Eumycota prave gljive - Насловнаbiolozi.bio.bg.ac.rs/attachments/article/3257/VII Mik...
Transcript of Eumycota prave gljive - Насловнаbiolozi.bio.bg.ac.rs/attachments/article/3257/VII Mik...
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Eumycotaprave gljive
Podrazdeo: MASTIGOMYCOTINA Podraydeo: ASCOMYCOTINAKlase: Chytridiomycetes Klase: Hemiascomycetes
Hyphochytridiomycetes PlectomycetesOomycetes Pyrenommycetes
LaboulbeniomycetesLoculoascomycetesDiscomycetes
Podrazdeo: ZYGOMYCOTINA Podrazdeo: BASIDIOMYCOTINAKlase: Zygomycetes Klase: Hymenomycetes
Trichomycetes GateromycetesTeliomycetes
Podrazdeo: DEUTEROMYCOTINAKlase: Hyphomycetes
CelomycetesBlastomycetes
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Pyrenomycetes
najbrojnija klasa gljibva, oko 6000 vrsta,
askokarp je u tipičnom slučaju peritecija,
askusi: pravilno raspoređeni, unitunikatni, sa porom ili pukotinom na vrhu.
samo mala grupa formira kleistotecije saunitunikatnim askusima raspoređenim u snopiće i aktivnim oslobađanjem skospora.
Klasifikacija: Erysiphales Meliolales Coronophorales Sordariales Sphaeriales
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nema operkuluma, često zadebljali zidovi na vrhu probijeni porom,prisutan amiloidni ili hitinoidni prsten.
Unitunikatni askusi
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Erysiphales kleistotecije na miceliji, bez parafiza, sa
apendiksima,
epifitna micelijan - apresorije i haustorije,
askusi loptasti ili izduženi, aktivno izbacivanje askospora,
obligatni paraziti široko rasprostranjeni,
izazivači bolesti “pepelnice”,
konidijski stadijum Oidium,
klasifikacija izvršena na osnovu broja askusa u kleistoteciji i građe apendiksa.
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apresorija
konidija
kleitotecija
apendiksi
Askusi sa askosporama
haustorija
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Erisiphales
Oidium sp.
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Erysiphales
Uncinula necator – pepelnica vinove loze
Kleistotecije na listu vinove loze
apendiksi
kleistotecije
u kleistoteci više askusa, apendiksi spiralno uvijeni na vrhu.
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Erysiphales
Sphaeroteca panosa – pepelnica ruže
S. fuliginea
u kleistoteci jedan askus, apendiksi prosti.
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ErysiphalesErysiphe polygoni
u kleistoteci više askusa, apendiksi prosti.
apendikdsi
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ErysiphalesPhyllosticta sp.
u kleistoteci više askusa, apendiksi šiljati u osnovi
mehurasto prošireni.
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Erysiphales
Podosphaera leucotricha – pepelnica jabuke
pepelnica jabuke, heterotalusna vrsta
u kleistoteci jedan askus, apendiksi dihotomo granati.
askus askosporeapendiks
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Erysiphales
Microsphaera alphitoides - pepelnica hrasta
apendiksi
kleistotecije
u kleistoteci više askusa, apendiksi dihotomo granati.
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Meliolales kleistotecije sa setama ili apendiksima, askusi sa 2, 4 ili 8 askospora, askospore sa 2-5 septi, konidijski stadijum odsutan. paraziti i epifiti,
U Indiji opisano 400 vrsa.
Meliola sp.
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Coronophorales red obuhvata 26 rodova i 87 vrsta,
askomata pojedinačne ili u stromi,
askomata nemaju pravi ostiolum,
askusi brojni, nepravilno raspoređeni,
askospore jednoćelijske ili višečćelijske,
paraziti, micelija slabo razvijena u tkivu domaćina.
Chaetosphaerella phaeostroma
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Sordariales 75 rodova i oko 600 vrsta,
tipične peritecije, na miceliji,
većinom ne obrazuju konidije,
većina saprobi ili koprofilne vrste,
nekoliko vrsta je važno za proučavanje, genetike i biotehnologije gljiva.
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Sordariales Sordaria fimicola – koprofilna vrsta
tamne peritecije,
tamne askospore.
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Sordariales Neurospora/Chrysonilia crasa – rak rane
Model organizam, Drosophila u mikologiji.
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Sordariales Chaetomium spp.
anamorfni stadijumi: Botriotrichum Scopulariopsis Trichocladium Papulospora Humicola
producenti celuloltičkihenzima,askusi nemaju apikalni
mehanizam za otvaranjeveć se liziraju,nema aktivnog izbacivanja spora.
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Sphaeriales 225 rodova sa 1300 vrsta, obrazuju tamne, loptaste do kruškaste, peritecije
sa istaknutim ostiolumom, ili formiraju brojne peritecije u stromi, peritecije crne i čvrste, isto i strome ako postoje, prisutan himenijum, askospore svetle ili tamne, jednoćelijske
ili septirane, aktivno se oslobađaju, saprobi, paraziti i koprofilne vrste.
