

be installed at the gate, connected to a buzzer in a control room not far from the system, in case if

the system cannot grant access to a student while all results are good, or if any of the equipment is

not working properly. In case of power failure, system will have a backup power supply. Security

cameras that are usually used are of important to monitor illegal activities at the entrance.

1.2 Purpose of the study

The purpose of this project is to design a system that perceives students that are coming on campus

under the influence of alcohol. The system deny access, to people that are not registered at the

PON and also to inebriated registered students. The system reduces vandalism of the campus

properties, preserve order and avoid theft on campus. Alcohol analyser and fingerprint scanner are

the authentication tools, together with a stepper motor which is used as the gears to grant access.

Alcohol and fingerprint access control system will replace the traditional method of right of entry

currently used at the PON. The use of student card is inaccurate, since cards are not properly

checked and a lot of human errors are involved. The hardware components such as alcohol analyser

(MQ-3), Stepper motor, fingerprint scanner (GT-511C1R), buzzer and other electronics

components were integrated with Arduino uno microcontroller on the Arduino board to

demonstrate the operation of the system. Arduino and Proteus were the software components used

in this project, while the hardware was designed using Arduino mega.

1.3 Scope and limitations

This project merely design and develop a prototype of alcohol and fingerprint access control, to

solve the issues of having inebriated students at institutions of high learning in Namibia. The major

limitation of the project was the level of complexity of modelling the software design, where by

some of the components used were not available in Proteus. Another factor limited the project was

the unavailability of components locally.

On top of that some literature review retrieved clearly stated other application of this technology,

such as ignition switch system for cars. Design project similar to this one are expected to be

mirrored in all institutions of higher learning in Namibia in the near future.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 4

This project is divided into 3 major operational sections which includes: Alcohol testing,

Fingerprint scanning and verification of fingerprints in the database, rotation of a revolving door

by a stepper motor. The design will be able to:

Capture fingerprints of students upon registration, and store fingerprints in the database.

Read fingerprint, being scanned and be able to identify and match with those in the

database.

The system is able to measure blood alcohol content from the student’s breath sample.

System can grant access to students whose alcohol level is below maximum limit, and

student’s fingerprint match with the fingerprint stored in the database.

Deny access to unauthorized people whose fingerprints are not stored in the database and

to inebriated registered students, hence avoid theft, disruption of lectures and vandalism of

campus properties.

1.4 Aims and Objectives

The project aims to design and develop a prototype that can be used at the entrance of the

institutions of higher learning, to measure/test blood alcohol content from student’s breath and

make use of fingerprint technology as an access control. The project eliminates the entry of

inebriated students and denies access to unauthorized people.

The primarily objectives of the project are:

1) To design and construct a prototype for alcohol and fingerprint access control system.

2) To deny access to inebriated students on campus by testing their alcohol consumption

level, when the level exceeds the maximum limit of 0.08 mg/L of alcohol per blood.

3) To avoid unauthorized entry, hence prevent vandalism of campus properties and theft.

4) The long-term objective of the project is to maintain order on campus, by avoiding

inebriated students to disturb others and lectures.

1.5 Problem Statement

Problem 1

It has been observed that students tend to use alcohol outside and inside the campus during working

hours and over the weekends. This drives a situation whereby students tend to write their test,

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 5

examination or even attend lectures under the influence of alcohol. Based on the existing system

currently used at the PON, entrance into the campus or to any of the facilities around the campus

requires students to show their student cards for verification. This system proved to be inaccurate,

favouritism and inefficient. Students find it difficult to enter on campus or to get access to any of

the facilities when they have lost or forgotten their cards at home. This prompts some of the

students to use other student’s card to access those facilities.

Problem 2

In most cases, campus controller reported vandalism of campus properties (e.g. window glass

broken, doors, chairs, tables, projector, smart boards etc). Lectures are disrupted by misconduct

and unethical behaviours of students under the influence of alcohol.

To mitigate the problems stated above, this project design a system that will test students on

alcohol by using a breathalyzer (MQ-3) alcohol gas sensor and make use of fingerprint technology

as an access control to avoid the use of students card. The system denies access to inebriated

students to avoid vandalism of campus properties and disruption of lectures. The system also

avoids unauthorized entry to prevent theft in the campus.

1.6 Project Methodology

The department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Polytechnic of Namibia instructed

students to select topics of their choice for a final year project. The first part of the investigation

was the project identification, literature review and project proposal writing. The next stage was

to carry out the software design and simulations using Arduino and Proteus. The software design

based on the simulations was to demonstrate how the hardware is going to be design. Simulations

were necessary to validate the concepts discussed in the abstract and introduction. A conclusion

was drawn from the simulation and operation of the prototype designed.

The following process was followed in order to achieve the objectives of the project:

Literature review:

A survey of the literature review on Alcohol and Fingerprint Access Control System was

done.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 6

Development:

The development of the hardware design.

Simulations and programming:

The simulations and programming were implemented by means of Proteus and Arduino.

Design:

A hardware prototype was designed.

Evaluation:

The system was evaluated based on Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)

Conclusion

Conclusions based on the design and problem experienced were drawn.

Future work improvements

Recommendations are made regarding any prospects future work improvement on the

design and the problem being accomplished.

1.7 Significance of the Project

The rationale of the project is therefore to design a system that test students for alcohol and make

use of fingerprint technology as an access control. This design is useful for the PON and other

institutions of higher learning in Namibia. It was hypothesised that students at the institution of

higher learning use alcohol during working hours and over the weekends. As a consequence they

take no responsibility for their academic effort including attending lectures and writing

examinations or tests under the influence of alcohol. This phenomenon could be the cause of

various problems such as vandalism of campus properties and distraction of lectures. The use of

fingerprint as an access control benefit the security on campus, since unauthorized entry is

forbidden, hence reduces theft. In addition to that, the system is intentionally designed to deny

access to inebriated students on campus.

1.8 Project Assumptions

Some assumptions were taken to successfully complete this project and produce a desire prototype

that solve the issue of having inebriated students and unauthorized people on campus.

Therefore, the following assumptions were considered:

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 7

The system is to be installed at more than one entrance of the campus, to allow quick

access to a large number of students at a time.

System is having a backup power supply, in case of power failure.

The alcohol gas sensor is turned on for 24 -48 hours “Break in period” to heat up before

the readings become stable.

Most of the lecturers and staff have cars, they use car entrance and only few uses the

system, but all staffs and lecturers fingerprints are stored in the database, upon

employment.

Students are only enrolled once in their first years and fingerprints are deleted once

they graduate to allow more space in the database.

Revolving door is a one person entry, to avoid favouritism of students by others.

System is design to operate 24 hours in a day.

1.9 Report Outline

The following describe how this project report is outlined:

Chapter 1: Introduction

The first to appear is the introduction. This chapter gives a background of the project, purposes of

the project, objectives, problem statement, project methodology and significance of the study.

Chapter 2: Literature Review

This section presents an overview of the technological analysis and the concept of related work

based on alcohol breath analyser and fingerprint technology. Furthermore, concepts that are used

to alleviate the problem are stated. Previous design and research have been studied to gain an

understanding of the preceding project.

Chapter 3: Research Methodology

Illustrate approaches employed to demonstrate steps used to make this project possible. In addition

the chapter present a description of the research process and explanation of the methods used to

gather data. Time management, cost that was required to get the hardware, functional block

diagram and execution flow chart are also part of this division.

Chapter 4: System Specification

Stipulate the specifications of all hardware components used.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 8

Chapter 5: System Design

Demonstrate the design process that was used to set up the alcohol and fingerprint access control

system prototype. The system design is divided into two sections, the software and hardware

design

Chapter 6: System Testing

Present modelling the outcome and the test results of the design. Comparison is made of previous

design from the literature review, with alcohol and fingerprint access control.

Chapter 7: System Operation and Maintenance

Present the fully operation of the entire design, and how will the system be maintained during its

operation.

Chapter 8: Environmental and Social Impacts

Present positive and negative impacts of the designed system to the environment and the lender.

Chapter 9: Conclusions

Based on the operation, conclusions are drawn in order to make sense of the system designed.

Chapter 10: Future Work Suggestion

Finally, chapter 10 offers recommendation to improve future work to solve problem of student

using alcohol at institution of higher learning in Namibia.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 9

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter contains a review of the literature based on alcohol testing and fingerprint technology.

It emphasised on fingerprint technology and the advantage of using biometric system. The

technological review of hardware used in this project and related work on alcohol and fingerprint

access control system are discussed.

2.1 Fingerprint

2.1.1 Definition of fingerprint

As the term implies fingerprint is the print or impression made by our fingers because of the

patterns of ridges and valley lines formed on the skin of our palms and fingers since birth [6]. As

we grow, the marks get prominent but the patterns remain unchanged. This is why fingerprints are

heavily considered to be one of the biometric systems because of the uniqueness, reliability and

permanent. The standard terminology of biometrics system is defined as the measure of biological

or behavioural characteristics, which reliably distinguishes one person from another to recognize

the identity or verify the claimed identity of an enrolee [5].

The most prominent local ridge characteristic is called minutiae, which are ridge ending and the

bifurcation [7]. Minutia are considered to be the abnormalities in ridge and furrows. The most

consider types of minutia are termination, bifurcation, bridge and lip rounding. Bifurcation

includes points on the ridge where branching occurs and termination refers to the ending of a ridge.

Below are some of the categories of minutia features depicted in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Category of minutia Fingerprint Features [8]

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 10

Fingerprint technology verifies the identity of a student since everyone has unique patterns. The

three basic patterns of fingerprint ridges are the arch, loop, and whorl. The arches are the ridges

enter from one side of the finger, rise in the centre forming an arc, and then exit the other side of

the finger. The loop ridges enter from one side of a finger, form a curve, and then exit on that

same side. The whorl ridges form circularly around a central point on the finger.

Until recently fingerprint systems have predominantly been used in forensic applications for

investigating criminals. Nowadays fingerprint is used for many purpose especially in

authentication application such as electronic door lock, vehicle ignition control system, USB stick,

PC logon and so on. The major approach for fingerprint recognition today is to extract minutiae

from a fingerprint images and perform fingerprint matching based on the number of corresponding

minutiae pairings [9].

2.1.2 Fingerprint recognition and verification

Fingerprints are extracted using a fingerprint scanner or module. Before enrolment fingerprint are

captured without any information about the identity of the enrolee. In this project, student’s

fingerprints will be enrolled up on registration where each print is assigned with the student

number and name to specify the identity of the enrolee. The captured fingerprints will be stored in

the database and the transfer of the fingerprints from the scanner to the database can be carried out

wirelessly using Arduino Wi-Fi shield [6]. Figure 2 below show some of the features/ pattern found

on the fingerprint.

Figure 2: Description of Fingerprint patterns

When recognising a fingerprint, first it needs to be identified before verified. Identification occurs

when a fingerprint is captured on a scanner then sent to the database for verification or match.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 11

Match only happen if the fingerprint is on the database. The identity will be matched using a

fingerprint scanner that has a sensor which identifies the student number currently being

photographed. When the student put a finger on the reader or the fingerprint module the LED will

emit an IR rays, then the haemoglobin in a student blood absorb the rays. Camera below the

fingerprint reader will capture the image appeared and send the signal to the microcontroller

(ATmega 328) if matched.

The match occurs due to the pattern of furrows and ridges on the surface of a fingerprint. Human

beings do not have exactly the same arrangement of patterns and patterns of any individuals remain

the same throughout life [10]. The accuracy of the fingerprint recognition depends on the image

quality, image improvement methods, feature normal extraction and feature set pre‐processing.

Figure 3 shown below supported the recognition and verification process. First the fingerprint

image is captured by a sensor in a scanner or a reader which is usually placed at the door. The

fingerprint image is passed to the recognition software for pre-processing such as segmentation

mask, thinning and binerization. Minutiae extraction is done to create template of prints to be

compared to those in the database. The template is used to determine or verify the identity of the

student (Student name and student number) and formulate the process of authentication if a match

is true, since the match can either be true or false.

Figure 3: A typical biometric feature extraction and matching process [11]

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 12

2.2 Advantage of using biometric system

The use of biometric system in the past decade has given a significant solution to business owner

who are now empowered to circumvent issues like manual badge checks, undocumented access

and ID swapping [12]. Biometric technologies include, facial recognition, voice recognition, DNA,

signature recognition, retinal recognition, fingerprint, iris recognition, hand geometry etc.

The advantage of the biometrics system is that the information is unique for each individual and

it can identify the individual in spite of variations in the time, it does not matter if the first biometric

sample was taken year ago. It offers high level of identification management security operation

due to its accuracy, user friendly, convenient and scalable. According to Raju, biometric system is

the most convenient security way out, because there will be no need to carry extra badges

documents, ID cards, remember password etc, since password can be forgotten, and cards can be

lost.

In terms of security biometric system cannot be stolen or predicted, thus they are used for high

security reasons, since the tokens can be lost or stolen and password sequence can easily be

predicted. Biometrics are considered to be the most accurate identification process, features cannot

be duplicated only authorized person get access thus this can achieve a high level of accuracy. In

terms of accountability biometrics can creates a clear, definable audit trail of transactions which

cannot be duplicated also.

Fingerprint identification has a number of advantages which make it a popular method of

identification in settings ranging from police stations to secured facilities. If the sample

fingerprints match fingerprints in the database, it is considered a positive match. It is important to

note that many identification systems which use fingerprints go for a statistically significant match

only rather than matching the whole fingerprint. This make fingerprint to be considered as the

most high accuracy biometric system because of its standard, easy to use, require a small storage

space for the biometric template and reduce size of the database memory etc.

