e=Up¯ ¯ e=U ¯°Icg[±U

20

Transcript of e=Up¯ ¯ e=U ¯°Icg[±U

Page 1: e=Up¯ ¯ e=U ¯°Icg[±U

!#"$

% $"& (') +*-,. /102/3"546') +*-,73 8*8 9:; <*=;>,@?A-BC

Page 2: e=Up¯ ¯ e=U ¯°Icg[±U

DFEHGIJLK<M3NOGPQJRE

S JRTQTQPQUPQJREVWTX8TYVZU[\VZU

]JR^3P_N`U/GJbadcAN:JfeHcgIcgKihjlkCmgnporq:sutwvxtymgzumm|~Zss+qntyvuvxtmfzAnmZwvjlkv8uWZmfzWtqO+tmfz)Cq|wq|zW#jumfnptw8oWsum#vxvvtyzgmffj ¡fvutyv¢mg£q|¤AoWsxmvxvj8:q|twwq:¥Ry¦q`umfntyRq`+q7§q:zWAsusxmgsuvCmfz7vuq|npO¨j-©ZtwvF~twzZª@#mZv£_mgsq|y«Wwq`~twzZª@#mfwytwvxtymfzRq:HoR¬q:vunq2ntyvuvxt­Zt­+tv

Page 3: e=Up¯ ¯ e=U ¯°Icg[±U

S D~® e=Up¯ ¯ e=U¯°Icg[±U

y6oR¬q|vxnq|v¢q`/²¦³g#´@µW«WzRq:¥Rvmgsx¥1L¶;·Y¸W¹Oº ¦ Ckbq:w«W¬q`~tymgzmg£rk$oR¬q|vxnqC»t­~ ¼$q:m:u+q#q|¾½3tymgzWtyq`~tymfz¦¥rq|wq|zW#g½¶;·À¿Á) qnpmfzWÄÃnt~q|w«W¬qO+tmfzb§ÀWttwZA¥Å²ÆgÆǨ¡mg£dkÈoR¬q:vunqÉAÊ ÁÁË sxnvxvF~s~q|Wy«WzZªÌÁÍ ¬q|~³¥Hmm:~;~Rq`2qO2Wtyªg±unpo1s~q`~«Zsxgµ=~Z Ck mfzf~twzÇ«W«Wn q|w«W¬qO+tmfzb©W#Wv°+Z¥WsxnpvuvFus~q|Ww«WzZªWµW«ZÎum;~Z°#©us~q2s~q|Wtwq`~tfsx#mfn2¥RtwzRq`~tmfz#mfz~tyz«W«Wn$½

Z um|+q|3ntwvxvxttÏAtwz~Z@ Ck q|zW  qnpmfzWÄÃnt~)q|y«Wwq`~tymfzWv8twvvutyntwwq:sÐ~ZWtÑÒsxzW#vq:sx°twzA~ZzÇ«Wn@¥Hs¢mg£ÓytwzZvtwzWw«WZ7q|zWl+Ztys¢»qfyz~Wv½

Page 4: e=Up¯ ¯ e=U ¯°Icg[±U

Ôp®¦De=U S D~®

Õ ,7 Ö - Õ ?7>±S D+® h S JRTQTQPQUPQJREÓVZTDFJRE<PQ×fVGPQJrEØ®ÙÒM3PQTQPQa3I#PQM3[Ú$Û¬ÜÝÈÞRßÝHà/ß á1Ü hâäã Vgå<[±JREKÒæ¤ç6[èPwGéâ(ê cgëVZTâ JR^LGP_N|VZTQTwåÒæFGé3PQEÖGé<cgI#[ìVWTí^3TYVZU[ìV

Ô®¦D@hÓÔ2JRE6æ®ÙÒM3PQTQPQa3IPQM[ DÄJRE3PQ×gVGPQJREÚ$Û¬ÜÝÈÞRßÝHà/ß á1Ü hâ DÄJRE3PQ×:PQE3îè^3TYVZU[\Vâäã cgN`JH[!a3PQE<PQE3îè^3TYVZU[ìVâ ]2é<cgI#[ìVWTd^3TQM<Ulï2PQîRé6æxc|E<cgIîZåÈc|TQc|NOGIJrEGVZPQTâ ð Ô2JRE6æxc|TQc:^3éVWErGa<PQJrTQJRîZå=ñ

Page 5: e=Up¯ ¯ e=U ¯°Icg[±U

DÄJRE3PQ×fVGPQJRE¯VZTYVZEN`c

ZtmfzWtyq`~tymfz¥rq|¬q|zW#/§Àtwz2~Zsunq:Çò«Wtywt¥Ws~ty«WnA¨LZo1zWWv¡mfz2+Zs~q`uv-£_mgsdq:¤tymgzLjm:¤q:ÒmgwwtyvxtymfzRq|1tymfzWtq`~tmfzj-©Zt+q`~tymfzq|«umftymfzWt­q`utymfzjm:¤q:1s~q|Wt¬q`~t­fsxmfn2¥RtyzRq`~tymfzjm:¤q:ÒWtyy#usxmfzWtysx#mfn2¥RtwzRq`~tmfzó £Ó#mf«Zsuvx|µ~Zvq:sxzZm|³zZmO»zloWsxtwvg½dZ°oRym|mfnorq:sxv~ZsuWtÑ1sxzW

tymgzWtyq`~tymfz)òÇ«Wtwwt¥Wsutw«Wn q|y«Wwq`~tymfzWvs~zRq:«W&ô  m:+Zzõr«Zª±§²ög÷göǨ+µ  qnpmfzW!ôÃnt­+ §x²öøgøÐ@²ögögù\«Zo1Rq`u`¨+µq|zWú¼!q`m|x+qì#7q:½ §²ögög÷¨¤½ Zbtmfzû£_s~q|#~tmfzWv£_mgs2üZ5´Î~µ3´Î~µ3@µÓq|zW\°Îq:sx5vxZmý»zLÐd~Z5WtÑÒsxzW#v ¥1#Ä»¢z\nmZsuzq|w«W¬q`~tmfzWvq:sxtyz2ªgzZs~q|¥HÏ»z7²þ q|zW)²Æþ5µ:¥R«q|z2¥1vu«Z¥RvF+q|zf~t¬q|y¬q`suª|s½