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Sphaeriales
Glomerella cingulata /Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesantraknoze
polifagna vrsta, parazit velikog broj voćki,peritecije pojedinačne ili u grupama,ispod epidermisa se obrazuju acervule sa konidijama,prezimljuje u mumificiranim plodovima, peritecije.
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SphaerialesNectria cinnabarina/Tubercularia vulgaris
rak rane
saprob ili slab parazit, parazit rana,strome sa konidijama i pritecijama.
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SphaerialesNectria galligena – rak rane
parazit jabuke,na ivicama rana obrazuju se sporodohije i peritecije,izaziva i truljenje plodova.
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SphaerialesDiaporthe/Phomopsis helianthi
parazit suncokteta,piknidije i peritecije.Infekcija preko lista
piknidije i konidije
peritecije i askusi saaskosporama
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SphaerialesClaviceps purpurea/Sphscelia segetum
glavnica raži
sklerocija
strome
presek kroz stromu
peritevija
Askospore vrše infekciju u vreme cvetanja raži,konidije se luče zajedno sa slatkim sokom “medna rosa”,metamorfoza micelije u skelerociju,sklerocija- stroma- peritecije- izduženi askusi.
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Cordyceps sinensis Endoparazit larvi
himalajskog moljca.
Prvi put zabeležena na Tibetu još u 15 veku,
Primenjuje se u tradicionalnoj, orjentalnoj, medicini.
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SphaerialesXylaria polymorpha
saprob na trulim panjevima.ligninilitička vrsta, uključuje se u procese remedijacije zemlji[ta
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SphaerialesXylaria hipoxilon
granata stroma
peritecija
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Discomycetes Askokarp apotecija ili modifikovana apotecija:
gimnokarpne ili hemiangiokarpne, sa drškom ili sedeća, epigeična ili hipogeična, različitih boja, mikroskopskih ili makroskopskih dimenzija.
himenijum grade askusi i parafize, askusi uglavnom unitunikatni, retko dvojna tunika, retko obrazuju konidije, uglavnom saprobi, ređe paraziti biljaka, klasa je podeljena na 7 redova:
Phacidiales Helotiales Pezizales Tuberales
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PhacidialesRhytisma acerinumkatranasta pegavost lista
R. punctatum
strome sa apotecijam
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HelotialesSclerotinia/Monilinia fructigena
truljenje jabuka i krušaka
parazit plodova jabuke, kruške, dunje, šljive i višnje,
sporodohije u koncentričnim krugovima.
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HelotialesSclerotinia sclerotiorum – bela trulež
sklerocija
apotecije
Širok krug domaćina, redovno se javljala kod nas na suncokretu.
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Helotiales
Botryotinia fuckeliana/Botrytis cinereaparazit vinove loze
konidiofori sa konidijama
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Pezizales Apotecije:
gimnokarpne - otvorene od početka razvoja, hemiangiokarpne - na početku zatvorene, kasnije se otvaraju, različitih boja, dimenzija od jedan do desetak centimetara,
retko obrazuju konidijski stadijum,
polni proces često odsutan, askospore se obrazuju partenogenetski,
saprobne vrste, plodonosna tela dok su mlada često jestiva.
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PezizalesPeziza spp.
P. arvenensis
P. repanda
P. ostracoderma
P. badioconfusa
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PezizalesSarcoscypha coccinea
česta lignikolna vrsta,konidije se ne obrazuju.
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PezizalesAscobolus sp. – koprofilna vrsta
askusi sa askosporama
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PezizalesHumaria hemisphaerica – mikorizna vrsta
sa spoljašnje strane peridija dlakava,unutrašnjost askokarpa bela.
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Pezizales Morchella spp. - pravi smrčci
M. esculenta
M. elata
M. deliciosaM. conica
netipična apotecija,drška srasla sa obodom šešira,himenofor ravan, naboran.
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Pezizales Verpa spp. - smrčkovice
V. bohemica
V. digitaliformis
V. conica
netipična apotecija,vrse roda najčešće imaju zvonast šešir sa ravnim himenoforom
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Pezizales Giromitra spp. - moždanice
G. infula
Netipična apotecija,himenofor ravan, naboran,drška kratka, cevasta, centralna,saprobi.
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Tuberales Askokarp:
hipogeičan, krtolast, krupan, obavijen čvrstom peridijom, glatkom ili
bradavičasto ornamentisan, u početku otvoren, kasnije se zatvara.
askusi cilindrični ili sferični, uređeni u unutrašnjim venama.
u askusu 1-4 askospore, retko 8.
askospore jednoćelijske, krupne, sa ornamentisanim zidom, bez aktivnog slobađanja.
svi predstavnici reda mikorizne vrste.
cenjeni gastronomski specijaliteti.
pronalaze se uz pomoćdresiranih pasa ili svinja.
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Tuberales
Tuber melanosporum – crni tartufaskosporaapotecija
Najcenjeni u ishrani i najskuplji.
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TuberalesTuber magnatum – beli tartuf
askospora
apotecije
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TuberalesTuber aestivum – letnji tartuf
askusi sa askosporama
apotecija