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FAO-EPSO CONSULTATIONRole and Emerging Partnerships for
Crop Improvement in India
Hari S Gupta
Indian Agricultural Research Institute
New Delhi-110012
India
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Outline
• Contribution of plant sciences to crop production :
Green Revolution• Lessons from Green Revolution: inter-regional
variations and lack of inclusive growth• Future Challenges• Partnership between Europe and Developing
world with special reference to Africa• Way Forward
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Unprecedented Progress during the last 60 years
• Increased agricultural production
(from 50 MT to 252 MT)
• Higher real income and reduced prices
(from 1975 to 2007)
• Reduced poverty
(by 40%)
• Life expectancy doubled
(64 years) Ind
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Food Grains Production in India
1950-51
1960-61
1970-71
1980-81
1990-91
2000-01
2003-04
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
Area in m.ha Production in m.t Yield in kg/ha
Are
a a
nd
Pro
du
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Yie
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Productivity X3Production X5 Area- marginal inc.
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Production and Productivity of Wheat in India
Prodn.x 9Yield x3Area x 2.5
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Mexican Wheat in IndiaDwarf wheat travelled from Japan to US to Mexico and to India• Salmon (USDA) to Vogel (WSU) to Borlaug (CIMMYT) to IARI • Rabi 1961-62 -Observational Nursery from USDA• Summer 1962 -Multiplication at Wellington in Southern India• Rabi 1962-63 -Demonstration at IARI farm in New Delhi
Dr. Borlaug invited & visited in March 1963• Rabi 1963-64 -Multilocation Trial 4 places• Rabi 1964-65 -Large Multilocation trails-155 places• 1965- Two Mexican Lines Sonora 64 & Lerma Roho 64 A Released
for Commercial cultivation by CVRC (CSCSNRV) • 18,000 tonnes seeds imported despite scarce foreign exchange • Yield increased from 8.3 q/ha in1965-66 to 13 q/ha in 1970-71• Similar was the story in rice with introduction of IR8-dwarf riceINDIA BECAME SELF-SUFFICIENT IN FOOD GRAINS IN EARLY 1970s
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TE 1952 TE1981 TE20060%
10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
42 4535
816
258
9 9
4230 31
Others
Oilseeds
Fruits & Ve-getables
Food grains
Sh
are
in c
rop
su
b -
sec
tor
(in
per
cen
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The ChallengesDiversification of Crop sub Sector
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Source:: Evenson & Gollin (2003) CABI
Reasons for TransformationGREEN REVOLUTION
• Partnership with CGIAR Institutions - Key to success
• Adoption of HYVs along with associated technology • Joint efforts of
– Agricultural scientists– Bureaucrats– Farmers– Polity
• R&D in agriculture in partnership with US Land Grant Institutions- helped in removing the minor deficiencies in Sonora 64 and Lerma Roho 64A
Wide Inter-Regional Variations in Yield
Sl. No. State Food grain yield, 2009-10 (t/ha)
1. Punjab 4.1
2 Tamil Nadu 2.5
3 West Bengal 2.5
4 Uttar Pradesh 2.2
5 Bihar 1.5
6 Orissa 1.4
7 Madhya Pradesh 1.3
Focus on high potential eastern region for immediate yield gains and inclusive growth
Agricultural Production Scenario
Commodity Production in 1950
(Million tonnes)
Production in 2011
(Million tonnes)
Food grains 50.00 252.0
Vegetables 58.50 (91-92) 125.0
Fruits 28.60 (91-92) 63.6
Milk 17.00 104.8
Egg (nos.) 1.80 53.5 billion
Fish 0.75 7.3
4-27 times increase in production of various commodities
FUTURE CHALLENGES &
STRATEGIES TO MEET THEM
Food Requirement- Indian Scenario Production 2010-11
(Million tonnes)
• Rice 103.41
• Wheat90.23
• Coarse cer41.9
• Pulses17.02
• Total 252.5• Oilseed-31 Million Tonnes
Demand 2021(Million tonnes)
120
100
40
25
• 285
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Rice
Wheat
Coarse cereals
Pulses
Total
Rice
Wheat
Coarse cereals
Pulses
Total
Will India import food grains in 2023
Dr. S. Raman, New Delhi Winter School, 20/3/09
Fresh Water Resources – 4.6 %
Land – 2.3 %
Population – 17 %
Rainfall – 1170 mm
Resources and Liabilities
XXXXXXXXXXXX
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The Challenges Second Generation Problems
of Green Revolution
-Nutritional Security?-Breaking yield barrier
-Decline in Factor Productivity- Soil Health and Water Table declining
- Increased Incidence of Diseases and Pests- Climate change- the biggest threat
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The Challenges Incidence of malnutrition among children
(< 3 years)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Severe Moderate Overall
Per
cen
tag
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Undernutrition
Rural
Urban
All
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The Challenges
Raise Productivity
(Small farms holdings)
Increase Income (Low Cost technology)
Manage Natural Resources
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Climate Change : Effect of Enhanced CO2
Change in insect-pest dynamics
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Climate ChangeNeed for Anticipatory Research
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Recent Successes Bt Cotton
Area reached 8.4 m ha in 2011 nearly 85% of total area.
