The rise of Empires

The rise of EmpiresFactors Contributing to the Rise of EmpiresFactors Contributing to the rise of empiresDiscovery of the New World/Sea Route to the IndiesThe Spice TradeGod, Gold, GloryThe Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Effects of the Age of DiscoveryUntil the mid 15th century, trade with the east was achieved through theSilk Road, with the Byzantine Empire and theItalian city-statesofVeniceandGenoaacting as a middle man. In 1453, Ottomans tookConstantinopleand was in a favourable position to charge hefty taxes on merchandise bound for the west. The Western Europeans, not wanting to be dependent on an expansionist, non-Christian power for the lucrative commerce with the east, set about to find an alternate sea route aroundAfrica.Effects of the Age of DiscoveryFurther impetus for the Spanish to find the alternative trade route to the East Indies came in the Portuguese control of the African route.Finally succeeded with the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan.October 21, 1520 his expedition crossed what is now known as theStrait of Magellan, opening the Pacific coast of the Americas for exploration. March 16, 1521 the ships reached thePhilippinesand soon after theSpice Islands, effectively establishing the first westward spice trade route to Asia.

In fourteen hundred ninety-twoColumbus sailed the ocean blue.He had three ships and left from Spain;He sailed through sunshine, wind and rain.He sailed by night; he sailed by day;He used the stars to find his way.A compass also helped him knowHow to find the way to go.

In 1492Ninety sailors were on board;Some men worked while others snored.Then the workers went to sleep;And others watched the ocean deep.Day after day they looked for land; They dreamed of trees and rocks and sand.October 12 their dream came true,

You never saw a happier crew!Indians! Indians! Columbus cried;His heart was filled with joyful pride.But India the land was not;It was the Bahamas, and it was hot.The Arakawa natives were very nice;They gave the sailors food and spice.

In 1492 [cont]Columbus sailed on to find some goldTo bring back home, as hed been told.He made the trip again and again,Trading gold to bring to Spain.The first American? No, not quite.But Columbus was brave, and he was bright.

Explorer, Navigater Explorer.Born in Genoa.Quest for Asia.Discovered what we now know as America.Christopher Columbus

Christopher ColumbusEarth not so bigQueen Isabella 4 voyages - all end up in the Caribbean

8Columbus influence

The Santa-Maria. LaPinta and Nina

Columbus voyages

Landing in the new world

The PortugueseMotives: Set up trading posts for purchase of gold and slaves along W. African coast Extent: Diaz (Cape of Good Hope - 1487), da Gama (India - 1498)Colonization: 1493-1494 Line of Demarcation (drawn by the Pope) split up the New World and Treaty of Tordesillas (with Spain) gave Portugal title to Eastern South America (Brazil)

Ferdinand Magellan1519 - 1st to circumnavigate the globe

14Straits of Magellan

Magellans Route

Colonial Trade RoutesPrince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)Instrumental Patronage led to major technological advances

18Cape of Good HopeSecured control of spice tradeVasco da Gama

19Portuguese-india run

Early spice trade routes

The Spice TradeSpices such ascinnamon,cassia,cardamom,ginger, andturmericwere known, and used for commerce, in theEastern Worldwell into antiquity.Surpassed trade in silk and other commodities.Pepper was so valuable that you could pay taxes with it.Cinnamon

Cassia

Ginger

Turmeric

cardamom

pepper

Effects of the Spice TradeThe drive to search for a route to be able to take part in the valuable spice trade therefore contributed to both the Spanish and Portuguese empires to explore and find new routes.MotivesThe 3 GsGodreligious fervor convert nativesGoldexpand trade - esp. spices & precious metalsprofitGloryadventurepowernational pride30

God, Gold and Glory

MeansMid-1400sEuropean monarchs had MORE:PowerResourcesAdvanced technology

RECAP: Why do you think this was so?32PortugalEarly leaderSailed eastward--> India (spice trade)

33SpainSailed westwardSeeking route --> Asia

34The SpanishMotives: Settle the New World; Secure gold and valuable agricultural produce; Convert the natives (Indians) to CatholicismExtent: First settled in the W. Indies (Cuba, P.R., Hispaniola); Proceeded to Mexico, C. America, most of S. America, & some of U.S.Treaty of tordesillas (7 june 1494)Papal bull (Papal line of demarcation)Resolve a dispute between the Spanish and Portuguese.Divided the newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal.Treaty of tordesillas

