- 1 -

]mTmkq{XWw

aebmfw

^mØnam XmPp±o≥

- 2 -

]mTmkq{XWw

A[ym]nIbpsS t]cv : ^mØnam XmPp±o≥

hnZymebØns‚ t]cv : Kh: F®v.Fkv. BcymSv.

hnjbw : aebmfw

GIIw : Xpº∏qhv

D]GIIw : k‘ybv°pam\Øv...... Xcn∏pXo¿∏q.

Ãm≥tU¿Uv : XI

kabw : 45 an\n‰vkv

XobXn :

BapJw:

{]]©ans∂mcp XdhmSmbn hcºpIƒ ImWmXmbn.... F∂ bqWn‰n¬ Dƒs∏´ncn°p∂ ]mT`mKamWv D≈qcns‚

Xpº∏q F∂ IhnX. am\h ]ptcmKXn°v hn`mKobXbv°XoXamb Iq´mbva thWsa∂ ImgvN∏mSv hnIkn∏n°m≥

klmbIbamb hn[ØnemWv D≈q¿ Xpº∏q F∂ IhnX hn`mh\w sNbvXncn°p∂Xv. Nß\mt»cnbnemWv D≈q¿ Fkv.

]ctaizcø≥ P\n®Xv (1877˛1949). tIcfh¿Ω {]ÿm\Øns‚ {]apJ h‡mhv Ae¶mc]q¿Whpw ]WvUntXmNnXhpamb

Imhy ssienbpsS DSa. efnX ssienbnep≈ _meIhnXIfpw DamtIcfw F∂ almImhyhpw \nch[n JWvUImhyßfpw

Ht´sd KthjW teJ\ßfpw D≈q¿ cNn®n´p≠v. A©phmeyßfn¬ cNn® tIcf kmlnXy Ncn{Xw {it≤bamWv.

I¿W`qjWw, ]nwKf, `‡n Zo]nI (JWvUImhy߃), IncWmhen, Xmclmcw, XcwKnWn, AarX[mc, Iev]imJn

(IhnXm kamlmc߃) XpSßnbh {][m\ IrXnIƒ.

- 3 -

]mTm]{KY\w

`mjm]cw:

\qX\ ]Z߃

sNSn®, ]pIƒ, DZ{K]mWn

Bib]cw :

am\h]ptcmKXn°v hn`mKobXbv°XoXamb Iq´mbvathWsa∂ Imgv®∏mSv hnIkn∏n°m≥ klmbIamb

hn[ØnemWv D≈q¿ Xpº∏qhv F∂ IhnX hn`mh\w sNbvXncn°p∂Xv. kaXzw {]IrXn \nbaamsW∂v ImWn°m≥

a\pjysc ]q°fmbn \ncq]n°p∂ ]e IhnXIfpw aebmfØnep≠v. AØcØnsemcp IhnXbmWv D≈qcns‚ Xpº∏qhpw.

{]tXyI coXnbn¬ am{Xw temIsØ ImWm≥ ioen®htcmSmWv Cu IhnXbn¬ Ihn kwkmcn°p∂Xv.

kmlnXy]cw: D≈qcns‚ XcwKnWn F∂ IhnXm kamlmcØn¬ \ns∂SpØn´p≈XmWv Cu IhnX.

]mTy]≤Xn Dt±iy߃:

D≈qcns\bpw At±lØns‚ IrXnIsfbpw ]cnNbs∏SpI.

hn`mKobXbv°pw th¿XncnhpIƒ°pw AXoXambn kvt\lw, klIcWw F∂o at\m`mh߃ hf¿ØpI.

a\pjyXzamWv a\pjys‚ PmXnbpw aXhpsa∂v Xncn®dnbpI.

Ahiy]q¿Δ{]m]vXnIƒ

D≈qcns\°pdn®v tI´n´p≠v.

- 4 -

D≈qcns‚ Nn{Xw I≠n´p≠v.

CXc IrXnIƒ ap≥ ¢m pIfn¬ ]Tn®n´p≠v.

Xpºs®Snbpw ]qhpw I≠n´p≠v.

PmXob AkaXz߃s°Xnsc t]mcmSnb IhnIsfbpw AhcpsS IrXnIfpw Adnbmw.

]Tt\m]IcW߃

D≈qcns‚ Nn{Xw

D≈qcns\bpw IrXnIsfbpw ]cnNbs∏SpØp∂ Nm¿´v.

]Z]cnNbw FgpXnb Nm¿´v.

]Tt\mXv]∂߃

Ipdn∏v

- 5 -

{]XnIcWw]T\ {]h¿Ø\߃

{]mcw`w

]mT`mKØntebv°v IS°p∂Xn\mbn A[ym]nI GXm\pw tNmZy߃

tNmZn°p∂p.

