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PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY

Chapter Five

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Physical Groth! The "api# A#va$ces o%

I$%a$cy

•Infants grow at arapid pace overthe first 2 years of

their lives.

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Fo&r Pri$ciples o% Groth

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The Ma'or Pri$ciples Gover$i$( Groth

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The Nervo&s Syste) a$# *rai$!

The Fo&$#atio$s o% Develop)e$t

•Neurons

•Dendrites

•Axon

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Ne&ro$ Netor+s

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Ne&ro$ Netor+s

•After birth, neurons continue to increase insize. In addition to growth in dendrites, the

axons of neurons become coated with myelin

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Ne&ro$ Netor+s

•Neurons repositioning

•Cerebral cortex

•Subcortical levels

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E$viro$)e$tal I$%l&e$ces

o$ *rai$ Develop)e$t

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I$te(rati$( the *o#ily Syste)s! The Li%e

Cycles o% I$%a$cy

, I$ the %irst #ays o% li%e- .o#y rhyth)s (over$the i$%a$t/s .ehavior- o%te$ at see)i$(ly

ra$#o) ti)es0

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I$te(rati$( the *o#ily Syste)s! The Li%e

Cycles o% I$%a$cy

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Sleep! Percha$ce to Drea)1

•Sleep and beginning of infancy

•Sleep averages

•REM sleep

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Sleep! Percha$ce to Drea)1

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Pri)ary *ehavioral States

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SIDS! The 2$a$ticipate# 3iller

•Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)definition

•Statistics

•SIDS and sleeping patterns

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The Decli$i$( "ates o% SIDS i$ the 20S0

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Motor Develop)e$t

Motor Development Challenges

•Shape and proportions

•Large, heavy heads

•Relative short limbs

•Limited muscle; more body fat

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"e%le4es! O&r I$.or$ Physical S+ills

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So)e *asic "e%le4es i$ I$%a$ts

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Eth$ic a$# C&lt&ral Di%%ere$ces

a$# Si)ilarities i$ "e%le4es

•Reflexes are, by definition, geneticallydetermined and universal

•Some cultural variations in the ways they aredisplayed.

•In some cases, reflexes can serve as helpfuldiagnostic tools for pediatricians.

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5hat Do Yo& Thi$+1

5hat are so)e c&lt&ral or s&.c&lt&ral

i$%l&e$ces that )i(ht a%%ect pare$ts/ illi$($ess

to accept reco))e$#atio$s %ro) physicia$sa$# other e4perts1

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Milesto$es o% Motor Develop)e$t

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Gross Motor S+ills

•Newborn infants gross motor skills areunsophisticated

•Young infants accomplish some kinds ofmovement

•As their strength increases, skills develop

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Fi$e Motor S+ills

, Fi$e )otor s+ills %ollo se6&e$tial

#evelop)e$tal patter$ si)ple s+ills are

co).i$e# ith )ore sophisticate# o$es

, 7 )o$ths! so)e a.ility to coor#i$ate

)ove)e$ts o% li).s

, 88 )o$ths! a.ility to pic+ &p s)all o.'ects

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Dy$a)ic Syste)s Theory! Ho Motor

Develop)e$t Is Coor#i$ate#

, Each skill advances in the context of other

motor abilities

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Develop)e$tal Nor)s! Co)pari$( the

I$#ivi#&al to the Gro&p

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N&tritio$ i$ I$%a$cy! F&eli$( Motor

Develop)e$t

, The rapi# physical (roth %&ele# .y the $&trie$ts

, I$%a$ts calorie allot)e$t a.o&t 9: calories per#ay %or each po&$# they ei(h

, 5itho&t proper $&tritio$- i$%a$ts ca$$ot reach

their physical pote$tial )ay s&%%er co($itive a$#social co$se6&e$ces

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Mal$&tritio$

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Mal$&tritio$ ; 2$#erei(ht Chil#re$

Percentage of children under 5 years who are moderately or severely

underweight

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5hat Do Yo& Thi$+1

5hat )i(ht .e so)e o% the reaso$s that

)al$o&rish)e$t- hich slos physical (roth-

also har)s I< scores a$# school per%or)a$ce1

Ho )i(ht )al$o&rish)e$t a%%ect e#&catio$ i$

thir# orl# co&$tries1

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O.esity

•Evidence linking infant obesity to adultobesity is inconclusive

•Societal view that “a fat baby is a healthybaby” is not necessarily correct

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Tr&e or False1

•For the first 12 months of life, there is nobetter food for an infant than breast milk

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*reast )il+!

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Social Patter$s i$

*reast=%ee#i$(

•Incidence in U.S.

•Influence of age and SES

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5he$ Mil+ Is$/t Mil+

•Severe malnourishment in U.S., includingkwashiorkor

•Consequences

What are the possible long-term consequences of

this kind of malnourishment?

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I$tro#&ci$( Soli# Foo#s! 5he$ a$#

5hat1

, The A)erica$ Aca#e)y o% Pe#iatrics a$# the A)erica$ Aca#e)y o% Fa)ily Physicia$s(&i#eli$es

, Soli# %oo# i$tro#&ctio$

, Aller(ies

, 5ea$i$(

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The Develop)e$t o% the Se$ses

, I$%a$t orl# (ros i$creasi$(ly co)prehe$si.leith #evelop)e$t o% se$satio$ a$# perceptio$

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Vis&al Perceptio$! Seei$( the 5orl#

Newborn Vision

, Provi#es sa)e #e(ree o% #ista$ce ac&ity as

the &$correcte# visio$ o% )a$y a#&lts

, Co).i$es i)a(es co)i$( to each eye to see

#epth a$# )otio$ aro&$# 8> ee+s

, I$cl&#es pre%ere$ce %or patter$s tha$ rather

tha$ si)pler sti)&li

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Pre%erri$( Co)ple4ity

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A&#itory Perceptio$! The 5orl# o% So&$#

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S)ell a$# Taste

•The sense of smell well developed in veryyoung infants

•Infants develop taste preferences based onwhat their mothers drank while they were inthe womb

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Co$te)porary Vies o$ I$%a$t Pai$

Infants are born with the capacity toexperience pain!

•Symptoms of infant pain production

•Pain relieving strategies

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"espo$#i$( to To&ch

Touch

•One of first and most highly developed infant

sensory systems

, Help%&l i$ e4ploratio$ o% e$viro$)e$t

, Prere6&isite %or several o% .asic re%le4es

prese$t at .irth

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5hat Do Yo& Thi$+1

, Perso$s ho are .or$ itho&t the &se o% o$e

se$se so)eti)es #evelop &$&s&al a.ilities i$

o$e or )ore other se$ses0

, 5hat ca$ health care pro%essio$als #o to help

i$%a$ts ho are lac+i$( i$ a partic&lar se$se1

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M&lti)o#al Perceptio$! Co).i$i$(

I$#ivi#&al Se$sory I$p&ts

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Loo+i$( *ac+

•How do the human body and nervous systemdevelop?

•What types of changes are happening duringthe earliest stages of growth?

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Loo+i$( *ac+

•Does the environment affect the pattern ofdevelopment?

•What types of changes or enrichments lead tobetter brain development and why?

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Loo+i$( *ac+

•How does nutrition affect physicaldevelopment?

•In what ways are the nutritional needs ofinfants different from those of adults?

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