Page 6: e=Up¯ ¯ e=U ¯°Icg[±U

DÄJRE3PQ×fVGPQJRE¯VZTYVZEN`c

´iq`s~tmf«Wvisu#mfn2¥RtwzRq`~tymgzs~q`uvC£_mgs ó ´Î¡um ó ´Î~µt¬q2Wtysx#q|y«Wwq`~tymfzb§À£Q#¨q|zW7«WvxtyzZªªgzZs~tyÿWx+tyzZª@£Ym|s~n@«Wwq:;§Ysutyªg#¨+½§Y£_sxmfn ÃqtwzLµ<²ögögöµoWµ:ùZµW÷f¨

Page 7: e=Up¯ ¯ e=U ¯°Icg[±U

DÄJRE3PQ×fVGPQJRE¯VZTYVZEN`c

HË YËÓ·_¸è¸ ! j-©Wq|npoR¦tyv¢~ZoRwq|vxnq/¥1WtwzWl+ZvxZm+³£_sumgz8tyz7qà ÂjtyzWzZsuvxZw6tymgzWtyq`~tymfzlq|zWl#©Zt­+q`~tymfztmfzWtyq`~tymgzoR¬qAq@nq#"Ämgs¢sxmfg½jlÃusxmfzZª£Ym|su¥RtyWZzpwtwzZmg£%$wty«Wn;yty³gtmfzWvµW«Z~m tymfzWtq`~tmfzmg£¡²&y~sxmfzptwz²'&)(*&vFZvFun$½

jlÃusxmfzZª(üW,+ ytwzZbq`.- /1032¡³g#´@µW«Z&umtmfzWtyq`~tymfzmg£qز&y#usxmfzûtyz üZ¾°´@½

ÌÁ¹54ÀËYË6·_¸è¸ 87 9! jlÃÇÎ+q|y³mgz)oRZm|umftymgzWtyoR¬q:vunq|v;:

Page 8: e=Up¯ ¯ e=U ¯°Icg[±U

S JRTQTQPQUPQJREÓVZT=< ã VWK=PYVGPweHcÅXIJLN:c:UUc|U6?>A@B'Y¹f¸R·86 Ê L¹fÁ'ÁC Ê ÁÇ·YÁDHÁËEFE'ì¸;E Ê >G@B_¹f¸R·Ó·_¸è¸ j ̸WÍH_¸IEJDHÁ,K Ê ¸RËLEMJ1ËONQP qfyzZª|~WvµW¡twzWvFutyzA #mSRtyz~vjFT ·YÁ¹UE Ê 1ËWVX1·Y· ' H˸R· TZY ¹[E¸IE HËN]\ §^¦¨+µZ~Z°~Zsunq|w­Çqgs~q:ªgp©Wt+qO~tmfzls~q`u|½

j 6 Ê EHË_V`H·À· JJ1˸R· TaY ¹LE¸IEMJ1ËFN Ãq|np-£Ym|s<oWsxm|umfz¦©Wt+q`~tmfzLµty£vxtyªfzWt­ÿrq:z½jFT ·YÁ¹UE Ê 1ËûÁ Y ¹LE¸IE HËBb~¸R¿%E'J1ËJf¸IE HËcNl qO~v¢umpq|w6sxgzffwvy#fjFd YÁÇ·_Á¹UE Ê HËY¹@ÌÁ¹e_4Y˸IEMJ1Ëgfih=¸IEÁÇ·Y·^LEÁkjlYËÁ#mHNnP qfzZª:+Wvq:zW s+qO~v£_mgs¢q:¤Aus~q|zWvxt~tymfz

j ̸WÍH_¸IEJDHÁ ÌÁ¹e_4Y˸IEMJ1Ë foVXHËGEYË=¿Ó¿ T p )J1ËqmrN oRZm|umftymfzWtqO+tmfz#sxmfvxvv~tymfzl£_mgsvmfnpÎgyv

j Kts`1b*6X>EHËuVX1ËEÀËL¿Ó¿ N :q|w«Zvµ£Y«WzW#~tymgzRq|Ò£_mgsun mg£«Zsfj ¶ Ê ÁCv';E Ê ¸w>Ó·Y¿ÓË]Nl wq`~ttwvF~twZv88mfzL½z±q!koR¬q|vxnqµÒ~Z;tymgzWtyq`~tymfz$¥rq|wq|zW;q|zb¥Hpq|w«W¬qO~twzWZo1zWZzf~mg£