\n߃ HmWØn\v AØ∏q°fw CSmdpt≠m? (D≠v/C√)

GsXms° ]q°fmWv D]tbmKn°p∂Xv? (tdmkv, Acfn, Xpº, _¥n)

HmW∏q°fØnse G‰hpw {][m\s∏´ ]qthXmWv? (Xpº∏qhv)

]q°f a’cßfn¬ t]mepw Xpº∏qhn\mWv {]m[m\yw.

F¥mbncn°pw Xpº∏qhn\v C{X {]m[m\yw e`n°m\p≈ ImcWw?

A[ym]nI Xpº∏qhns\ Ipdn®p≈ Hcp IY AhXcn∏n°pI.

amthenbpw Xpº∏qhpw

HmWw h∂p. F√m∏q°fpw amthen a∂s\ hcth¬°m≥ Hcpßn \n∂p.

Hmtcm ]qhpw Xs‚ alXzw h¿Æn®psIm≠v Xm\mWv tIas\∂ ̀ mhØn¬ \n∂p.

amthen a∂s\ kzoIcn°m≥ ap∂n¬ \n¬°m\mbn Ah¿ Xn°nØnc°n. F∂m¬

]mhw Xpº∏q am{Xw CXnsem∂pw s]SmsX HXpßn \n∂p. amthen FØn.

F√m ]q°tfbpw \nco£n® amthen Xpº∏qhns\ FSpØv aq¿≤mhn¬ sh®p.

- 6 -

Cu IYbn¬ \n∂pw Xpº∏qhns‚ {]m[m\yw F{XtØmfw Ds≠∂v a\ nembnt√?

Cu Xpºs®Snsb°pdn®mWv \mw ]Tn°m≥ t]mIp∂Xv.

]mTØns‚ t]cv: Xpº∏qhv (tNm°v t_m¿Uv)

Xpº∏q F∂ IhnX FgpXnbXv D≈qcmWv.

A≤ym]nI kμ¿t`mNnXambn IhnbpsS Nn{Xw ImWn°p∂p.

Ihnsb°pdns®gpXnb Nm¿´v ImWn°p∂p.

D≈q¿ Fkv. ]ctaizcø¿ (1877˛1949)

Nß\mt»cnbn¬ P\\w. tIcf h¿Ω {]ÿm\Øns‚ {]apJ h‡mhv.

Ae¶mc]q¿Whpw ]WvUntXmNnXhpamb ImhyssienbpsS DSa. efnX

ssienbnep≈ _meIhnXIfpw DamtIcfw F∂ almImhyhpw \nch[n JWvU

Imhyßfpw Ht´sd KthjW teJ\ßfpw D≈q¿ cNn®n´p≠v. A©v hmeyßfn¬

cNn® tIcf kmlnXy Ncn{Xw {it≤bamWv. IrXnIƒ : I¿Æ `qjWw, ]nwKf,

`‡nZo]nI (JWvUImhy߃), IncWmhen, Xmcmlmcw, XcwKnWn, AarX[mc,

Iev]imJn (IhnXm kamlmc߃.)

A[ym]nI Nm¿´v hmbn°p∂p. Ip´nIsfs°m≠v hmbn∏n°p∂p.

]mTmhXcWw (k‘ybv°v am\Øp.... Xcn∏p Xo¿∏p).

A≤ym]nI amXrIm]cambn IhnX sNm√p∂p.

Ip´nIsfs°m≠v {Kq∏mbn IhnX CuWØn¬ sNm√n°p∂p.

- 7 -

A[ym]nI ]Zy`mKØns‚ Bibw Ip´nIƒ°v ]d™psImSp°p∂p.