Fingerprint is studied to be one of the most developed biometric and the most economical

biometric PC user authentication technique. Numerous developments in the field of biometric have

been successful for years, due to the fact that biometrics are more reliable and low priced. The

different biometrics technologies are compared in Table 1 below.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 13

The table of different biometric technology, classified according to their accuracy and cost

Table 1 : Biometric Technology

Biometric

Technology

Devices required Accuracy Cost Social

acceptability

Fingerprint Fingerprint Scanner High Medium Medium

Facial recognition Camera Medium -Low Medium High

Signature

recognition

Touch panel and

optic pen

Low Medium

High

Iris recognition Camera High High Medium -

Low

Voice recognition Microphone,

telephone

Medium Medium High

Hand geometry Scanner Medium -Low Low High

Retinal scan Camera High High Low

DNA Test equipment High High Low

2.3 Polytechnic of Namibia’s policy on student alcohol consumption on campus

Alcohol use at the PON is not allowed. Mr Calicious Nawa assistant bursar: auxiliary services as

well as chief of campus controller at PON has stated that, the vandalism of campus properties,

misconduct and theft on campus, occur mostly by unauthorized entry and inebriated students,

owing to unfavourable institution [13]. It has also been reported that students have been suspended

from institute of high learning in Namibia due to alcohol abuse. To accomplish suspension of

students, alcohol use during working hours and over weekends by students should be kept at

minimum. This is achieved by giving restriction to those students that tries to come on campus

under the influence of liquors.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 14

According to the PON yearbook of General Information and Regulations 2015, under student

disciplinary regulations, subtitle definition misconduct, rule 2.4 stated that “ Is on any Polytechnic

premises whilst under the influence of liquor or drugs (dependence-producing drugs), or without

written permission from the Rector or authorised representative, brings alcoholic beverages or

drugs onto the premises of the Polytechnic, consumes them or has them in their possession or

serves or consumes alcoholic beverages or drugs on campus during a gathering of a student

association or student body of the Polytechnic or during Polytechnic journeys, educational tours,

camps, and assignments is not allowed [1]’’ As a consequence a proof of being “under the

influence of alcohol” will be determined by the use of an appropriate breath analyser, and the

maximum limit is 0,08 ml of alcohol per 100 ml blood. Refusal to undergo such a breath analyser

test or blood sampling as well as refusing to be searched properly by the appropriate authorities is

serious offences [1].

The designed system will absolutely guarantee the identity of a student and test for the alcohol.

Mr Nawa supported the design, saying that it is crucial especially at events such as cultural festival,

evening shows and other events hosted by the PON, even though the institution is planning to

make use of Radio Frequency Identify Device (RFID) card in the near future. This method of RFID

card is not new, it has been used by different university such as; University of Pretoria, University

of the Western Cape and University of Port Elizabeth says Nawa [13].

2.4 Technology Review

Fingerprint Module (GT-511C1R)

A fingerprint scanner is a device that read or scans the marks on a finger of a person, identify the

prints and grant access if the fingerprint matches the stored sample in the database. The fingerprint

module (GT-511C1R) is stand-along base fingerprint identification module used to read the finger

print images. It enrolled new fingers and can store 20 different fingerprints on the Flash Memory.

Modem fingerprint scanners can detect many properties about the finger in addition to acquiring

the fingerprint itself. These properties allow the fingerprint scanner to determine whether the finger

being scanned is a living finger and can be used to ensure that a valid user is physically present for

the system to operate [14].The benefit of GT-511C1R identify module has an optical area sensor

which has two basic requirements which is to enrol fingerprints by extracting the features of a

student and assigning each print with a student’s number, student name and course enrolled.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 15

Figure 4 below illustrates the pin numbers of the GT-511C1R fingerprint scanner

Figure 4: The fingerprint Scanner (GT-511C1R) pin numbering [15]

The pin numbers 1,2,3,4 represent the following;

1. UART Transmit (3.3 V) – This pin transmits a logic high of up to a maximum of 3.3 V.

2. UART Receive (3.3 V) – This pin can receive a logic high level of up to 3.3 V. The voltage

level sent to this pin from a microcontroller always needs to be reduced when working with

5 V Microntroller.

3. GND – This is a common ground (GND) or 0 V pin of the fingerprint scanner (FPS)

module.

4. Vin (5 V) – This is a 5 V input pin of the FPS module used to power.

A female 4 pin connector on a FPS is connected to a 4 wire JST SH jumper cable to interface the

FPS module to a microcontroller. Poor quality prints can be a direct result of the conditions that

the prints were acquired in. Some of these conditions such as dirty fingers, dirty scanner,

orientation, pressure, dry finger and others affect the performance of fingerprint scanner.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 16

Alcohol Analyser (MQ-3)

This is a device that is used to test for alcohol, by estimating the Blood Alcohol Concentration

(BAC) from the breath sample. Robert Frank Borkenstein, born in Fort Wayne in India, was the

first inventor of a breathalyzer in 1954 while he was a captain of Indiana State Police [16]. The

invention provided law enforcement with a non-offensive test which provides immediate results

to determine a person breath alcohol concentration at that instant time. The breath analyser can

estimate the BAC indirectly, by measuring the breath alcohol concentration close to a BAC. The

amount of alcohol exhaled into the air is proportional to the amount of alcohol which will be found

in a student’s blood. The more ethanol in the blood, the more there is in the air exhalation and this

gives a good indication how a student is drunk.

In this project Alcohol Sensor MQ-3 is used to test the alcohol level of students. Alcohol sensor

MQ-3 is suitable for detecting alcohol concentration just like in a common breathalyzer. It has a

high sensitivity to ethanol in alcohol, long life, low cost with a simple drive circuit, small

sensitivity to benzene and fast response time. MQ-3 has a detection concentration range of

0.05mg/L-10mg/L of Alcohol. According to the Namibian law of drink and drive, the legal limit

is 0.37 milligrams per 1000 millilitres of breath, for a breathalyzer [17]. For different countries,

the level of alcohol in the blood that defines a person as over the limit for driving varies. The range

ranges from 0.01 to 0.10. Most countries have a limit of about 0.05. Greece, Greenland, and Iceland

all have limits of 0.05. Canada has a higher limit set at 0.08. In the United States, it is also 0.08.

This means that if the alcometer reading measures above this, the person can receive a driving

under the influence (DUI) of alcohol fine, or driving while intoxicated (DWI) fine. Wearing

dentures, has had dental work done, denture cleaner trapped in the mouth will give false results in

a high positive alcohol analyser readings. Figure 5 (a) below shows the configuration diagram of

MQ-3 gas sensor. The alcohol gas sensor basically has 6 pins, but only four (4) of them are used

and two (2) of them are for heating system, which are the H pins.

The 4 pins A and B are for connecting power and ground. The sensor has a little tube made of

aluminium oxide and tin dioxide. Inside the tube there is a heater coils which produce the heat, for

a sensor to take accurate measurements, that’s why it is recommended for a sensor to heat up for

24-48 hours, which is known as the “break in period” before the readings become stable [18].

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 17

Figure 5: The structure and configuration of an Alcohol analyser (MQ-3) [19]

There is a heater inside the MQ-3 alcohol gas sensor which is basically power directly form +5 V

of Arduino board and the heater draws about 150 mA of current. The resistance across an (a) and

(b) pins varies depending on how much alcohol is in the breath. The voltage level at the point

between the sensor and the load resistor is measured instead of measuring the resistance directly.

The sensor and load resistor form a voltage divider, and the lower the sensor resistance, the higher

the voltage reading will be. An Arduino analog input pin is a good way to measure the voltage and

gives us a reading between 0 and 1023 V. Higher values mean more alcohol. A fixed resistor for

the load-resistor is used in most cases. The Vout is connected to an analog input of the Arduino.

As shown in Figure 5 (b), in order to connect the sensor, first connect one of the H pin to +5 V

supply using an external power supply for the Arduino and the other H one to Ground. For the

Pin B one can be connect to ground and other pin B can be connect to the 10 kΩ potentiometer

as illustrated above. In the same pin where pin A is connected, connect a wire to the Analog/Digital

Converter (ADC) in Arduino, where alcohol information is going to be read.

Stepper Motor

A stepper motor is an electromechanical device which converts electrical pulses into discrete

mechanical movement. Stepper motors are subdivided into three categories such as Hybrid,

Permanent-magnet and Variable-reluctance stepper motors. The shaft of a stepper motor rotates

in a discrete step increment when electrical command is applied to it in a proper sequence .Stepper

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 18

motor has multiple coils that are organized in groups known as phases. These phases are the one

get energizing to rotate the motor one step at a time. A source code for Arduino in a computer is

used to control stepping rotation to achieve very precise positioning. This is why, stepper motors

are the motor of high-quality for many precision motion control applications.

Direct Current (DC) brushed motors rotate continuously when DC voltage is applied to their

terminals. The stepper motor is known by its important property to convert a train of input pulses

into accurately clear raise in the shaft position. The benefit of using stepper motor is that, the motor

has full torque at standstill, it has excellent response and can move in all direction, clockwise and

anti-clockwise.

2.5 Related work

Similar tools of alcohol testing and fingerprint technology has been used before in different area

as far as this system is concern. PON can benefit by having this system put into operation.

Vandalism of campus properties is a huge loss to the institution and will require more money to

renovate the damage. Therefore alcohol and fingerprint access control system is essential for the

PON.

A Fingerprint Based Ignition Systems in Vehicles.

Description

This system use fingerprints for vehicle ignition, as opposed to the conventional method of using

keys. The system is divided into the following modules: fingerprint analysis software module that

accepts fingerprints images; hardware interface module and the ignition system module. The

fingerprint recognition software enables fingerprints of valid users of the vehicle to be enrolled in

a database. Before any user can ignite the vehicle, his/her fingerprint image is matched

against the fingerprints in the database while users with no match in the database are

prevented from igniting the vehicle. Control for the ignition system of the vehicle is

achieved by sending appropriate signals to the parallel port of the computer and subsequently

to the interface control circuit [20].

The first two wires of ignition system were connected to the first relay, and the third wire was

connected to the second relay. This was done to simulate the action of bridging two of the wires

together when the first relay is activated. Activating the second relay for a short time causes a

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 19

temporary connection between the two relays. This connects all three wires together, thus igniting

the vehicle. A similar system of ignition system was also implemented, but this one uses a

breathalyser to test the alcohol concentration of a driver. In this project, a breath alcohol detector

which controls the ignition switch using microcontroller was developed.

Instead of just indicating and displaying the BAC percentage, the tester was programmed to

control the ignition switch, as well as an alarm and a number LEDs [2]. A breath alcohol Ignition

Interlock Device (BIID or IID) is installed in a vehicle's dashboard, then driver must first breath

into the device, but if blood alcohol concentration is detected above limit the vehicle will not ignite.

Authenticated Access Control for Vehicle Ignition System by Smart card and Fingerprint

technology.

Description

This project uses smart card and fingerprint technology to give authentication for vehicle ignition

system. The system consists of a smart card capable of storing the fingerprint of particular person.

While issuing the license, the specific person’s fingerprint is to be stored in the card. Vehicles such

as cars should have a card reader capable of reading the particular license. The same automobile

should have the facility of fingerprint reader device.

A person, who wishes to drive the vehicle, should insert the smart card in the vehicle and

then swipe his /her finger. If the fingerprint matches with the fingerprint stored in the smart card

then it goes for alcohol detection and seatbelt checking. After passing all authentications, the

vehicle will be ignited [21].

Locker opening and closing system using RFID, fingerprint, password and Global System

for Mobile communications (GSM).

Description

This project designed and implemented a locker with high security system based on RFID,

fingerprint, password and GSM technology which can be organized in bank, secured offices and

homes. This design ensures that only authentic person can be able to recover money from the

locker. This project implemented a locker security system containing door locking system which

can activate, authenticate, and validate the user and unlock the door in real time for locker

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 20

secure access. In this system the RFID reader reads the ID number from passive tag and sends it

to the microcontroller, if the ID number is valid then only it gives the access to the fingerprint

scanner otherwise it stops the process, if the fingerprint is matched then microcontroller sends the

password to the authenticated person mobile number then the authenticated person enters the

both passwords in the keyboard which was already given by the user and received from the

microcontroller. If these two passwords are matched then the locker will be opened otherwise the

microcontroller sends the warning message to the authenticated person mobile number and it will

be remain in locked position, This system is more secure than other systems because two

passwords are required for verification [22].

City of Windhoek on Fingerprint Access Control

City of Windhoek is one of the groups using the technology of fingerprint as an access control in

Windhoek. City of Windhoek have installed fingerprint scanner in most of its building, especially

with those of high security access such as the office of the Major. According Mr Jonas Ashipala

(City Police officer), reasoned that the migration for City of Windhoek from RFID card to the use

of fingerprint as a safe access control technology, was due its reliability, easy to use and permanent

[23]. He added that the use of RFID card have many disadvantage, such as card can be lost or

stolen, hence it was found unsafe to use. Ashipala stated that, employees are enrolled according to

their name, description and the division they work for.

Figure 6 illustrates the interface taken from one of the computer in a control room for the City

Police showing initial enrolment. On the left are some of the links that allows fingerprint capturing,

access group and relationships.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 21

Figure 6: The interface of employee enrolment

Mr Ashipala stated that, City Police control different buildings in the city, this includes

Municipality offices, City Police offices and many others. To grant access to this facilities, during

enrolment employees are given access to these build according to their job description. Figure 7

shown below depict an interface with some of the buildings controlled by City Police.