~Zy#fÒoHmgoR«W¬qO+tmfzL½-z!q|z)¡oR¬q:vunqZµZq|yÒ¥1#+v8q`suÎm:ѽ

m:~+RqO»°tªfzZmgsx|jÏ»m`oRZm|umfzoRZm|umftmfzWtyq`~tymfzj~Zsx#¥Hmltyzus~q|#~tmfzWvjus~q|zWvxt~tmfzWv¢tyzgmftwzZª2nmfy«WvCmg£q|y6£Ym|s~npvjqO~mgnyx:q`umfn #mfwytwvxtymfzWvC#©Z#oZ»t­~z$ ~½

Page 9: e=Up¯ ¯ e=U ¯°Icg[±U

ã VRK=PYVGPweHcA]IVWE<UPwGPQJRE3U

'¿ÁE'ä¹HË_ÍÓÁ Ê|jQ=twzZ°tyZzf~tÿrq`~tymfzj P qfyzZª|~Wv§Ysxsum|s~v¤¨j:q|y«Zv§À¤Z+³twzZª@£_mgsmgoZ~tyq|y+Wty+³R¨jQÃv~" "Cmf«ZoRytwzZªRµZtyvxvu«Zvtwzffmf­f §°¨ mfz 8oWo1s =mý»s ¡ntyvxvut­Zt­Ä ³  ¬z²ù½22Æ|ù üZÎ ²`÷ ö ½9:ù:¤²÷ ÆZ½ ÷U/ ƽ ÆgƲù½222fÆ üZÎ ²g²;/ ÷ ÷Z½ øO¤²÷ ÆZ½ ÷U/ ƽ Ʋù½222fÆ üZÎÎ ²ø ÷ ½92g¤²ø ²:½ Æ|÷ ƽ Ʋù½22ø`ù 8 ø ² 2R½ Æ/:¤²)/ ÆZ½ ù#2ù ²`½ ÆgÆgƲù½2Z²Æ üZδΠ/ø ² ²:½9:ù:¤²ø ÆZ½/|÷ ƽ ÆgùgƲù½2`Æ 8 ²Æ:Æ ²ö ²:½ ø2g¤²÷ ÆZ½|ø:ù ƽ ÆgÆ2²ù½2`Æ 8 ²Æ:Æ/ :Æ ùZ½¬²O¤²÷ ÆZ½|ø:ù ƽ ÆgÆg÷HË$Á-ÁËÁ Ê w@û·_ÁD1ÁÇ·

y#usxmfzlmfzÿRªg«Zs+qO+tmfz ²& (zZsxª|Aq:¥Hmýf¦ªgsxmf«WzWè§À#´/¨ ÆZ½ ÆgÆgÆgÆgÆ|Æ «Rq|zf+«Wn vF+q`u ze@²:µWJ¦xO µZv¦ÆZµWZªgzZs+q:#w@²¡zZsuª:5y#f=RqO¤q@vmf«Zsu ²ög÷|ù|¦°½w½9:öZ½y½2/ø:à ¡Zm|umftmfzWtyq`~tymfzpRq`+q@vmf«Zsu# ²ög÷U/|¦°½w½ ù2R½y½2H²:kHË$Á-ÁËÁ Ê w@û·_ÁD1ÁÇ·Qy#usxmfzlmfzÿRªg«Zs+qO+tmfz ²&M5 zZsxª|Aq:¥Hmýf¦ªgsxmf«WzWè§À#´/¨ öǽ/gÆgö|ög÷ «Rq|zf+«Wn vF+q`u zenµWJ@²:µZv¦ÆZµRZªgzZs+q:#w¦ù¡zZsuª:5y#f=RqO¤q@vmf«Zsu ²ög÷|ù|¦°½w½9:öZ½y½2/ø:à ¡Zm|umftmfzWtyq`~tymfzpRq`+q@vmf«Zsu# ²ög÷U/|¦°½w½ ù2R½y½2H²:kHË$Álzb ,ÀËEÁ Ê ¸W¹UEMJ1Ë¡y~sxmfzl#mfwytwvxtymfzs~q`uΣ_sxmfn ²`¡ ø zZmfzZsumW½Â £_sxzW#Î¥Rty¥1mZ ²ö|÷gù|O°½y½:öZ½y½2/føgÃP qfyzZª|~è§À¬q`¥xOmg¥Rvsf1¨8§ÀzZªfvFusxmfnA¨ ²ù½22ø`ùgÆø`¢nxÆZ½ Æ|Æ2ÆgÆgÆP qfyzZª|~è§_~Zm|sxr¨§¾zZªfvFusumgnA¨ ²ù½2ø:Æ|ÆgÆgÆs~q|zWvxt~tymgz5s~q`uMx:¡twzWvFutwz5 §¾v£ ¨ ÷Z½ ÷///fø:Æ:M¢;²'P qfyzZª|~è§À¬q`¥xOmg¥Rvsf1¨-sx£_suzW# ²ö|÷g÷kqf ¡L½y½//Z½y½O÷/P qfyzZª|~è§_~Zm|sxr¨dsu£_sxzW ²ö|÷gù|O°½y½:öZ½y½2/føgÃs~q|zWvxt~tymgz5s~q`uÎsx£YsxzW# ²ö|÷øf ¡H½y½w½9:ÆZ½/#2|ø:ü

Page 10: e=Up¯ ¯ e=U ¯°Icg[±U

®8TQcgNýGI#JREH<HXIJZGJRE S JRTQTQPQUPQJREVWT®¤3N`PwGýVGPQJRE¥z¦¨§©Aª«¬8­ ®p¬8¦¯¦¯°¯±1°¬l­²¦y¥y³©%°ªI²qª1°¨¬8­jüW«WzWRq|nzf+q|fq:w«W¬q`~tymgztyvÓ~Z¢sxmfvxvv~tymfzLµO»Wtw¤/¥H#mfnpvqWtynpzWvxtmfzWyvxvòÇ«Rq|zf~tÄ$ ´ 3µ 2¶e· (¸ §^¹¡ º¨

j8fs+q`ªftwzZª ~Wtwv¢mOgsq¼$qO©»¢wwtwq|zªftgv¢~Zz»x#mfywtwvxtmfz5vusxzZª|~¼\ § ¦¨qu½l¾