{]tXyI coXnbn¬ am{Xw temIsØ t\m°n°mWm≥ ioen®htcmSmWv

Cu IhnXbn¬ Ihn kwkmcn°p∂Xv. IhnXbnse hywKym¿∞w Db¿∂ PmXnbn¬

s]´hsc am{Xw kaqlØn¬ Db¿Øn°m´msX Xmgv∂ PmXnbnep≈hsc°qSn

]cnKWn°Ww F∂mWv. AXnep]cn Ahcnse t{ijvT almXvayw Is≠Øm≥

{ian°Ww. kam[m\Øns‚ Nnlv\amb sh≈s°mSn Db¿Øn°m´p∂

Xpºs®Snsb ]dns®dnbpw t]mse Xmgv∂ PmXnsb Nhn´nsaXn°m≥ kaqlw

XømdmhcpXv F∂v Ihn ]dbp∂p. k‘ybv°v BImiØv hnScp∂ \£{X∏q°ƒ

am{Xw I≠paSpØ IÆnt\mS v Ihn°v ]dbm\p≈Xv H∂v Xmtgm´ v

t\m°Wsa∂mWv. Xmtgm´pt\m°nbm¬ Ffnb kmlNcyØn¬ Pohn°p∂

Xpº∏qhns\ ImWmw. Ah ]dºn¬ ]Is®mXpßn°gnbp∂p. taemfcpsS ho´n¬

Ibdm≥ A\phmZan√msX ]dºn¬ `qscamdn \n¬°p∂ A[:ÿnXcpsS

Nn{Xap≠nXn¬. XpºbpsS Io¿Øn°v ImcWw \t∂ sNdpXpw \£{X{]Imiap≈

AXnse ]q°fpsS shWvabmWv. kpK‘ans√-¶nepw hnip≤nbpsS Nnlv\amb

shfp∏v AXn\p≠v. Xpºsb ]cn]men®p hf¿Øp∂n√ F∂v am{Xa√ Ahsb

hens®dnbpIbpw sNøp∂p. kam[m\w Imw£n°p∂ Xpºsb hen®v am‰pIbmWv

a\pjy≥. AØcw {IqcX ImWn°p∂XneqsS a\pjy\n¬ c≠v X´p≠mhp∂p

F∂v ka¿∞n°pIbmWv Xpº∏qhneqsS D≈q¿.

- 8 -

]Z]cnNbw

A≤ym]nI Ip´nItfmSv ]mT`mKsØ \qX\ ]ZßfpsS A¿∞w \nL≠pt\m°n

Is≠Øm≥ Bhiys∏Sp∂p.

sNSn® = aSpØ

]pIƒ = Io¿Øn

DZ{K]mWn = B{IaWImcn

{]h¿Ø\w ̨ 1

PmXn®ph´n¬÷etkItaIpw

P\ßfo∏qs®SnssIb\°n

hf¿ØnSp∂n√Xpt]ms´; Zqsc

hen®pam‰p∂Xpap≠p! IjvSw.

PmXn®ph´n¬ PetkItaIpI F∂ {]tbmKØn¬ Fs¥√mw A¿∞ßfmWv

Is≠Øm≥ Ignbp∂Xv?

- 9 -

GsXmcp\√ IhnXbpw hm°ns‚ A¿∞]cXIƒ ka¿∞ambn

{]tbmP\s∏SpØpw. hmNym¿∞Øn\∏pdtØ°v hmb\°mcs\ \bn°m≥ CXn\v

Ignbpw. hcnIƒ°nSbneqsSbp≈ hmb\ Aßs\bp≠mhp∂XmWv. PmXn F∂

]ZsaSp°mw. Fs¥√mw A¿∞Xehpw BibXehpw B hm°n\ps≠∂v

t\m°mw.

PmXn F∂Xn\v ]n®Iw (]n®n) F∂mWnhnsS A¿∞w. hoSnt\mSv tN¿∂v

hf¿Øp∂ kpK‘ap≈ shfpØ ]q°fp≈ sNSnbmWnXv. PmXn°v tX°v,

PmXn]{Xn F∂o A¿∞߃ D≠v. kpK‘{ZhyØnsem∂mWXv. PmXn°v

PmXnhyhÿ F∂ as‰mcp A¿∞hpw FSp°mw. PmXn, Ipew XpSßnb ]Z߃

tIheambn ]dbptºmƒ Db¿∂ PmXn, Ipew XpSßnb ]Z߃ s]mXpsh

hnh£n°mdv . kpK‘ap≈ ]n®IsØ sh≈samgn®v hf¿Øp∂h¿

kpK‘an√mØ Xpº∏qhns\ ]cn]men°p∂n√. am{Xa√, hen®v am‰pIbpw

sNøp∂p. ]n®IØn\pw Xpºbv°pw ]e ImcyØnepw kmayap≠v. ]q°ƒ

shfp∏mWv. CeIfpsS BIrXn Hcpt]msebmWv. Db¿∂ PmXnsb ]cn]men®v

hf¿Øp∂h¿ Xs∂bmWv A[:ÿnXsc kaqlØn¬ \n∂pw C√mXm°p∂Xpw.

]gb ImesØ AbnØmNmcWØns‚ kqN\ IqSn CXnep≠v.

- 10 -

]p\chtemI\w

D≈qcns‚ GsX¶nepw c≠v IrXnIfpsS t]cv ]dbpI.

Xpº∏qhnse Ihn F¥ns‚ {]XoIambmWv AhXcn∏n°p∂Xv?

GXv A\mNmcsØ FXn¿ØpsIm≠mWv Ihn Cu IhnX FgpXnbncn°p∂Xv?

XpS¿ {]h¿Ø\w

Xpº∏qhv F∂ IhnXbn¬ kmaqlnI {]m[m\yap≈ hensbmcmibamWv

Ihn apt∂m´v sh°p∂Xv. Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂ kqN\Iƒ IqSn ]cnKWn®v

IhnXbv°v HcmkzmZ\w Xømdm°pI.

PmXn®ph´n¬ PetkItaIpI.

Zqsc hen®pam‰pI.

{LmtW{μnbmcma¿ a\pjy≥