Production doubled 2.3 mt in 2002 to 4.9 mt in 2010
Pesticide consumption reduced by 40%
Income of 5 m farmers increased substantially
Cotton export fetched US $ >1.5 billion in 2010
Soybean Area - 30, 000 ha (1970) to 10.3 Mha in 2011
Production - 0.14 MT (1970) to 12.4 MT in 2011
Productivity - 430 kg/ha-----------to 1300 kg/ha in 2011- x3 times
40% contribution to oilseed: 25% to edible oil of the country
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7.67 7.638.78 8.68 9.14 9.44 9.37 9.6
0.029 0.086 0.0531.25
3.8
6.2
7.68.4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
Mil
lio
n h
ec
tare
s
Year
Adoption of Bt cotton in India
total (mha)
Bt (mha)
Recent Successes- contd
• Revolution in potato production & productivity• Area 0.54 mha in 1950 to 1.8 mha in 2011• Prodn. 1.56mt -------------- to 40 mt in 2011
• Prodn. 28 times: Productivity 3 times
Basmati Rice : Volume of Export – 8 times in 20 yrs
1990 2010 0.25 mt 2.0 mt Export earning increased by 1,000 times ?
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1990-91
1995-96
2000-01
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Value of Basmati Export (Rs. in Crores)
2 billion US $
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100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
TaraoriBasmati
Pusa Basmati1
PusaSugandh 2
Pusa RH 10(Hybrid)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Du
rati
on
(d
ays)
Yie
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t/h
a)
Revolution in Basmati Rice Breeding for Earliness with higher yields
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Single Cross Maize Hybrids in India
• During the last decade, maize production doubled • Maize productivity increased by 80%• Maize has shown fastest growth rate (~8%) during the
last 5 yrs. – highest among cereals• Maize production can further be doubled in next decade • Hybrid coverage to be increased (from current 35%)• QPM will help in reducing protein malnutrition (25% food)• QPM- feed for better conversion ratio in poultry (61%)• QPM through Marker assisted backcross breeding• Baby corn export (1 million US $ in 2008 & 2009)
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Maize Yields, 1961-2009
Source: FAOInd
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Way Forward - Partnership
Past Successes– Rice Biotechnology- Rockefeller Foundation
New Programs– Network Projects in crop improvement
• Maize – MAB for biotic & abiotic stresses-
• Conservation agriculture for raising system productivity and conserving resources
• Rice - Golden rice for β carotene
• Tuber crops for disease-free planting materials• Grain legumes for resistance to stored grain pests
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Acknowledgements
FAO for Invitation
EPSO for sponsoring consultation
Colleagues at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
&
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
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THANKSIn
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Biotechnology at Crossroads?
• 134 m ha under transgenic crops since 1966 – 46% in developing countries (China, India, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and South Africa)
• Crops: Soybean, Maize, Cotton, Canola• Traits: Insects, Herbicides, Viruses • More than 50 crops and forestry trees are being targeted
currently• Tissue culture for propagation of plating material for
horticultural crops• Which is the path we want to take?• Science-led or otherwise based on emotions
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Bridging the Yield Gap1. Transfer of Technology a. Dissemination of HYVs - Seed production & SRR - very low
b. Balanced use of fertilizers – 156 kg/ha India against 396 kg/ha in Chinac. Judicious use of water – Increasing WUE
d. Increasing cropping intensity – 14 mha rice fallows in Eastern Indiae. Diversification with HVC & LS -Increasing prod. per unit area & profitabilityf. Supply of right input- On time and doorstep of farmers
2. Raising Productivity of RFAs- Watershed approach3. Farming System Approach- Raising system productivity rather than of component crops3. IPM & IPNM- Biological control & site-specific nutrient management4. Sustainability to Irrigated Areas- Mung bean in wheat-rice system5. Linking farmers to market- For increasing profitability
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