´ 3µr#©o/§G¿ À µÁ ¨ÃÂÒ§À µÁ ¨jQ$tyªf~npoHs~q`~«Zsxq:oWoWsxm©Wtynq`~tymgz2§ÀvCi«ZsxªgvxvôÓ«Ww­²ögöµ¦ôÎ µM2Rµ'2ùU/Ǩ

Ä ¡y~suty¦WtyoHmfy|´ ¡ #mfzWvFÅÆ Çí§ À ¨Ä ¼7«W~tyoHmfy@

´ ¡ #mfzWvFÄ ÃÇoRtwz¤Rq|zZªg;´ ¡ #mfzWvFÈ À (

jZsxvxZmfw #ÑÒ+vР ļ$d  vz P §À£_sxmfn ¼$)3q:«ZªfWwtyzû7q|µO:ÆgÆW²:µaW½ ¡fv½¡½RtwzloWsuvxv¤¨

0É 200É 400É 600É 800É 1000electron energy (Rydbergs)Ê10

−4

10−3

10−2

10−1

100

101

102

tota

l col

lisio

n st

reng

th Ë Ω

Electron impact excitation of Fe XIXÌ2s

22p

4 manifold, Breit−Pauli (R−matrix) 20−state results

2sÍ 2

2p4 3P

e

2 − 2s22p

4 1D

e

2

20Î

40Î

60Î

80Î

electron energy (Rydbergs)Ï10−4

10−3

10−2

10−1

100

101

102

tota

l col

lisio

n st

reng

th Ð Ω

Electron impact excitation of Fe XIX2s

22p

4 manifold, Breit−Pauli (R−matrix) 20−state resultsÑ

2sÒ 2

2p4 3P

e

2 − 2s22p

4 1D

e

2

Ó «¬Ôª1¬8­ ®p¬8¦¯¦¯°¯±I°¨¬8­²Õ¦Ö¥y³©%°ªI²qª1°¨¬8­jlÃtyntwwq:sCzZm|+q`~tymfzjz)ò«Wtywt¥Ws~ty«Wn$µ1²÷gù/BÅÖvxymý»¢si~Rq|z)y#usxmfzWvj8ÑÒ#~vnmfvF+­mO»twzZª@y#fwv

Page 11: e=Up¯ ¯ e=U ¯°Icg[±U

S Jr[è^VWI#PQE<î(®¤3N:PwGVGPQJrE ã VGc|Uhï cOæxTQP_ëWc

Z¢mfywtyvxmgz vF~sxzZª|~/£_mgs~Z ó ´°¡²&M ¡ ²& ( §  ¨<wtyzZ¢tyvdzZm:-vusxmfzZªf­/q:£¬£_u2¥ sxvxmgzRq|zWv½H$mý»#fsµO~Zvuq|np¢twvdzZm|us~«Z¢£_mgsÓ+Z£Ym|su¥RtyWZz/us~q|zWvxt~tmfzLµ²&M&;× ¡ ²&)( G ½

Page 12: e=Up¯ ¯ e=U ¯°Icg[±U

Ø;PQc:TQcgNOGIJRE3P_N ã cgN:Jr[!a3PQEVGPQJREçLVGc:TQTQPwGc:U

kCmfzWvxtwZs ó ´°8twz~Z@ªgsxmf«WzWvF¤qO~|µÒsx#mfn2¥RtwzWtyzZªWtyy#usxmfzWtyq|yg½Ç«Wv»nq5Rqf¦~ZΣ_mfwmý»twzZª2vs~tvm|£gzf~v

ó ´°²&)( ¢ÚÙ ¡ ó ´Îl&ùSw×o (¡ ó ´Î²&M& × ¢cÛd§²)/1032÷°¨¡ ó ´Î²&)( ¢ÜÛ-§Ý0Q²Æ ¨ZtwzWt­¤q:l»sx#mfn2¥RtwzZ¼ vF+q`u°twvZmf«Z¥R­Ç#©Zt­uLµÇ»Wty¤)#mf«WyLjmfzWtiq:zWZq°zZmgzs~q|Wt¬q`~t­f­8¥rq|+³um~Z¡ªgsxmf«WzW°vF+q`u§Ywq|vF+tydvxq`xusutwzZª¨jmfzWtq|zW)Zq~mpq|zl#©Zt­uAv+q`u§YsxvmfzRq:z#©Zt­+q`~tymfz1¨+½j  q|Wtwq`~tf&vF+q:¥Rtwytygµntx~twzZª7q`2q:v )oRZm|umfzWvl§ÀWtyy~sxmfzWty2su#mfn2¥RtwzRqO~tmfz1¨