Figure 7: An interface for access group given by City Police

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 22

Figure 8 below depict an interface for fingerprint capturing during enrolment process. To confirm

the true identity of a person, three (3) fingerprints are captured for the left and right index. The

results are stored in the database.

Figure 8: An interface for fingerprint capturing at enrolment used by City of Windhoek

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 23

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter describe the methodologies used to design a system to solve one of the solution used

to reduce problem of theft, alcohol practice on campus and unauthorized entry.

3.1 Project Execution Methodology

During this section, methods of a data collection and analysis are stipulated. The project was

carried out in stages for effective completion. Each stage was executed according to time allocated

on a time management table of the project. Figure 9 below illustrate the project execution flow

chart:

Figure 9: The project execution flow chart

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 24

3.2 Analysis and theories

The project begins with, framework, literature review and proposal writing. Literature review was

done to view the feasibility study of the project and get wind of more on what other designers have

done into comparable topics and other research areas. Programming on Arduino (using C and java)

was the main backbone language of this project. ATmega 328 microcontroller on the Arduino

board is the main heart of Arduino uno, which guide the operation of different devices. Proteus

was used as simulation tool to model software design. This was done to formulate the code that is

used to program the hardware components.

In order to understand the project very well, the author visited the office of the City Police who

are responsible for enrolling and maintaining the fingerprint module used by City of Windhoek

(Municipality building and City Police Head Office). The author official visit the City Police head

office to make an appointment with a senior officer and superintendent assistant Mr Shililifa. The

author had an interview with Mr Jonas Ashipala (City Police Officer), who presented to him some

technical part of the control access. The interview was very crucial to find out more information

on the current use of fingerprint technology in Namibia. The discussions basically focus much on

the design part, considering the efficiency of the system, how fingerprints are stored in the

database, and way of communication between the fingerprint modules and the database.

Mr Ashipala showed the author, some of the fingerprint scanner used for enrolment and those used

at the entrance to allow access. He also stipulated much on problems encounter, such as network

failure which might bring problem to a fingerprint scanner not to read the fingerprint of employees.

He further specified that, in case of power failure city of Windhoek have installed some backup

power, which last for few minutes.

A magnetic lock is use as the locking tool which only opens if the authentication required is

correct. The database communicate with a fingerprint module via a secured network to verify and

match the identification of an employee when access the buildings.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 25

Figure 10 below illustrate some of the fingerprint scanner used by City of Windhoek for enrolment

and reading the fingerprint to allow right of entry.

Figure 10: Fingerprint Scanner used by City of Windhoek for enrolment and access

A demonstration on fingerprint capturing during enrolment was done by Mr Ashipala and the

author was given a chance to do the enrolment and his name and the description was stored in the

database, for demonstration purpose. An interface of the database after a student was enrolled is

shown in Figure 11 below.

Figure 11: The database for City of Windhoek which store identity of employees

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 26

The interview also looks at other organization currently in Windhoek which is using the same

technology. The whole overview of the visit gave the author a perception of how the design of this

project is important and consider few problems encountered when using the same technology.

The author also had an interview with Mr Calicious Nawa assistant bursar: auxiliary services as

well as chief of campus controller at PON. Interview aimed to get an insight of how the PON deal

with the practice of alcohol on campus and how is the use of students card benefit the institution

in terms of security. The interview also looked at how crucial is the new system on alcohol and

fingerprint as an access control. The author also interview Mr Nawa on the future plan of the PON,

on how to maximize the security on campus.

3.3 Functional Block Diagram

The block diagram in Figure 12 below illustrates how the project was implemented and the various

components that form part of it. The system has three major units, Alcohol Analyser, Fingerprint

scanner and database.

Figure 12: The Project Block Diagram

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 27

3.3.1 Block Diagram Description

The function block diagram in Figure 12 above contains a power supply, which supply power to

the Arduino board. The power supplied to the Arduino board is used by the fingerprint scanner,

MQ-3 alcohol gas sensor, LCD, buzzer, Wi-Fi shield and push button. Fingerprint Scanner is

necessary to enrol the fingerprint of students and verify the scanned fingerprint with the identity

(ID) of those stored in the database. Alcohol gas sensor is used to test student’s alcohol level from

their breath sample and estimate the BAC which is displayed on the LCD. If the BAC exceeds the

maximum limit of 0.08mg/L of alcohol per blood, student is declared drunk and right of entry will

be denied. The buzzer will give a sound to alert security guard that the student is drunk. The push

button is required to call for help if any of the system is not functioning properly.

Stepper motor is used to grant access by moving or rotate the revolving door one revolution per

person. LCD displays the information of what is required of the student and results obtain to allow

or deny access. The fingerprints obtain during registration are assigned with fingerprint ID which

are stored in the database, together with the student’s details (First name, Last name, Student

number and Course enrolled ). If the fingerprint scanned has an ID match and the BAC is below

maximum limit of 0.08 mg/L of alcohol per blood, then access is granted.

3.3.2 Function of Components

a) (MQ-3) Alcohol gas Sensor – test students on alcohol through their breath sample which

is estimated into BAC.

b) Fingerprint scanner (GT -511C1R) – enrol students upon registration and verify the ID of

fingerprints when student use the system by scanning their fingerprint.

c) Push button – call for help in case of malfunction of the system.

d) Power Supply – supply power to the Arduino board and other components such as stepper

motor, LCD, fingerprint Scanner, MQ-3 etc.

e) Stepper Motor – Rotate one revolution after all authentication results from alcohol test and

fingerprint scanner are met.

f) Wi-Fi Shield – connect the fingerprint scanner wirelessly to the database on the web server

g) LEDs – green LED light if access is granted and red LED light if access is denied.

h) Microcontroller – Arduino was used as the brain of the system that stores the source code.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 28

3.4 Operational Flow Chart

Figure 13 below illustrate a flow chart for the operation of the system. This sequential order was

done to give the student a picture of what was required for this project. This system is designed in

such a way that, first a student would be required to scan his/her fingerprint on a fingerprint scanner

(GT-511C1R), the fingerprints will then be verified for a matches with those stored in the database.

If a match is found, author will further be required to use a breathalyser for alcohol test. MQ-3

alcohol gas sensor will then process the student’s breath sample, if alcohol limit is below average

and student is in the database, the stepper motor will be activated and access is granted, otherwise

access is denied.

Figure 13: The project operational flow chart

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 29

3.5 Project Time Line

This project was schedule for four (4) months, which is estimated to 16 weeks, but the commencing

of this project was late, therefore on 14 weeks was given to complete the design, but due to

components ordered arrived late. Therefore this delay the completion of the project on time

schedule. Given below is the table for project time management planning:

Table 2: The project time management planning

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 30

3.6 Project Cost

Table 3 below shows the calculated cost of all components of this project. Due to the fact that

some of the components required in this project were not locally available, this increases the cost,

in terms of labour and delivery.

Table 3: The project cost management

Hardware Quantity Cost Shop

Alcohol Gas Sensor ( MQ-3) 2 R 64.91 Communica (Pty) Ltd, South

Africa

AZL Stepper Motor 4 Phase (5 V) 1 R 84.21 Communica (Pty) Ltd, South

Africa

Basic LCD (16×2) character 1 R 240.00 Communica (Pty) Ltd, South

Africa

SPF Fingerprint Scanner

(GT511C1R)

1 R 485.00 Communica (Pty) Ltd, South

Africa

AZL Arduino Wi-Fi Shield (RN171) 1 - Communica (Pty) Ltd, South

Africa

ULN2003A (High-current Darlington

Transistor)

1 N$ 2.00 PON, store Lab

SPF Fingerprint Jumper 4W Cable 2 R 21.05 Communica (Pty) Ltd, South

Africa

Other Costs N$ 900

Metal Plate 2 N$ 30 PON, store Lab

Estimated Total Amount for this

Project

N$ 1913.13

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 31

CHAPTER 4: SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND SPECIFICATIONS

4.1 Technical Specification

This chapter outline the description and specifications of all components (Hardware and software)

used during this project. Most of these specifications are taken from their data sheet respectively.

The section also includes the architecture of the system that was design.

Arduino Uno-R3 Board

Description

The Arduino Uno-R3 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. Arduino Uno has 14

digital input/output pins of which 6 can be used as Pulses width Modulation (PWM) outputs and

6 as analog inputs. Arduino Uno R3 also has SDA (Serial Data) and SCL (Serial Clock line) pins

which is placed next to the analog references voltage (AREF), since Arduino comes with a 10 bit

ADC Analog-Digital-Converter (ADC).This ADC converts incoming voltages between 0 V and 5

V. Arduino can be connected to a PC through a USB port, to allow the communication between

the source code and the device. Simply a USB cable with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery is

connected to a computer to power the board. Figure 14 below shows the Arduino uno R3 board

with some annotated of its interfaces.

Figure 14: Arduino Uno-R3 board

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 32

Specifications

Table 4 below highlights the specifications of the Arduino uno –R3

Table 4: Arduino uno- R3 specification

Features Specification Features Specification

Microcontroller ATmega328 Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide

PWM output)

Operating Voltage 5 V Analog Input

Pins

6

DC Current for 3.3V

Pin

50 mA DC Current per

I/O Pin

40 mA

Input Voltage (limits) (6-20 )V Input Voltage (7-12) V

(Recommended)

Flash Memory 32 KB of which 0.5 KB

used by bootloader

Clock Speed 16 MHz

EEPROM 2 KB SRAM 1 KB

Arduino compatible mega 2560 R3

Description

The Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560. This

microcontroller has 54 digital input/output pins of which 15 can be used as PWM outputs 16

analog inputs, 4 UARTs for hardware serial ports, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection,

a power jack, an in circuit serial programming (ICSP) header, and a reset button. It contains

everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB

cable or power it with Alternating Current (AC)-to-Direct Current (DC) adapter or battery to get

started. The Mega2560 differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-

serial driver chip. Instead, it features the ATmega16U2 and it is programmed as a USB-to-serial

converter. The Mega2560 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two

other new pins placed near to the RESET pin, the Input/output Reference Voltage (IOREF) that

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 33

allow the shields to adapt to the voltage provided from the board. Figure 15 below illustrate the

Arduino Mega 2560 board.

Figure 15: Arduino compatible mega 2560 R3

Specifications

Table 5 below highlights the specifications of the Arduino compatible mega 2560 R3

Table 5: Arduino compatible mega 2560 R3 specification

Features Specification Features Specification

Microcontroller ATmega2560 Digital I/O Pins 54

Operating Voltage 5 V Analog Input

Pins

16

DC Current for 3.3V

Pin

50 mA DC Current per

I/O Pin

40 mA

Input Voltage (limits) (6 -20) V Input Voltage (7 – 12) V

EEPROM 4 KB SRAM 8 KB

Flash Memory 256 KB Clock Speed 16 MHz

After conducting more research, the availability of resources and compatibility issues, Arduino

Uno R3 and Arduino compatible mega 2560 R3 were selected as the microcontroller to be used

for the project. Arduino Uno is small enough in size yet still able to handle the calculations and

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 34

logic needed with ease, the Uno proved to be a simple and reliable piece of hardware to code for.

Arduino compatible mega 2560 R3 was selected because it has many pins, it can accommodate

more connections at a time. Arduino Mega was used to put together the entire system of system.

Alcohol Gas Sensor (MQ-3)

Description

Alcohol Gas Sensor (MQ-3) is a breath analyser gas sensing detector, which sense the presence of

alcohol gas in the air at concentrations from 0.05 mg/L to 10 mg/L of alcohol and outputs its

reading as an analog voltage. MQ-3 has a high sensitivity to alcohol specifically ethanol

(CH3CH2OH as a molecular formula and C2H6O, as the empirical formula). MQ-3 is small

sensitivity to benzene, fast response time and low cost with simple drive circuit. Figure 16 below

illustrate a complete MQ-3 sensor circuit with four (4) pins for connection.

Figure 16: Alcohol Gas Sensor (MQ-3)

The 4 pins are:

1. + 5 V

2. Dout

3. Aout

4. GND

Pin 1 and 4 are used to create power for the alcohol sensor. Dout is the digital output pin, while

Aout is the analog output. The Aout terminal gives out an analog voltage in proportion to the

amount of alcohol detected by a sensor. The more alcohol detected by a sensor, the more output

analog voltage by Aout terminal and vice versa. The analog voltage is set to a certain maximum

limit, known as the threshold value which indicates that the person is under the influence of alcohol

if exceeded.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 35

Specifications

Table 6 below draw out the specification of the MQ-3 Alcohol Gas Sensor

Table 6: Alcohol Gas Sensor (MQ-3) specification

Features Specification Features Specification

Operating Voltage 5 V Storage

Temperature

-20 ˚C to 70 ˚C

Operation

Temperature

-10 to 70 ˚C Detection

concentration scope

0.05mg/L -10mg/L of

alcohol

Heater consumption Less than 750 mW Heating Voltage 5 V 0.1

Sensing Resistance 1 MΩ - 8 MΩ Load Resistance 200 kΩ

Related Humidity Less than 95 % Rh Heater resistance 33Ω 5%

Fingerprint Scanner- 5 V Transistor to Transistor Logic, TTL (GT-511C1R)

Description

Fingerprint scanner (GT-511C1R) uses UART serial protocol and is used for fingerprint

enrollment and scanning. This device has one chip with a fingerprint algorithm and an ultra-thin

optical area sensor that capture the image of the fingerprint during scanning and can store

maximum of number 20 fingerprints in its flash memory (32-bit CPU). This device is considered

due to its high-accuracy and high- speed fingerprint identification technology.