Treaty of tordesillas

Significance of tordesillasPortugal had access to the East Indies (Spices) Made looking for a Westerly trade route much more valuable.Treaty was more advantageous to Spain.Access to the Aztecs and the Incas. (Silver and Gold)Llama, Alpaca, Turkey, DuckAgave, Cotton, Potatoes, Pineapples, Pumpkins, Tomatoes, Tobacco, Rubber, Coca, Cocoa, Chili Peppers, Bell Peppers, Blueberries, Beans, GuavaSyphilis, Gold, Gold, GoldWhat the Spanish Brought Back

ConquistadorsWho were they?Conquistador is a term that means conqueror in in Spanish and Portuguese, but is widely associated with the Spanish soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who brought much of the Americas under the control of Spain in the 15th through the 19th centuries following Europe's discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492.

The ConquestsThe stated purposes of these conquests were to equally spread the word of God and to bring this new civilization in the most obscure parts of the world into the Spanish Crown as dutiful vassals.Spain accomplished this goal with astounding ability, quickly expanding its borders far larger than previous Golden empires like Rome, Greece and Egypt.However, Spanish Conquest of Americas were a series of unfortunate and morally questionable acts driven by greed for gold and resulted in the destruction of several native civilizations.

Famous ConquistadorsHernan Cortez Famous for leading an expedition into Mexico and defeating the Aztec empire at Tenochtitlan.

Francisco Pizarro Famous for leading an expedition into South America and defeating the Incan empire.

Hernan CortezCortez was sent by the Spanish governor of Cuba to establish a colony in newly discovered Mexico.With an army of about 500, he marched all the way towards the interior of Mexico, defeating small tribes of natives along the way. He then stumbled upon the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.

Hernan Cortez

TenochtitlanTenochtitlan was the heart of the Aztec empire. The capital city was estimated to have over 200-300,000 inhabitants. According to records, it would make it one of the largest cities in the world at the time. Compared to Europe, only Paris, Venice and Constantinople would have been larger.At its pinnacle, Aztec culture had rich and complex mythological and religious traditions, as well as reaching remarkable architectural and artistic accomplishments.Tenochtitlan

Tenochtitlan

The Aztecs Aztecs did not refer to themselves as Aztecs, but as the Mexica.Aztecs believed that the gods sacrificed themselves so that humans could live. The Aztecs would in turn would make human sacrifices as repayment to the gods. Many times they would eat the flesh and drink the blood of the sacrificed. Sound familiar?Aztecs had a complex calendar based on astrology, similar to the Mayans.Tenochtitlan had a zoo, botanical gardens and even 12 saltwater ponds or aquariums.ApocalyptoThe movie Apocalypto is set in Mexico, during the period of the Aztec and Maya civilizations. It depicts the journey of a young tribesman whos village was brutally attacked by Atzecs looking for slaves and humans to sacrifice to their gods. He must escape capture and rescue his family in this intense, historical thriller.

Hernan CortezWhen Cortez arrived at Tenochtitlan he was amazed by what he saw.The city was far grander than many he had ever seen.Cortez and the Spaniards were received by Montezuma, the Aztec emperor.Montezuma was reluctant to invite the Spaniards in, though many Aztecs believed they were descendents of the gods.

52When Mexico was discovered in 1518, Vilasquez chose Cortez to make a colony thereOn November 8, 1519, Cortez reached Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) and was received by Montezuma, the Aztec emperor. Soon after Cortez established headquarters in the capital, he learned that the Aztecs had plundered Veracruz. He seized Montezuma and forced him to surrender the attackers. Then he had them executed Velasquez sent 1400 solders to arrest Cortez, but he defeated the army and most of the survivors joined himCortez returned to Tenochtitlan. Aztec warriors ambushed him. Montezuma was brought to pacify his people, but they stoned him to death.

The Siege of TenochtitlanEqually wary of the natives, Cortez took Montezuma captive.Along with an army of natives that he had made treaties with, Cortez and his men laid siege to the city.Many Aztecs were massacred during an annual festival.Cortez and his men were able to escape the city with vast amounts of gold.

53When Mexico was discovered in 1518, Vilasquez chose Cortez to make a colony thereOn November 8, 1519, Cortez reached Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) and was received by Montezuma, the Aztec emperor. Soon after Cortez established headquarters in the capital, he learned that the Aztecs had plundered Veracruz. He seized Montezuma and forced him to surrender the attackers. Then he had them executed Velasquez sent 1400 solders to arrest Cortez, but he defeated the army and most of the survivors joined himCortez returned to Tenochtitlan. Aztec warriors ambushed him. Montezuma was brought to pacify his people, but they stoned him to death.

The Siege of TenochtitlanThe Spaniards then cut off the outskirts of the city so that no one could get in or out.Without food, water and supplies, the Aztecs started to starve as famine and small pox epidemics broke out which killed most of the Tenochtitlan inhabitants.Even as many Aztecs surrendered, they were slaughtered by the Spanish.Through battles, famine, disease and slaughter, it is estimated that over 200,000 Aztecs died during the siege that lasted 80 days.

The Siege of TenochtitlanTenochtitlanFollowing the siege, Cortez and the Spaniards and their native allies looted the city, slaughtered any remaining inhabitants.Cortez directed the destruction and leveling of most of the city which was then re-built for Spanish use. Today, Mexico City is built on top of the ruins of Tenochtitlan.It wasnt until the 1970s when the construction of the metro line in Mexico City that the ruins of the Temple Mayor was uncovered. A small excavated portion is available to the public.

56When Mexico was discovered in 1518, Vilasquez chose Cortez to make a colony thereOn November 8, 1519, Cortez reached Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) and was received by Montezuma, the Aztec emperor. Soon after Cortez established headquarters in the capital, he learned that the Aztecs had plundered Veracruz. He seized Montezuma and forced him to surrender the attackers. Then he had them executed Velasquez sent 1400 solders to arrest Cortez, but he defeated the army and most of the survivors joined himCortez returned to Tenochtitlan. Aztec warriors ambushed him. Montezuma was brought to pacify his people, but they stoned him to death.

Temple Mayor

Francisco PizarroPizarro was the 2nd cousin of Hernan Cortez.Was poor and grew up on a pig farm.He yearned for adventure so he decided to join the military and explore the New World.

Francisco PizarroHe accompanied many other explorers on their adventures where he gained their trust and a good reputation.Early South American explorers would bring back tales told by the natives of a gold rich territory called Peru.This immediately got Pizarros attention and he put together an expedition.

Conquest of Peru

Pizarro put together several expeditions to South America mostly in what is modern day Ecuador and Peru (1519-1532).While in Peru, Pizarro encountered a group of natives known as the Incas.

The IncasThe Incas were the largest group of natives.It is estimated that their total population was well into the millions prior to Spanish arrival.The Incas were known for building a complex network of roads and fortresses. They are sometimes referred to as the Romans of the New World.The Incans were also very wealthy with gold. Since their was no iron or other metals, so Incans often made everyday household items out of the precious metal.

The Incan Empire

Like the Aztecs, Incas would also practice human sacrifice. They would take their children (who were pure) out into the mountains and leave them for their gods. Children would die from exposure to the elements.The Incas were also well known for their mummies that have been found. Many of them are the sacrificed children who had frozen to death and became a natural mummy.Human Sacrifice and Mummification

Mummies

Machu Picchu

Conquest of PeruWhen encountering the Incas, Pizarro tried to negotiate with the Incan emperor Atahualpa.When Atahualpa refused the Spanish, Pizarro attacked and captured the Incan emperor.The Spanish held Atahualpa for ransom, demanding the Incans to fill an entire room of gold and silver.When the Incans complied, the Spanish killed Atahualpa anyway.

Conquest of PeruPizarro and the Spaniards took their gold and then continued on their conquest.The Spanish finally defeated the Incas at their capital city of Cuzco and within a year, he had conquered all the Incas and Peru.Pizarro wanted to establish a capital city of the recently conquered territory but the Incan capital was too far inland.Pizarro then established the city of Lima on the coast.

Effect of Conquest on the IncasMany lives were lost in battles and conquest; however, the biggest loss of life can be attributed to the disease small pox. Collectively, the Incas lost roughly 93% of their population.Countless numbers of others were enslaved by the Spanish.There are Incan descendents still alive today, but the Incas are nearly an extinct people.

The Fate and Legacy of PizarroFollowing the conquest of Peru, Pizarro and one of his partners had dispute in the conquered lands.The dispute led to a battle and Pizarro defeated his partner and executed him.Years later, the family of the deceased stormed Pizarros palace in Lima and assassinated him.By the time he had died, Pizarro had expanded the Spanish empire to reach well into South America and also made Spain one of the richest countries in the world. Even today, many countries are heavily influenced by Spanish culture.His conquest was very improbable considering he accomplished so much land in conquering lands with such a small army. This puts him higher than Cortez in terms of conquests.