Ãq`uwwt­uwtyzZvµÓ»Wtw¤èm«Zs2twz\~ZoWsxvxzW#lm|£8qvoH+q`umgs/y#usxmfzLµnq±¥1vxwtªf~­mgsvxtªfzWtÿrq|zf+­mfzZªgs¢»qfzZª:+Wv~Rq|z+Ztysnq|twz5ytwzZ|µZvuZmý»zAZsxΣ_mgsó ´°¡sxmfn2¥RtyzWtwzZª/um ó ´°§Y£_sumgn Ãq:£_sxmfzZmý:q/q:½Þ:Æ|ÆR²:µRkq|zL½W½r ¡fvutyv¤¨+½ízq|WWt­+tmfzLµdWtusxmfzWtwpsxmgn@¥RtyzRq`~tymfzbq|z(oHmgoR«W¬qO~5vmfn5y#fyv vxtyªfzWt­ÿrq:z~gµtwzorq:s~tw«W¬q:s~Z2£_mgsx¥RtwWZz!wtyzZ mg£ ó ´°q`¦Wtyªf$unpoHs~q`~«ZsxvµZ»ZzbnpmfvFmg£-+ZwtyzZÎnptwvxvxttÄptwv£_sxmfn sx#mfn2¥RtwzRqO+tmfz&§Y£_sxmfn Ãnt~#q|ß:ÆgÆR²oWµe#/Zµw3öR²ý¨+½

Wavelength in angstrom19.819.719.619.519.419.319.219.11918.918.8

Rel

ativ

e in

tens

ity fa

ctor

, Qd

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

Page 13: e=Up¯ ¯ e=U ¯°Icg[±U

Ø;P_IcgNýGàUpç6cgN`JREKVWI+å ®¤3N`PwGýVGPQJRE

ZÎntwvxvxtymfzlW«ZÎumpWtsu#©Zt+q`~tymfzmg£Óq;fLtwvªft­fzl¥6á §^⡠㨠÷10ä/gùÅä²ÆC£åZ©Zo§¨¿æeçèé ¨êëì \ §^âk¡ 㨠Çíïîð|§^¦¨Çòñ Å ÇòñÇGó §²ý¨

$sxgµ~ZÎntwvxvxtymgz5m|£3~ZÎsuvmfzRq|zW#°wtyzZ°twvoWsutwnq:sutwW«ZÎum;Wtysx©Zt­¤qO+tmfzL½$mý»¢gsµÇ~Z°£_mgsx¥RtwWZz)wtyzZ°twv£_mgsunpZtwq;vmfzWRq`sxln~ZmWvµZvx«W¤7q|vsx#mfn2¥Rt­zRq`~tymgzL½

Page 14: e=Up¯ ¯ e=U ¯°Icg[±U

ô Gé3c|I S JREHGPQEÒM<M[ XIJLN:c:UUc|U

̸WÍH_¸IEM[D1Á&ÌÁ¹54À˸IE HËõV`HËEMYËL¿Ó¿ fÏÌÌFVmÂ8 k\m«Zsuv»Zz;q|z2usumgz/sx#mfn2¥RtwzZvs~q|Wt¬q`~t­f­§=ö¢QÙn¡ öI£Õ¢FÛ=¨L»t~@q|z

tymgzL½dZ¦zZsxª|pmg£L+Znt­x~poRZm|umfz5tyvC~Z³twzZ#~twzZsuª:mg£L~Z¦usxmfzoRw«Wv~Z¥RtyzWWtwzZªzZsuª:/mg£R~ZzZ#»sxmfn2¥RtyzZ°usxmfzL½-ÃtwzW#¢~ZC³tyzZ~twizZsxª|mg£~Z8usumgzptwvzZm:Cò«Rq|zf~tyLµg¥R«i~Z8¥RtwzWWtwzZªzZsxª|twviqÎÿrzWtu:q|w«Z|µ~Wtyví£_mgsunvqÎmgz~twzÇ«Zmf«Wv-vo1#usu«Wn »t~@vxRq:sxoZªgvq`-~Z¥RtwzWWtyzZªzZsuª: mg£r+Zy#fyv½Zo1mý»¢s¢nptxu5o1s³g#´ ¥~WtwvoWsxmvxvtwv/§ÀÓ«W+³gsô ÷mf«Wyè²ö/U/Ǩ+

 ÀÂø¯ÂIùtÂU· ÂC À úÇG¯Ç ñû µü Àþý'ÿ § À x¨# §Z¨Â À ý §Ýf¨K?sXb*6?>wE'HËuV`HËEMYËL¿Ó¿»¢m:oRZm|umfzus~q|zWvxt~tymgzWvLm«Zs3»Zz qus~q|zWvxt~tymfzÎtyvq:¥Rvmfw«u£Ym|su¥RtyWZzLµ»Wty¤

m«Zsuv&tyz ZsxmgªgzWtwû§Ý& ( ( ¡ ²'& ( Ã( ¨7q|zW Zwtw«Wn@wt³g±tymgzWv§²&MU& ¡²&)( ¨+½¶ Ê ÁCp);E Ê ¸w>Ó·À¿ÓËP twyÒ¥1mýfsxltwz7q@£Y«~«Zsx¦¤q:y³1µWq|zW7vmptyvv³toWo17Zsx|½

Page 15: e=Up¯ ¯ e=U ¯°Icg[±U

®I#IJrIEÓVZTwå=UPQU pPwGé/GJH[±P_N.ØpVGVmftyzZªÎsxsxmgsdq|zRq|­ZvxtyvÓ»t­~2~Z«WzWZsutwzZª°qO~mgntwiRq`+q¦twv-£Àq:sd£_sxmfn ~sut­Ztwq|½$8mý»