GT-511C1R module uses 1:1 verification and 1: N identification technology. This device is

connected using an on board SPF FINGERPRINT JUMPER 4WIRES CABLE, JST-SH which has

four terminals:

1. +5 V power supply (Vcc),

2. ground (GND),

3. Receiver (Rx)

4. Transmitter (Tx).

The fingerprint scanner Rx can only accept 3.3 V, but Arduino supply 5 V, therefore a voltage

divider on Rx is required. Figure 17 below depict the fingerprint scanner used during this project.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 36

Figure 17: Fingerprint Scanner -5 V TTL (GT-511C1R)

The specification of the Fingerprint scanner-5 V TTL (GT-511C1R) are clarified in Table 7 below:

Specifications

Table 7: Fingerprint Scanner (GT-511C1R) specification

Features Specification Features Specification

Operating Voltage 3.3 – 6 V (DC) Resolution 450 dpi

Operating Current < 130 mA Identification time < 1.5 sec (20 Fingerprints)

Type of sensor Optical Sensor Enrollment time < 3 sec (3 Fingerprints)

Number of fingerprint 20 Fingerprints Size of Template 506 Bytes (template)

Image Size 216 × 240 Pixels Matching Mode 1:1,1:N

Communication

interface

UART & USB Effective area of the

sensor

14 × 12.5 mm

False Acceptance Rate

(FAR)

< 0.001 % False Rejection Rate

(FRR)

< 0.1 %

Operating

Temperature

-20 ˚C to 60 ˚C Operating Humidity 20 % to 80 %

Alphanumeric Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

A 16x2 LCD consists of two parallel plates between which the space is filled with liquid crystals.

Once the voltage is applied, the back plate transfer charge toward the front plate which is opaque

and display the text on the screen. This LCD is used in this project to display information from a

fingerprint scanner and also information from an alcohol gas sensor whether a student is drunk or

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 37

not drunk. This device can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines depicted in

Figure 18.

In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely,

Command and Data. The command register send the command instructions given to the LCD such

as shift commands, LCD clear, setting the cursor position, controlling display, write data to RAM,

function set etc. While Data register stores data to be displayed on the LCD.

Figure 18: LCD (16 character by 2 line) view from the front and its pin diagram

The block diagram in below show particular 16 pins of the LCD display such as voltage supply

(Vss), ground (VDD), Register Select (RS), Read/Write (R/W), Enable (E), 8-bit data lines (DB0-

DB7), backlight Vss (Led +), backlight ground (Led -) etc.

RS, select command register when low and data register when high. R/W write to the register when

low and read from the register when high. Enable send data to data pins when a high to a low pulse

is given. Figure 19 below shows the block diagram of the LCD.

Figure 19: LCD Block Diagram

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 38

Specifications

The table below indicate some of the specification for an alphanumerical LCD unit, which is used

in this project.

Table 8: Alphanumeric Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) specification

Features Specification Features Specification

Display Format 16 x 2 Characters Display Mode Transflective

Interface 8-bit parallel interface Dot pitch 0.60 x 0.70 mm

Ground light White LED Driving Scheme 1/16 Duty Cycle

Power supply voltage 5.0 V (DC) Dot size 0.56 x 0.66 mm

Operation

Temperature

-20 to + 70 Display Type Alphanumerical

View area Dimensions 66.0 x 16.0 mm Character

Dimension

2.96 x 5.46 mm

Active Area 56.2 x 11.5 mm Module Dimension 80.0 x 36.0 x 13.2 mm

Arduino Wi-Fi Shield (RN171 Shield)

Descriptions

The Wi-Fi shield can connect to wireless networks which operate according to the 802.11b and

802.11g specifications. The Wi-Fi shield allows the wireless communication between the

fingerprint module and the database. Wi-Fi shield utilizes a RN171 wifi module to provide

Arduino with a serial Ethernet’s function and adds storage to Arduino project. RN171 takes SPI

and select pin to access to the SD. Figure 20, presents the Arduino Wi-Fi-shield.

Figure 20: Arduino Wi-Fi shield

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 39

Specifications

Table 9: Arduino Wi-Fi shield specification

Features Specification Features Specification

Operating voltage 5 V Connect on Arduino SPI port

Compatibility Arduino, Arduino

Mega, Crowduino,

Seeeduino

Encryption types WEP and WPA2

Person

Connection type Wireless via

802.11b/g networks

Wifi Authentication WEP-128, WPA-PSK

(TKIP), WPA2-PSK

(AES)

Support SD card 2 GB and 4 GB Connector 4 Wire jumper Cables

Built in Networking

Application

DHCP client and

DNS client, ARP,

FTP

Host Data Rate 1 Mbps for UART and 2

Mbps SPI slave

28BYJ-48 Stepper Motor (Unipolar Permanent Magnet)

Description

A stepper motor is used to control the revolving door to allow access, after all the authentication

results are met. This stepper motor uses ULN 2003A motor driver and it has 4 phase 5 V. The

stepper motor is used because of its precise increments of movement that allow excellent control

of rotational speed. Stepper motor use direct current and has maximum torque at low speeds, so

they are a good choice for applications requiring low speed with high precision. Figure 21 below

illustrate 28BYJ-48 Stepper Motor.

Figure 21: 28BYJ-48 Stepper Motor 4 Phase 5 V (Unipolar)

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 40

Specifications

Table 10: 28BYJ-48 Stepper Motor Unipolar specification

Features Specification Features Specification

Rated Voltage 5 V DC Insulated electricity

power

600 VAC/1 mA/1

s

Speed Variation

Ratio

1/64 Insulated resistance >10 MΩ (500 V)

Number of Phase 4 Stride Angle 5.625˚/64

DC Resistance 200 Ω Torque 34.3 mN.m

Idle In-traction

frequency

>600 Hz Idle Out-traction

frequency

1000 Hz

Frequency 100 Hz Speed Variation Ratio 1/64

Rise in Temperature <40 K (120 Hz) Noise <35 dB

Friction Torque 600 – 1200 gf.cm Pull in Torque 300 gf.cm

ULN 2003 A (High Voltage and High-Current) Darlington Transistor

Description

The ULN 2003A is a high current, high voltage Darlington transistor, which consist of seven NPN

Darlington pairs that features high-voltage outputs with common- cathode clamp diode for

switching inductive loads.

Figure 22: Pin diagram of ULN 2003A (Darlington transistor)

1B1

1C16

2B2

2C15

3B3

3C14

4B4

4C13

5B5

5C12

6B6

6C11

7B7

7C10

COM9

U1

ULN2003A

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 41

Specifications

Table 11: ULN 2003A Specification

Features Specification Features Specification

Input Voltage 5 V Load Voltage 50 V

Operating Voltage 3.3 V Input Voltage

Maximum

30 V

Input Compatibility 5 V TTL CMOS Operating

Temperature Range

-20 to +85

Output Current 500 mA per Darlington

pair

Number of Darlington

Pairs

7

Collector to Emitter

Voltage

50 V Delay Time 250 ns

Storage

Temperature

-55 to 150 Continuous Base

Current

25 mA

4.2 Software Specification

a) Arduino IDE – Was used to write the source code and uploaded on the ATmega 328

microcontroller, to guide system operation.

Version : 1.0.5

Operating System : Windows

License Model : Free

b) Proteus – was used as s simulation tool to map out the hardware design.

Version : 7.10

Processor : 1GHz or more

RAM : 256 Mb

Operating system : Windows 2000 or later

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 42

c) Oracle Database 10g Database – created to store student’s enrolled fingerprints,

Identification number, names, student number and course enrolled.

Table 12: Oracle 10g Database Hardware requirements

Requirement Values

Version 2 or 10.2 g

Physical Memory (RAM) 512 MB

Virtual Memory Double the amount of RAM

Processor 550 MHz (Minimum)

System Architecture Intel (x86), AMD64 and Intel

EM64T

Operating system Windows XP Professional,

Windows Server 2003 all editions

Compiler Pro*Cobol (ACUCOBOL-GT)

version 6.2

Network Protocol TCP/IP, TCP/IP with SSL

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 43

4.3 System Architecture

The system architecture in Figure 23 below depicts the overall design of the “Alcohol and

Fingerprint Access Control System”. The fingerprint scanner is used to enrol student upon

registration and to verify the identity of stored fingerprint when student come on campus on daily

basis. Fingerprints are stored in a database on the web server, which can be accessed wirelessly

using a Wi-Fi shield. Alcohol gas sensor test students on alcohol, whereby students will be required

to blow on the gas sensor (MQ-3). The results from the alcohol sensor will be combined with those

from the database and a signal will be sent to the stepper motor of the revolving door to grant

access if student is not drunk or below limit of 0.08 mg/L and student’s fingerprints are in the

database.

Access is denied if student BAC is above limit and student is registered, or when student is sober

and fingerprints are not in the database. Access is also denied if the fingerprints are not in the

database, and person is not drunk, or person is drunk and fingerprints are not in the database

Figure 23: Alcohol and fingerprint access control system architecture

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 44

CHAPTER 5: SYSTEM DESIGN

This chapter present the design of the software and hardware part of the project. Proteus and

Arduino were the main software used during this project. Simulation in proteus was done to study

the behaviours of the system before the hardware design. System software circuitry design and

hardware design are presented in this chapter.

5.1 System Software design

This part of the project demonstrates how the system was simulated in proteus. The author was

able to model alcohol gas analyser using a variable resistor and a virtual terminal as a fingerprint

scanner. The simulation of the two system was combined together to create a complete system of

Alcohol and fingerprint access control model. Stepper motor was used as a gear which gave right

of entry, once all the authentication results meet the access conditions, that student’s name and

student number must be in the code and resistance must be set below limit, then stepper motor

rotate, to grant access. This model was done, since proteus does not have fingerprint scanner and

alcohol (MQ-3) gas sensor as part of its components. Below are the software model simulated in

proteus:

a) Model of an Alcohol Gas Analyser

Figure 24 below show the model of an alcohol Analyser. A variable resistor (POT-HG) in proteus

was used as an alcohol gas sensor. Resistance was varied as compared to a sensor measuring the

alcohol concentration. Since this variable resistor measure the resistance (Analog Value) from 0-

1023, it was converted in percentage in a ratio of 4/1023. The resistor was varied in a ratio of 0.04,

from 0-1 (Digital Value). Setting the variable resistor from 0.00-0.08, this range was considered

as a “Sober range” indicating that alcohol is below limit. Above 0.08 (maximum limit), the system

indicate that student is drunk, indicating that alcohol limit has been exceeded on the LCD and

buzzer make a sound alerting the security that student is under influence of alcohol. The maximum

limit of 0.08 mg/L is chosen based on the limit used by the PON [1].

A red and green LEDs were used in this project, green light when the level set goes below

maximum limit (0.08 mg/L), and red light if level go above 0.08 mg/L, indicating that student is

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 45

drunk. This model was useful to enable author to design the hardware using alcohol gas sensor

(MQ-3).

Figure 24: The model of Alcohol Gas Analyser in Proteus using a variable Resistor

b) Fingerprint Scanner using a Virtual Terminal in Proteus.

The author model a fingerprint scanner in proteus using Virtual Terminal. In this case, student

write his/her surname, initial and student number on a virtual terminal window. The author

program the code to identify the surname, initial and student number (e.g. Nuumbala S

201066262). Characters entered in a virtual terminal window, were compared to those written in

the source code. If character match the LED will light, and LCD display that student is in the

database, otherwise LED remain dim which indicate that student is not in the database. Below is

Figure 25 that shows the model of a fingerprint scanner using a virtual terminal in proteus.

DIG

ITA

L (~

PW

M)

AN

AL

OG

IN

AT

ME

GA

328P

-PU

1121

~~

~

~~

~

TX

RX PD0/RXD0

PD1/TXD1

PD2/INT02

PD3/INT13

PD4/T0/XCK4

PD5/T15

PD6/AIN06

PD7/AIN17

PB0/ICP1/CLKO8

PB1/OC1A9

PB2/SS/OC1B10

PB3/MOSI/OC2A11

PB4/MISO12

PB5/SCK13

AREF

PC5/ADC5/SCLA5

PC4/ADC4/SDAA4

PC3/ADC3A3

PC2/ADC2A2

PC1/ADC1A1

PC0/ADC0A0

RESET

ARD1

ARDUINO UNO R3

2%

RV1

1k

D2LED-GREEN

D3LED-RED

D7

14

D6

13

D5

12

D4

11

D3

10

D2

9D

18

D0

7

E6

RW

5R

S4

VS

S1

VD

D2

VE

E3

LCD2LM044L

4 6

14

13

12

14

13

12

4

11

11

6

R G

G

R

R2

1k BUZ1

BUZZER

+12

1B1

1C16

2B2

2C15

3B3

3C14

4B4

4C13

5B5

5C12

6B6

6C11

7B7

7C10

COM9

U2

ULN2003A

BZ

BZ

Alcohol Gas Sensor

Display Unit

LEDs

Buzzer

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 46

Figure 25: The model of fingerprint scanner using a virtual terminal

Below is a snapshot of the virtual terminal window illustrated in Figure 26, modelled as a

fingerprint scanner, whereby student’s surname, initial and student number were entered for match.

Once characters entered match, signal is sent to a stepper motor, access is granted provided alcohol

(resistance) is set below maximum limit:

Figure 26: Screen of a Virtual Terminal

DIG

ITA

L (~

PW

M)

AN

AL

OG

IN

AT

ME

GA

328P

-PU

1121

~~

~

~~

~

TX

RX PD0/RXD0

PD1/TXD1

PD2/INT02

PD3/INT13

PD4/T0/XCK4

PD5/T15

PD6/AIN06

PD7/AIN17

PB0/ICP1/CLKO8

PB1/OC1A9

PB2/SS/OC1B10

PB3/MOSI/OC2A11

PB4/MISO12

PB5/SCK13

AREF

PC5/ADC5/SCLA5

PC4/ADC4/SDAA4

PC3/ADC3A3

PC2/ADC2A2

PC1/ADC1A1

PC0/ADC0A0

RESET

ARD1

ARDUINO UNO R3

SRCFILE=FINGERPRINT1.ino

D7

14D

613

D5

12D

411

D3

10D

29

D1

8D

07

E6

RW

5R

S4

VS

S1

VD

D2

VE

E3

LCD2LM044L

4 6 141312

14

13

12

4

11

11

6

RXD

RTS

TXD

CTS

D2

LED-GREEN

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 47

Figure 27 below illustrate the entire model of alcohol and fingerprint access control simulated in

proteus.

Figure 27: The model of alcohol Analyser and fingerprint access control

The variable resistor and virtual terminal in Figure 27 above were connected as an alcohol gas

sensor and fingerprint scanner. The LCD was used as the display unit to show information that

would require a student to scanner on a fingerprint scanner and use the breathalyser for alcohol

test. Two buzzer were used, one is connected to a push button to request for help in case there is a

malfunction and the other one is connected to an alcohol gas sensor to give a sound if the limit is

exceeded. Stepper motor is used to grant or deny access, depending on the authentication results.

DIG

ITA

L (~

PW

M)

AN

AL

OG

IN

AT

ME

GA

328P

-PU

1121

~~

~

~~

~

TX

RX PD0/RXD0

PD1/TXD1

PD2/INT02

PD3/INT13

PD4/T0/XCK4

PD5/T15

PD6/AIN06

PD7/AIN17

PB0/ICP1/CLKO8

PB1/OC1A9

PB2/SS/OC1B10

PB3/MOSI/OC2A11

PB4/MISO12

PB5/SCK13

AREF

PC5/ADC5/SCLA5

PC4/ADC4/SDAA4

PC3/ADC3A3

PC2/ADC2A2

PC1/ADC1A1

PC0/ADC0A0

RESET

ARD1

ARDUINO UNO R3

1%

RV1

1k

D2LED-GREEN

D3LED-RED

D7

14

D6

13

D5

12

D4

11

D3

10

D2

9D

18

D0

7

E6

RW

5R

S4

VS

S1

VD

D2

VE

E3

LCD2LM044L

4 6

14

13

12

14

13

12

4

11

11

6

R G

R2

1k

BUZ1

BUZZER

+12

1B1

1C16

2B2

2C15

3B3

3C14

4B4

4C13

5B5

5C12

6B6

6C11

7B7

7C10

COM9

U2

ULN2003A

BZ

RXD

RTS

TXD

CTS

R11110k

BT

BT

BUZ12

BUZZER

+12

1B1

1C16

2B2

2C15

3B3

3C14

4B4

4C13

5B5

5C12

6B6

6C11

7B7

7C10

COM9

U21

ULN2003A

BZ2

BZ2

G

R

BZ

VCC

IN12

OUT13

OUT26

OUT311

OUT414

IN27

IN310

IN415

EN11

EN29

VS

8

VSS

16

GND GND

U68

L293D

-0.01

9SM

9SM

8SM

8SM

7SM

7SM

6SM

6SM

Display Unit

Push Button

Alcohol Gas Sensor

Fingerprint Scanner

stepper Motor (Revolving Door)

BUZZER

BUZZER

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 48

5.2 System Hardware Design

5.2.1 Alcohol Gas Sensor (MQ-3)

The MQ-3 has a tin dioxide (SnO2) gas sensing layer that responds with a drop in resistance to

higher concentrations of alcohol and benzene, but it is also slightly sensitive to other combustion

gases [24]. Figure 28 below illustrate the core system of the MQ-3 sensor, with alumina tube and

the coil of the heating system.

Figure 28: The cross-section view of MQ-3 alcohol gas sensor with a heating system

Once alcohol molecules in the student’s breath meet the electrode that is between alumina and tin

dioxide (SnO2), ethanol is burn into acetic acid then more current is produced. Tin dioxide (SnO2)

is ceramics, but will become semi-conductor to allow the movement of electrons, which allow the

flow of current to heat up the coil. The sensor measures the resistance across pin A and pin B,

which varies depending on the alcohol molecules in the breath. When the student exhales into the

alcohol (MQ-3) gas sensor, the ethanol present in their breath will be oxidized to acetic acid and

the chemical reaction that happen at the anode is written as Equation 1:

3 2 2 3 2 4 (aq) 4g l l

CH CH oH H O CH CO H H e ………………………… (1)

While at the cathode the atmospheric oxygen is reduced into:

2(g) 2 (l)4 (aq) 4e 2O H H O ……………………………………………….. (2)

Then the overall oxidation reaction of ethanol to acetic acid and water is written yield to:

3 2 (l) 2(g) 3 (l) 2 (l)CH CH OH O CH COOH H O …………………………………… (3)

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 49

5.2.1.1 Calibration of the MQ-3 alcohol gas sensor

The alcohol content in a volume of breath or blood is expressed as milligram per litre (mg/L). A 1

% blood alcohol content (BAC) is equivalent to 10g/L or 10000 mg/L. Alternatively 0.1 % BAC

is equivalent to 1000 mg/L. The breath alcohol content which is detected by the breathalyser can

be converted into BAC. According to the ratio used by commercial breathalysers, the breath

content and blood alcohol content differ by a factor of 2100 [18]. This means that, for every

milligram (mg) of alcohol in the breath, there are 2100 mg of alcohol in the blood.

Therefore: 1000

0.4761921

00

mg of alcohol in thRat e br hio eat

Then the alcohol measured from the breath is converted into BAC as following:

2100% /

10000

/ 0.21

BAC Breath mg L

Breath mg L

The MQ-3 sensor detects alcohol molecules which are measured as analog reading (Sensor Value).

The author, program the MQ-3 to convert sensor value into digital values (Alohol_Level) which

are considered as the breath alcohol content. The breath alcohol content or the alcohol level is

further converted into BAC, which is the measurement displayed on the LCD. Below is part of the

source code used when converting analog value into digital values then into BAC.

float sensorValue = analogRead (mq3_Pin);

float Alohol_Level= sensorValue * (1/ 1023.0);

float BAC= (Alohol_Level*0.21);

The author used the same limit which is used by PON to measure the student on alcohol, which is

0.08 mg/L of alcohol. Below this limit student is consider to be sober and access will be granted

to him/her if fingerprint is stored in the database. When the alcohol test is above this limit (0.08

mg/L), student is considered to be drunk and access will be denied completely, even if the

fingerprints are in the database.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 50

5.2.1.2 MQ-3 Alcohol Gas Sensor Circuit Setup

Figure 29 below illustrate, how MQ-3 alcohol gas sensor was connected on a bread board, before

combined with the fingerprint scanner and a stepper motor.

Figure 29: The connection of MQ-3 on a bread broad

Figure 30 below shows how the connection of MQ-3 was done on the bread board using Arduino

uno R3.

Figure 30: The circuit connection of MQ-3 with a buzzer as connected on a bread board

DIGITAL (~PWM)

ANALOG IN

ATMEGA328P-PU1121

~~

~

~~

~

microcontrolandos.blogspot.com

TX

RX

PD

0/R

XD

0

PD

1/T

XD

1

PD

2/IN

T0

2

PD

3/IN

T1

3

PD

4/T

0/X

CK

4

PD

5/T

15

PD

6/A

IN0

6

PD

7/A

IN1

7

PB

0/IC

P1

/CL

KO

8

PB

1/O

C1A

9

PB

2/S

S/O

C1

B10

PB

3/M

OS

I/O

C2

A11

PB

4/M

ISO

12

PB

5/S

CK

13

AR

EF

PC

5/A

DC

5/S

CL

A5

PC

4/A

DC

4/S

DA

A4

PC

3/A

DC

3A

3

PC

2/A

DC

2A

2

PC

1/A

DC

1A

1

PC

0/A

DC

0A

0

RE

SE

T DUINO1ARDUINO UNO R3

1 2 3 4 1. + 5 V

2. Dout

3. Aout

4. GND

Alcohol Gas Sensor (MQ-3)

BUZ1

BUZZER

+ 5 V

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 51

5.2.2 Fingerprint Scanner Circuit Setup

The author programmed the fingerprint scanner with Arduino, so that, it can enrol, read and

identifying the fingerprints with an on-board optical sensor and 32-bit central processing unit

(CPU). To enrol, student will be required to use their index finger (Left or Right) by pressing their

fingers against the fingerprint scanner three (3) times. The module is capable of 30˚ fingerprint

recognition, high- speed, and high- accuracy fingerprint identification. Figure 31 below illustrate

the circuit connection of the fingerprint scanner.

Figure 31: The circuit connection of the fingerprint scanner [25]

Transmitter (Tx) was connected straight to pin 4, power supply (Vcc) was connected to 5 V pin

and ground (GND) was connected to ground pin. Receiver (Rx) was connected to pin 5, but can

only accept 3.3 V, thus a voltage divider rule was applied, since the Arduino board is supplying 5

V, then the following circuit diagram was used to calculate the Rx output voltage (Vout).

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 52

Figure 32: The circuit connection for Rx voltage divider

Using the voltage divider ruler

2

1 2

out in

RV V

R R

Assume that R2 = 1 kΩ, Vin =5 V, Vout = 3.3 V

2

1 2

1 2 2

21 2

(V )(R )

(5V)(1000 )1000

3.3

515.15

out

in

out in

in

out

V R

V R R

R R V R V

R RV

V

This can be estimated to 680 Ω resistor,

Therefore R1 = 680 Ω

Figure 33 below demonstrate how the fingerprint scanner was connected on Arduino Uno R3 and

tested to enrol and verify different fingerprints. The fingerprints were stored on the scanner’s

database, which can store up to twenty (20) fingerprints. This connection was done separately

before transforming all parts into one system.

R21k

R1

Vin = 5 V

Vout = 3.3 V

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 53

Figure 33: The connection of a fingerprint scanner 5 V – TTL (GT-511C1R)

5.2.3 28BYJ – 48 Stepper Motor Circuit Setup

A stepper motor was tested separately. The stepper motor will be used as the access control tool

to allow right of entry after all authentication process are met. Stepper motor will be connected to

a revolving door, which only rotates if the student’s fingerprint is in the database and the BAC

from the breath sample is below limit of 0.08 mg/L of alcohol per blood. Figure 34 below illustrate

the connection of a stepper motor to a ULN2003A Darlington Transistor, than to an Arduino mega.

The stepper motor has 5 wires arranged as follows:

1. Blue

2. Pink

3. Yellow

4. Orange

5. Red

The blue wire is connected to pin 16 of the ULN 2003 A, followed by a pink terminal which is

connected to pin 15, a yellow terminal to pin 14 and orange terminal to pin 13. A red terminal is

connected to power supply (+ 5 V) to supply power to a motor. This motor is program to operate

in a unidirectional (one direction) allowing one revolution rotation only. The motor is a 4-phase,

8 beat motor with the step angle of 5.625/64 and draw current of about 92 mA. Therefore the motor

resistance will be:

554.35 0.054

0.092

V VR k

I A ………………………………………………………. (4)

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 54

The motor driver (ULN 2003A) will then be connect to Arduino, through its input pin 1, 2, 3, and

4. The motor can rotate in any direction (Anticlockwise or clockwise) depending on the

programmer.

Figure 34: The circuit connection of a stepper motor (28BYJ – 48) [26]

The motor torque, acceleration time, position time and speed are some of the profile parameters

that are critical when selecting a stepper motor. The speed is important to know how fast a stepper

can go, and this stepper motor can make 32 steps per revolution. The ULN 2003 motor driver

Darlington transistor can absorb about 0.75 V – 0.85 V of the overall supply voltage, so the

operation with a 5 V supply results in about 4.2 V across the motor (half) winding. Table 13 below

illustrate the switching sequence of the stepper motor used in this project;

Table 13: Switching sequence of a 4 phase stepper motor

Load Wire

Colour

Direction

1 2 3 4

1. Blue 1 0 0 0

2. Pink 0 1 0 0

3. Yellow 0 0 1 0

4. Orange 0 0 0 1

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 55

Figure 35 below illustrate the circuit setup of a stepper motor, as it was tested before it was

combined together with alcohol sensor and fingerprint scanner.

Figure 35: The Stepper Motor tested on the bread board

5.2.4 MQ-3 and Fingerprint Scanner combined a with stepper motor

The individual testing alcohol gas sensor, fingerprint scanner and stepper motor, was combined

into one system (“Alcohol and Fingerprint Access Control”). Figure 36 below demonstrate, how

the entire system was tested on the bread board before transforming it onto the final prototype.

Figure 36: Alcohol and Fingerprint Access Control, system connection on a bread board

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 56

5.2.5 Database Design

Figure 37 below illustrate the snapshot of how student’s table was created in the database, with

students identification number, first name, last number, student number, course code and the

verified ID of the fingerprints.

Figure 37: Creating tables in the database

Figure 38 below illustrate a table with student’s information, stored in the database

Figure 38: Table with student’s information in the database

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 57

The fingerprint GT-511C1R has its own database (32 bit CPU), than can store up to 20 templates

at a time, unlike FPS GT-511C3 which has a larger memory and can store 200 fingerprints at a

time. To interface the templates from a scanner, an FTDI breakout - 5 V is required, so that if the

memory of the scanner get full, some of the fingerprints can be stored in the oracle database. The

stored fingerprints can be assigned with unique position verification ID. The ID is stored in place

of the fingerprint patterns, once a fingerprint is scanned for instance in position 0, then student

with fingerprint in position 0 for the table should appear. Figure 39 below illustrate how to search

name of students from the database and match them with their fingerprint IDs. Only student first

name, last name student number and course enrol should be displayed.

Figure 39: Verifying student details with assigned verified ID from the database.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 58

CHAPTER 6: SYSTEM TESTING

6.1 Alcohol Gas Sensor (MQ-3) Testing

6.1.1 A Breath content with no alcohol

The author tested the MQ-3 with a breath that does not contain alcohol, and the obtained results

are illustrated in Figure 40 below. The sensor value detected from the student’s breath was 72.00

which was converted into digital value then into BAC as follows;

1 1_ 72.00 0.0703 /

1023.0 1023.0

_ 0.21

0.073 / 0.21

0.01 / L

Alohol Level sensorValue mg L

Alohol Level

mg L

mg of alcohol per b od

C

l

BA

o

Figure 40: MQ-3 Results with no alcohol content from the breath sample

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 59

6.1.2 A Breath content with alcohol

The MQ-3 alcohol gas sensor was tested with a breath that contains whisky alcohol. The sensor

detects the sensor value of 768 from the breath sample, which is converted into a digital value then

into BAC.

1 1_ 768.00 0.751 /

1023.0 1023.0

_ 0.21

0.751 / 0.21

0.16 / L

Alohol Level sensorValue mg L

Alohol Level

mg L

mg of alcohol per b od

C

l

BA

o

The BAC of a breath with alcohol was at 0.16 mg/L of per blood, which was above the maximum

limit of 0.08mg/L of alcohol per blood. In this case, student will not be allowed to enter on campus.

Figure 41 illustrate a snapshot of the serial monitor with some values before the breath sample of

alcohol was taken and after the breath was taken and the sensor values drop down.

Figure 41: MQ-3 Results with alcohol content from the breath sample

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 60

6.2 Fingerprint Scanner (GT-511C1R) Testing

6.2.1 Fingerprint Enrolling and storing in the database

Students will be enrolled into the database once in their first years and the fingerprints will be

stored in the database until the course duration which they have registered for. Students will be

required to press their index figure (Left or Right) three times to enrol. Figure 42 illustrate the

snapshot of a serial monitor after enrolling successfully in the database, and the fingerprint was

stored in address 5.

Figure 42: Snapshot of a Serial monitor after enrolling the fingerprints in the database

6.2.2 Fingerprint searching and verification the identity from the database

After the fingerprints are enrolled successfully, they are store in the database. To verify that the

student’s fingerprints are stored in the database, student will be required to scan their finger on the

fingerprint scanner to match the identity with the ID of the fingerprint in the database. Student will

be required to scan once and if a match is found, verified ID and its position number in which the

fingerprint is stored will be shown on the LCD.

Figure 43 below illustrates the snapshot of the serial monitor, after fingerprint in ID position 0, 1

and 4 had a match. The system continues to prompt students to verify their ID one after another to

grant access.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 61

Figure 43: Snapshot of a Serial monitor after verifying ID stored in the database

6.3. Combined System with, Fingerprint Scanner, Alcohol gas sensor and stepper motor

6.3.1 Test of student in the database with no alcohol breath sample

The author scanned a finger on a fingerprint scanner and a match was found in the database. Then

the author breath onto a breathalyser and the BAC detected from a breath sample was at 0.02 mg/L

of alcohol per blood, which is lower than the maximum limit of 0.08 mg/L. In this case student is

sober, access is granted and the stepper motor rotates one revolution.

The author repeatedly test the system with different enrolled fingerprints and access was granted.

This is a good indication that, the system will be able to receiver different enrolled fingerprint, test

for alcohol and be able to grant access. Figure 44 illustrates the serial monitor, after fingerprint in

position 4 was scanned and BAC was at detected at 0.02 mg/L of alcohol per blood, then access

was granted.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 62

Figure 44: Snapshot of a Serial monitor after verifying the fingerprint and test the breath with

no alcohol

6.3.2 Test of student in the database with alcohol breath sample

The author also tested the system with a breath that contain alcohol (whisky), after scanning the

fingerprint stored in position four (4), then the BAC detected was at 0.15 mg/L of alcohol per

blood. This BAC is above the maximum limit, therefore the system displayed that limit is

exceeded, the stepper motor did not rotate, and therefore access was denied since student was

inebriated.

Figure 45: Snapshot of a Serial monitor after verifying the fingerprint and test the breath with

alcohol

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 63

6.3.3 Test of student not in the database

The author also scanned a fingerprint that was not enrolled into the system, because the student is

not registered at PON, the fingerprint is not in the database, no match was found, and therefore

access was denied.

Figure 46: Snapshot of a Serial monitor with a fingerprint which was not stored in the database

6.4 The Prototype Display unit

Figure 47 below illustrate a sequence that will instruct a student of what to do when approaching

this system. At the beginning a student will be required to scan for fingerprint, then use a

breathalyser for alcohol test after the fingerprint is verified into the database. If BAC is below 0.08

mg/L student is sober, access will be granted, then the stepper motor will rotate and student is

allowed to enter on campus.

Figure 47: Snapshot of LCD after testing the prototype with no alcohol in a breath sample

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 64

Figure 48 below illustrate a sequence after scanning their fingerprint and student’s breath with

alcohol. As shown in Figure 48, the BAC detected was at 0.14 mg/L which is above the maximum

limit of 0.08 mg/L. The student is inebriated, access is denied, then the stepper motor will not

rotate and student is not allowed to enter on campus.

Figure 48: Snapshot of LCD after testing the prototype with alcohol in a breath sample

6.5 Discussion of Results

The system for Alcohol and Fingerprint Access Control aims to avoid inebriated registered

students at the PON. Upon registration students are enrolled into the database, simple by scanning

their fingerprints on a fingerprint scanner. The system maximize security around campus, whereby

only enrolled students are given right of entry. The system test student on alcohol, by simple

allowing student to blow on a breathalyser (MQ-3 alcohol gas sensor) which test the BAC from

the student’s breath sample.

Students are only given access provided, their fingerprint is stored in the database and the BAC is

below the maximum limit of 0.08 mg/L of alcohol per blood. The demonstration of the prototype

was done on a bread board, a stepper motor was used as the access control tool, which only rotate

one revolution after the scanned fingerprint is in the database and student is not inebriated. Access

is denied if scanned fingerprint is not stored in the database, or if fingerprint is in the database and

student is inebriated.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 65

Figure 40 above demonstrate a breath sample with no alcohol using MQ-3 breathalyser. The sensor

values detected by a sensor from the student’s breath sample were first converted into digital values

by a ratio of (1/1023.0), then the digital values was estimated in BAC by a ratio of 0.21. This

means that 2,100 millilitres of exhaled breath will contain the same amount of alcohol as one

millilitre of blood. This is why it is essential for a deep breath to be exhaled fully to get an

accurate breathalyzer reading.

Figure 42 above demonstrate how to enrol fingerprints in the database. Students are required to

scan their finger three (3) times, before the true identity is verified and stored in the scanner’s

database. Figure 43 above demonstrate how the system verifies the ID of the fingerprints stored in

the database. Figure 44 verify both fingerprint and alcohol from the student breath sample, after

the two sub-system was combined together. Since the scanned fingerprint was verified to be in the

database, students BAC was tested at 0.02 mg/L then student was granted access since BAC was

under the maximum limit, which is recommend. Figure 45 give results after testing the registered

student’s breath sample contained alcohol. The BAC detected was at 0.15 mg/L of alcohol per

blood. Access was denied since the BAC exceed the maximum level.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 66

CHAPTER 7: SYSTEM OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

This chapter specify the operation and the maintenance of the designed system on Alcohol and

Fingerprint Access Control.

7.1 System Operation

The system on “Alcohol and Fingerprint Access Control” operates as follows:

The system is supplied with 5 V power supply, to power other components like fingerprint

scanner, alcohol gas sensor (MQ-3) and stepper motor. The fingerprint scanner will show

a blue light when it is powered, indicating that it is working properly. MQ-3 will indicate

a green light showing that it is powered.

A welcoming note “Welcome at PON” will be displayed on the LCD and students will first

be required to scan their finger on the fingerprint scanner. The scanned finger will be

verified with those stored in the database for a match, and if a match is found a student will

be required to blow into the breathalyser for alcohol test. Once the breath sample is

processed by a sensor inside the MQ-3, the breath alcohol content will be estimated into

BAC, which is the one that is being displayed on the LCD.

Fingerprint of every student will be captured or enrolled into the database upon registration.

Access will only be granted if student’s fingerprint are stored in the database, and student’s

BAC is below 0.08 mg/L of alcohol per blood. Then the revolving door will rotate one

revolution, allowing only one student to pass at a time.

If the student is inebriated or student’s fingerprint is not in the database, access will be

denied.

A green LED light once access is granted and red LED light once access is denied.

The system will continuously be switched ON, allowing entry of more students as they

pass the authentication processes.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 67

7.2 Maintenance

Maintenance is necessary to keep the system in good condition. This is done to keep the best

quality of the system operation. The following will be maintained from time to time:

The screen of the fingerprint scanner will be cleaned from time to time to avoid grease

residue that accumulates on the scanner over time. This will be of importance to prevent

the residue from interfering with the accuracy of the scanning process.

System wiring should always be kept enclosed to avoid damage by students and other

people from outside. A maximum of two (2) security guards will be available to watch the

system and ensure that no one vandalise the system. Security guard will also ensure that

students use the system as required of them. Surveillance camera will be in place to watch

the system 24 hours.

There will be a fan at the back of the housing box to cool down the system.

One trained technician will always be on standby to fix the system in case of malfunctions.

System can also be reset to start the operation in case any kind of operation error occurs.

The system will also have its backup power supply in case of power failure. If the system

fail to operate as expected, system is shut down, while problem is rectified.

To avoid spread of airborne diseases, the alcohol gas sensor MQ-3 will be replaced and

cleaned with disinfection chemicals for sometimes. The MQ-3 breathalyser will also be

recalibrated every 200 to 300 tests to ensure accuracy. Recalibration should be

completed by the breathalyzer manufacturer. In some cases, the manufacturer can

simply provide the user with a newly calibrated cylinder, which can be installed in the

breathalyzer by the user.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 68

CHAPTER 8: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS

An appropriate environmental impact assessment assures compliance with legal and lender

requirements, which provide various benefits for the project proponent. This including cost-

efficient, technical risk, positive and negative impacts on both environmental and social features.

This assessment allows the designer to improve or adjust the project designed into a newly

advanced system. It is very crucial for the institution to know the benefits that this project will

bring in the near future, viewing on economic and health attributes.

8.1 Positive Impacts

Environmental Impact

The system does not emit any radiation to the surrounding. The system is pollutant free,

hence it does not release the harmful gases to the surrounding.

Social Impact

The fingerprints never change, the small ridges form on a baby's hands before they are born

grow larger as the person grows. The fingerprints of two people can never be the same,

therefore the ridges on the hands of all people have three characteristics which are ridge

endings, bifurcations and dots which appear in combinations that are never repeated on the

hands of another person. This uniqueness maximize the level of security, there will be no

need for students to use others identity to get access.

Student cards will not be required anymore, only fingerprint will be used to verify the

identity of the student.

Theft on campus will be reduced, since only registered students are authorized to enter on

campus.

There will be a good order during lectures and vandalism of campus properties is

minimized, since no inebriated students and unauthorized people will be allowed on

campus.

Disruption of students from other students will be minimized, because no inebriated

students are allowed

Misunderstandings between students and security guards are also minimized.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 69

8.2 Negative Impacts

Environmental Impact

The system will use the battery as its main backup power, which is not a clean source of

energy, in terms of how the battery is manufactured and when old battery are disposed to

the environments.

Social Impact

The system will increase to unemployment rate, due to the reduction in number of security

guards that are currently employed at PON. Only few security guards are required to watch

this system and verification the student’s card if system is not operating

Students will not use others identity to gain access anymore.

The door is a one person’s entry, there will be no favouritisms from security guards and

other students anymore.

8.3 Economic Impact

Students are only enrolled once in their first years at PON, and their fingerprints will be

stored in the database until they graduates. After graduation, or when they quit the

fingerprints are deleted from the database to allow more space for new students.

Number of security guards will be reduced, because verification of student’s identity will

be done using a fingerprint scanner and student’s card are only used if system is not

operating. This will minimize the amount of money the institution is spending on paying

to the security company (G4S) every month.

The system will be using power, thus the institution will have any increase in power

consumption, and increase the bill of power paid in a month.

Vandalism and theft of campus property will be reduced as no drunk students and

unauthorized people will be allowed in the campus

8.4 Health Analysis

Since every student will be required to blow on a breathalyser (MQ-3), health risk has to be

considered such as airborne diseases outbreak. For effective ventilation design of a health care

facility, one needs to be able to quantify and predict airborne infection risk. An airborne disease is

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 70

any disease that is caused by pathogens and transmitted through the air. The relevant pathogens

may be viruses, bacteria, or fungi, and they may be spread through coughing, sneezing, raising of

dust and spraying of liquids.

In case the institution has an outbreak airborne disease can be caused by exposure to a source of

infected patient. But with our system, students will only exhale on the breathalyser and the air

exhaled will not be stuck on the MQ-3, it will be blown out by the air from the surrounding.

The prevention of airborne diseases

Some ways to prevent airborne diseases include appropriate hand disinfection, getting regular

immunizations against diseases believed to be locally present and limiting time spent in the

presence of any patient likely to be a source of infection. Exposure to a patient with an airborne

disease does not guarantee receiving the disease. Because of the changes in host immunity and

how much the host was exposed to the particles in the air makes a difference to how the disease

affects the body.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 71

CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK SUGGESTION

The system on Alcohol and Fingerprint Access Control allow the institution to control student’s

access on campus, such that they do not need to be forced to show their student cards for

verification if they are truly students of PON nor they get denied access if they have forgotten it at

home. This system let the institution rationalize the entry, update the authorized students whose

fingerprints are stored in the database and estimate the alcohol blood content (BAC) from their

breath sample. The system is designed specifically for the PON. Fingerprint recognition

technology is particularly effective for verifying fingerprint identity for registered students. It was

confirmed that fingerprint was a secured biometric authentication and will be used to maximize

the security level on campus.

If this system is implemented, inebriated student and unauthorised entry are prohibited. No one

can use other student’s identity to grant access. This system will also alert the security guards if

the registered student blow into a breathalyser and the estimated BAC exceed the maximum limit

of 0.08mg/L of alcohol per blood. The system ensures that, access is only granted to registered

sober students. If any student is inebriated, access is denied until such student become sober. This

keep order on campus, prevent vandalism of campus properties by only allowing sober students.

The system also prevents theft by avoiding unauthorised entry.

The door-opening system uses a stepper motor that revolves one revolution after the student passes

all authentication process. The system is designed to work for 24 hours in a day.

Due to limited resources, and unavailable of components, the present design can be improved on:

The templates stored on the fingerprint scanner database can be stored in oracle 10g

database using an FTDI breakout interface.

The database can be connected to a web server on internet and can be accessed using a Wi-

Fi shield. The database and the fingerprint scanner can communicate wirelessly if a Wi-Fi

shield is connected to a wireless network on campus. This is illustrated in Figure 12 of the

block diagram and Figure 23 of the system architecture.

The wireless communication channel needs to be secured and should be kept free from

interference. For a greater range and more versatile application, a different channel could

be considered which would ensure faster data transfer and provide better flexibility.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 72

The security aspect of transmitting fingerprint from the scanner to the database can be

worked upon since data security in case of sensitive data transfer is highly essential.

A better breathalyser such as table top breathalyser can be used for this system. The table

top breathalysers provide the most accurate results along with the longest times between

calibrations. These breathalysers use spectrophotometer technology, which uses infrared

technology to measure individual molecules for the most accurate readings.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 73

REFERENCES

[1] Polytechnic of Namibia, “STUDENT DISCIPLINARY REGULATIONS,” in GENERAL

INFORMATION AND REGULATIONS, Windhoek, Polytechnic of Namibia, 2015, p. 37.

[2] H. &. H. Abdul Rahim, “BREATHALYZER ENABLED IGNITION,” International

Colloquium on Signal Processing & Its Applications (CSPA), no. 6, pp. 41-44, 2010.

[3] Polytechnic of Namibia, “REGISTRATION AS A STUDENT,” in GENERAL

INFORMATION AND REGULATIONS, Windhoek, Polytechnic of Namibia, 2015, pp. 11-

13.

[4] N. N. e. al, “Design and Implementation of Microcontroller Based Security Door System

using Fingerprint Recognition Technology,” International Journal of Engineering

Research and Management(IJERM), vol. I, no. 5, pp. 209-214, 2014.

[5] Y. G.et.al, “Access Control System with High Level Security Using Fingerprints,”

Proceedings of the 32nd Applied Imagery Pattern Recognition Workshop (AIPR’03) ,

2003.

[6] D. A. e. al, “WIRELESS FINGERPRINT BASED STUDENT,” National Institute of

Technology, Rourkela, 2010.

[7] D. E.V, “Minutiae Detection Algorithm for Fingerprint Recognition,” IEEE AESS System

Magazine, pp. 7-10, 2002.

[8] Z. S. e. al, “Fingerprint Identification and its application in information security fields,”

IEEE, Beijing, 2010.

[9] K. I. e. al, “A Fingerprint Recognition Algorithm Using Phase-Based Image Matching for

Low-Quality Fingerprints,” Tohoku Institute of Technology, Tohoku, 2005.

[10] O. S. Adeoye, “Multi –Mode Biometric Solution for Examination Malpractices in Nigerian

Schools,” International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 20-26, 2010.

[11] V. K. Alilou, “A simple fingerprint matching method,” The MathWorks, Inc, 2013.

[12] R. Raju, “The Advantages of a Biometric Identification Management System,” M2SYS,

Chennai, 2014.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 74

[13] C. Nawa, Interviewee, Assistant bursar and auxiliary Services, PON. [Interview]. 24

March 2015.

[14] M. A. Nelte, “Distributed Authentication to Preserve Privacy,” Unversity of Cape Town

(UCT), Cape Town, 2006.

[15] Starting Electronics, “GT-511C3 Fingerprint Scanner Hardware,” Starting Electronics, 27

November 2014. [Online].

[16] D. Martin, “Inventor of the Breathalyzer,” New York Times, New York, 2002.

[17] Namibian Sun, “Drunken drivers not off the hook,” Namibian Sun, Windhoek, 2013.

[18] Nootropic design, “Arduino Breathalyzer: Calibrating the MQ-3 Alcohol Sensor,”

Nootropic design Project Lab, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://nootropicdesign.com/.

[19] Sensor Workshop, “Sensor Report - MQ3 Gas sensor,” Sensor Workshop, 27 April 2008.

[Online]. Available: http://sensorworkshop.blogspot.com/.

[20] O. E. e. a. O., “A Prototype of a Fingerprint Based Ignition,” European Journal of

Scientific Research , vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 164-171, 2011.

[21] Dimple.B, “Authenticated Access Control for Vehicle Ignition System by Smart Card and

Fingerprint Technology,” IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering,

vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 45-48, 2015.

[22] R. R. e. al, “USING RFID, FINGERPRINT, PASSWORD AND GSM,” International

Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS), vol. 2, no. 2,

pp. 142-145, 2013.

[23] A. Jonas, Interviewee, City Police Officer. [Interview]. 31 March 2015.

[24] A. Y.Bigazzi, “The Portland ACE Documentation: a Portable, Low-cost, and Networked

Device for Assessing Cyclists’ Exposure,” Oregon, Portland, 2013.

[25] V. Demay, “Playing with finger print scanner (FPS) on arduino,” Arduino Electronic, 11

October 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.homautomation.org/.

[26] Letsarduino, “Stepper Motor Direction,” Letsarduino.com, 08 December 2014. [Online].

Available: http://www.letsarduino.com/.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 75

[27] Z. S. e. al, “Fingerprint Identification and Its Applications in Information Security Fields,”

in IEEE, Beijing, 2010.

[28] Arduino, “Arduino Uno,” Arduino, 7 December 2014. [Online]. Available:

http://arduino.cc/en/Main/arduinoBoardUno. [Accessed 23 March 2015].

[29] P. D. D. Y, “Alcohol Detection and Automatic Drunken Drive Avoiding,” Journal of

Engineering Research and Applications , vol. IV, no. 4, pp. 2-3, 2014.

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 76

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A (SOURCE CODES)

Alcohol Test Source Code

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

# define mq3_Pin A0

//int mq3_Pin = A0;

LiquidCrystal lcd(52, 50, 48, 46, 44, 42);

void setup()

lcd.begin(16, 2);

Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(8, OUTPUT);

void loop()

float sensorValue = analogRead(mq3_Pin);

float Alohol_Level= sensorValue * (1/ 1023.0);

float BAC= (Alohol_Level*0.21);

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("BAC");

lcd.setCursor(11, 0);

lcd.print(BAC);

Serial.print("Sensor V ");

Serial.print(sensorValue);

Serial.print(" converted ");

Serial.print(Alohol_Level);

Serial.print(" BAC ");

Serial.print(BAC);

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 77

Serial.println();

if (BAC >= 0.08)

tone(8,1000,2000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("BAC");

lcd.setCursor(11, 0);

lcd.print(BAC);

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Limit Execeeded");

else

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("BAC");

lcd.setCursor(11, 0);

lcd.print(BAC);

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("You are Sober");

tone(8,0,2000);

delay(4000);

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 78

Fingerprint enrolling source code

#include "FPS_GT511C3.h"

#include "SoftwareSerial.h"

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

// initialize the library with the numbers of the interface pins

LiquidCrystal lcd(52, 50, 48, 46, 44, 42);

// Hardware setup - FPS connected to:

// digital pin 4(arduino rx, fps tx)

// digital pin 5(arduino tx - 680ohm resistor fps tx - 1000ohm resistor - ground)

FPS_GT511C3 fps(10,11);

void setup()

lcd.begin(16, 2);

//lcd.print("Remove finger #");

Serial.begin(9600);

delay(100);

fps.Open();

fps.SetLED(true);

Enroll();

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 79

void Enroll()

// Enroll test

// find open enroll id

int enrollid = 0;

bool usedid = true;

while (usedid == true)

usedid = fps.CheckEnrolled(enrollid);

if (usedid==true) enrollid++;

fps.EnrollStart(enrollid);

// enroll

fps.UseSerialDebug = false;

lcd.print("Pres fger2 Enroll #");

Serial.print("Press finger to Enroll#");

Serial.println(enrollid);

lcd.print(enrollid);

while(fps.IsPressFinger() == false) delay(100);

bool bret = fps.CaptureFinger(true);

int iret = 0;

if (bret != false)

Serial.println("Remove finger");

lcd.clear ();

lcd.print("Remove finger #");

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 80

fps.Enroll1();

while(fps.IsPressFinger() == true) delay(100);

Serial.println("Press same finger again");

lcd.clear ();

lcd.print("Press same finger again");

while(fps.IsPressFinger() == false) delay(100);

bret = fps.CaptureFinger(true);

if (bret != false)

Serial.println("Remove finger");

lcd.clear ();

lcd.print("Remove finger");

fps.Enroll2();

while(fps.IsPressFinger() == true) delay(100);

Serial.println("Press same finger yet again");

lcd.clear ();

lcd.print("Press same finger yet again");

while(fps.IsPressFinger() == false) delay(100);

bret = fps.CaptureFinger(true);

if (bret != false)

Serial.println("Remove finger");

lcd.clear ();

lcd.print("Remove finger");

iret = fps.Enroll3();

if (iret == 0)

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 81

Serial.println("Enrolling Successfull");

lcd.clear ();

lcd.print("Enroll Succes");

else

Serial.print("Enrolling Failed with error code:");

Serial.println(iret);

lcd.clear ();

lcd.print("Enrolling Failed with error code:");

else

Serial.println("Failed to capture third finger");

lcd.clear ();

lcd.print("Failed to capture third finger");

else

Serial.println("Failed to capture second finger");

lcd.clear ();

lcd.print("Failed to capture second finger");

else

Serial.println("Failed to capture first finger");

lcd.clear ();

lcd.print("Failed 2 cap 1st finger");

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 82

void loop()

delay(5000);

Enroll();

Fingerprint verification source code

#include "FPS_GT511C3.h"

#include "SoftwareSerial.h"

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

// initialize the library with the numbers of the interface pins

LiquidCrystal lcd (52, 50, 48, 46, 44, 42);

FPS_GT511C3 fps(10, 11);

void setup()

lcd.begin(16, 2);

Serial.begin(9600);

delay(100);

fps.Open();

fps.SetLED(true);

void loop()

// Identify fingerprint test

if (fps.IsPressFinger())

fps.CaptureFinger(false);

int id = fps.Identify1_N();

if (id <200)

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 83

Serial.print("Verified ID:");

Serial.println(id);

lcd.clear ();

lcd.print("Verified ID:");

lcd.print(id);

else

Serial.println("Finger not found");

lcd.clear ();

lcd.print("Finger not found");

else

Serial.println("Please press finger");

lcd.clear ();

lcd.print("Plz press finger");

delay(1000);

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 84

Fingerprint deleting Source code

#include "FPS_GT511C3.h"

#include "SoftwareSerial.h"

//FPS connected to pin 10 and 11 - see previous schemas

FPS_GT511C3 fps (10, 11);

void setup()

Serial.begin(9600);

delay(100);

fps.Open ();

//Delete all stored finger print

fps.DeleteAll ();

//if you want to remove a given id use:

// fps.DeleteId (id_to_remove)

void loop()

Delay (10000);

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 85

The combined source code for alcohol and fingerprint access control

#include "FPS_GT511C3.h"

#include "SoftwareSerial.h"

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

# define mq3_Pin A0

# define Granted_Pin 2

# define Denied_Pin 3

# define buzzer1_pin 40

# define buzzer2_pin 38

# define Button_Pin 36

# define Stepp_motor_Pin1 6

# define Stepp_motor_Pin2 7

# define Stepp_motor_Pin3 8

# define Stepp_motor_Pin4 9

int Status1 = 0;

int motor_Speed = 7;

int motor_Step;

int val1;

int val2 = 0;

// initialize the library with the numbers of the interface pins

LiquidCrystal lcd(52, 50, 48, 46, 44, 42);

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 86

FPS_GT511C3 fps(10, 11);

void setup()

pinMode(Stepp_motor_Pin1, OUTPUT);

pinMode(Stepp_motor_Pin2, OUTPUT);

pinMode(Stepp_motor_Pin3, OUTPUT);

pinMode(Stepp_motor_Pin4, OUTPUT);

pinMode(Granted_Pin, OUTPUT );

pinMode(Denied_Pin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(buzzer2_pin, INPUT);

pinMode(Button_Pin, OUTPUT);

lcd.begin(16, 2);

pinMode(buzzer1_pin, OUTPUT);

Serial.begin(9600);

delay(100);

fps.Open();

fps.SetLED(true);

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Welcome at PON");

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Scan Finger");

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 87

void loop()

// Identify fingerprint test

if (fps.IsPressFinger())

fps.CaptureFinger(false);

int id = fps.Identify1_N();

if (id < 20)

Serial.print("Verified ID:");

Serial.println(id);

lcd.clear ();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Verified ID:");

lcd.setCursor(13, 0);

lcd.print(id);

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Use Breathalysr");

Serial.print("Use Breathalysr");

delay(5000);

Alcohol_S ();

else

Serial.println("Finger not found");

Serial.println("Acces Denied");

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 88

lcd.clear ();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Finger not found");

//delay (2000);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("Acces Denied");

Serial.println("Acces Denied");

digitalWrite(Granted_Pin, 0);

digitalWrite( Denied_Pin, 1);

delay (1000);

else

Serial.println("Welcome at PON");

Serial.println("Please press finger");

lcd.clear ();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Welcome at PON");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("Plz Scan Finger");

delay(1000);

digitalWrite(Granted_Pin, 0);

digitalWrite( Denied_Pin, 0);

BuzzerP ();

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 89

void Alcohol_S ()

float sensorValue = analogRead(mq3_Pin);

delay(2000);

float Alohol_Level = sensorValue * (1 / 1023.0);

float BAC1 = (Alohol_Level * 0.21);

float BAC = (BAC1 - 0.01); // Subtracting the ambient Alcohol detection from the environment

// Serial.print("Sensor V ");

// Serial.print(sensorValue);

// Serial.print(" converted ");

// Serial.print(Alohol_Level);

Serial.print(" BAC ");

Serial.print(BAC);

Serial.println();

if (BAC >= 0.08)

Status1 = 1;

tone(buzzer1_pin, 1000, 2000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("BAC");

lcd.setCursor(11, 0);

lcd.print(BAC);

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("Limit Exceeded");

delay (4000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("Acces Denied");

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 90

Serial.println("Limit Exceeded");

Serial.println("Acces Denied");

digitalWrite(Granted_Pin, 0);

digitalWrite( Denied_Pin, 1);

else

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("BAC");

lcd.setCursor(11, 0);

lcd.print(BAC);

lcd.setCursor(1, 1);

lcd.print("You are Sober");

Serial.println ("You are Sober");

tone(buzzer1_pin, 0, 2000);

delay (2000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("Acces Granted");

Serial.println("Acces Granted");

digitalWrite(Granted_Pin, 1);

digitalWrite( Denied_Pin, 0);

Entance (); // rotate door

// delay (1000);

//StoP1 ();// stop door

delay(1000);

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 91

digitalWrite(Granted_Pin, 0);

digitalWrite( Denied_Pin, 0);

void rotate1 ()

digitalWrite(Stepp_motor_Pin1, HIGH);

digitalWrite(Stepp_motor_Pin2, LOW);

digitalWrite(Stepp_motor_Pin3, LOW);

digitalWrite(Stepp_motor_Pin4, LOW);

delay(motor_Speed);

digitalWrite(Stepp_motor_Pin1, LOW);

digitalWrite(Stepp_motor_Pin2, HIGH);

digitalWrite(Stepp_motor_Pin3, LOW);

digitalWrite(Stepp_motor_Pin4, LOW);

delay(motor_Speed);

digitalWrite(Stepp_motor_Pin1, LOW);

digitalWrite(Stepp_motor_Pin2, LOW);

digitalWrite(Stepp_motor_Pin3, HIGH);

digitalWrite(Stepp_motor_Pin4, LOW);

delay(motor_Speed);

digitalWrite(Stepp_motor_Pin1, LOW);

digitalWrite(Stepp_motor_Pin2, LOW);

digitalWrite(Stepp_motor_Pin3, LOW);

digitalWrite(Stepp_motor_Pin4, HIGH);

delay(motor_Speed);

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 92

void Entance ()

for ( int k = 0 ; k < 500; k++)

rotate1 ();

void StoP1 ()

digitalWrite(Stepp_motor_Pin1, LOW);

digitalWrite(Stepp_motor_Pin2, LOW);

digitalWrite(Stepp_motor_Pin3, LOW);

digitalWrite(Stepp_motor_Pin4, LOW);

void BuzzerP ()

if ( digitalRead (Button_Pin) == 0)

// tone(buzzer2_pin, 1000, 2000);

//delay (2000);

tone(buzzer2_pin, 0, 2000);

else

tone(buzzer2_pin, 500, 2000);

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 93

APPENDIX B (PROTOTYPE DESIGN BOX)

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 94

APPENDIX C (INTERVIEW QUESTIONS)

Interview questions for the City of Windhoek

1. Why has the City of Windhoek opt to make use of fingerprint as an access control?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. How long the response time does it takes to scan a fingerprint, identify and verify to

match the identity of a person?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. How does the fingerprint scanner/module communicate with the database?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. How is the configuration of the database/ server which is used by City of Windhoek?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. What type problems have you encountered so far when using this technology as an access

control?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

6. In case of power failure, what do the Municipality of Windhoek use to control access?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. How many organizations in Windhoek are using the same technology of fingerprint as an

access control?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

8. Would the Municipality of Windhoek like to implement Alcohol and fingerprint access

control system?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 95

Alcohol and Fingerprint Access control System

[Interview with Mr Calicious Nawa (Assistant Bursar: Auxiliary Services PON)]

Date: 24 March 2015; Time: 07h30

Questions

1. What does the PON use to control or avoid use of alcohol by students on Campus?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. How does the PON avoid entry of drunken students on Campus?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. When was the last time the breathalyzer was used to test students for alcohol?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. How many students have you so far captured being under the influence of alcohol maybe

from 2010- 2014?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. How efficiency is the use of student card as a verification method for the right of entry at

PON?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

6. Would you like this system for alcohol and fingerprint access control to be implemented

at the PON?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. What is the future Plan for PON on maximizing the security on campus?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

Name: Mr Calicious Nawa (Assistant Bursar: Auxiliary Services PON)

Signature: ………………………………………………….

Date: ………………………………………………………..

Student Name: Sakaria Nuumbala (201066262)

Signature: ………………………………………….

Date…………………………………………………

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 96

APPENDIX D (DATABASE TABLES DETAILS)

INSERT INTO students (id_number, first_name, last_name, student_num, course_code,

verified_id) VALUES ('91060700786', 'Sakaria', 'Nuumbala', '201066262', '35BEET', '0');

INSERT INTO students (id_number, first_name, last_name, student_num, course_code,

verified_id) VALUES ('93082600560', 'Johannes', 'Haufila', '212010263', '09MIFT', '1');

INSERT INTO students (id_number, first_name, last_name, student_num, course_code,

verified_id) VALUES ('58060500345', 'Smita Anil', 'Francis ', '200563291', '35NUST', '2');

INSERT INTO students (id_number, first_name, last_name, student_num, course_code,

verified_id) VALUES ('90070700589', 'Fenni', 'Shidhika', '200633265', '35BEET', '3');

INSERT INTO students (id_number, first_name, last_name, student_num, course_code,

verified_id) VALUES ('90110300684', 'Tulinawakombanda', 'Andjamba', '211052053',

'07BOSC', '4');

INSERT INTO students (id_number, first_name, last_name, student_num, course_code,

verified_id) VALUES ('90122500780', 'Rehabeam Kondja', 'Pinehas ', '201061074', '35BEET',

'5');

INSERT INTO students (id_number, first_name, last_name, student_num, course_code,

verified_id)

VALUES ('87110300684', 'Maria', 'Junius', '200941622', '08BHNC', '6');

CREATE TABLE “STUDENTS"

( "ID_NUMBER" NUMBER NOT NULL ENABLE,

"FIRST_NAME" VARCHAR2 (20) NOT NULL ENABLE,

"LAST_NAME" VARCHAR2 (20) NOT NULL ENABLE,

"STUDENT_NUM" NUMBER NOT NULL ENABLE,

"COURSE" VARCHAR2 (30) NOT NULL ENABLE,

"VERIFIED_ID" NUMBER NOT NULL ENABLE,

CONSTRAINT "STUDENTS_PK" PRIMARY KEY ("ID_NUMBER") ENABLE,

CONSTRAINT "STUDENTS_CON" UNIQUE ("VERIFIED_ID") ENABLE

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 97

APPENDIX E (STUDENT SELF - ASSESSMENT)

Polytechnic of Namibia

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Final Year Bachelor of Engineering Project

Final Year Project Presentation Student self-assessment guide.

Grading rubrics

This questionnaire is designed to assist students to present portfolio of evidence that the

project was be SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time bound) and

ECSA compliant. Each student will fill in the table with evidence from the report and

resources (human, materials and machinery etc) available for the project.

Each student will also identify what part of the critical ELOs that was satisfied upon

completion of the Project. For the avoidance of doubt, ELO 1,3,6,9 may be targeted.

Student should attached as appendix the self-assessment questionnaire to the submitted

final year project

Work Done Evidence Remark

With reference to report and

resources availability

Self-

grade

Grade

A The Project is SMART 30/30

1 How Specific is the Project in terms of titles This project specifically

design and implement the

prototype that test students on

alcohol and make use of

fingerprint technology as an

access control. See cover

page.

/5

2 Was the Project measurable in terms of its

aims, and particularly, objectives

Yes the objectives are

measurable, the project

successfully design and

implement the system that can

test the BAC of student and

/5

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 98

scan their finger to grant

access.

Access is given only if the

BAC is below 0.08 mg/L and

fingerprint is in the database.

See page 4, and Chapter 6

Page 58-64.

Chapter 3 of the project-

Page 23-30

-Provides and explains the

methodology used to

successfully to achieve the

aims and objectives of the

project.

3 Did the project achieved its objectives in terms

of hardware, software, and dollar ware

partition?

Yes, Chapter 5 of the project

System Design page 44-57,

present how the system

software were modelled in

proteus and the circuit

connection using Arduino for

the hardware system.

Chapter 3 of the project-

Page 30 Present the project

dollar ware as explained in the

proposal and progress reports.

The chapter presents the

amount of money estimated at

N$ 19131.13 was used in this

project. The amount of money

increase and decreased based

on the shop at which this

components were ordered.

/5

Have you presented evidence of conformity

with the stated objectives or/and justification

for deviation from stated objectives?

Yes, Wifi shield which was

supposed to connect the

database on the web server

and the breakout have not

been delivered, supplier need

/5

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 99

to order it aboard. This was

reported to the supervisor.

4 Is this a realistic Project for the intended

B.Eng. NQF 8 assessment?

Yes, innovative ideas is what

define a good engineer. The

project designed required

critical thinking and relate all

of the knowledge acquired

from the courses during the

duration of the four years of

study, pertaining to

engineering Mathematics,

Research methodology,

Electrical Engineering,

Computer architecture,

Microcontroller, Engineering

Chemistry, Engineering

Management, measurements

and instrumentation was

incorporated in this project.

/5

5 Did the project concluded within the 400

notional hours allocated?

Yes the project concluded

within the allocated notional

hours. See page 29 of chapter

3.

/5

B The Project will satisfy ECSA Exit Level

Outcomes

30/30

1 Did the Project satisfy part/all of ELO1:

Problem solving

Yes, Chapter 1 page 4-5

author identify the problem

believed to be at PON. Using

the analytic skill to analyser

and solve the problem.

Section 1.6 defines how the

author was going to gather

resources to solve the problem

experienced.

/5

2 Did the Project satisfy part/all of ELO3:

Engineering design

Yes, this project satisfied

ELO3, for engineering design.

The project designed a system

that prevent students from

/10

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 100

coming on campus under the

influence of alcohol. The

design was implemented as

proposed in the project

proposal. More research was

done to find the best way to

model and design this system.

3 Did the Project satisfy part/all of ELO 6:

Technical Communication

Yes, the project proposal,

progress report and oral

presentation between the

mentor and the examiner

define the technical

communication which satisfy

ELO6.

In a final research

documentation Report, the

author used appropriate report

structure, style and technical

language. The report effective

graphical support is utilized to

illustrate and communicate

concepts and results of the

project. See Chapter 4, 5,6

10/10

4 Did the Project satisfy part/all ELO 9

Independent learning ability

Yes, the author acquired

information from different

Sources and evaluated the

information to make sense of

and to understand the need of

the project. The author did

more research and conducted

different literature review to

understand what is required of

the project and related work

done.

/5

Did the Project satisfy part/all of other ELO:

(enumerate)

Yes, the author satisfy ELO1,

3, 6 and 9 as stipulated in the

framework report. The author

NUUMBALA SAKARIA 101

also satisfy ELO4: which is

investigation, experiments

and data analysis, the author

used Arduino and proteus to

implement and model the

system designed. See chapter

5 page 44-49.

Also adequate Analyses on the

information from PON

campus controller and City of

Windhoek were done.

C Student Presentation for the Project 40/40

1 Are you ready to present a convincing Final

Year Project (slides, demo, software etc ready?

20/20

2 Are you ready to answer the panels question

satisfactorily (Have you presented the project

to your peers and entertained possible

questions)?

/20

Total 100/100