#fsµWttwv£Àq:s£_sxmfn twno1mfvxvxty¥RÎq|v»¢y½¡ÃÇmfnpÎvx«ZªgªgvF~tymfzWvq:sxg²:½ VXe ¸ Ê J'HË5ÓÍÓ¸IE¸N k¢Z+³ÎWtÑ1sxzÓq|y«Wwq`~tymfzWv½=~Zmf«Zªgq|¤oR¬q|vxnq#mZ@¤ZmmgvxvÎq5vF¤q:zWRq:suú»¥HvF*¼5vx#°£_mgs~Z2ntwvxvxtymgz!+q:¥Rvµ6mgnporq:sutwzZªWt£¬£_sxzfmZvq:z¥H@qnpq|vx«Zsumg£-+Zsxsxmgsuv½$8mý»#fsµW¥1#»q:sx #mZv»Wty¤q`oWo1q:s¡Wt­ÑÒsuzf¡¥R«iq`susxq|w­2«WvxtwzZªÎ~Z8vuq|np«WzWZsutwzZªRq`+q§Y£_mgsí©Wq|npoRy|µÃq:npoRvmfzq|¾½dmfzAZsxmgªgzWtwÎq|zW)Zytw«Wn;yty³gtymgzWv¨

½ h=ÁÇË'[EJD%LE@pEÁ;EYË N Zy»F¥rq|vxtw;¼susxmgsmgzn;«W+q`umfntymgwwtyvxtymfzRq|WRqO¤qtwvq`¥1mf«ùgÆfþl½iz$vmfnq|vvµW~Wtwvnq5¥1tysxsxy#:q|z~m;fmf«Zssxvu«W­~vµRtwzAm|~Zsuvt­»tyw¥12~Z@ZmfntyzRq|zfsxsxmgsus~n7½Î-©ZoRmgsx/~Z@mfzWvò«ZzW#v¦mg£¡«WvutyzZª+Z¥HvFs~q`u;² ÿ £Ym|s/q)orq`sx~ty«Wwq:sÎtymgzÅmgs/ytwzZ;orq:s~q|np#usÐ<t£ ÿ twvzZm|/q:q|twwq:¥Ry|µus5«WvxtwzZªùgÆþ5½

ùZ½ 1ËEÁ V/¸ Ê · úv=ÍÓÁÇ· ÀË,N ­+Zmg«Zªfì¼)mfzukq:suym)q|vxvx«Wnpv¦~Z;sxsxmgsuv¦mfz~Z°Rq`+q@q:sx°«WzW#mgsxsu¬qO~Lµt­ v¢oWsxmg¥rq:¥R­~Z°¥1v»°Rqf|½iÃtwzW#¦~Zm|su#~twq|qO~mgntwCoRvxtwvq|y«Wwq`~tymfzWvuzWum/RqgvFvF~nq`~tysxsxmgsuvµgq|+ps~q`uvxZmf«Wy¥H°ªftfz7q@vxtwzZªfÎm|Ñ6v#q|zWA~Zz7q|w«W¬q`u£Ym|s8q;s~q|zZªgÎm|£3unpoHs~q`~«Zsxv½

Page 16: e=Up¯ ¯ e=U ¯°Icg[±U

®[±PQUUPQJREÜà5U®8E3c|I#îZåíc`eHc|TQU

Z$um|+q|ntyvxvut­Zt­Äq|vlq\£Y«WzW#~tymgz mg£ÎzZsxª|Öy#fµtyz ó ´Îpq`ŲÆåw+ q|zW²Æ å +;½ZWtyv¢vxZmý»vC~Rq`µtyzlòÇ«Wtwwt¥Wsutw«Wn$µfnpmfvFCmg£=+Zntyvxvutmfz#mfnpvC£_sxmfn mý»sy#fívF+q`uv½ZZm|xu±ytwzZvvxZmý» ~Z;um|+q|-wtyzZntwvxvxtymgzLµ<twzWw«WWtyzZª)ntwvxvxtymgz£_sxmfn WtywusxmfzWtwvuq`uywtuwtyzZv½¡8m|u~Rq`8qO~ZÎymý»¢sunpo1s~q`~«Zsu|µg+ZÎsx¬q`~t­f  #mfzusuty¥R«~tmfztwvwq:sxªgs½

Page 17: e=Up¯ ¯ e=U ¯°Icg[±U

S Jr[±^ÓVWIPQE3îäX8TYVZU[ìV S JLK=c|U

n "F«WnpoRtwzZª;tyzumq;voHtÿrÎRq`+qOÿryÎtyvuvx«ZZsu|µZ¥R«8t vZmgoH£Y«Ww­ªgmftyzZª2~m;¥1qvF+q|zWRq:suLµvm n oR«x~twzZª;ttwzL½ZpoRwq|vxnqA#mZ¦ Ck §Àfuuo=9xx`ZqO»»»½ Rq`sx:q`sxL½ W«ex` Ck¨Rq|vÎÿWfWt£¬

£_sxzmf«uoR«£_mgsunq`~vjQ=twzZa=twvF<»qfyzZª|~Wvµ`ntwvxvxtt~tvµ|q:zWtyZzf~t~tyvÓmg£r~Zus~q|zWvxt~tmfz2twzffmf­fjlkCmgz~twzÇ«W«Wn$¡vx«Wnnp)ntwvxvxtymgz)£_sumgn ¥WsxnpvuvFus~q|Ww«WzZªWµZÏ»m`oRZm|umfzLµZs~q|Wt¬q`~t­fsxmgn@¥RtyzRq`~tymfzLµq|zWl+Zz»FoRvx«WZm¼;mgz~twzÇ«W«Wn

jlkCmgnpoRy#u@kCmfzf~twzÇ«W«Wn$vxtwnptw¬q`s~m5~Z;q:¥1mýf|µ1¥R«°vorq:s~q`uvq|+oWsxmvxv¥ÇtmfzLÐumsxW«WÎ+q:¥R°vut|µ~Z°vxoHusu«Wn tyv»xwtyzZq`s~­#mfnpoWsxvuv¼

jà Ck q:¥Ryì¼7mZ¾ ó ÷Î £_mgsunq`5ü-Ãûÿrgµ«Wv~q`¥Ryb»t­+ ~Zbà Ck»xq`+q:¥Ry)¼2mgnnq|zWL½j8» q:¥Rl¼)mZ;#»Z#ÿrzZ±£_mgsunq`°»Wtw+±»tywí¥H5«Wv\twzì«ZoÒ#mfntwzZªgsuvxtymfzWvCmg£3à CkØq|zW7vxZsxorqZ½

¦ Ck mf«uoR«+v2q|zq|vxtwì¥H#mfnpfsäwq:sxªg|Ði~Z)#mfnpoRu5#mfzf+tyz«W«Wn ÿrvq|z)¥1°¥Rtªgªgs¢~Rq|z `ÆgƼ½

Page 18: e=Up¯ ¯ e=U ¯°Icg[±U

S Jr[±^ÓVWIPQE3îäX8TYVZU[ìV S JLK=c|U

kCmfnporq`s~tyzZª2+Z ¦ Ckµ6à d2µ1q|zW  qZnmfzW!ô Ãnt­~)oWsxWty#~tymgzWv8£_mgs8~Z ó´°dusutyoR¢q:zW5~Z ó ´°ÔL! \ytwzZ|½t­ÑÒsxzW#vC#©ZtwvFq`C+Z;²Æþ f1£_mgs¢vmfnpus~q|zWvxt~tymfzWv½

Page 19: e=Up¯ ¯ e=U ¯°Icg[±U

®¤<PQUGPQE<î S JLK=c|U

q|np ÃÇmf«Zsu̸@%pHËÍ%bSh%p[E> £_uo=9xx`yªq|g½ ªfv£Y|½ zRq|vuqZ½ ª:mxOvxm:£QÏ»q`sxMxýoR¬q`vxnq #mZvxOs~qnpmfzWhB6 T xuo=xxOv~qO+«ZsuzL½ vxsxmfzL½ zWJxªgzZsuq|[xýoWsxm"Ï~vx`vo1©V`>Y¸RËE xuo=xx»»»vxmg¬q:s½ zZsx¾½ zRqÇg½ n;twLx`¤Wtyq|zut¾½ funp" 6 T V$# " 6 Td xuo=xxOZqO»»»½ Rq:s:q:sxL½ W«exý¦ Ck%'&Öj8j " V Cq|vxtw°qO~mgntwoRvxtwvmZ|ÐRzZm:8ªgzZs~q|w­5q:q|ty¬q:¥RÌb " KÌQ Cq|vxtw°qO~mgntwoRvxtwvmZ|Ðrq:q|ty¬q:¥R¦mfzlsuòÇ«ZvF

¯ÎPYVZUcgK S Jr[è[±c|EHGVWI+å

Z ̸@%v1ËÍ%bSh%pLEM> #mZtwv£Àq|vFµÇsx¬q`~tg­2vxnq|yµq|zWvF~twwRòÇ«Wtuq|«Zs~q`u£_mgskk8sxvmfw«~tymgz2Rq`+qZ½dityzWy«WZví¥Hm|~;~Z8tymgzWtyq`~tymfz ¥rq|wq|zW#8q|zW~ZntwvxvxttÏq|w«W¬q`~tmfzL½£dfmf«7»tyvu7um5twzW#mgsxo1m|s+qO~Î~Zs~nq|6oR¬q|vxnq|vtyzum5qwq:sxªgs8nmZµrttwv~Z°#mZ°mg£+Zmftw#g½Z hB6 T #mZ/Zmv8¥1m|~&k q|zW!qpzÇ«Wn@¥Hsm|£íCnmZwvµW¥R«tyvq:q|ty¬q:¥RmfzW­èq|vorq:s/mg£C~ZAà d q|zRq|­Zvxtyvorq|~³`q:ªg|µ<»Wtw¤ètwvòÇ«Wt:q:yzum7à Ck mgsÃZsuorq½2tyv+Z@vx«Wvxvmgs¦umA~Z¼7³`q|-mZgµ<q|zWb#mfzf+q|twzWv¦n@«W¤!mg£¡~Z;vuq|npRq`+qZ½Z V`>_¸RËGE #mZ¦twvCZqtw«Wv5¥p~Zvxmg¬q:sC#mfnn@«WzWtÏf½twv»8s~t­x~ztyzAÃdµq|zWä~ZlmZ)q|zWRq`+qbq:sxl#mfnpoRy#u­èvorq`s+qO~Lµdnq:³tyzZªtq&ªgmÇm(vmf«Zsulmg£q`umfntypRq`+qZ½è;«Wvv;q!+q:¥R«Wwq`u\tymfzWtqO+tmfz±¥rq|¬q:zW|½è~v2vFusuzZª|~Wv2q:sxltwzì+ZmgoZ~twq|[x:Ô8´2µq|­+Zmg«Zªf5~Z#Aq:sx¦»m|su³twzZª2mgz7twzWw«WWtyzZªnmgsxs~q5ytwzZv½Z " 6 T V(# " 6 TOd #mZtwv8ZvxtyªfzZ)um¥1/«Wvx7umq|zRq|­Wtyªfsuvmfw«~tmfz5s~q±vo1#usxmfvx#mgoÇÅRq`+q7£Ysxmfn k¢Rq|zWZs~q$q|zWè¼&¼x:8»umfzL½)ZmZlq|zWìRq`+qq:sxvorq:s~q`u|ÐRq|wÒ~ZtwzZoR«q|zW)mg«~oR«RqO¤q;q:sxvF~m|su7q:vüÃ5ÿryv½k¢«Zsxsxz~gµ~Z tmfzWtyq`~tymfz5¥rq|wq|zWn@«WvF8¥1 oWsxq:w«W¬q`uLµW¥R«~Wtwv8wtynt+q`~tmfz»twwL¥1 wty£QuvmmgzL½Z %'&ÖjÞj " V #mZtwvqWtwvFumgsu»qfÎ#mZ»Wty¤$q:zRq:zWWytymfzWv»t~7mýfs²ÆgÆ|Æ7y#fyv½@tyv2q!ª|zZs~q|­oR«ZsxoHmfvq`umfnty;oRfvutyv/mZgµ-q|zW\twv zZm| ªgzZs~q|w­q:q|twwq:¥Ry|½°£Cq5vo1t­ÿr2oWsum|¥Ryn q:sutwvvµ6Zmý»#fsµ=qy$Oß=k «Wvs¦q|z&ªgzZs~q|w­¥1°£_mf«WzWA»Zm@»twy6Zmq|w«W¬qO+tmfzWv½Z Ìb " K/ÌQ #mZtyv8q2gslvo1twq|wt7qO~mgntw8oRvxtwvmZ°£_mgsZmftyzZªp#mf wtyvxtymfzRq|=q|w«W¬q`~tmfzWv½¦tyv©usxnp­lWt R«W­~m«Wvx|µ1¥R«ªgzZs~q|w­Aq:ªgsx)um¥1~ZnpmfvF/q|«Zs~q`u;£_mgs q|w«W¬qO+tmfzWv½ $mý»#fsµq`/npmfvF/q$£_#» ²ÆgÆ7y#fwvq|zè¥1twzWw«WZL½

Page 20: e=Up¯ ¯ e=U ¯°Icg[±U

S JREN:TQM<UPQJRE<U

Kle_¹ >eíÁ¿Ó·À·[@ȹDHÁ Ê ÁÍ jlkCmgnporq:sutwvxtymgzumm|~Zss+qntyvuvxtmfzAnmZwvjlkv8uWZmfzWtqO+tmfz)Cq|wq|zW#jumfnptw8oWsum#vxvvtyzgmffj ¡fvutyv¢mg£q|¤AoWsxmvxvj8:q|twwq:¥Ry¦q`umfntyRq`+q7§q:zWAsusxmgsuvCmfz7vuq|npO¨j-©ZtwvF~twzZª@#mZv£_mgsq|y«Wwq`~twzZª@#mfwytwvxtymfzRq:HoR¬q:vunq2ntyvuvxt­Zt­+tv

jl¼)mgsx»¢mgsx³7zZWvum¥1@ZmfzZ mgzbnq:³twzZª;~Z@q`umfntyRqO¤q5q|#vxvxty¥Rg½°¼)mgsxmýfsµÇ»¢zZ7mfvsmgw¬q`¥1mgs~q`~tymgzWv»t­~7q`umfntyoRfvutytyvF+vtwzAm|s~Zsum;ªgtZmgzZg½

jdgz*)+,.-0/1-32λRq`twvnpq|zf8¥ÇA+Zsusxmgstyz)+Z/wtyzZntwvxvxtymgz7npmZ=twvzZm|q|vFg½q$8mO»¢#fsµ:~Zsuq:sxqzÇ«Wn2¥1símg£Lq`oWoWsumfq|¤Zv8§¼)mfzukq:sumRµgmgnporq:sutwvmfzm|£íWt­ÑÒsuzf¦q|w«W¬qO+tmfzWvµÒ¡~Z@q`oWoWsum©ZtwnqO+tmfz1¨-+RqO¦q|z$¥1@«Wv&tyz&#s+q|tyztysu«WnvF+q|zWv½

j¡òÇ«Wtwyty¥Wsutw«Wnúq|y«Wwq`~tymfzWv<q:sxin@«W¤/nmgsxwt³g­¦um¥Hq:«Zs~q`uí~Rq|z zZmfzLµ`vutyzW~Z#q|znmgsxq|vxty;¥1~vFu5q:ªfq|twzWvFiwq:¥5Rq`+q/q|zWp~Z#pq:sx~Zq|vvinpmfvFq:sx£À«Wyq|y«Wwq`u5¥7qO~mgntw8oRvxtwtwvF~v½

j P Zz(«WvxtwzZª&wtyzZs~q`~tymfv/q|v Wt¬q`ªfzZmfvF~twvµt2twv/fsètwnpoHmgs+q|z°um&«WzWZsuvF+q|zW»RqO8q`umfntyRq`+q@twv¥HtyzZª«Wv

jl¡£_sutyzWWtwzZª¦q`umfnty¡oRvxtwtwvF~v-tyv-¥Hm|~@«Wvx£Y«W<§Y¥1#x~s-«WzWZsuvF+q|zWWtwzZª¨<q|zW2oWsum`W«W~tf§Y~Z#lzZ7Zyo)ÿrzWWtyzZªp«Wvv£Ym|s¢~Ztsq|w«W¬q`~tmfzWv¤¨: