erekle meoris ekonomikuri koncefciebi da reformebi qveynis … · 2014. 9. 8. · erekle II-is...

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

saqarTvelos istoria

apolon TabuaSvili

erekle meoris ekonomikuri koncefciebi da reformebi

qveynis mmarTvelobis modernizaciisaTvis

istoriis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

Tedo dundua

Tbilisi

2010

avtoris stili daculia

2

sarCevi

Sesavali.............................................................................................................................................................. 4

Tavi I. qarTlis da kaxeTis samefoebi XVIII saukunis II naxevramde

(politikur-ekonomikuri momixilva)...................................................................................... 15

Tavi II. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ekonomikuri mdgomareoba XVIII sau-

kunis II naxevarSi...................................................................................................................................... 24

$ 1. vaWroba

a) centraluri xelisuflebis RonisZiebebi vaWrobis ganviTarebi

saTvis..................................................................................................................................................................... 27

b) saSinao vaWroba.................................................................................................................................... 37

g) sagareo vaWroba................................................................................................................................... 40

$ 2. vaWrobis Sedegad miRebuli saxelmwifo Semosavlebi

a) sabaJo Semosavlebi.......................................................................................................................... 49

b) savaWro operaciebis Sedegad miRebuli sxva saxelmwifo Semo-

savlebi................................................................................................................................................................. 66

$ 3. savaxSo kapitali............................................................................................................................. 71

$ 4. manufaqturuli warmoebis ganviTareba.................................................................... 73

$ 5. xelosnoba.............................................................................................................................................. 91

$ 6. samefo karis RonisZiebebi intensiuri meurneobis ganviTarebi

saTvis.................................................................................................................................................................... 101

$ 7. samefo karis RonisZiebebi saxaso yma-mamulebis gafarToebi

saTvis.................................................................................................................................................................... 108

$ 8. saxelmwifo Semosavlebi yma-glexTa gadasaxadebidan......................... 112

$ 9. XVIII saukunis II naxevris qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ekonomikis

3

ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi................................................................................................................... 115

Tavi III. erekle II-is gatarebuli reformebi qveynis mmarTvelobis

modernizebisaTvis.................................................................................................................................... 120

$ 1. qveynis aRweris sakiTxi XVIII saukunis II naxevris qarTl-kaxe-

Tis samefoSi.................................................................................................................................................. 121

$ 2. cvlilebebi saxelmwifo sagadasaxado sistemaSi........................................ 128

$ 3. samxedro reforma.......................................................................................................................... 137

$ 4. sasamarTlo da sapolicio-administraciuli reformebi..................... 161

Tavi IV. cvlilebebi saTavadoTa Sida mflobelobaSi..................................... 182

$ 1. sayaflaniSvilo................................................................................................................................ 185

$ 2. saciciano................................................................................................................................................ 191

$ 3. saamilaxoro........................................................................................................................................ 194

$ 4. samuxranbatono................................................................................................................................. 200

daskvna................................................................................................................................................................... 204

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura.............................................................................. 207

4

Sesavali

qarTl-kaxeTis samefo ruseTis imperiam 1801 wels gaauqma da

qveyanaSi rusuli mmarTveloba daamyara. pavle I-is da aleqsandre I-is

manifestebSi mkafiod iyo gamokveTili, rom ruseTis mTavrobam es

gadawyvetileba miiRo `ara ZalTa SematebisaTvis, ara angarebisaTvis~,

aramed qarTveli xalxis dasacavad, radgan qveyanam sakuTari ZaliT arse-

bobis SesaZlebloba amowura. swored am formulis gamarTlebas

cdilobdnen rogorc imperiuli xanis, aseve sabWoTaA istoriografiis

warmomadgenlebi. imperiis politikis gamarTlebisaTvis saWiro gaxda

qarTl-kaxeTis samefo warmoCeniliyo, rogorc daRupvis piras myofi

saxelmwifo, romlis gadarCenisaTvis gadaudebel saWiroebas warmoadgen-

da ruseTis `daxmareba~. es ki TavisTavad niSnavda erekle II-is mier

qveynis modernizaciisaTvis gatarebul reformebis mniSvnelobis dakni-

nebas. amave dros, bolomde verc sabWoTa istoriografiam auara gverdi

im pozitiur movlenebs, romlebic qveyanaSi SeiniSneboda, Tumca yovelive

es marqsistul saburvelSi moaqcia. monopoliuri _ marqsistul-leninuri

ideologiis batonobis pirobebSi swored aseTi winaaRmdegobrivi mosaz-

rebebi arsebobda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.

Tanamedrove qarTul istoriografia ki yuradRebas ZiriTadad

erekle II-is samxedro moqmedebebsa da sagareo politikas uTmobs.

aRniSnuli periodis mkvlevarebi qveynis socialur-ekonomikur

mdgomareobas da administraciul mowyobas fundamenturad ar exebian.

sxvadasxva istoriuli wyaro migvaniSnebs qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

ekonomikur da politikur aRmavlobas. meore mxriv, imperiis meistorieni

da sabWoTa istorikosebi, xazs usvamdnen qveynis ukidures decentra-

lizaciasa da CamorCenilobas. amdenad, kiTxva Tu ra tipis saxelmwifos

warmoadgenda erekle II-s qarTl-kaxeTi _ feodalur-decentralizebul,

Tu centralizebul-absolutur monarqias _ kvlavac Riad rCeba. sakvlevi

Temis aqtualuroba swored am sakiTxis garkvevaSi gamoixateba.

kvlevis mizania XVIII saukunis 70-90-iani wlebis qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos ganviTarebis realuri suraTis warmoCena: erekle II-s reformebis

detaluri ganxilva da am reformaTa Sedegad miRweuli warmatebebisa da

naklovanebebis Sefaseba.

5

Zieba efuZneba kompleqsur meTods, romelic iTvaliswinebs

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Sida politikis yvela niuansis ganxilvas.

ekonomikuri mdgomareobis sruli suraTis warmosaCenad gamoyenebulia

paleoekonomikuri midgomebi. kvlevis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens

istoriul-komparativistuli meTodi, ris Sedegadac naCvenebia

SedarebiTi analizi erekleseul qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da aRmosavleT

evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris.

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ekonomikuri mdgomareobis SeswavliT bevri

mecnieri dainteresda. mkvlevarTa nawili (f. gogiCaiSvili, s. avaliani, d.

uCaneiSvili da sxv.) XVIII saukunis II naxevris qarTul ekonomikaSi

yovelgvar pozitiur movlenas uaryofs, meore nawili (gr. naTaZe, ap.

rogava) ki sapirispiro pozicias afiqsirebs. amdenad, aRniSnuli sakiTxis

garSemo mecnieruli diskusia aqtualobas kvlav inarCunebs. winamdebare

naSromSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Seswavlas

safuZvlad udevs dokumenturi da sxva saxis istoriuli wyaroebi.

axlebur konteqstSia gansazRvruli gansaxilveli periodis ekonomikis

xasiaTi, mocemulia qarTul da aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoTa

ekonomikis ganviTarebis modelebis SedarebiTi analizi. naSromSi

detaluradaa ganxiluli mmarTvelobis modernizaciisaTvis erekle II-is

mier gatarebuli reformebi. Seswavlilia rigi sakiTxebi (mosaxleobis

aRwera, saxelmwifo sagadasaxado sistema), romlebsac qarTul

istoriografiaSi naklebi adgili eTmobodaT. naSromSi gamoyenebulia

dRemde gamouqveynebeli istoriuli sabuTebis erTi nawili.

wyaroebis mimoxilva

XVIII saukunis meore naxevris qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Sesaxeb mra-

vali istoriuli dokumentia Semonaxuli. maTi umetesoba saqarTvelos

centralur saistorio arqivis da xelnawerTa erovnuli centris (yof. k.

kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti) fondebSi aris daculi. maTi

didi nawili amJamad ukve gamocemulia.

XIX saukunis samociani wlebidan `kavkasiis arqeografiulma komi-

siam~ gamosca dokumentebis seria 12 tomad. imis miuxedavad, rom gamosa-

cemad SerCeulia iseTi tipis dokumentebi, romlebic ruseTis kavkasiur

politikas gaamarTlebda, am sabuTebs sakiTxis kvlevaSi didi mniSvnelo-

6

ba eniWeba. CvenTvis saintereso saistorio sabuTebi moTavsebulia gamoce-

mis pirvel da meore tomSi (АКАК 1866, 1868).

XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi d. furcelaZem gamosca saTavadaznau-

ri, saeklesio da saglexo dokumentebis krebulebi (Грузинские..., 1881,

Грузинские..., 1881А, Грузинские..., 1882). d. furcelaZis gamocemis mTavari nak-

li mdgomareobs sabuTTa fragmentulobaSi _ dokumentebi dabeWdilia

arasruli saxiT.

cota mogvianebiT a. cagarelma gamosca rusul-qarTuli sigelebi

da sxva xasiaTis wyaroebi (Грамоы..., 1891, 1898).

Zalzed mniSvnelovania e. TayaiSvilis mier gamocemuli mravali

istoriuli dokumenti (saqarTvelos..., 1907, 1910, 1920).

CvenTvis saintereso saistorio sabuTebs Seicavs s. kakabaZis mier

gamocemuli sabuTebis V tomi (kakabaZe, 1913).

statistikuri da sxva saxis Zvirfasi cnonebia daculi iv. javaxiS-

vilis mier Sekrebil dokumentebSi (javaxiSvili, 1967, 1974).

XVIII saukunis II naxevris saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoriis do-

kumenturi wyaroebis publikaciis saqmeSi udidesi wvlili miuZRvis akad.

n. berZeniSvils. mis mier gamocemuli dokumentebi pirvelwyaroa moxele-

Ta xelfasebis, ijarebis, vaWrobis, aRmSeneblobis, saxelmwifo ekonomi-

kisa da sxva sakiTxebis SeswavlisaTvis (masalebi..., 1938, 1953, 1955). n. ber-

ZeniSvils ekuTvnis aseve socialuri xasiaTis dokumentebis publikaciac

(dokumentebi..., 1940; 1953).

manve, mamisa berZniSvilTan erTad, gamoaqveyna Tbilisis socia-

lur-ekonomikuri viTarebis amsaxveli sabuTebi (dokumentebi..., 1962).

XVIII saukunis saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri istoriis sa-

kiTxebze sxvadasxva dokumentebi gamosces S. mesxiam (masalebi...,1948), i.

lorTqifaniZem (lorTqifaniZe, 1940), g. jamburiam (jamburia, 1960) da

sxvebma.

L2005 wels l. aslamaziSvilma, gamoaqveyna centralur saxelmwifo

saistorio arqivSi daculi saqarTvelos XV-XVIII saukuneebis socialur-

ekonomikuri xasiaTis Semcveli dokumentebi (aslamaziSvili, 2005).

Cveni sakvlevi Temis erT-erTi pirvelwyaroa sakanonmdeblo Zegle-

bi. mniSvnelovan informacias Seicavs vaxtang VI-is `dasturlamali~

7

(qarTuli..., 1970A: 1970), vaxtang batoniSvilis 1782 w. `ganCineba barisa da

mTiulTa adgilTa~ (qarTuli..., 1965: 450-454), 1783 w. `georgievskis traqta-

ti~ (qarTuli..., 1965: 457-482), `saqarTvelos ZvelTagan da CveulebiTad

qarTvelTa mefeTa droTa SemoRebulni sjulni~ (qarTuli..., 1965: 566-584),

daviT batoniSvilis `saqarTvelos samarTlisa da kanonmcodneobis mimo-

xilva~ (bagrationi, 1959) da sxva. XVIII saukunis II naxevris sasamarTlo

arza-ganCinebebis publikaciis saqmeSi udidesi roli Seasrula i. doli-

Zem. mis mier gamocemuli dokumentebi Tavmoyrilia Svid tomSi da epoqis

Sesaxeb TiTqmis yvela saxis informacias Seicavs (qarTuli..., 1963, 1965,

1970, 1972, 1974, 1977, 1981, 1985).

epoqis realur suraTs gvixatavs iese baraTaSvilis Tavgadasavali

(iese baraTaSvilis..., 1950), ioane qarTveliSvilis memuarebi (ioane

qarTveliSvili..., 1952), aleqsandre jambakur _ orbelianis mogonebebi

(jambakur-orbeliani, 1914).

didi qarTuli istorikosis, vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobebi isto-

riuli geografiis aRsadgenad, Tu sxva sakiTxebis kvlevisaTvis erT-erTi

pirvelwyaroa (batoniSvili, 1973).

XVIII saukunis Sua xanebis istorikosi, papuna orbeliani Tavis

naSromSi, àmbavni qarTlisani~, gadmogvcems 1739-1758 wlebis qveynis po-

litikur da socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobas (orbeliani, 1981).

papuna orbelianis naSromis erTgvari gagrZelebaa oman mdivanbeg

xerxeuliZis `mefoba irakli meorisa~, romelic 1722-1780-iani wlebis am-

bebs mogviTxrobs. is uxvadaa datvirTuli faqtobrivi masaliT (xerxeu-

liZe, 1989).

aseve pirvelwyarod unda CaiTvalos XIX saukunis dasawyisSi dawe-

rili naSromebi _ daviT batoniSvilis àxali istoria~, bagrat batoniS-

vilis àxali moTxroba~ (bagrationi, 1941). Teimuraz batoniSvilis àxa-

li istoria~ (bagrationi, 1983).

mravalmxriv sainteresoa ioane batoniSvilis enciklopediuri xa-

siaTis naSromi `kalmasoba~, romelic epoqis cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sa-

kiTxs exeba (bagrationi, 1936, 1948).

pirvelwyarod SeiZleba CaiTvalos platon ioselianis `cxovreba

giorgi mecametisa~ (ioseliani, 1978).

8

XVIII saukunis II naxevris qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Sesaxeb mdidari

cnobebi moepovebaT evropel mogzaurebsa da ruseTis imperiis saxelmwi-

fo moxeleebs. XVIII saukunis 50-iani wlebis saqarTvelos politikur da

ekonomikuri istoriis Sesaxeb sayuradRebo cnobebs gvawvdis yirimSi myo-

fi safrangeTis konsuli peisoneli (kakabaZe, 1940).

mniSvnelovan informacias Seicavs ruseTis moxelis, kapitan iazi-

kovis cnobebi (Грамоы..., 1891) da 1783-1787 wlebSi saqarTveloSi ruseTis

samxedro misiis xelmZRvanelis, burnaSovis naSromi (burnaSovi, 1896).

XVIII saukunis II naxevris istoriis Sesaswavlad gansakuTrebuli

mniSvnelobis mqonea ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis namdvili wevris,

iohan anton giuldenStedtis naSromi. is saqarTveloSi 1771-1772 wlebSi

imyofeboda. Tavis naSromSi igi imdroindeli cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela

mxares exeba (giuldenStedtis..., 1962, 1969).

aranaklebi mniSvnelobis cnobebs gvawvdis giuldenStedtis Tana-

memamule iakob rainegsi. is saqarTveloSi XVIII saukunis 70-80-ian wleb-

Si imyofeboda. iyo samefo karTan daaxloebuli piri da sakmaod kargad

icnobda qarTul realobas (rainegsi, 2002).

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mkvlevarTaTvis mniSvnelovan informacias

Seicavs ruseTis imperiis oficialuri istoriografiis warmomadgenlis

_ butkovis naSromi. mis samtomian naSroms dokumenturi masalis xasiaTi

aqvs da bevri iseTi cnobas Seicavs, romelic sxvagan ar gvxvdeba. amitom

butkovis naSroms, rogorc saistorio wyaros, didi Rirseba gaaCnia (but-

kovi, 1869A, 1869).

erekle II-is Sesaxeb garkveuli informaciaa daculi im periodis

dasavleT evropaSi gamomaval Jurnal-gazeTebSi. maTi meSveobiT irkveva

imdroindeli evropuli sazogadoebrivi azri saqarTvelos Sesaxeb (Jurn.

Mercare historiqueet politique da sxva).

sxvadasxva saxis cnobebia daculi somxur wyaroebSic: simeon

erevnelis (erevneli, 1958; gigauri, 1997) da artem araratelis

(ararateli, 1980) da sxvaTa naSromebSi.

9

literaturis mimoxilva

erekle II-is droindeli qarTl-kaxeTis samefos politikuri Tu

ekonomikuri istoriis Seswavlisadmi XIX saukunidanve did interess iCen-

dnen qarTveli da ucxoeli istorikosebi.

1898 wels gamovida m. janaSvilis naSromi `mefe erekle~ (janaSvi-

li, 1898). maleve misive avtorobiT gamoica wigni `saqarTvelos deda-qa-

laqi tfilisi~, sadac bevri sagulisxmo cnobaa, rogorc XVIII saukunis

II naxevris Tbilisis, aseve zogadad qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Se-

saxeb (janaSvili, 1899).

cnobilma ekonomistma filipe gogiCaiSvilma 1902 wels Jurnal

`kvalSi~ dabeWda statia saTauriT: `saqarTvelos ekonomikuri mdgomareo-

ba XIX saukuneSi~, xolo 1904 wels Jurnal `moambeSi~ _ `Sinauri mimo-

xilva~. avtori aRniSnul kvlevebSi Seexo XVIII saukunis II naxevris

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ekonomikasac da aRniSna, rom am periodSi qveyana

iyo karCaketili, sadac gabatonebuli iyo naturaluri meurneoba, ar ar-

sebobda saqalaqo cxovreba da ar iyo ganviTarebuli vaWroba (gogiCaiS-

vili, 1974: 154).

imave azrs aviTarebs s. avaliani Tavis naSromSi `Крестьянский

вопрос в Закавказье~ (avaliani, 1912).

XVIII saukunis II naxevris qarTl-kaxeTis samefos, iseve rogorc

zogadad saqarTvelos, socialur-ekonomikuri istoriis Seswavlas safuZ-

veli daudo iv. javaxiSvilma (javaxiSvili, 1925).

iv. javaxiSvilis saqme ganagrZes qarTuli sabWoTa istoriografi-

is warmomadgenlebma, romelTac gamoavlines da samecniero mimoqcevaSi

Semoitanes mravali faqtobrivi masala.1

1 dawvrilebiT ix. v. guCuas naSromi `saqarTvelos XVI _ XVIII ss. ekonomikuri istoriis Seswavla qarTul sabWour istoriografiaSi (guCua, 1968).

am periodSi didi iyo XVIII sau-

kunis II naxevris qarTl-kaxeTis samefos rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve so-

cialuri, kulturuli Tu politikuri istoriis Seswavlisadmi daintere-

seba. amdenad, maT udidesi roli Seasrules aRniSnuli sakiTxis kvleva-

Si. maT mraval sadavo sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebiTad swori daskvnebi Semog-

vTavazes. Tumca, sabWoTa periodis istoriografiis udidesi nakli iyo is

faqti, rom yovelive marqsistul saburvelSi moaqcia. maT moRvaweoba xom

10

monopolistur, marqsistul-leninuri ideologiis pirobebSi uxdebodaT.

miuxedavad sabWour istoriografiaSi miRebuli azrisa, qveynis ekonomi-

kuri dauZlurebis Sesaxeb, bolomde verc maT auares gverdi arsebiTad

zogierT swor Sefasebebs.

dawvrilebiT ganixila aRniSnuli sakiTxi s. kakabaZem Tavis naS-

romebSi: `saqarTvelos ekonomikuri viTarebis Sesaxeb me-18 saukuneSi~ (ka-

kabaZe, 1924), `Крестьянский вопрос и крестьянские движения в Восточной Грузии в

XVIII веке~ (kakabaZe, 1930). igi amave sakiTxs d. gvritiSvilis wignze `soci-

aluri urTierTobis istoriidan feodalur saqarTveloSi~ daweril re-

cenziaSic exeba (kakabaZe, 1956).

pirveli statiis daskvnebi winaaRmdegobrivia. Tu avtori Sromis

pirvel nawilSi wers, rom qarTl-kaxeTis ekonomikur cxovrebas etyobo-

da TvalsaCino gamococxleba, qvemoT aRniSnavs, rom qveyana iyo ekonomi-

kurad dauZlurebuli (kakabaZe, 1924: 272). meore statiaSi kakabaZe miuTi-

Tebs, rom XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi ekonomikuri cxovreba sagrZnoblad

iyo ganviTarebuli. misi gaangariSebiT 1760-1770 wlebSi TbilisSi saga-

reo vaWrobis moculoba 160 aTasidan 400 aTas maneTamde gaizarda (kakaba-

Ze, 1930: 179). mesame statiaSi avtori exeba kapitalizmis ganviTarebas da

akritikebs d. gvritiSvils, romelsac am sakiTxze sawinaaRmdego mosaz-

reba gaaCnia (kakabaZe, 1956).

erT-erTi pirveli, vinc XVIII saukunis II naxevris aRmosavleT sa-

qarTvelos ekonomikis daRmavali ganviTarebis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra,

gr. naTaZe iyo. avtori Tavis naSromSi _ `К вопросу об экономическом

положении Грузии в конце XVIII столетия~ _ aRniSnavda, rom am periodSi qve-

yanaSi ganviTarda sasaqonlo warmoeba, daiwyo mamulebis `damrgvaleba~

da misi racionalur safuZvlebze mowyoba, ekonomikaSi arsebobda zusti

Sesaval-gasavlis aRricxva da a.S. misi daskvniT XIX saukunis I naxevarSi

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi araviTari

Tvisebrivi cvlileba ar momxdara da gagrZelda XVIII saukunis II naxev-

rSi dawyebuli procesebi (naTaZe, 1930: 148).

akad. n. berZeniSvili, werilSi `samRebroTa Sesaxeb XVIII saukunis

saqarTveloSi~ _ adasturebs, rom Sua saukuneebis saxelosnoebis gver-

diT arsebobda manufaqturuli warmoebac. avtori akritikebda gr. naTa-

11

Zes, romelmac samRebro da sabaJo erTmaneTTan gaaigiva. is ganixilavda

samRebroebs da acxadebda, rom manufaqturebis arsebobis miuxedavad, mi-

si roli qveynis cxovrebaSi mcire iyo (berZeniSvili, 1937). n. berZeniSvi-

li sxvagan miuTiTebda, rom erekle II-is ekonomikur moRvaweobaSi `sru-

liad axali ram Canda~ (berZeniSvili, 1965: 224).

d. uCaneiSvili Tavis naSromSi _ `К вопросу об экономическом

развитии восточной Грузии во второй половине XVIII века~ _ CvenTvis saintere-

so periodSi uaryofs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ekonomikur ganviTarebas.

marTalia, avtori miuTiTebs vaWrobis ganviTarebaze, magram xazs usvams,

rom vaWrobas qveynis winsvlaze radikaluri gavlena ar mouxdenia da

kvlav batonobda naturaluri meurneoba (uCaneiSvili, 1937: 386, 427).

akad. p. guguSvilis naSromebSi: `kapitalizmis warmoSoba da ganvi-

Tareba saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi~ da `Развитие промишленности в

Грузии и в Закавказье в XIX-XX вв.~ aRniSnulia, rom am periodSi qveyanaSi

arsebobda manufaqturuli tipis sawarmoebi. isini ZiriTadad saxelmwifo

sarewavebs warmoadgendnen, xolo kerZo kapitalisturi sarewavebis war-

moqmna ki im dros SeuZlebeli iyo (guguSvili, 1941; 1957).

1954 wels saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis iv. javaxiSvilis sa-

xelobis istoriis institutSi Catarda diskusia Temaze: `saqarTvelos

socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xasiaTis sakiTxisaTvis XIX saukunis

reformamdel periodSi~. momxseneblebma: m. dumbaZem da z. anCabaZem Tavi-

anT moxsenebebSi, CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, aRniSnes: `me-18

saukuneSi saqarTvelo warmoadgenda samefo-samTavroebad daqucmacebul

feodalur-batonymur qveyanas, sadac jer kidev ar iyo Seqmnili saTanado

pirobebi, amitom social-ekonomikuri da politikuri `Cixidan~ qveynis sa-

kuTari ZalebiT gamoyvana SeuZlebeli iyo da misi ruseTTan SeerTeba

1801 wels istoriulad aucilebeli movlena gaxda. qarTl-kaxeTis ruseT-

Tan SeerTebiT daiwyo mtruli garemocvis garRvevis periodi da arsebu-

li `Cixidan~ qveynis daZvris xana~ (anTelava, 1977: 14). rogorc vxedavT, es

iyo ruseTis imperiis politikis gamarTlebis mcdeloba da ara sakiTxis

realurad kvleva.

mogvianebiT, es pozicia uaryo m. dumbaZem naSromSi: `Tavisufal

glexTa fenis sakiTxisaTvis XVIII saukunis saqarTveloSi~. avtori aRar

12

saubrobs qveynis ekonomikur dauZlurebaze da aRniSnavs, rom Tavisufal

glexTa fenis arseboba da misi ganviTarebis perspeqtiva batonymobis

rRvevis procesze miuTiTebda (dumbaZe, 1966: 398).

es mosazreba Setanilia, agreTve, saqarTvelos narkvevebis IV to-

mis meTerTmete Tavis im nawilSi, romlis avtoric Tavad aris (dumbaZe,

1973: 555-559).

sainteresoa ap. rogavas gamokvlevebi. is Tavis SromebSi _

`Обозрение Грузии по части прав и законоведения Давида Георгевича Багратиони~

(rogava, 1959), kapitalizmis Canasaxi saqarTveloSi da erekle II-is poli-

tika~ (rogava, 1964) da `Зачатки капитализма в Грузии и политика Ираклия II~

(rogava, 1974) _ mkveTrad daupirispirda im istorikosebs, romlebic XVIII

saukunis II naxevris qarTl-kaxeTis samefos socialur-ekonomikur ganvi-

TarebaSi progresulobas ver xedavdnen. avtorma ganaviTara azri, rom im

droisaTvis kapitalisturi elementebi imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom man Seu-

tia feodalur sistemas da daiwyo am formaciis rRveva (rogava, 1974: 163).

manve aRniSna, rom erekle II kapitalisturi urTierTobebis gamarjvebis

Tavdadebuli momxre iyo (rogava, 1974: 30). misi Sexedulebebi qarTul is-

toriografiaSi nawilobriv gaziarebulia. Tumca miiCneven (maT Soris

Cvenc), rom avtoris Sefasebebi gadaWarbebulia.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ap. rogavas kvlevebma XVIII saukunis II naxevris

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb adre damkvid-

rebuli Sexeduleba ramdenadme Secvala.

sainteresoa d. gogolaZis naSromi `samTamadno samTo-saqarxno

mrewveloba saqarTveloSi da kapitalizmis genezisis zogierTi sakiTxi~

(gogolaZe, 1966). avtori detalurad aRwers axtalisa da alaverdis ver-

cxlisa da spilenZis sawarmoebs, maTi warmoebis moculobas da a.S. avto-

ri iziarebs im azrs, rom qveyenaSi arsebobda kapitalisturi wesis sa-

warmoebi (gogolaZe, 1966: 168). aseve Tvlis, rom imdroindeli qarTl-kaxe-

Tis samefo `gardatexis xanaSi~ iyo da mzaddeboda pirobebi feodaluri

urTierTobebis rRvevisaTvis (gogolaZe, 1966: 166).

aRniSnul sakiTxs mniSvnelovani kvleva miuZRvna S. mesxiam `saqar-

Tvelos istoriis damxmare saxelmZRvaneloSi~. man miuTiTa, rom Tof-

zarbaznebis qarxanaSi, zarafxanaSi, stambaSi, minis sawarmoSi, samRebro-

13

ebSi... iyenebdnen daqiravebul Sromas. avtoris azriT dawinaurebula

soflis meurneobac. soflad met sabazro produqcias amzadebdnen da

aqac xSiri iyo daqiravebuli Sromis gamoyeneba (berZeniSvili..., 1958: 362-

364).

S. mesxiasve ekuTvnis naSromi `Города и городской строй феодальной

Грузии~, sadac detaluradaa ganxiluli saqarTvelos qalaqebi, vaWroba-

xelosnoba da a.S. avtori aRniSnavs, rom XV-XVII saukuneebisagan gansxva-

vebiT, XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi Seiqmna xelsayreli pirobebi qveynis

ekonomikuri aRorZinebisaTvis. misi azriT, am periodSi farTod iyo gav-

rcelebuli daqiravebuli Sroma da savaWro-savaxSo kapitali xels uw-

yobda naturaluri meurneobis rRvevas (mesxia, 1959).

sainteresoa v. CantlaZis naSromi: `sulxan-saba orbelianis ekono-

mikuri Sexedulebebi~. avtoris azriT, saqarTveloSi feodalizmis daS-

lis winapirobebi Camoyalibda XVII saukunis bolos da XVIII saukunis

dasawyisSi da kidev ufro ganviTarda XVIII saukunis II saxevarSi. is mi-

uTiTebda vaWrobis ganviTarebasa da manufaqturebis arsebobaze (Cantla-

Ze, 1959: 11).

XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi fulis mimoqcevis, saxelmwifos Semosa-

val-gasavlis da sxva ekonomikuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani ga-

mokvleva SemogvTavaza finansist-ekonomistma n. qoiavam. misi naSromis

erT-erTi Rirseba isicaa, rom avtorma mogvca mravali terminisa da im-

droindeli ekonomikuri niuansis ganmarteba (qoiava, 1963).

aRsaniSnavia aseve g. akofaSvilis kvlevebi. man mravali naSromi

miuZRvna am sakiTxs. erT-erT naSromSi _ `fulad-sabatono gadasaxadebi

XVIII s. saqarTveloSi~ _ avtori amtkicebs, rom am periodSi arsebob-

dnen memamule racionalistebi, rom isini mkacri aRricxvis sistemas iye-

nebdnen, iyo soflad daqiravebuli Sromis faqtebi da a.S. (akofaSvili,

1964). es debulebebi man Camoayaliba saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis IV

tomis meTerTmete TavSi, sadac aRniSna, rom XVIII saukunis 40-80-ian

wlebSi mimdinareobda Sromis danawileba, viTardeboda xelosnoba, far-

Tovdeboda saSinao da sagareo vaWroba, mkvidrdeboda manufaqturuli

warmoeba da a.S.

14

i. anTelavam 1965 wels moskovSi gamarTul diskusiaze, romelic

feodalizmidan kapitalizmSi gadasvlis problemebs mieZRvna, arsebiTad

uaryo XVIII saukunis II naxevris aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis progresuloba (ix. anTelava, 1977: 25). mogvianebiT, naSromSi

_ `XVIII saukunis saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomiuri ganviTarebis xasia-

Tis sakiTxisaTvis~ _ avtorma azri Seicvala. man erTgvari Sualeduri

pozicia daikava im mkvlevarTa Soris, romelTagan nawili XVIII saukunis

II naxevris qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi veraviTar progresuls ver amCnevda

da im mkvlevarTa Soris, romlebic, misi azriT, gadaWarbebiT afasebdnen

movlenebs. avtorma arsebiTad aRiara qveynis ekonomikis dawinaureba (an-

Telava, 1977).

sayuradRebo gamokvlevebi SemogvTavaza mixeil samsonaZem, naSro-

mebSi: `Tbilisis samrewvelo ganviTareba mecxramete saukunis reformam-

del xanaSi~ (samsonaZe, 1968) da `saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri gan-

viTareba XIX saukunis pirvel mesamedSi~ (samsonaZe, 1980). gamoTqmulia

mosazrebebi, rom qarTl-kaxeTSi dawinaurebuli iyo vaWroba, rom SesaZ-

lebelia XVIII-XIX saukuneebis mijnaze ganviTarebuli bambeulis saqso-

vebSi manufaqturuli warmoebis daSveba (samsonaZe, 1968: 219). avtori zo-

gadad miuTiTebs XVIII saukunis II naxevris ekonomikis ganviTarebaze da

XIX saukunis movlenebs ara `rusul siaxled~, aramed winamorbedis gag-

rZelebad miiCnevda (samsonaZe, 1980: 7).

1990 wels mamia dumbaZis redaqtorobiT gamocemul `Tbilisis is-

toriis~ I tomSi _ `Tbilisi uZvelesi droidan XVIII saukunis bolomde~

_ aRniSnulia, rom XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi qveyana ekonomikurad dawi-

naurda (dumbaZe, 1990).

rac Seexeba postsabWour da Tanamedrove qarTul istoriografi-

as, am kuTxiT TiTqmis araferi gakeTebula.

saerTod am sakiTxze, rogorc vxedavT, gamoTqmulia araerTi ur-

TierTgamomricxavi mosazreba.

15

Tavi I. qarTlis da kaxeTis samefoebi XVIII saukunis II naxevramde

(politikur-ekonomikuri momixilva)

qarTlis da kaxeTis samefoebis politikuri da ekonomikuri mdgo-

mareobis ganxilvisas, upirveles yovlisa, yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT sa-

TavadoTa sistemebze. saTavadoTa sistemis Seswavlas (iseve, rogorc gvi-

an Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebul samefo-samTavro-

Ta zogad politikur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis ganxilvas) qarTul isto-

riografiaSi didi adgili aqvs daTmobili. aRniSnul sakiTxebze muSaob-

dnen cnobili qarTveli istorikosebi: n. berZeniSvili, d. gvritiSvili, g.

akofaSvili, o. soselia, m. qiqoZe, g. jamburia, n. asaTiani da sxvebi. aR-

niSnul TavSi Cven swored am istorikosTa kvlevis gamocdilebas vey-

rdnobiT.

XV saukunis samefo-samTavroebad daSlil saqarTveloSi Camoya-

libda saTavadoTa sistema. misi formirebis umTavresi wyaro qveynis de-

centralizacia da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis ukiduresad dabali maCvene-

beli iyo. naturaluri meurneoba saTavadoebis karCaketilobis aucile-

bel pirobas warmoadgenda. saTavados ganagebda Tavadi, romelic garkve-

uli kompaqturi teritoriis erTpirovnuli mmarTveli iyo. saTavadoSi

iyvnen gverdiTi Stos warmomadgenlebi _ TavadiSvilebi, romelnic pir-

vel Tavads, anu `saxlis ufross“ emorCilebidnen .2

profesori m. qiqoZe saTavados politikur uflebebs ase axasia-

Tebs: `1. Tavadi kanonieri mflobeli iyo saTavadoSi da mefe umetes Sem-

TxvevaSi, ver axerxebda CamoerTmia sagvareulosaTvis mopovebuli Zala-

ufleba mis saTavadoze. 2. Tavadi sargeblobda uflebiT ewarmoebina omi

mezobel saTavado-seniorebTan. Tavads SesaZleblad miaCnda misi siuze-

renis _ mefis winaaRmdegac galaSqrebuliyo, Tu amas moiTxondnen misi

saTavados interesebi. 3. Tavads hqonda Tavisi iZulebiTi aparati (aznau-

roba, msaxurTa razmebi da sxv.), romlis saSualebiT igi axerxebda gane-

xorcielebina batonoba uSualo mwarmoeblebze. 4. Tavadi awarmoebda sa-

TavadoSi samarTals, garda im gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevisa, rodesac saq-

2 gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba gvaqvs kaxeTis samefoSi, sadac gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos ukanasknelma mefem giorgi VIII-m saerisTavoebi gaauqma da centraluri mmarTveloba Seqmna (ix. asaTiani, 1959: 27-56).

16

meebs mefe an mdivanbegi ganixilavdnen. 5. saTavados hqonda dadgenili

garkveuli teritoriuli sazRvrebi, romlis sazRvrebSi xorcieldeboda

Tavadis Zalaufleba. amasTan erTad, gvianfeodalur saqarTveloSi saTa-

vado gvevlineba, rogorc administraciuli erTeuli~ (qiqoZe, 1963: 97-98).

amdenad, saTavadoebs gaaCndaT sasamarTlo-administraciuli imuniteti.

`administraciuli Seuvaloba gamoixata im viTarebaSi, rom saTavadoSi

centraluri xelisuflebis moxeleebi ver Sedian. `saxelmwifo xarjsa~

da molaSqris gamoyvanis organizacias Tavadi Tavisi moxeleebis saSua-

lebiT axdenda~ (jamburia, 1973: 206) _ `Cveni moasili ama TqvenTa mamulTa

Siga versad Sevides da vercavin ra saqme daidos~ acxadebs konstantine

mefe fanaskerteli zazasadmi micemul mamulebis boZebis sigelSi (gvri-

tiSvili, 1955: 121-122).

erTi sityviT `saxlis ufrosi~ iyo uzenaesi gamgebeli saTavadoSi.

igi ganagebda saTavado saxlis yvela saqmes (jamburia, 1973: 210).3

3 didi uflebebis miuxedavad, Tavads ar gaaCnda sakanonmdeblo funqcia da ar SeeZlo fulis moWra. amitom is ar iyo bolomde damoukidebeli da emorCileboda mefes.

saTavadoSi sakuTrebis ZiriTadi forma saerTo, anu `saxaso~ mamu-

li iyo. mamulSi iyo eklesia, sasaxle, moxeleebi da yma-glexebi. yoveli-

ves saxlis ufrosi ganagebda. is Semosavlidan saufrosos iRebda. Semo-

savlis SedarebiT mcire nawili TavadiSvilebs gadaecemodaT. `saerTo~

mflobeloba saTavados arsebobis garanti iyo. `saerTo~ qonebis gareSe

mas ar SeeZlo arseboba, radgan misi ekonomikuri, sasamarTlo da admi-

nistraciuli Seuvaloba am erTian mamulze iyo damokidebuli.

saTavadoSi mflobelobis meore forma `saufliswulo~ qoneba iyo.

TavadiSvilebs droebiT gadaecemodaT miwisa da yma-glexTa garkveuli

nawili `sarCoT da sacxovreblad~. saxlis ufrosis daukiTxavad Tava-

diSvili mas verc gaaCuqebda da verc gayidida. is iyo `saxlis qoneba, na-

wili saerTo qonebisa, romelic droebiT mflobelobaSi aqvs gadacemu-

li TavadiSvils~ (jamburia, 1973: 204-205). `saufliswulo~ qonebas ormagi

buneba gaaCnda _ saTavados Zlierebis dros is saerTo mamulad iqceoda,

misi degradaciis periodSi damaxasiaTebeli iyo `saTavisTaod~ gadaqce-

vis tendencia.

17

saTavadoSi droTa ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibda sakuTrebis mesame

forma. es iyo `saTavisTao~ qoneba. `saTavisTao~ qoneba feodaluri sax-

lis wevrebis, TavadiSvilebis mier piradad SeZenili (nayidi, namziTevi,

mefis nawyalobevi da sxv.) qoneba iyo. mflobels am miwaze sakuTrebis

xelSeuxebloba gaaCnda. is ar Sedioda saerTo mamulis daqvemdebarebaSi.

`saTavisTao qonebis gaCena saxlis SigniT am saxlis rRvevaze miuTiTebs.

adre saxli ufro mtkice erTeuli iyo. yvelaferi saerTo iyo. Semdeg pi-

radi sakuTrebis roli izrdeba. Tu saxlis wevri Tavisi monagebiT iZens,

igi pirad sakuTrebaSi rCeba. es stimuls aZlevs SenaZenisTvis. saTavis-

Tao qonebis gaCena, saxlis saerTo qonebis sapirispirod, niSnavs indivi-

dualuri meurneobis gamarjvebas saxlis meurneobaze. es garemoeba mow-

mobs meurneobis maRal safexurs da xels uwyobs intensiuri meurneobis

ganviTarebas. es garemoebave miuTiTebs imaze, Tu rogor irRveva `saxlis

erTianoba~ _ aRniSnavda akad. n. berZeniSvili (jamburia, 1955: 144). saTa-

visTao qonebis ganmtkicebisaTvis saWiro iyo: I. ekonomikuri mdgomareo-

bis ganviTareba, rac saTavadoTa sistemas Zirs gamouTxrida da moamza-

debda pirobebs kerZo sakuTrebisTvis. aseT pirobebSi Tavadebi politi-

kur uflebebs moklebul memamuleebad iqceodnen; II. Zlieri centraluri

xelisufleba, romelic kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobis garanti gax-

deboda.4

4 kerZo sakuTrebaSi vgulisxmobT saTavadoTa erTiani mflobelobis sapirispirod TavadiSvilTa da aznaurTa individualur meurneobebis arsebobas.

saTavadoTa sistemis arsebobis dros `saTavisTao~ qonebis gan-

viTarebisaTvis saTanado pirobebi ar iyo. zogjer `saTavisTao~ qoneba

Svilebisa da SviliSvilebis xelSi saerTo an saufloswulo qonebad iq-

ceoda (jamburia, 1973: 204-205). aseTi iyo saTavadoTa SigniT arsebuli

mdgomareoba.

XV-XVIII saukuneebSi qarTlis samefoSi arsebobda Semdegi didi

saTavadoebi: 1) aragvis saerisTavo, 2) qsnis saerisTavo, 3) samuxranbato-

no, 4) saamilaxvro, 5) saciciano, 6) sabaraTiano, romelic daiSala da

XVII saukuneSi mis bazaze, sxva mcire saTavadoebTan erTad, warmoiqmna

mZlavri saTavado _ sayaflaniSvilo. maT gverdiT arsebobda mravali Se-

darebiT mcire saTavado: samaCablo, sajavaxiSvilo, saabaSiZeo, saTarxno

da sxva.

18

qarTlis samefos samxedro-administraciuli dayofa did saTava-

doTa principebis gaTvaliswinebiT moxda. qveyana daiyo oTx sadroSod.

mewinave sadroSos sardlad yaflaniSvilebis saxlis ufrosi gvevline-

boda. memarjvene sadroSos amilaxvari, memarcxenes _ muxranbatoni, same-

fo sadroSos ciciSvili xelmZRvanelobda. formalurad muxranbatonis

sadroSoSi gaerTianebis miuxedavad, aragvis da qsnis saerisTavoebic

cal-calke samxedro-administraciul erTeulebs qmnidnen. feodaluri

daqucmacebulobis pirobebSi sust samefo xelisuflebas ar gaaCnda Zala

provinciebSi uSualod, Tavadis Zalauflebis gverdis avliT, ganexorci-

elebina Tavisi politika. `qveynis mosaxleobis ZiriTad masas da centra-

lur xelisuflebas Soris dgeboda seniori-Tavadi, amitom centraluri

xelisufleba iZulebuli iyo yvela saxelmwifoebrivi RonisZieba qveynis

marTvis dargSi adgilze Tavadis saSualebiT gaetarebina. am SemTxvevaSi

Tavadi gamodioda rogorc administraciuli piri~ (qiqoZe, 1963: 98). saTa-

vado saxelmwifoSi farTo avtonomiuri uflebebiT aRWurvili politi-

kuri erTeuli iyo. gvian feodalur xanaSi qarTlis samefo faqtobrivad

saTavadoTa krebuls warmoadgenda.

erTi sityviT, samefo mkveTrad decentralizebuli iyo. centralu-

ri xelisufleba, romelic naTlad xedavda qveynis sisustis wyaros, ar

ibrZoda am realobis winaaRmdeg. mefisa da Tavadis dapirispirebis erTe-

uli SemTxvevebi ar niSnavda saTavadoTa sistemis winaaRmdeg organize-

bul brZolas. mefe moRalate Tavadis dasjis dros ki ar auqmebda saTa-

vados, aramed mis adgilze maTive saxlidan TavisTvis sasurvel kandi-

dats niSnavda (isic im SemTxvevaSi Tu mefes saamiso Zala gaaCnda). mTeli

am periodis manZilze samefo xelisuflebas arcerTi saTavado ar gauuq-

mebia. piriqiT, droTa ganmavlobaSi mefeebi sxvadasxva Tavadebs kidev uf-

ro met uflebebs ukanonebdnen. mefis xelisuflebis aseTi `pasiurobis~

mizezebi, imave, ukiduresad `feodaluri~ saxelmwifos wiaRSi unda

veZioT. ekonomikuri degradaciis pirobebSi samefo xelisuflebis erTa-

derT dasayrden Zalas, raoden paradoqsaluradac ar unda JRerdes, sa-

Tavadoebi warmoadgendnen. samefo biujetis simciris gamo mefes ar SeeZ-

lo mravalricxovani biurokratiisa da armiis Senaxva. xelisuflebis er-

TaderT dasayrdenad swored saTavadoTa sistema iqca. amitom samefo ka-

19

ri xels uSlida saTavadoTa danawevrebas. saxelmwifo politikad iqca

Zlieri saTavadoebis SenarCuneba: `nefis nazaralixanis brZanebiTa... rac

saamilaxoros kacisagan da saamilaxoros mamuli, glexi, miwa Tu venaxi,

rac an mamis Cvenisagan da an Cvengan nayidi iyos, xuTTav saxlis kacebs

es piroba dagvidebia, ro unda sasaxloT davdvaT, aRarca xelaxla viyi-

doT~ _ aRniSnulia 1703 wlis saamilaxvros saxlikacobis rigSi

(qarTuli..., 1974: 687). am sabuTidan naTlad Cans, rom mefe (nazaralixani)

dainteresebuli iyo Zlieri, erTiani saamilaxoros arsebobiT. misi brZa-

nebiT `saTavisTaod~ danawilebuli mamulebi kvlav `saerTod~ daido.

* * *

saTavadoTa sistemis zogadi daxasiaTebis paralelurad saintere-

soa qarTlis da kaxeTis samefoebis politikur-ekonomikuri momixilva.

XVIII saukunis I meoTxedSi qarTlis samefoSi mdgomareoba wina pe-

riodTan SedarebiT gamosworda. vaxtang VI-is aRmSeneblobiTma politi-

kam Tavisi Sedegi gamoiRo _ dawinaurda rogorc soflis meurneoba, ase-

ve saqalaqo cxovreba. mefem Caatara farTo sakanonmdeblo samuSao. nor-

matiuli aqtiT gansazRvra saxelmwifo moxeleTa ufleba-movaleobani.

magram bevri ram, risi reglamentirebac moaxdina kanonmdebelma mefem,

qveynis bedukuRmarTobis gamo, praqtikaSi ver dainerga.

petre I-Tan uSedego samxedro-politikuri kavSiris Semdeg, vaxtang

VI (1703-1712; 1716-1724 ww.) iZulebuli gaxda qarTls gascloda da mraval-

ricxovan TavadTa TanxlebiT, ruseTSi wasuliyo. qalaqi Tbilisi da

mTlianad qarTli jer gamuslimebuli kaxeTis mefis konstantines da mis

mier daqiravebuli lekTa jaris agresiis msxverpli Seiqmna, Semdeg ki

qveyanaSi daiwyo `osmaloba~, romelic 1735 wlamde gagrZelda. mas Caenac-

vla `yizilbaSoba~. es iyo mTeli aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTvis umZimesi

periodi.

1723 wlidan osmalebma qarTuli miwa-wylis sabolood mitaceba da

qveynis safaSoebad qceva gadawyvites. am mizniT maT qarTli eqvs nawilad

dahyves da mosaxleobas mZime saosmalo gadasaxadebi dauweses (berZeniS-

vili..., 1958: 338). osmalTa batonoba xels uwyobda daRestnelTa laSqro-

bebs. maTi, osmalTagan TiTqmis sanqcirebuli Semosevebi, mTels qarTl-

20

kaxeTs aCanagebda. 1735 wlidan qarTlSi `osmalobas~ `yizilbaSoba~ Cae-

nacvla. Nnadir-Sahi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mZime eqspluatacias uwevda.

1741 wels aRweres da daxarkes qarTli. saTiTaod daTvales yoveli vazi,

xexilis xe da yvelaferze gadasaxadi daaweses. aTi wlis asakidan yovel

mamakacze iTxovdnen fulad gadasaxads. dabegres pirutyvi, bostani, wis-

qvilebi da sxva. aseTi politika aiZulebda mosaxleobas TviTonve gaena-

gurebina Tavisi meurneoba da ayriliyo mkvidri mamulidan (berZeniSvi-

li...., 1958: 338). papuna orbeliani gadmogvcems, rom `mravali suli aiyara,

bevri adgili umetesad aoxrda. mravali kaci venaxsa da baRebs Tavisi

ÃeliT kafdis da aoÃrebdis~ (orbeliani, 1981: 46). nadir-Sahi amiT ar kma-

yofildeboda da damatebiT aseuli aTasobiT maneTis gadaxdas iTxovda.

ucxoelTa batonobas mudmivad Tan axlda qarTvelTa ajanyebebi,

ajanyebebs ki damsjeli eqspediciebi. am dros kidev ufro gamoikveTa fe-

odaluri qveynis sisuste: nawili Tavadebisa Tu ucxoeli dampyroblebis

winaaRmdeg ibrZoda, meore nawili _ Tavis saTavados interesebisagan ga-

momdinare, sawinaaRmdego pozicias ikavebda. amas emateboda SimSiloba da

epidemiebis gavrceleba (berZeniSvili, 1965: 199). yovelive amis Sedegad mo-

saxleobis raodenoba mkveTrad Semcirda. daicala saciciano, somxiT-sa-

baraTiano da sxv. (batoniSvili, 1973: 512). gaxSirda saTavadoTa Soris

brZola, urTierT mixdoma da Zarcva-rbeva. moiSala qveynis ekonomika. me-

urneobis warmarTva SeuZlebeli xdeboda. soflis meurneobis dacemam

damRupvelad imoqmeda saqalaqo cxovrebaze. Tbilisi, iseve rogorc sxva

qalaqebi, mterma gaZarcva da aaoxra.

vaWruli fena tovebda saqarTvelos da saxldeboda astraxanSi,

yizlarsa da mozdokSi. aRniSnuli procesis ZiriTadi mizezi, usafrTxo-

ebis garantiebis ar arsebobasTan erTad, is iyo, `rom vaxtang VI-is pro-

rusuli orientaciiT ganawyenebulma iranma Tbilisel vaWrebs Seuwyvita

SeRavaTiani sabaJo tarifi. ruseTis moqalaqeobis miRebiT Tbiliseli

vaWrebi avtomaturad iRebdnen rusi vaWrebis privilegiebs iranis bazar-

ze~ (dumbaZe, 1990: 362). Tbilisi umniSvnelo qalaqad iqca.

am negatiuri movlenebis gverdiT 1744 wels qveynis istoriaSi mox-

da erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqti. nadir-Sahma Teimuraz II qarTlis, xolo

misi Svili erekle II kaxeTis mefeebad daniSna. givi amilaxvaris medgarma

21

winaaRmdegobam Sahi aiZula Tavisi `mokavSiris~ _ Teimuraz-erekles sa-

sargeblod mniSvnelovan daTmobaze wasuliyo _ aswliani pauzis Semdeg

qarTlis da kaxeTis samefo taxtze qristiani mmarTvelebi avidnen.

Teimuraz II-m, romelic Sahis oficialur dasturamdec qarTlis

faqtobrivi mmarTveli iyo, saTavadoTa sistemis winaaRmdeg pirveli ra-

dikaluri nabiji gadadga, rac aragvis saerisTavos gauqmebaSi gamoxata.

es iyo uprecendento aqti. kaxeTis samefos realobaze aRzrdilma Teimu-

raz II-m brZola gamoucxada naxevrad saxelmwifoebrivi uflebebiT aR-

Wurvil saTavadoebs. man isargebla mosaxleobis ajanyebiT erisTavebis

winaaRmdeg da 1743 wels saerisTavo gaauqma. manve daamarcxa givi amilax-

vari, daimorCila misi samflobeloebi da CamoarTva qsnis saerisTavo. Te-

imurazis dasayrdens am SemTxvevaSi iranis Sahi (nadir-Sahi) warmoadgen-

da. qarTlSi misi gamefebis da Sahisagan damoukidebeli politikis war-

marTvis Semdeg, Teimuraz II swrafad Seegua qarTlis realobas. naTeli

gaxda, rom misi mefobis garanti swored didi Tavadebis Tanadgoma iyo.

amitom man qsnis saerisTavo daubruna qsnis erisavebs. damarcxebuli givi

amilaxvaris saTavado ki ar gaauqma, aramed is sxva mflobels, amirindo

amilaxvars, gadasca da cdilobda `osmaloba-yizilbaSobis~ dros zogi-

erTi danawevrebuli saTavados _ sayaflaniSvilos, samuxranbatonos _

erTianobis xelovnurad SenarCunebas. 1740-ian wlebSi ramdenime `saxlis-

kacobis rigi~ ganuwesa orbelianebs, raTa misi erTiani organizmi Seenar-

Cunebina (jamburia, 1960: 123-124). muxranbatonTa Sesaxeb Sedgenil `saxli-

kacobis rigSi~ aRniSnavda, rom `...amaTi ojaxis gayra ar iqneba da nurca-

vin ikadrebs~ (qarTuli..., 1974: 711-712).

erTi sityviT, Tavdapirveli politikis miuxedavad, Teimuraz II

iZulebuli aRmoCnda saTavadoTa mimarT loialuri politika gaetarebi-

na. samefos `siZlieris~ socialuri safuZveli arc amjerad Secvlila.

miuxedavad amisa, aRsaniSnavia, rom cvlilebebi mainc ganicades sa-

Tavadoebma. mudmivma Semosevebma maTi kuTvnili yma-glexebis odenoba

mniSvnelovnad Seamcira. moiSala saTavadoTa ekonomikuri safuZvlebi.

yvela saxlSi, mniSvnelovnad gazrdil TavadiSvilTa pirobebSi, gamoik-

veTa saTavadoTa mamulebis gayofis tendencia, rac mis degradacias iw-

vevda. es is SemTxveva iyo, rodesac saTavadoebis daqveiTeba, ara qveynis

22

ekonomikur-politikurma aRmavlobam, aramed piriqiT, misma ngrevam _ sa-

gareo mterma _ gamoiwvia. swored am daqveiTebam ubiZga Teimuraz II-s maT-

ze Tavdapirveli Setevisaken. Tumca man maleve igrZno, rom im pirobebSi

qveynis arsebobis erTaderTi garanti saTavadoebi iyo. daTmobiTi poli-

tikiT Teimuraz II-m qarTlis Tavadebis metnaklebi Tanadgoma moipova da

aqcenti sagareo mtris winaaRmdeg gadaitana.

nadir-Sahis gardacvalebam da iranSi areulobis dawyebam qarTlis

da kaxeTis samefoebs faqtobrivi damoukidebloba moutana. Teimuraz II-is

da erekle II-is moqnili diplomatiisa da warmatebuli samxedro moqmede-

bebis Sedegad qarTlis da kaxeTis samefoebma 1748-1750 wlebSi ara Tu

SeZles rTul mdgomareobaSi Tavis dacva, aramed aRmosavleT amierkavka-

siaSi pirvelobasac miaRwies: daimorCiles da daxarkes ganjis, erevnis

da naxWevanis saxanoebi. qarTlis samefos SemadgenlobaSi mtkiced Sevida

yazax-borCalos da baidaris saxanoebi.

Teimuraz II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg qarTl-kaxeTi erekle II-is

xelSi erT samefod gaerTianda. erTi SexedviT, qveyanas mieca normaluri

ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba. magram qveynis winsvla damokidebuli iyo

Semdeg pirobebze: I. lekTa gaxSirebuli TareSis aRkveTa, rac TavisTavad

urTules amocanas warmoadgenda, radgan baris mosaxleobaze Tavdasxma

daRestnel mTielTa cxovrebiseul normad iyo qceuli; II. sagareo saf-

rTxis (iran-osmaleTi) mogerieba da monapovaris (ganja, erevani) SenarCu-

neba; III. mkacri saSinao politikis gatareba. mkacri saSinao politika

erekle II-s ara mxolod qveynis ukeTesi mowyobisaTvis da `absoluturi

tendenciebisaTvis~ esaWiroeboda, rac TavisTavad xels Seuwyobda pirve-

li ori amocanis gadaWras, aramed misTvis wminda pragmatuli mniSvnelo-

bac gaaCnda _ erekle II ar iyo qarTlis mefis memkvidre da TavadTa gar-

kveul wreSi uzurpatorad moiazreboda. amitomac misTvis sasicocxlo

mniSvneloba gaaCnda TavadTa uflebebis xarjze centraluri xelisufle-

bis gaZlierebas. miT ufro, rom vaxtang VI-is memkvidreebi taxtze pre-

tenzias yovelTvis acxadebdnen.

zemoT CamoTvlil problemaTa gadasaWrelad erekle II-s upirve-

lesad Zlieri samxedro Zala esaWiroeboda. feodaluri laSqari am amo-

canebisaTvis gamousadegari iyo. aseTi samxedro ZaliT mefe verc saga-

23

reo problemebs gadawyvetda da verc mkacr saSinao politikas gaatareb-

da, radgan is saTavadoTa sistemis pirmSos warmoadgenda. sayrdeni Zalis

SeqmnisTvis mtkice finansuri baza iyo saWiro. imdroindeli (XVIII sauku-

nis Sua xanebis) qarTl-kaxeTis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba aranairad ar

iZleoda myari finansuri resursis Seqmnis garantias. piriqiT, rogorc

zemoT aRiniSna, `osmalobis~ da yizilbaSobis~ gamo, qveynis ekonomikuri

SesaZleblobebi ukiduresad dabali iyo. papuna orbelianis sityvebidan

naTlad Cans, rom samefos Semosavali faqtobrivad nuls utoldeboda.

Sirvanis mflobelis, aji-Calabis Tavdaxmis mosagerieblad `gamoitanes

mefeTa CvenTa Tvissa salaroTi oqrosa da vercxlis iaraRi, misces za-

rafxanaSi, moaWrevines fluri da TeTri da aZlevdnen jars~ (orbeliani

1981: 196). erTi sityviT ekonomikis degradacia saxeze iyo.

ekonomikuri mdgomareobis am niSnulidan, zednaSenuri ganviTare-

biT, qveyanas ramdenime aTeuli weli esaWiroeboda, raTa XVIII saukunis I

meoTxedis donemde mieRwia, xolo zemoT CamoTvlil problemaTa gadaWra

saerTod utopiuri Canda.

24

Tavi II. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ekonomikuri mdgomareoba XVIII saukunis

II naxevarSi

mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad samefo karma aq-

centi sagareo daxmarebaze gadaitana. 1752 wels ruseTSi gaigzavna elCo-

ba aTanase amilaxvriSvilisa da simon mayaSvilis SemadgenlobiT. elCebs

samxedro daxmarebasa da fuladi sesxis micemaze mokrZalebuli uari

uTxres. amas mohyva TviT Teimuraz II-is elCoba. mefe 1761 wels Tavad eax-

la imperator elisabeds (1741-1761 ww.), magram amjeradac elCobam realu-

ri Sedegi ver gamoiRo. samefo kars sagareo daxmarebis imedi gadaewura.

erekle II-saTvis naTeli gaxda, rom qveynis mZime mdgomareobidan

gamoyvanis da stabilurobis SenarCunebisaTvis saWiro iyo myari finansu-

ri bazis Seqmna mxolod Sinagani resursebis mobilizebis xarjze. saxel-

mwifo Semosavlebis moZiebis erTadaerT alternativad, samefos mesveur-

Tagan ukve kargad Seswavlili, ruseTis imperiis gzis gavla moCanda. ami-

tomac samefo xelisufleba ruseTis saxelmwifos gamocdilebis gaziare-

biT, daadga ekonomikuri ganviTarebis forsirebul meTods, rac ekonomi-

kuri berketebis srulad saxelmwifo kontrolze ayvanaSi gamoixata. ana-

logiuri gza ganvles petre I-is ruseTma da centraluri evropis rigma

qveynebma. am qveynebSi damyarda àbsolutizmis“ gansakuTrebuli forma,

romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT àbsolutizmis aRmosavleT evropuli mode-

li“.5

5 àbsolutizmi~ _ es aris absoluturi monarqia, monarqiuli saxelmwifos erT-erTi ukanaskneli forma. absoluturi monarqiis dros mefe dgas yvela kanonze maRla. monarqis xelSi Tavmoyrilia sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba. am dros qveyana mkacrad centralizebulia. àbsolutizmi~ dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebSi Caisaxa XV saukunis damlevsa da XVI saukunis dasawyisSi. Tavis ganviTarebis mwvervals miaRwia XVI saukunis miwurulsa da XVII saukuneSi. am droisaTvis dasavleT evropis ekonomikurma ganviTarebam Searyia feodalizmis safuZvlebi. gauqmda baton-ymoba. warmoiSva burJuazia. mefis xelisufleba wodebriobasa da burJuazias Soris lavirebda da maT Soris urTierTobebis erTgvar momwesrigebel Zalas warmoadgenda. gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba iyo evropis zogierT centralur da aRmosavleT nawilebSi. dasavleTisgan gansxvavebiT, aRmosavleT evropis ekonomikuri potenciali ar iZleoda garantias, rom im droisaTvis ganviTarebis yvelaze progresuli saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis forma – àbsolutizmi~ _ daemyarebinaT. aq batonymoba da feodalizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sxva elementebi yofierebaSi jer kidev myarad iyo gabatonebuli.

petre I-is droidan ruseTSi damyarda absoluturi monarqia. misi umTavresi Tavisebureba is iyo, rom is warmoiqmna da Tavisi momdevno ganviTareba hpova baton-

25

rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT, erekle II-is ekonomikur koncefciebSi

Sedioda vaWroba-mrewvelobis ganviTareba. vinaidan kerZo iniciativebi ar

arsebobda da imdroindel realobaSi verc aRmocendeboda, samefo karma

gadawyvita vaWroba-mrewvelobis ganviTarebaSi Tavad gamxdariyo warmmar-

Tveli Zala. akad. guguSvili Tavis naSromSi `kapitalizmis warmoSoba da

ganviTareba saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi~, marTalia, sakiTxs amgva-

rad ar ayenebda, magram faqtobrivi masalis motanis Semdeg aRniSnavda:

`...kerZo kapitalisturi sarewavebis warmoqmna im dros CvenSi arsebul pi-

robaTa safuZvelze SeuZlebeli iyo. rac Seexeba Tofxanas, zarafxanas,

stambas da sxva sarewavebs, romlebic saxelmwifo wamowyebaTa saxiT war-

moiqmnen _ da e.w. `saxelmwifo manufaqturebad~ SeiZleba CaiTvalon _

warmoadgendnen marjve mefis mier Tavis samxedro Zlierebis gaumjobese-

bis, samefo prerogativebis ganxorcielebis da kulturul-saganmanaTleb-

lo moRvaweobis sferoSi meti Tu naklebi warmatebiT gadadgmul nabi-

jebs~ (guguSvili, 1941: 209).6

miuxedavad samefo karis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebisa, rom gan-

viTarebuliyo mrewveloba, gamravlebuliyo vaWarTa ricxvi, daculi yo-

filiyo maTi interesebi da qonebis xelSeuxebloba, dRis wesrigSi ar

CvenTvis miuRebelia ap. rogavas mosazreba, TiTqos erekle II iyo

kapitalisturi urTierTobebis ganviTarebis momxre da misi mtkice dam-

cveli (ix. rogava, 1974). piriqiT, erekle II Tavadac mebatonea. igi flobs

yma-glexebs, icavs mebatoneTa sakuTrebis uflebebs da a.S. erTi sityviT

mefe feodaluri sazogadoebis wevria.

ymobis pirobebSi. ruseTi XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi tipiur feodaluri saxelmwifos warmoadgenda. amitomac susti burJuaziuli warmonaqmnebi CasaxvisTanave saxelmwifoze iyo damokidebuli. XIX saukunis II naxevramde politikuri batonoba mxolod Tavad-aznaurTa prerogativa iyo.

kapitalizmis neli ganviTarebis pirobebSi XVIII saukuneSi `absolutizmma“ miiRo `ganaTlebuli absolutizmis“ forma (ekaterine II-is ruseTSi, fridrix II-is prusiaSi, iozef II-is avstriaSi) (ix. tarle, 1923; kareevi, 1909).

dasaxelebulma saxelmwifoebma ekonomikuri progresisaTvis forsirebul meTods mimarTes, rac gamoixata samrewvelo industriis ganviTarebaSi saxelmwifo seqtoris dominantobiT. aseTma, gansakuTrebulma qmedebebma aamaRla ekonomikuri maCveneblebi da aRniSnul qveynebs miecaT centraluri xelisuflebis moxeleTa gazrdis da absoluturi monarqiebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba.

qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi manufaqturebis gaCena da TiTqmis nulovani niSnulidan ekonomikis swrafi gamococxleba, Cveni azriT, swored aRniSnul saxelmwifoTa gamocdilebis gaziarebiT moxda. 6 yovelives avtori mokled Seexo, radgan misi kvlevis obieqti XIX saukune iyo.

26

damdgara da arc gvaqvs safuZveli vifiqroT, rom momavalSi mainc igegme-

boda arsebuli `socialuri kontraqtis~ (feodaluri urTierTobebis) ga-

daxedva. xelisufleba yovelnairad cdilobda, Tavisive mecadineobiT,

droTa ganmavlobaSi, Seqmnili e.w. `burJuaziuli elementebis~ arsebul

socialur TanafardobaSi moqcevas.

erekle II-is gegma, marTalia, ar iTvaliswinebda feodaluri urTi-

erTobebis moSlas, magram misTvis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba hqonda naxev-

raddamoukidebeli, `avtonomiuri~ uflebebiT aRWurvili, saTavadoebis

sistemis mospobas da politikuri uflebebis armqone wodebriobaze dam-

yarebul saxelmwifos Seqmnas. am miznisaTvis mefes esaWiroeboda axali

sayrdeni Zala. es Zala unda yofiliyo isev TavadaznaurTa fenidan da

ara sxva socialuri elementebidan (dawinaurebuli vaWar-mrewvelebic ki

mas TavadaznaurTa rangSi ahyavda). erTi sityviT, erekle II cdilobda

ara feodaluri saxelmwifos moSlas, aramed misi `mankierebisagan~ gaTa-

visuflebas. erekle II-is moRvaweoba gvaZlevs safuZvels vifiqroT, rom

swored aseTi iyo misi ekonomikuri koncefciebi.

27

$ 1. vaWroba

a) centraluri xelisuflebis RonisZiebebi vaWrobis

ganviTarebisaTvis

upirveles yovlisa, erekle II-m yuradReba miaqcia vaWrobis ganvi-

Tarebas. saerTod, aRsaniSnavia, rom odiTganve qarTvelebi zogadad vaW-

robas gaurbodnen da am saqmes CvenSi somexi, muslimi da ebraeli vaWrebi

eweodnen (bagrationi, 1952: 40). maTi umetesoba, XVIII saukunis 50-ian wle-

bisaTvis, rogorc aRvniSneT, qveynidan wasuli iyo. vaWarTa mosazidad sa-

Wiro iyo qveynis stabilurobis da avtoritetis ganmtkiceba. erekle II

sakuTari samxedro niWisa da diplomatiis wyalobiT XVIII saukunis 60-

ian wlebSi swored aseT avtoritetad warmoCnda: 1760 wlis dekemberSi

erekle II-m kidev erTxel daamarcxa yarabaRis xani _ fana. am gamarjve-

biT man aRadgina uflebebi ganjaze da yarabaRic daimorCila. Zvelebu-

rad kontroli aRadgina erevnis saxanoze. Semaxam, Saqma, yarabaRma da

naxWevanma sajarod aRiares qarTl-kaxeTis upiratesoba. es iyo sruli

kompensacia aji-CalabTan orgzis gancdili marcxisa. sparseTTan mimarTe-

baSi erekle II-s gansakuTrebiT fasi daedo mas Semdeg, rac xelSi Cauvar-

da iranis taxtis erT-erTi maZiebeli azat-xani. 1763 wels erekle II-m moa-

xerxa qerim-xanTan, romelic didi jariT mdinare arezis napirebze idga,

urTierTobis mogvareba. `qerim xanma scno erekle II ara marto gaerTiane-

buli qarTl-kaxeTis mefed, aramed oficialurad aRiara qarTveli mefis

uzenaesoba md. arezis CrdiloeTiT mdebare azerbaijanul saxanoebze~

(tuxaSvili, 1983: 75-79). manamde, 1762 wels, erekle II-m qarTl-kaxeTi erT

samefod gaaerTiana.

`lekianobis~ problemis miuxedavad, am faqtebs vaWarTa miswrafe-

bebze ar SeiZleboda gavlena ar moexdina. regionSi qarTl-kaxeTis same-

fo yvelaze mimzidveli Canda da amitom, samxreTkavkasielma vaWrebma da-

iwyes erekles qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvla. erekle II-m am mizniT gamosca

specialuri `manifesti somxebisadmi~, `romliTac igi sparseTis sxvadas-

xva provinciebSi gafantul somxebs, `urjuloTa mier wamebul xalxs~,

Tavis qveyanaSi Tavmoyrisaken mouwodebda da `Tavisuflebriv cxovreba-

28

sa~ da `monagebTa~ xelisuflebas da qarTveli eris Tanabar pativs da

siyvaruls hpirdeboda~ (mesxia, 1983: 212).

erekle II-is vaWrobis gafarToebisaken swrafvas kargad exmaureba

yirimSi myofi safrangeTis konsuli peisoneli. igi werda: `qarTvelebi

exla (igulisxmeba XVIII saukunis 50-iani wlebi) Zalian moklebuli arian

fuls, amitom isini siamovnebiT Sexvdebian vaWrobis damkvidrebas, rome-

lic daatrialebs maTSi Zalian did fuls~ (kakabaZe, 1940: 120).

peisonelma XVIII saukunis 50-ian wlebSi safrangeTis mTavrobis wi-

naSe, romelsac ukve gacxovelebuli vaWroba hqonda TurqeTTan, aRZra sa-

kiTxi sparseTis bazrisaken gzis gakvlevis Sesaxeb. misi proeqtiT Tbili-

si iyo yvelaze ufro mokle da moxerxebuli qalaqi sparseTTan dasakav-

Sireblad. peisonelis azriT, TbilisSi unda Seqmniliyo mTavari savaWro

kantora da frangi vaWrebi iqidan dakavSirebodnen iranis qalaqebs _

`Tbilisi warmoadgenda yvelaze ufro xelsayrel punqts sparseTTan vaW-

robis dasamyareblad, radgan Tbilisis mdebareoba xdis mas sparseTis

yvela qalaqis klite-gasaRebad~ (kakabaZe, 1940: 117). misi gegmiT unda amoq-

medebuliyo Semdegi savaWro marSruti: baTumi-axalcixe-Tbilisi _ aqedan

erTi ganStoeba gaemarTeboda ganja-Semaxis da meore ki erevan-Tavriz-ar-

zrumis mimarTulebiT.

raRa Tqma unda, aseTi gegma erekle II-isaTvis misaRebi iqneboda. s.

kakabaZe, am movlenis Sefasebisas, kidev ufro Sors midis da aRniSnavs,

rom erekle II da kaTalikosi antoni I swored profranguli partiis war-

momadgenlebi iyvnen da antonis saqarTvelodan gaZeveba da misi kaToli-

kur sarwmunoebaze moqcevac am faqtze metyvelebs (kakabaZe, 1940: 109-122).

Cven ver daveTanxmebiT s. kakabaZis am mosazrebas, radganac imdroindeli

franguli diplomatia saqarTvelosTan arc ise axlos iyo, rom aq

`profranguli partiis~ warmoqmna ganepirobebina. Tumca, rogorc Cans,

erekle II am ideis mimarT garkveul imedebs amyarebda _ man 1763 wels mo-

axdina kaTolike berebis sruli reabilitacia, romelTa uflebebic Se-

laxuli iyo antoni I-is gaZevebis Semdeg. kaTolike berebis reabilitaci-

is Semdeg erekle II-m dauSva somxuri da evropuli savaWro kapitalis

Tavisufali urTierTkonkurencia da am konkurenciaSi samefo xelisuf-

lebam sruli neitraliteti gamoacxada (tuxaSvili, 1983: 380). magram pei-

29

sonelis proeqts realuri Sedegi ar mohyolia da TavisTavad verc Tbi-

lisi iqca am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovan satranzito xidad. aRniSnulma

magistralma samxreTiT _ irani-baRdadi-alepo-xmelTaSua zRva _ gadai-

nacvla (dumbaZe, 1990: 355). droTa ganmavlobaSi somxuri savaWro kapita-

lis upiratesoba TvalSi sacemi gaxda.

samefo xelisuflebam aqcenti regionalur vaWrobaze gadaitana.

mTavar sazrunavad iqca is faqti, rom Tbilisi gamxdariyo amierkavkasiis

masStabiT da ruseT-irans Soris saqonelgacvlaSi ZiriTadi savaWro obi-

eqti. warmatebis miRweva aqac sakmaod rTul amocanas warmoadgenda. ru-

seTsa da irans Soris intensiuri savaWro urTierTobebi warmoebda kas-

piis zRviT. aseve popularuli iyo baqo-daruband-yizlaris gza. imisaT-

vis, rom Tbilisi regionaluri masStabiT mainc gadaqceuliyo mniSvnelo-

van savaWro punqtad, samefo karma pirveli nabiji 1750 wels gadadga _

gaxsna darialis, igive òseTis~ gza. ruseTTan damakavSirebeli gzis gax-

sna Tavdapirvelad efeqturi ar aRmoCnda. is usafrTxod ar iTvleboda.

erekle II-m am gzis popularizaciis mizniT mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebi

gaatara. man òseTis gziT~ Semotanil saqonelze SeRavaTiani baJi daawe-

sa (АКАК, 1868: 1136). aseve daiwyo zrunva saqaravno gzis keTilmowyobi-

saTvis. iakob rainegsis gadmocemiT gzis gaswvriv CarWobili iyo maCveneb-

lebi _ maRali boZebi, èrTmaneTTan axlos, raTa, roca yvela gza Tov-

liT iketeba, qaravnebs SeeZloT maTi saSualebiT gzis gakvleva~ (raineg-

si, 2002: 153). erekle II-m gzis usafrTxoebac uzrunvelyo. am gzis gaxsniT

ruseTis imperiac yofila dainteresebuli (cxadia, ara marto savaWro

miznebiT) da usafrTxoebas CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Tavad uzrunvelyofda.

igive avtori gvauwyebs, rom `mravali wlis manZilze am mTebis veluri

mosaxleoba iyo SiSis zaris damcemi yovlisSemZle gambedavi vaWrebisaT-

vis. mokvla, Zarcva, tyveoba da vaWrobis sawinaaRmdego siZneleebis Seq-

mna gzaze iyo am xalxis yvelaze bejiTi saqmianoba. magram rusuli mmar-

Tvelobisa da saxeldobr, general fabricianis sazrianma gulmodginebam

bolo mouRo maT yaCaRobas. axla kavkasionis gzebi imdenad usafrTxoa,

rom iq, sadac asi kacic ki ver gaivlida, axla ori kazakic Zalze Tama-

mad mogzaurobs~ (rainegsi, 2002: 154). rogorc wyaroebidan irkveva, am gzam

30

maleve SeiZina popularoba, 1771 wels erekle II-is brZanebiT SeRavaTiani

baJi gauqmda (АКАК, 1868: 1136). Cans, amis saWiroeba aRar arsebobda.

garda am magistralisa, mniSvnelovan savaWro arteriad rCeboda

Zveli tradiciuli saqaravano marSrutebi. Tbilisi xom aRmosavleT ami-

erkavkasiisa da iranis qalaqebs stambulTan akavSirebda.

iyo xelisSemSleli faqtorebic. vaWrobis ganviTarebaze uaryofi-

Tad moqmedebda `lekianoba~. papuna orbeliani gzebis Sekvrisa da vaWar-

Ta gaZarcvis uamrav faqts adasturebs (ix. orbeliani, 1981). ar eridebod-

nen Tbilisis gareubnebze Tavdasxmebsac: `avlabris mxares... mtkuaris

pirzed mCiTavebsa CiTebi hqondaT gafenili da wyliT Turme namavdnen. am

dros CuRureTsa da avlabris Sua xevidan daqveiTebuli lekebi wamoe-

parnen, mCiTavebi mtkvarSi Securdnen, lekebma CiTebi daitaces da gaiq-

cnen~ (dumbaZe, 1990: 348).

am faqtebiT dasturdeba, Tu ramdenad rTul pirobebSi uxdeboda

samefo xelisuflebas ekonomikis ganviTareba. cxadia, erekle II-m energiu-

li nabijebi gadadga mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad. `noqari~, `morige

jari~, `morige yarauli~, lekTa jarebis mdevrobis kuTxobrivi sistema,

aseulobiT SekeTebuli da axlad aSenebuli cixe-simagre qveyenaSi usaf-

rTxoebis ganmtkicebas da lekTa TareSis alagmvas emsaxureboda.

am RonisZiebebma qveyanas met-naklebi warmateba moutana da XVIII

saukunis 70-iani wlebidan SedarebiT mSvidoba damyarda. rainegsi miuTi-

Tebda ra saukuneTa manZilze qarTvelTa medgar brZolaze, aRniSnavda:

`mainc sabolood es winaaRmdegoba Sesustdeboda, rom mefe erekles xan

brZoliT, xan dapirebebiTa da ZRveniT bolo ar moeRo am gamCanagebelTa

(lekTa _ a. T.) TavdasxmebisaTvis~ (rainegsi, 2002: 147). igive avtori, aR-

werda ra qarTl-kaxeTis samefos dasavleT sazRvars, miuTiTebda: `Tumca

akiskas (axalcixe _ a. T.) mTebi qarTlisaTvis kargi kedelia, mainc mefe

erekle arasodes ar tovebs am sazRvars daucvelad, raTa TurqTa Tav-

dasxma ar dauSvas, aseve uzrunvelyos mogzaurTa da vaWarTa usafrTxoe-

ba, romlebsac qarTlidan imereTSi da ukan mimoaqvT sursaTi~ (rainegsi,

2002: 148). axalcixe-quTaisis gzasTan erTad daculi iyo sxva saqaravno

gzebic.

31

vaWrobis ganviTarebisaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo sabaJo sistemis mo-

wesrigeba. erekle II-m mtkiced gansazRvra sabaJo tarifi. `am dros qar-

TlSi (da kaxeTSi-a. T.) iseve rogorc yvela feodalur saxelmwifoSi,

Cven Sinagani sabaJoebi gvqonda da baJic Sinagani iyo; ...magram amasTanave

...baJi xSirad ewodeboda sxvagvar gadasaxadebsac (misagebels)~ (qoiava,

1963: 138). baJi ikribeboda savaWro adgilebSi, ZiriTadad qalaqebSi, saqon-

lis Setanis da gatanis dros. qarTul istoriografiaSi gamoTqmulia mo-

sazreba, rom feodalur saqarTveloSi baJis aRebis ufleba mefis prero-

gativad ar qceula da mas Tavis sasargeblod calkeuli feodalebic

iRebdnen (qoiava, 1963: 187). Tumca XVIII saukunis 70-90-iani wlebis dokumen-

tebSi aseT faqts ver vxedavT. saqme isaa, rom zogjer ubralod termin

`baJTan~ gvaqvs saqme da ara mis realur SinaarsTan. magaliTad, orbelia-

ni Tavis sakuTari tyiTa da saZovriT sargeblobisaTvis gareSe kacisagan

aRebul gadasaxads baJs uwodebda. imave sagvareulos wevrebi ganjidan

motanil Tevzze iRebdnen gadasaxads da mas baJs uwodebdnen. realurad

ki es iyo zurab orbelianis saxelos, meTevzeTa qaravanbaSobis,7

7 qaravanbaSebis movaleobas warmoadgenda qaravnis gacileba da, Sesabamisad, maTTvis usafrTxoebis normebis dacva.

gadasa-

xadi (guguSvili, 1949: 48). saerTod ki, am dros saSinao Tu sagareo vaW-

robisaTvis arsebuli yvela saqaravno gza mefis saxaso mamulSi mdebare-

obda. xolo yvela savaWro adgili: Tbilisi, gori, surami, ali, cxinva-

li, axalgori, ananuri, duSeTi, lore, Telavi, siRnaRi, sagarejo mefis

sakuTrebas Seadgenda da misi daniSnuli moxeleebi _ mouravebi _ gana-

gebdnen. Tu Cven mainc davuSvebT TavadTa mier baJis aRebis faqts, es ra

Tqma unda umniSvnelo iqneboda. qveyanaSi met-naklebad sabaJo kontrols

samefo kari axorcielebda. mefe mfarvelobda ruseTTan vaWrobas da iqi-

dan Semotanil tvirTebze sabaJo ganakveTi, iran-osmaleTidan Semosul

saqonelTan SedarebiT, dabali iyo. iseve, rogorc dasavleT saqarTve-

losTan warmoebuli vaWroba naklebad ibegreboda, kaxeTSi vaWrobis do-

nis asamaRleblad dabali sabaJo tarifi dawesda.

Cven sabaJoebis sakiTxs kvlav davubrundebiT. amjerad ki, yuradRe-

bas gavamaxvilebT vaWrobis stimulirebisaTvis samefo karis mier gadad-

gmul uprecedento aqciaze.

32

profesiuli TvalsazrisiT, feodaluri samarTali vaWrebs ganixi-

lavda erTian fenad. socialuri niSnis mixedviT isini glexTa kategori-

as miekuTvnebodnen. vaWrebi oTx ekonomikur kategoriad iyofodnen: did-

vaWrebi, Sua vaWrebi, qvemo vaWrebi da dabali vaWrebi. vaxtang VI-m gaiT-

valiswina ra vaWrobis mniSvneloba, win wamoswia ekonomikuri momenti da

didvaWrebis `sisxli~ Sua aznauris `sisxls~ gauTanaswora _`Sua

aznauris mTeli sisxlis toladve _ didebulis didvaWris moqalaqis

sisxli, ....calmogvi aznauris sisxli _ ...meore vaWris sisxli, msaxuris

sisxli _ ...mesame vaWaris sisxli, glexis kacis sisxls _ ...meoTxe vaWris

sisxli~ (qarTuli..., 1963: 489). Tumca, vaWari ar iyo aznauri da rCeboda

glexTa kategoriaSi.

ra Tqma unda, erekle meorec feodaluri klasis interesebis dam-

cveli iyo. man vaWarTa fenas zogadad socialuri statusi ar aumaRla,

magram iTvaliswinebda ra qveyanaSi vaWrobis mniSvnelobas, ekonomikuri

niSniT awinaurebda maT. mefem daarRvia feodaluri konservatuloba da

vaWrebi, romelTac didi kapitali gaaCndaT, aiyvana TavadTa da aznaurTa

rangSi. es ar iyo erTeuli gamonaklsi. ekonomikuri niSniT qveyanaSi yve-

la fenis warmomadgenels SeeZlo gamxdariyo umaRlesi wodebis matare-

beli. mefem Tavadis wodebebi mianiWa abimeliqovs, bebuTaSvils, arRuTaS-

vilebs, indoeTSi myof somex didvaWars Sahamirians da sxva. aznaurebi

gaxdnen ivangulovi, arSievi, meliqovi (dumbaZe, 1990: 165), Saxovi (bagrati-

oni, 1997: 65) da sxv. xSirad maT maRal saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebze niS-

navda. es qveyanaSi vaWrobis ganviTarebisaTvis uaRresad didi stimuli

iyo. qarTul istoriografiaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom didvaWarTa

fenam aiZula samefo kari aRniSnuli wodebebis darigebisaken; rom maT

xarisxebi miiRes fuladi sesxebis, qrTamis da saCuqrebis wyalobiT (dum-

baZe, 1990: 365). Cven kategoriulad vemijnebiT am mosazrebas da aRvniS-

navT, rom es iyo saxelmwifo politika vaWrobis ganviTarebisaTvis. am

faqtze metyvelebs Tundac erekle II-is da Sahamirianis urTierToba.

ereklem II-m, imisaTvis rom indoeTidan saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebuliyo

es somexi didvaWari da aq savaWro da samrewvelo saqmianoba ganexorcie-

lebina, mas avansad Tavadoba da lore uboZa. am mosaazrebas pirdapir ex-

maureba platon ioselianis cnobebi, romelic gadmogvcems: `mefe irakli

33

II ibarebda mdidar somxebs indoeTidan da sparseTidan da sTavazobda

maT... saqarTveloSi privilegiebs, miwebs da aznaurobasac ki~ (ioseliani,

2009: 188). vaWar-mrewvelTa stimulirebisaTvis rom axorcielebda mefe am

novacias, es kargad Cans mis mier gacemuli Semdegi sabuTidan: `q. wyalo-

biTa R[vT]isaiTa Cven irakli meore mefe qarTlisa da mefe kaxeTisa, mem-

kvidre mTavari samcxe-saaTabagosi, mTavari yazaxisa, mTavari borCalosa,

mTavari SamSadilisa, mTavari kakisa, mTavari Saqisa, mTavari Sirvanisa,

mflobeli da brZanebeli ganjisa da erevnisa da sxvaTa raTgan yoveli

keTil Sobileba mogebuli patiosanTa da erTgulebiTiTa qcevaTa vidre

sisxlis daTxevamde da ufrosad usakuTresisTa msaxurebaTa mamulisaTa

Zvirfasobs yovelsa Sina gvarsa da STamomavlobasa missa visganca ars

igi amisaTvis ara umizezo ars raTa mieces Cven mier mowmoba ese er-

Tgulsa ymasa Cvensa aznavursa gurgena estatiCs, samefosa qalaqsa Sina

Cvensa tfilis[s]a Sobilsa, romlisaca gvari ars areSovi.... dros sparsTa

da TurqTa marbevelobisa cxovrebs aw yizlarsa Sina sadaca upovnis

Tvisad umaR[l]esi mowyaleba yovlad umowyalesisa da uavRustoesisa

monarxinaÁsa Cemisa ekaterina aleqsivnaÁsa imperatricaÁsa yovlisa ruse-

Tisa da aRricxul ars ricxvTa Sina abreSumisa mkeTebelTasa..~ (xec., H

_ 609). sabuTi TariRdeba 1784 wliT.Frogorc vxedavT erekle II yizlarSi

mcxovreb abreSumis mwarmoebel (da movaWre) areSovs umtkicebs aznauro-

bas, rac SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod im faqtiT, rom mefes surs misi saqar-

TveloSi mowveva da qveynis savaWro-samrewvelo saqmianobaSi CarTva.FF

amave politikiT kargad dasturdeba Cven mier zemoT Camoyalibebu-

li mosazreba, rom erekle II-s vaWroba-mrewvelobis ganviTarebiT burJua-

ziuli elementebis socialuri statusis amaRleba ki ar surda, aramed

cdilobda maT arsebul `socialur kontraqtSi~ moqcevas. aseTi elemen-

tebis TavisTavad Camoyalibebac TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo. maT `Semqmnela-

dac~ saxelmwifo gvevlineba Tavisi fiskaluri politikidan gamomdinare.

sabolood, mefe maTgan qmnida ara burJuaziul fenas, aramed axali tipis

Tavad-aznaurobas, romelic erTi mxriv, qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

garanti iqneboda da meore mxriv, isini gaxdebodnen saTavadoTa sistemis

moSlis placdarmi.

34

mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebi gatarda, agreTve, saqalaqo cxovrebis

mowesrigebisaTvis. aRmSenebloba, keTilmowyobisaTvis zrunva, Tavdacvis

ganmtkiceba _ es iyo saqalaqo cxovrebis amaRlebis erTi mxare. erekle

II-m, agreTve, mtkiced gansazRvra qalaqis moxeleebis sargo (maTi kompe-

tencia da ufleba-movaleobani) da aRkveTa Zaladoba. magaliTad, qalaq

goris mosaxleobis saCivris safuZvelze moZalade mouravi iase amilaxva-

ri mefem mkacrad dasaja. 1770 wels mefem SemoiRo e.w. `sakuTrebis qala-

quri wesi~, romlis ZaliTac gardacvlili moqalaqis qoneba, memkvidris

ar yolis SemTxvevaSi, gadaecemoda mis Soreul naTesavs da ara mefes

(berZeniSvili, 1965: 224).

aseTi RonisZiebebiT samefo karma xeli Seuwyo saqalaqo cxovre-

bis ganviTarebas. Tbilisi male, araTu daubrunda XVIII saukunis I meoT-

xedis niSnuls, aramed ramdenadme gadaaswro mas. gaizarda Telavi, gori

da sxva qalaqebi. qalaquri cxovrebis amaRlebaSi samefo xelisuflebis

Careva imdenad qmediTi iyo, rom xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebiT ramdeni-

me weliwadSi daarsda axali qalaqi _ siRnaRi. Tbilisis mosaxleobam

XVIII saukunis 80-ian wlebSi 25-30 aTass miaRwia. mniSvnelovnad gaizarda

sxva qalaqebic. qalaqebis mosaxleoba im droisaTvis Seadgenda qveynis

mosaxleobis 12%-s. tradiciul saTavadoTa `saerTo~ mamulis rRvevis

fonze, Tavadaznaurobas aRar akmayofilebda Zveli Semosavali _ renta.

am dros daiwyo qalaqebisaken feodaluri aristokratiis ltolva. XIX

saukunis dasawyisSi TbilisSi 70-ze meti Tavadi da 200-mde aznauri cxov-

robda (dumbaZe, 1990: 364). qalaqebis mosaxleobis zrda amaRlebda vaWro-

bis dones. iqmneboda myari Sida bazari. savaWro urTierTobebSi Cabmuli

aRmoCnda Tavad-aznaurobac.8

8 amis damadasturebeli uamravi dokumenti arsebobs. magaliTad, iseTi didi Tavadi, rogoric iyo zaal orbeliani, dagrovili valebis gastumrebas axalcixidan miRebuli saqonlis gayidviT cdilobda (masalebi..., 1953: 90-91)

mokle droSi Tbilisi iqca amierkavkasiis

mTavar savaWro punqtad. erekle II-is qveSevrdomobaSi Sevida uamravi so-

mexi Tu muslimi vaWari. am periodSi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi daiwyo

somexTa masobrivi Camosaxleba. 1787 wlidan yarabaRis meliqebi, romel-

Tac garTulebuli urTierToba hqondaT adgilibriv muslim xanTan _ ib-

rahimTan, gadmosaxldnen TbilisSi (geguCaZe, 1995: 36). savaraudod, maT

qveyanaSi sakmao kapitali unda SemoetanaT.

35

erekle II-is ekonomikuri politikis erT-erTi mTavari monapovari

is iyo, rom ruseTis imperiis mibaZviT, mmarTvelobaSi calke dargad Ca-

moyalibda saxelmwifo Semosavlebi.

`erekles dros Camoyalibda agreTve safinanso uwyeba _ `gansakuT-

rebuli sabWo~, romelSiac Sediodnen samefo saxlTuxucesebi, mdivnebi

da qalaq Tbilisis meliq-mamasaxlisi. amieridan samefo Semosaval-gasav-

lis saqme marto saxlTuxucess ki ar miendo, aramed amas igi axla gana-

gebda mdivnebTan da meliq-mamasaxlisTan erTad. safinanso saqmeTa mmar-

Tvelobam kolegialuri forma miiRo~ (soselia, 1973: 532).

erekle II yvelanairad cdilobda sakuTari qveynis vaWarTa ufle-

bebis dacvas. 1783 wlis traqtatis dadebis drosac, gaiTvaliswina ra ma-

Ti interesebi, qarTveli vaWrebi uflebrivad gauTanabra rus vaWrebs.

maTve igive privilegiebi miiRes, riTac iranSi rusi vaWrebi sargeblob-

dnen (samsonaZe, 1980: 106-107).

vaWarTa interesebis dacvis mravali faqti gagvaCnia: 1792 wels

xuT qarTvel vaWars astraxanSi CamoarTves 20 000 maneTi oqros monetebi.

erekle II-is SuamdgomlobiT maT aRniSnuli Tanxa daubrunes. 1797 wels

2 vaWars CamoarTves 700 naxevarimperiali, 700 maneTi, 4200 maneTis oqros

moneta da sxv., es Tanxa patrons erekles SuamdgomlobiT daubrunda

(dumbaZe, 1990: 359). aseve gvaqvs cnoba, rom mefem potiomkinis winaSe aRZra

sakiTxi faTh-ali xanis winaaRmdeg, radgan misi mizeziT erekles vaWareb-

ma 60 000 maneTis zarali naxes (mesxia, 1959: 218).

friad sainteresoa erekle II-is werili anton mouravovisadmi:

`Sens brwyinvalebas CvenTvis ekiTxa _ misi didebulebis oqro da ver-

cxli rogor ixarjeba gamomicxadeo. Cven ase ganvacxadebT Sens brwyinva-

lebisadmi: romelic Zveli rubli aris is eqvs abazad aqaurs TeTrzed,

da axali rubli xuT abaz da erT Saurad. Cven qveyanaSi brZanebiT Zala-

sac movindomebdiT yovlad mowyalis xelmwifis samsaxurisaTvis, rom

unametnavesadac gasuliyo oqroc da vercxlica, magram radganac garSemo

mezoblebSi metad ar daixarjeba, amisaTvis vaWarT zians gaufrTxildiT,

rom qveyanas savaWro ar moakldes~ (Грамоы..., 1898: 37).

am werilSi kargad Cans erekle II-s Sexeduleba, rogorc savaluto

politikis mimarT, ise vaWarTa interesebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT. mefe,

36

romelic ase iswrafoda ruseTis imperiis keTilganwyobisaTvis, iZulebu-

li iyo, vaWarTa interesebidan gamomdinare, maT mTavrobisaTvis, romel-

sac aRniSnuli kursi ar akmayofilebda, kursis gazrdaze moklrZalebu-

li uari eTqva.

vaWrobis ganviTarebas aseve xels uwyobda erekleseuli samoneto

reforma. saqarTveloSi iWreboda saerTo sparsuli vercxlis monetebi.

es niSnavda samoneto politikaSi iranisadmi lmobier vasalobas. XVIII

saukunis 70-ian wlebSi aseTi monetebis gamoSveba Sewyda da qarTuli mo-

netebi gaTavisuflda iranis vasalobisgan (kapanaZe, 1950: 100). `...qarTlis

da kaxeTis samefoTa gaerTianebis Semdeg (1762 w.),... erekle II monetis

moWris dargSi axorcielebs mTel rig axal RonisZiebebs. am RonisZieba-

Ta Seswavla gvaZlevs srul uflebas vilaparakoT mefe erekles samone-

to reformis Sesaxeb~ (qoiava, 1963: 21).

burnaSovis cnobiT, qarTvelebma ar icodnen vercxlis legireba

(sxva liTonTan Sereva). Tumca qoiavas da kapanaZis iniciativiTY Catare-

bulma laboratoriulma sinjebma daadastura, rom es cnoba yalbia (qoi-

ava, 1963: 37). burnaSovis Secdoma gamoiwvia im faqtma, rom erekle II-is

moWrili sirma abazebi wminda vercxlis STabeWdilebas tovebda. Teimu-

raz batoniSvili amis Sesaxeb werda: `aseTs vercxlsa sWridnen CvenSia,

rom yovels evropiisa da aziis vercxlzeda Cveni vercxli ufro wminda

iyo~ (kakabaZe, 1925: 34).

erekles dros iWreboda vercxlis Semdegi nominalebi: Sauri,

uzalTuni (2 Sauri), abazi, marCili (3 abazi). iWreboda spilenZis xurda

fulic: naxevari fuli, bisti, Sauri; (2,5 bisti iyo erTi Sauri anu 5 ka-

piki). 1796 wels moiWra aseve oqros fulic (qoiava, 1963: 27-28).

Tbilisis zarafxanaSi moWrili fulis garda mimoqcevaSi iyo ru-

suli vercxlisa Tu oqros monetebi, aslani _ holandiuri oqros moneta,

fluri/florini, venetikuri sekini, sparsuli uzalTuni, Turquli pias-

tri. Teimuraz batoniSvilis mtkicebiT `oqro CvenSi srulad golandiisa

muSaobda, veneciisa da osmalisaca ufro cota, magram osmalos oqro

wminda ar aris da amisaTvis ar uyvarT qarTvelebsa~ (kakabaZe, 1925: 34).

n. qoiava aRniSnavda, rom `qarTl-kaxeTSi fuli moqmedebda ro-

gorc msoflio fuli, msoflio fuli ki moqmedebda yvela Tavis funqci-

37

aSi~ (qoiava, 1963: 36). qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi vercxlisa da oqros Sedar-

debiTi Rirebuleba iyo 1:14 _ 1:15, anu swored iseTi, rogoric iyo im

dros msoflio bazarze (dumbaZe, 1990: 349).

ucxouri monetebi gamoiyeneboda saerTaSoriso vaWrobisaTvis. maT

Sinauri bazridan adgilobrivi monetebi ar gamoudevniaT. piriqiT, erek-

le II-is sirma abazebi mTels kavkasiaSi didi popularulobiT sargeb-

lobda. es ki mefes saSualebas aZlevda fiskaluri miznebisaTvis moneta

gaefuWebina. XVIII saukunis I aTwleulSi abazis wona 7,3 grami iyo. erek-

le II-s dros ki 2,65-3,5 gramamde Semcirda (qoiava, 1963: 26). es iyo saxel-

mwifo Semosavlis gazrdis erT-erTi saSualeba. amis miuxedavad, qarTul

vercxlis fuls mimoqcevis mxriv araviTari safrTxe ar Seqmnia.

aseTi iyo samefo karis mier vaWrobis donis asamaRleblad gan-

xorcielebuli RonisZiebebi. amjerad ganvixilavT im Sedegebs, rasac

XVIII saukunis 60-iani wlebis Semdeg qveyanam am kuTxiT miaRwia.

b) saSinao vaWroba

Tavdapirvelad yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT Sida bazris ganviTare-

baze. qalaqebis mosaxleobis zrdasTan erTad izrdeboda produqtze moT-

xovna. mTavroba soflad glexTa saxelmwifo gadasaxadebs ukve, ara na-

turiT, aramed fulis saxiT iTxovda. paralelurad, Tavadebic aRar kma-

yofildebodnen tradiciuli rentiT da gadaxdis formas cvlidnen. ga-

dasaxadebis komutaciam 70-90-ian wlebSi Tavisi ganviTarebis etapebi gaia-

ra da Semdeg niSnuls miaRwia: saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis 60% da sabato-

no gadasaxadebis 20-30% fulad rentad iqca..

fuladi gadasaxadebi glexur meurneobas mWidrod akavSirebda ba-

zarTan. glexebi iZulebulebi xdebodnen bazrisaTvis daemzadebinaT pro-

duqcia. aseTi faqtebi dokumenturad dasturdeba. magaliTad, giulden-

Stedti axasiaTebda ra kaxeTis soflebis mcxovrebTa mdgomareobas, sxva

damzadebuli produqtebis gverdiT aRniSnavda meabreSumeobis

ganviTarebas da dasZenda: `yoveli ojaxi wliurad iRebs 2-4 fuT

abreSumis parks, xolo girvanqas yidian 60-90 kapikad~ (giuldenStedtis...,

1962: 35). es ki 100 maneTze meti Rirebulebis iyo. sainteresoa, agreTve, im

38

periodSi farTo moxmarebis sagnis _ endros eqsportis maCvenebelic. p.

guguSvilis gamoTvliT, iransa da TurqeTSi saqarTvelodan 10 000 baTma-

ni anu 66-70 aTasi maneTis endro gadioda (guguSvili, 1949: 118). amas ema-

teboda adgilobriv samRebroebSi moxmarebuli endros sakmaod didi

odenobac. cxadia, am raodenobis produqtis damzadebas ramdenime pirov-

neba ver SeZlebda. masSi Cabmuli iyo qveynis mosaxleobis didi nawili

da is glexTa damatebiTi fuladi Semosavlis erT-erT wyaros Seadgenda.

bagrat batoniSvilis `Semoklebuli soflis ekonomia~-Si aRniSnu-

lia, rom `Semosavali yovelive mamulsa... ganiyofebis samad. erT nawilSi

aiRebis saxlis saxarjavad, meore _ Sesanaxad, xolo mesame gaiyidebis~.

es naSromSi kargad asaxavs imdroindel ekonomiur azrs (anTelava, 1977:

82).

fulad-sasaqonlo urTierTobis ganviTarebam gamoiwvia Sida baz-

ris ganmtkiceba. sainteresoa bazris produqciis farTo asortimenti.

`XVIII da XIX saukuneebis dasawyisis sabuTebi naTlad mowmoben, rom sa-

qarTveloSi (umetesad qalaqebSi) yidva-gayidvis sagania yvelaferi, rac

ki SeiZleba adamianma moixmaros (iseTi sagnebic ki, rogoricaa ZeZvi Sesa-

Robad, baris tarebi, mwvanilis Tesli, lobio, fiCxi, WanWuri, TuTa da

a.S.). niSandoblivia, rom yvelaferi zemoT CamoTvlili SemTxveviT zedme-

ti produqtebi ki ar aris, aramed sagangebo gasacvlelad, bazrisTvis

aris damzadebuli, amas araerTi sabuTi gvidasturebs~ (samsonaZe, 1980: 17).

soflis meurneobis produqtebis garda, Sida bazari maragdeboda

xelosnobis nawarmiTac.9

wyaroebiT dasturdeba, rom qarTlsa da imereTs Soris savaWro

qaravnebi TiTqmis yoveldRe midi-modiodnen. suramis aRwerisas iakob

rainegsi aRniSnavs, rom is `erTaderTi qalaqia iberiasa (imereTs _ a.T.)

da qarTls Soris, amitom iq sakmaod gacxovelebuli vaWrobaa~ (rainegsi,

erTi sityviT, mokle droSi Camoyalibda qveynis

SigniT saqonelgacvlis sistema. erTmaneTs daukavSira qveynis sxvadsxva

kuTxeebi. TbilisSi da sxva qalaqebSi samxreT saqarTvelodan Semohqon-

daT mecxoveleobis produqtebi, fqvili, qeri da sxv. Sida qarTlidan xi-

li, marcvleuli; kaxeTidan _ endro, yurZeni, Rvino da sxv. amasTanave,

mWidrod daukavSirda erTmaneTs dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelo.

9 dawvrilebiT ixileT qvemoT.

39

2002: 148). saintereso informacias gvawvdis giuldenStedti xonis bazris

Sesaxeb: `17 agvisto (1772 w.). Cven Rame xonSi gavaTieT. xonSi eklesiis

gverdiT aris didi moedani cacxviT da aRmosavluri WadriT... es moedani

2 versis farTobs moicavs; rogorc yovel paraskevs am xeebis CrdilSi

Sekrebiliyvnen orive sqesis myidvel-gamyidvelni da [gaeCaRebinaT] bazro-

ba. iyideboda Semdegi saqoneli: ruxi da Savi maudis Coxebi da nabdebi,

romelic SemoaqvT baranidan da dugoridan, onis gziT. bambis wiTeli da

cisferi uxeSi qsovilebi SarvlebisaTvis, perangebisaTvis da qalTa ze-

datanisaTvis da saxiani bambis qsovilebi qvedatanisaTvis Tbilisis fab-

rikebidan.... aWaruli arSiebi evropuli tilosi, adgilobrivi ruxi mau-

dis qudebi... erTvedroiani spilenZis qvabebi... zRvis marili yirimidan,

damarilebuli zurgieli... salianidan da Tbilisidan~ (giuldenStedtis...,

1962: 153-155).

sxvadasxva avtorebis da sabaJo tarifebis mowmobiT aRmosavleT

saqarTvelodan imereTSi metad farTo asortimentis saqoneli SehqondaT:

bambis, abreSumis, Salis qsovilebi; bamba, matyli, Sabi, endro, marili,

Ceqmebi, wuRebi, cxenis aRkazmuloba, xaxvi, saponi, Cai, yava, Tevzis sxva-

dasxva saxeoba, gogirdi, saweri qaRaldi da sxva. imereTSi gatanil saqo-

nelze dabali sabajo tarifi (4%) iyo sawesebuli (qoiava, 1963: 190).

droTa ganmavlobaSi fulad-sasaqonlo urTierToba kidev ufro

ganviTarda. qalaqis mosaxleoba srulad daukavSirda bazars. ucnobi pi-

ris qorwilis xarjebis 1779 wlis nusxa gvauwyebs, rom bazarze SeuZeni-

aT: arayi, Rvino, Zroxa, cxvris xorci, bati, oraguli, zurgieli, xramu-

li, qiSmiSi, erbo, qonis sanTeli, wminda sanTeli, xaxvi, nigozi, xoxobi,

Cai, WanWuri, jonjoli, ispanaxi, sxvadasxva mwvanilebi, kvercxi, yveli,

zeTisxili, kovzebi, naxSiri, sasarCule materia, gaji, Zafi da sxva

(masalebi..., 1938: 69-75).

TumaniSvilTa saxlis wevrebma 1788 wels bazarze SeiZines: Rvino,

Zroxis xorci, yveli, mwvanili, oraguli, xizilala, cxvris xorci, bat-

knis xorci, kvercxi, erbo, xaxvi, mawoni, zeTisxili, wminda sanTeli da

sxva (masalebi..., 1938: 89-96). aRsaniSnavia, rom TumaniSvilebi msxvili mema-

muleni iyvnen. maT hyavdaT yma-glexebi da maTgan iRebdnen gadasaxadebs.

miuxedavad amisa, iZulebulebi iyvnen bazarze SeeZinaT garkveuli pro-

40

duqtebi. 1797 wlis sabuTi gvidasturebs, rom wilknis eklesiis winam-

ZRols, romelic, agreTve, yma-glexebis mflobeli iyo, uyidia: 4 cxeni,

ori uremi Rvino, `saxlis mofeniloba da saxlisaTvis WurWeli~ da sxv.

1790 wlis ucnobi piris danaxarjis nusxa gvauwyebs, rom is yoveldRiu-

rad bazarTan yofila dakavSirebuli da iZenda: Rvinos, varias, xorcs,

`samwuade~ xorcs, sanTels, zeTs, lobios, nigozs, erbos, nesvs, kitrs,

SeSas da sxv. (masalebi..., 1938: 100-119). aseTi uamravi sabuTi arsebobs.10

rusi moxele burnaSovi, axasiaTebda ra saqarTvelos sagareo vaW-

robas, gansakuTrebiT gamoyofda mis saqonelbrunvas mTiel da sparsel

(igulisxmeba azerbaijanuli saxanoebi) mezoblebTan `...didi vaWroba aqvT

erTi sityviT, saxelmwifos ekonomikurma politikam daaCqara fulad-sasa-

qonlo urTierTobebis ganviTareba. Camoyalibda erTiani Sida bazari da

mas samefo kari uwevda mfarvelobas. Sida produqtebis umetesobas Sead-

genda soflis meurneobis nawarmi, bambis, abreSumis, Salis qsovilebi,

spilenZis nawarmi da sxva xelosnuri dargebidan warmoebuli savaWro

produqti.

g) sagareo vaWroba

qarTuli produqciisaTvis mTavar gasaRebis areals warmoadgenda

kavkasiis mTianeTi, sadac qarTuli savaWro saqoneli didi raodenobiT

saRdeboda. mTielebTan vaWrobis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan informacias gvav-

wvdian saqarTveloSi myofi rusi moxeleebi. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo gu-

bernator kovalenskis moxsenebaSi mTavarmarTebel knoringisadmi aRniS-

nulia: `Sikrikma moitana anwuxisa da kapuCinis xalxisgan Cems saxelze

gamogzavnili werilebi, romlebSic isini iTxoven neba mieceT, raTa uwin-

deburad awarmoon vaWroba saqarTvelosTan, risTvisac maT ukve gamouS-

ves sazRvarze erTi qaravani; meore mxriv aqauri vaWrebi da xelosnebi,

romelTa nawarmiTac uwin lekebTan vaWroba warmoebda... daJinebiT iTxo-

ven, raTa lekebs neba miecaT Zveleburad awarmoon vaWroba saqarTvelo-

Si~ (gamrekeli, 1968: 27).

10 saerTod n. berZeniSvilis mier Sedgenili ekonomikuri istoriis I tomi naTeli dasturia imisa, rom XVIII saukunis 70-90-ian wlebSi soflis Tu qalaqis mosaxleoba mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli bazarTan.

41

mTiel da sparsel axlo mezoblebTan. maTi xelnaqnariT anu spilenZis

WurWliT, moCiTuli, SeRebili da TeTri bambis tiloebiT, cxenis mosar-

TavebiT, xmlebiTa da xanjlebiT, rkinis wvrilmani saqonliT, labadebiT,

qudebiTa da fexsacmelebiT, rameTu am saWiroebiT kavkasiis TiTqmis yve-

la xalxebi da yvela mezoblebi Tbiliseli somxebis SromismoyvareobiT

sargebloben~. imave avtoris mtkicebiT mTielebi aRmosavleT saqarTve-

loSi modiodnen did jgufebad, zogjer 500 da meti kacic ki (burnaSovi,

1896: 2-3). maT CamoqondaT adgilobrivi nawarmi: maudi, nabdebi, iaraRi,

mecxoveleobis produqtebi da sxva. umeteswilad maTTan vaWroba gacvli-

Ti formiT xdeboda. maSinac ki, roca mTielebi Tavis nawarms uSualod

fulze yididnen, am fuliT isev maTTvis saWiro da ucxo nawarms iZen-

dnen, samSobloSi fulis gatanas maTTvis araviTari azri ar hqonda, rad-

gan saqonelgacvlaSi iq fuli saerTod ar monawileobda (dumbaZe, 1990:

357). vaWrobis aseTi forma Zalzed momgebiani iyo qarTuli mxarisaTvis.

rusi moxelis zubovis informacia mniSvnelovani wyaroa imis gan-

sasazRvrad, Tu ra mogebas iZleoda Crdilo kavkasiel mTielebTan vaW-

roba: `amierkavkasiis mxaris bevri vaWari swavlobs ra mTielTa sxvadas-

xva enebs, midis yvelaze daSorebul xeobebSi da sargeblobs ra stumar-

Tmoyvareobis siwmindiT, eweva vaWrobas TiTqmis daujerebeli mogebiT,

awvdis ra mTielebs sagnebs, romlebic maTTvis ukve aucilebeli gamxda-

ran~, Semdeg avtori CamoTvlis im saqonels, romlebic vaWrebs CaaqvT kav-

kasiis mTielebTan. esenia: feradi abreSumis da bambis qsovilebi, sabnebi,

yava, pilpili, nugbari, surnelovani saponi, qiSmiSi, nigozi, finiki, ze-

Tisxili, ferumarili, blis xis Cibuxebi, qarva, savarcxlebi, didi rao-

denobiT unagirebi, yovelgvari iaraRi, tyvia, foladi, tyavebi, nalebi,

namglebi, maudi, Cardaxebi, Tambaqo, marili Rvino da sxv. (samsonaZe, 1980:

117). sainteresoa C. axrievis cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom Zvel dros saqarTve-

lo inguSeTSi CiTebis qveyanad iTvleboda (samsonaZe, 1980: 112).

gacxovelebuli vaWroba iyo gaCaRebuli rogorc amierkavkasiis sa-

xanoebTan aseve iranTan, TurqeTTan, buxarasTan da indoeTTanac ki. sa-

qarTvelodan gadioda abreSumis nawarmi, matyli, tyaveuloba, Rvino, en-

dro, erbo, Tafli da sxva. kidev ufro meti am qveynebidan Semodioda. ko-

mercia Zalze did masStabebs aRwevda. magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT vaWrobas

42

erevnis saxanosTan: erT-erTi cnobiT Tbilisel vaWrebs erevnidan yovel-

wliurad 70 000 fuTi nedli bamba SemohqondaT, risganac 21 milioni ar-

Sini qsovili mzaddeboda (roJkova, 1949: 111).

burnaSovi aRniSnavda, rom erekle II-is qveSevrdomi vaWrebi `vaW-

roben sparseTTan, indoeTTan, ruseTidan mcire raodenobiT Camotanili

saqonliT; xolo aqedan qaravnebiT iReben abreSumis, bambis sparsul da

indur qsovilebs, aseve faifuris WurWels~ (burnaSovi, 1896: 2-3).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Tbilisze gadioda sparseTsa da

osmaleTs Soris damakavSirebeli erT-erTi gza. peisonelis cnobiT, Tbi-

lisze gahqondaT tranzituli saqoneli iranidan konstantinopolSi,

aleposa da smirnaSi da piriqiT, am qalaqebidan iranSi. konstantinopo-

lidan mohqondaT evropuli saqoneli: inglisuri drapi, veneciuri oqroq-

sovili, franguli yava, Saqari da sxv. Tbilisidan konstantinopolSi

gahqondaT abreSumi, endro, matyli, tyavebi da sxv. es cnobebi dokumentu-

radac dasturdeba. magaliTad, Tbiliseli vaWris ter-Smovanovis werili-

dan Tavis simamris manuCar TumaniSvilisadmi Cans, rom Tbilisel vaWar

sarubeJanas buxaradan Camoutania didi raodenobiT tyavebi da gasayidad

konstantinopolSi wauRia (berZniSvili, 1965: 167, sab. #37).

igive vaWari sxva werilSi aRniSnavda: `kvira ar gava, rom erevni-

dam, yarsidam Tu axalcixidam (TbilisSi) qaravani ar movides. vinc saqon-

lis momtania eseni sul baJis mimcemni arian. bambac davarda litra CR (1

maneTi da 70 kapiki) ase gayides~ (berZniSvili, 1965: 136, sab. #12). gasaTva-

liswinebelia is faqtic, rom am werilebSi gadmocemulia aRa-mahmad xa-

nis Semosevis momdevno, 1796 wlis movlenebi. Tu sastikad aoxrebul qa-

laqSi aRmosavleTis qveynebTan aseTi farTo vaWroba warmoebda, advili

warmosadgenia misi masStabebi qalaqis darbevamdel periodSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom aRmosavleTis qveynebTan saqonelbrunvis

zusti moculobis Sesaxeb pirdapiri monacemebi ar gagvaCnia, sxvadasxva

wyaroebze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebelia misi miaxloebiTi gansazRvra. Tbi-

lisidan da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebidan erevnis, ganjis,

Semaxis, SuSis da sxva qalaqebis mimarTulebiT, aseve piriqiT, savaWro

qaravanebi mudmivad moZraobda. peisonelis cnobiT, jer kidev XVIII sau-

kunis 50-iani wlebis bolos da 60-ian wlebis dasawyisSi sxvadasxva sa-

43

qonliT datvirTuli 150-200 uremi yovelTviurad erevnis, Tavrizisa da

arzrumis mimarTulebiT midioda (kakabaZe, 140: 109-122). cnobilia, rom 70-

iani wlebidan tvirTbrunva kidev ufro gaizarda. amitom aRniSnul peri-

odSi iransa da TurqeTis mimarTulebiT Tbilisidan minimum 300 uremze

meti tvirTis gatanaa savaraudebeli. kidev ufro meti am qalaqebidan Se-

movidoda. gamodis, rom iran-TurqeTTan vaWroba weliwadSi sul cota

8000 uremiT ganisazRvreboda. uxeSi gaTvlebiT 1 uremis Rirebulebas Tu

100-dan 150 maneTamde viangariSebT gamodis, rom aRmosavleTis qveynebTan

tvirTbrunva XVIII saukunis 70-90-ian wlebSi 800 000-dan 1 200 000 maneTam-

de meryeobda. am monacemebs kargad Seesabameba 1809 wlis oficialuri

statistika: astraxanis sabaJos ufrosisa da Tbiliseli vaWrebis Cvene-

biT yovelwliurad erevnidan SemohqondaT 250 000 maneTis Rirebulebis

30 000 fuTi bamba; sparseTis qalaqebidan _ xoidan, Tavrizidan, qaSani-

dan, ispahanidan da sxv. _ 200 000 maneTis abreSumis da 100 000 maneTis bam-

bis qsovili, 50 000 maneTis yava, nuSi, pilpili, qiSmiSi, xmeli xili da

sxva wvrilmani, 20 000 maneTis lurji saRebavi; nuxidan, Seqidan da Sema-

xidan 10 000 maneTis abreSumi; daRestnidan da Sirvanidan 15 000 maneTis

nabdebi; TurqeTidan 60 000 maneTis bambis qsovilebi, foladi, tyvia, nali

da sxv. sul, am qveynebidan, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 700 000 maneTze me-

ti Rirebulebis savaWro saqoneli Semodioda (АКАК, 1870: 99-80). Tu ga-

viTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom XIX saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi arc saba-

Jo sistema, arc vaWarTa pirobebi da motivacia ar Secvlila11

darialis gzis gaxsnidan mokle xanSi gacxovelda vaWroba ruseT-

Tan. XVIII saukunis 50-ian wlebidan daiwyo saqarTvelodan ruseTSi qar-

Tuli saqonlis gatana. 1770-ian wlebSi ki am procesma intensiuri saxe mi-

iRo. qarTveli vaWrebi mudmivad mogzauroben ruseTis qalaqebSi. isini

(piriqiT,

savaWro urTierTobebze ruseT-sparseTis da ruseT-TurqeTis omebi uar-

yofiT gavlenas axdenda vaWrobaze), savsebiT logikurad migvaCnia, rom

es statistikuri monacemebi gavavrceloT XVIII saukunis 70-90-ian wleb-

zec. erTi sityviT, gansaxilvel periodSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos aRmo-

savleTis qveynebTan savaWro urTierTobebi sakmaod intensiuri iyo.

11 yvela dokumenti mowmobs, rom XIX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis moqmedebda mxolod da

mxolod qarTveli mefeebis dros dadgenili normebi.

44

savaWro operaciebs axorcieleben ara marto astraxanSi, mozdoksa da

yizlarSi, aramed niJni-novgorodSi da moskovSi. amis damadasturebeli

mravali cnoba mogvepoveba. magaliTad, 1780 wlis aprilSi mozdokSi er-

Tdroulad Cadis daaxloebiT 30 vaWris 3 qaravani, romelTac didi rao-

denobiT tyavebi, qsovilebi da sxv. CautaniaT (samsonaZe, 1972: 24).

sxvadasxva cnobebiT mtkicdeba, rom saqarTvelodan ruseTSi didi

raodenobiT bambis qsovilebi gaedineboda. saqarTveloSi damzadebul

produqcias ruseTis bazrebze gatanis iseTi donisaTvis miuRwevia, rom

igi saTanado masalebSic aisaxa. magaliTad, m. Culkovis naSromSi _

`Историческое описание российской комерции~ _ ruseTSi sxvadasxva qveynebi-

dan Semotanil saqonelTan erTad, Tbilisidan Setanili narma da xamxa-

laTic saxeldeba. igive avtori aRniSnavda, rom samxreT ruseTSi bambeu-

lis qsovilebi Sedioda `Из Гори~ da `Из Андреевской деревни~. am faqtis

Sesaxeb mkvlevari m. samsonaZe aRniSnavs, rom Tu avtori `Из Гори~–Si ara

qalaq gors aramed CrdiloeT kavkasias gulisxmobda, cnobilia, iq bambe-

ulis qsovilebi ar iwarmoeboda da Sedioda saqarTvelodan; andrias so-

felSi ki ZiriTadad qarTveli vaWrebi saqmianobdnen (samsonaZe, 1980: 137).

igive avtori ganixilavs ra mozdokis sabaJos uwyisebs da sxva saarqivo

masalebis monacemebs, aRniSnavs, rom XVIII saukunis bolosa da XIX sau-

kunis dasawyisSi qarTl-kaxeTis teqstiluri nawarmiT vaWroba ruseTTan

aRemateboda am saxeobis nawarmiT sparseTis saeqsporto vaWrobas ruseT-

Si (samsonaZe, 1977: 31).12

12 detalurad ruseTTan vaWroba ix. samsonaZis dasaxelebul naSromebSi.

zemoT moyvanili magaliTebi exeba mxolod bambis qsovilebiT vaW-

robas. ruseTSi qarTvel vaWrebs sxva saqonelic uxvad CahqondaT.

zogadad XVIII saukunis 70-90-iani wlebSi qveyanaSi sagareo vaWro-

bis maRali donis damadasturebeli mravali pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri

cnoba mogvepoveba. adgilobrivi warmoebis saqonlidan aRsaniSnavia Sem-

degi nawarmi: liTonis sxvadasxva sameurneo da saojaxo nakeTobebi, safe-

iqro nawarmi _ bambeulis, abreSumis da Salis qsovilebi, matyli, seli,

nedli bamba, sursaT-sanovage, marcvleuli, pirutyvi, Rvino, xorci, frin-

veli, zeTi, erbo, qoni, Tafli, xili, bostneuli, endro, Tambaqo da sxva.

45

kidev ufro mravalferovania importuli saqoneli: abreSumis qso-

vilebi _ daraia, tafta, atlasi; Salis qsovilebi, nabdebi, bambis maRali

xarisxis qsovilebi, evropuli qsovilebi, rusuli CiTi, sxvadasxva saxis

bewveuli _ wavisa da Taxvis qurqebi, meliis da kvernis bewvi; foladi,

rkina, gvarjila, qaRaldi, Tof-iaraRi, Zvirfasi Tvlebi _ almasi, marga-

liti, iagundi, zurmuxti da sxva; marili, Saqari, yava, limoni, Tambaqo,

Tevzeuli, mixaki, dariCini, pilpili, zeTisxili, vardis da zeiTunis ze-

Ti...

wyaroebSi bevria cnoba ucxouri ZviradRirebuli sagnebis farTo

moxmarebaSi gavrcelebisa _ mag., manuCar TumaniSvilis 1788 wlis tanisa-

mosis nusxaSi aris èrTi mwvane frangis atlasis kaba, erTi frangis Sa-

lis ioma, erTi TeTri frangis Salis Coxa, erTi wyvili espaneTis winda,

erTi rusuli CiTis axaluxi Sesakeravi da erTi rusuli CiTis axaluxi

Sekerili...~ 1795 wlis sabuTSi moxseniebulia `rusuli stamba“ (stambu-

rad nabeWdi wigni), `rusuli yuTi“, `rusuli klite“, `rusuli xelsaxo-

ci“, `rusuli CiTi“, `rusuli farCa“, `rusuli varayis qaRaldi“, èspanu-

ri sarke“, èspanuri qamari“... (anTelava, 1977: 54).

`konkurencia adgilobrivsa da ucxour saqonels Soris TiTqmis

ar SeimCneoda, radgan adgilobrivi mrewveloba awarmoebda farTo moxma-

rebis produqcias, romelic ZiriTadad sazogadoebis dabali fenebis

moTxovnilebas pasuxobda, maSin roca importuli saqonelis momxmarebe-

li arsebiTad feodaluri zedafena iyo. ...gabatonebuli zedafenis sac-

xovrebeli, aveji, tansacmeli, samkaulebi, kvebis racioni da sxva gansxva-

vebuli unda yofiliyo da iyo kidec. meore mxriv, swored imis gamo, rom

adgilobrivi sawarmoebi amzadebdnen naxevarfabrikatebsa da SedarebiT

dabali xarisxis mza produqcias, misi masobrivi gasaReba ufro metad

iyo garantirebuli. farTo moxmarebis Tbilisuri samrewvelo produqcia

mezobel qveynebSiac saRdeboda” (dumbaZe, 1990: 356).

savaWro urTierTobaTa mniSvnelovan warmatebebze miuTiTebs is

faqti, rom qarTveli vaWrebi, erTi mxriv, maqsimalurad iyenebdnen adgi-

lobrivi mrewvelobis SesaZleblobebs da Sesabamisad eqsports sakmaod

didi adgili eWira maT savaWro operaciebSi, xolo meore mxriv, ar kma-

46

yofildebodnen amiT da farTo saSuamavlo vaWrobas eweodnen msxvili

savaWro-ekonomikur regionebs Soris (dumbaZe, 1990: 360).

XVIII saukunis 70-iani wlebidan vaWrobis donem Tavis piks miaRwia.

saqonelgacvlaSi sakmaod msxvil kapitals vxedavT. magaliTad, 1800 wels

Tbilisel vaWar dimitris indoeTidan Camoutania 13 680 maneTis sxvadas-

xva qsovili da ramdenime aTasi maneTis Rirebulebis Zvirfasi qvebi. Camo-

tanili saqonelis erTi nawili, kerZod 9 830 maneTis Rirebulebis qsovi-

li da 12 030 maneTis Rirebulebis Zvirfasi qvebi, sazRvargareT realiza-

ciis mizniT Seisyida vaWarma aRa zurabovma, xolo meore nawili ki tvir-

Tis Camomtans adgilze gauyidia. gvaqvs cnoba, rom 1775 wels daruban-

dTan daiRupa enzelidan astraxans mimavali gemi, romelic skvorcovs

ekuTvnoda. gemi datvirTuli iyo astraxaneli da Tbiliseli vaWrebis na-

xevari milioni maneTis Rirebulebis saqonliT (dumbaZe, 1990: 358-359); 1806

wels Tavadma n. amilaxvarma sasamarTloSi aRZra saqme Tavad abameliqo-

vis winaaRmdeg, rom man ispahanSi gardacvlil ivan xan amilaxoris min-

dobilobiT, romelic misi Zma iyo, saam SixanaSvilisagan 95 884 Tumnis

Zvirfaseuloba miiRo, rac udrida 1 677 970 maneTs spilenZiT (samsonaZe,

1980: 70); cxadia es Zvirfaseuloba savaWrod gamoiyeneboda. `qarTveli vaW-

rebi13

m. samsonaZe ganixilavs ra TumaniSvilTa saqmianobas, aRniSnavs,

rom magaliTad, manuCar TumaniSvilis savaWro warmomadgenlebi gafan-

tulni iyvnen saSinao Tu sagareo savaWro-samrewvelo centrebSi: gorSi,

cxinvalSi, astraxanSi, peterburgSi da a.S. `damaxasiaTebelia rom erT-

erT werilSi manuCar TumaniSvili amayad acxadebda `me vaWari rodi va-

ro~. igi marTlac ar aris vaWari, igi gacilebiT farTo gaqanebis moRva-

we saqmosania, finansisti, kapitalisti, romelic meTaurobs mTel siste-

wamyvan rols asrulebdnen ara marto iransa da saqarTvelos vaW-

robaSi, aramed iranis sagareo vaWrobaSi saerTod~ (samsonaZe, 1980: 94).

aseTi masStabis komercia warmoudgeneli iyo farTo organizaciis

gareSe. `XVIII-XIX ss. saqarTvelos rigi msxvili vaWrebisa did organiza-

torebad gvevlinebodnen. isini prikaSCikebis, muSakebis, noqrebis da a.S.

mTel Stats aerTianebdnen~ (prikaSCiki _ magieri, vaqili vaWarTa, noqari)

(samsonaZe, 1983: 89-90).

13 igulisxmeba erekles qveSevrdomobaSi myofi vaWrebi.

47

mas, romelSiac araerTi daqvemdebarebuli piria gaerTianebuli: vaWrebi,

prikaSCikebi, mrewvelebi, noqrebi, msaxurebi da a.S. XVIII-XIX saukuneebis

mijnaze saqarTveloSi amgvar msxvil saqmosnebad moCanan anton oquaSvi-

li, merab aRa oquaSvili, osefa yorRanaSvili da a.S.~ (samsonaZe, 1980: 92).

vaWrobis gafarToebas mohyva savaWro amxanagobebis Seqmna. saintere-

soa erTi aseTi amxanagobis saqmianoba _ amxanagobaSi gaerTianebulia ramde-

nime pirovneba. ZiriTadi figuraa vaWari aRa. is TbilisSi saqmianobs. sxva

pirebi _ stefan aslanovi, aRas Zma karapeta, Saroa da qevoa _ astraxanSi

ewevian savaWro operaciebs. aRam Tbilisidan astraxanSi gagzavna farCa da

bewveuli, xolo aslanovma mas jer 5000 maneTis, Semdeg 3000 maneTis saqone-

li gaugzavna. aslanovma karapeta 16 000 maneTis saqonliT gagzavna baqoSi,

is ki abreSumis qsovilebiT dabrunda astraxanSi (masalebi..., 1953: 182).

savaWro amxanagobebis Seqmna imdenad Sors wavida, rom mas kanonmdeb-

lobaSi specialuri muxlebi daeTmo. magaliTad: `saqarTvelos ZvelTagan da

CveulebiTad qarTvel mefeTa droTa SemoRebulni sjulnis~ 5 muxli eTmoba

savaWro amxanagobas _ gansazRvrulia `movaWre amxanagTa, veqilTa da Tir-

qTaSikTa~ uflebebi, urTierTSeTanxmebebi da a.S. (doliZe, 1960: 54-56).

amxanagobebis saSualebiT xorcieldeboda satranzito vaWroba. bevr

qarTvel vaWarsa Tu savaWro kompanias YTavisi mudmivi warmomadgeneli hyav-

da iranis saxvadasxva savaWro centrSi. iqidan iRebdnen savaWro saqonels

da Semdeg ruseTis bazrebze gahqondaT.

saqarTvelosa da irans Soris saqonelgacvlas da mis Semdgom eq-

sports, ZiriTadad qarTveli vaWrebi axdendnen, Tumca am saqmeSi iraneli

vaWrebic monawileobdnen. 1801 wels Sedgenili erTi sabuTi adasturebs, rom

saqarTveloSi komercias eweoda 25 iraneli vaWari (samsonaZe, 1980: 102). qar-

Tveli vaWrebis saSualebiT iransa da ruseTs Soris farTo satranzito vaW-

robas adasturebs goreli vaWrebis _ julabaSvilebis _ davTari. es vaWrebi

dadiodnen: isfahanSi, TavrizSi, gilanSi, meShedSi, reSTSi; mTel kavkasiaSi:

SemaxaSi, darubandSi, yizlarSi; TurqeTSi: stambolSi; ruseTSi: stefanwmin-

da _ gveleTis gziT da zRviT astraxanSi (megrelaZe, 1963: 209).

erTi sityviT, XVIII saukunis 70-iani wlebidan vaWrobis done qveyana-

Si mkveTrad amaRlda. TbilisSi gaCndnen iseTi vaWrebic, romlTa kapitalic

50 000 maneTs aRemateboda (berZeniSvili..., 1958: 365).

48

savaWro kapitalis gaZliereba droTa ganmavlobaSi tons aZlevda mis

samrewvelo kapitalad gadaqcevas.

kameraluri aRweris mixedviT, XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi 1043 vaWris ojaxi cxovrobda (samsonaZe, 1980: 58). Cven vfiq-

robT, rom es cifri garkveul koreqtirebas saWiroebs da XVIII saukunis 70-

90-ian wlebSi realurad vaWarTa meti raodenoba unda vivaraudoT, radgan

aRa-mahamd xanis Semosevis Sedegad maTi ricxvi aSkarad Semcirdeboda.14

14 vaWarTa ricxvi Semcirda, rogorc 1795 wels Tbilisis aoxrebis Sedegad, aseve saukunis miwuruls maTi ruseTSi gadasaxlebiT. XVIII saukunis miwurulSi vaWarTa ruseTSi gadasaxlebaze metyvelebs Semdegi faqtebi: 1795 wlis 28 noembers ioseb yorRanaSvili darejan dedoflisadmi mirTmeul moxsenebaSi Tavs imarTlebs, rom somxebis ruseTisaken wasvlaSi mas araviTari brali ar miuZRoda. aseve aleqsandre batoniSvili 1796 wels mefes atyobinebda, rom saWiro iyo sagangebo zomebis miReba somexi vaWrebis ruseTisaken ltolvis SesaCereblad (guguSvili, 1949: 77-78).

rogorc aRvniSneT, vaWrobas gaaCnda erTi friad mniSvnelovani Tavi-

sebureba _ vaWrobas eweodnen araqarTuli eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenle-

bi. marTalia, etapobrivad mimdinareobda maTi `gaqarTveleba~, magram qarTl-

kaxeTSi savaWro kapitalis mflobelni ZiriTadad eTnikuri somxebi iyvnen.

samefo kari naTlad xedavda am nakls da cdilobda mis gamosworebas. ioane

batoniSvilis sjuldebaSi aRniSnulia: `...Cven TiTqmis somxebis da TaTrebis

vaWrebis xelis Semxedvelni varT da es Zliereba iqmneba Cveni, odesca va-

Warnica Cvenni iqmnebian. da amisaTvis gamovarCioT qarTlidam, kaxeTidam, ra-

odenime kacni, isev vaWrebTan namyofni da SevaCvioT vaWrobas. amaT xeli ga-

nemarTos saqveynos Semosavlidam, raTa iswavlon vaWrobaÁ. garda amisa, so-

mexTaca da TaTarTaca ise ivaWron, ragvaradac uvaWriaT pirvel~ (bagratio-

ni, 1952: 40).

rogorc vxedavT, vaWrobam, samefo xelisuflebis Catarebuli Ronis-

Ziebebis Sedegad, sakmaod maRal niSnuls miaRwia. TbilisSi, gorSi da sxva

qalaqebSi Camoyalibda mdidari vaWarTa fena. erekle II-is qveSevrdomi vaWre-

bi XVIII saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi iqcnen mTeli regionis masStabiT

vaWrobis mTavar warmmarTvel Zalad. isini qveyanaSi mniSvnelovan Tanamde-

bobebze iniSnebodnen da Sesabamisad sakmaod myari politikuri mdgomareo-

bac gaaCndaT. mefes maTi nawili ayavda TavadTa da aznaurTa rangSi. aseTi

tipis vaWrebi iqcnen `axali tipis Tavad-aznaurobad~, romlebic reformebis

gatarebisa da saTavadoTa sistemis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi mefis axal

dasayrdens warmoadgendnen.

49

$ 2. vaWrobis Sedegad miRebuli saxelmwifo Semosavlebi

a) sabaJo Semosavlebi

amjerad Cveni mizania vaWrobis Sedegad miRebuli saxelmwifo xa-

zinis Semosavalebis raodenoba ganvsazRvroT. imis garda, rom vaWrebi qa-

laqis maxtis da malis ZiriTadi gadamxdelebi iyvnen, samefo karis Ziri-

Tadi kreditorebadac gvevlinebodnen15 da erekle II am vaWrebis saSuale-

biT Tavadac axorcielebda mniSvnelovan savaWro operaciebs,16

baJi aiReboda yvela savaWro obieqtze, magram vaWars ufleba hqon-

da baJi gadaexada ara sazRvarTan, magaliTad gatexil xidTan, suramSi,

andac duSeTSi, aramed im adgilze, sadac sabolood miitanda Tavis

vaWrobi-

dan saxelmwifo Semosavali ZiriTadad mainc sabaJo tarifis odenobiT

ganisazRvreboda.

saqarTveloSi, termin baJis paralelurad, ixmareboda Celieqi. es

sityva iranuli warmoSobisaa da niSnavs 1/40. rogorc Cans, Tavdapirve-

lad baJis tarifi 2,5% ganisazRvreboda, Tumca savaWro urTierTobebis

ganviTarebam erekle II-s saSualeba misca Semosavlebis gazrdis miznebiT

gaedidebina tarifi. n. qoiava adarebs ra XVIII saukunis I naxevris sabaJo

tarifs imave saukunis miwurulis sabaJos monacemebs, Semdeg daskvnas

gvTavazobs: `abazis Sinaarsi saukunis manZilze Semcirda daaxloebiT 2,5-

jer. maSin rodesac specifikuri baJebi gaizarda gacilebiT ufro met-

jer. aqedan unda davaskvnaT, rom baJebis gadidebas fiskaluri xasiaTic

hqonda~ (qoiava, 1963: 198). XVIII saukunis 70-iani wlebidan wyaroebSi fiq-

sirdeba `yadimi Celieqi~ da `momatebuli Celieqi~ (masalebi..., 1955: 191;

masalebi..., 1948: 2). `yadimi Celieqi~ es aris Zveli baJi. mis sapirispirod

ki gaCnda `momatebuli~ anu axali sabaJo tarifi. gansaxilvel periodSi

baJi 4-dan 15% meryeobda. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom imdroindel qarTl-kaxeTis

samefoSi xSirad baJis saxelwodebiT ixsenieba sxvadasxva ijara Tu misa-

gebeli. amitom sakmaod rTulia erTmaneTisgan gaimijnos baJi da sxva Se-

mosavlebi.

15 iyo mravali SemTxveva, rom maT saxelmwifos sasargeblod savaldebulo uprocento sesxis gaReba ekisrebodaT. 16 am sakiTxs Cven mogvianebiT detalurad ganvixilavT.

50

tvirTs. vinaidan saqonelbrunvis ZiriTadi nawili Tbilisze modioda,

amitom Cven ZiriTadad yuradRebas Tbilisis sabaJoze gavamaxvilebT.

Tbiliss am dros gaaCnda Svidi kari: kojris kari, diRmis kari, me-

idnis kari, qvemo kari, abanos kari, ganjis kari da avlabris kari. yvela

am karebTan mebaJeebi idgnen da saxelmwifos sasargeblod iRebdnen baJs.

baJi aiReboda rogorc Setanil saqonelze, aseve gazidulze. sagulis-

xmoa is faqti, rom tranzitis SemTxvevaSic aiReboda baJi. satranzito

vaWrobis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan cnobas Seicavs 1802 wels samoqalaqo gu-

bernatoris kovalenskis mier gagzavnili moxsenebiTi baraTi mTavarmar-

Tvel knoringisadmi _ `Tu ruseTidan, sparseTidan, TurqeTidan Semotani-

li saqonlis gatanas moisurvebs misi mflobeli, man Semotanaze gadax-

dil mTel baJs garda gatanaze naxevari baJi unda gadaixados, magram Tu

Semotanili saqonlis Sesyidva adgilzeve moxda (misi Semdgomi gatanis

mizniT _ a.T.) am ukanasknelma mTeli baJi unda gadaixados~ (АКАК, 1866:

478-479). baJis Sekreba moijaradreebis saSualebiT xdeboda. ijariT gaice-

moda zogjer mTeli Tbilisis sabaJo, zogjer ki konkretuli saqonlis

mosakrebeli. saxelmwifoSi arsebobda ijariT gacemis Tavisufali konku-

rencia.

wyaroebi Tbilisis baJis wliuri Semosavlis Sesaxeb, gansxvavebul

informacias iZleva. kapitan iazikovis cnobiT, Tbilisidan baJis Semosa-

vali 1770 wels 10 000 maneTs Seadgenda17

aqtebis I tomSi mocemulia 1801 wlis sabaJo Semosavlebis statis-

tikuri cnobebi (АКАК, 1866: 479-481). n. qoiava am monacemebis ganxilvis

fonze miiCnevs, rom baJi mTlianad 18 586 maneTs Seadgenda (qoiava, 1963:

200).

(Грамоы..., 1891: 187). iakob raineg-

si CamoTvlis ra, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Semosavlebs, aRniSnavs: `baJi

yovelwliurad aiReba 25 000 maneTi~ (rainegsi, 2002: 184). aqve unda

aRiniSnos, rom iazikovs da rainegss saeWvoa sabaJo Semosavlebis

dazustebuli monacemebi hqonodaT.

18

17 Cveni azriT am periodSi moqmedebda mxolod `yadimi~ baJi.

18 Cveni dakvirvebiT aqtebSi motanili 1801 wlis Cvenebebi arasrulia. rusi moxeleebi Tavdapirvelad qarTuli ekonomikis TaviseburebebSi bolomde ver gaerkvnen. aRreva Cans sabaJosa da sxva tipis ijarebs Sorisac. monacemebis arasrulobaze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom samxedro, samoqalaqo, sasaxlisa da qalaqis moxeleebis wliuri xelfasebi

51

gvaqvs arapirdapiri cnoba Tbilisis sabaJos raodenobis Sesaxeb.

Tbilisis mouravi Tavadi evstaTi ciciSvili, mTavarmarTebel pavle ci-

cianovisadmi moxsenebaSi, acxadebda: `...q. pirveli ianvari, rom dadgeboda,

sami dRe qalaqis karebi me meWira; rac baJi Semovidoda naxevars me avi-

Rebdi da naxevari samefo iyo. amas raodenoba ar erqo, bevr[jel] bevrs

aviRebdi, bevrjer cotasa. aqedamac oci Tumani momividoda~ (masalebi...,

1948: 91). mouravis moxsenebidan naTelia, rom sam dReSi Tbilisis sabaJo

Semosavali 40 Tumani (naxevari samefo, naxevari mouravis _ sul 40 Tuma-

ni) anu 400 maneTi iyo. Tu am cnobas vendobiT, qalaqis wliuri baJebis

Semosavali 48 000 maneTi gamodis. Tanac gaviTvaliswinoT, rom evstaTe

ciciSvili qalaqis mouravad dainiSna aRa-mahmad xanis mier Tbilisis

aoxrebis Semdeg. amitom 80-90-ian wlebSi, am cnobis mixedviT, qalaqis ba-

Jebi 48 000 maneTze meti unda yofiliyo.

gagvaCnia, agreTve, gviandeli cnobebic. ruseTis imperiis moxelee-

bis cnobiT, 1807 wlisaTvis qarTl-kaxeTis Sinagani sabaJoTa Semosavali

Seadgenda 63 000 maneTs (guguSvili, 1937: 295).

rogorc vxedavT, saxelmwifo sabaJos Semosavlebis Sesaxeb ramde-

nime erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli monacemi gagvaCnia. imisaTvis, rom met-

naklebad zustad ganvsazRvroT Tbilisis sabaJos Semosavali, saWiroa

detalurad ganvixiloT sabaJoebTan dakavSirebuli yvela pirdapiri, Tu

arapirdapiri cnoba.

upirvelesad movitanT sabaJo tarifis monacemebs:

Semozidvis baJi:

farCa abreSumis, bambis, matylis, motanili imereTidan an ruseTi-

dan __ Tumanze 50 kapiki (5%).

igive, motanili iranidan an osmaleTidan _ Tumanze 1 maneTi (10%).

narTi _ sapalneze 2 maneTi.

narTi bambisa _ litraze 4 maneTi

narTi _ 50 kapiki

laJvardi ruseTidan _ Tumanze 50 kapiki (5%).

gansazRvrulia mxolod 16 990 maneTiT. realurad ki aseTi tipis xarjebi gacilebiT meti iyo (АКАК, 1866: 480-481).

52

laJvardi motanili iranidan da osmaleTidan _ Tumanze 1 man.

(10%)

crufariani koSenili motanili iranidan da osmaleTidan _ Tuman-

ze 1 man. (10%)

Saqari _ sapalneze 4 man.

sxvadasxva wvrili saqoneli _ sapalneze 4 man.

bamba erevnidan motanili _ sapalneze 2 man.

muxis muwuki _ sapalneze 2 man.

SreSi _ sapalneze 2 man.

nuSi, qiSmiSi da sxvadasxva mSrali xileuloba _ sapalneze 3

litra.

saxtiani _ sapalneze 4 man.

saxtiani motanili ruseTidan _ 20 calze 1 cali.

rkina _ uremze 4 man., 85 kap.

rkina _ sapalne 80 kap.

rkina motanili ruseTidan _ uremze 8 maneTi

rkina motanili ruseTidan _ sapalneze 1 man. 8 kap.

rkina motanili ruseTidan da iranidan _ litrze 16 kap.

rkina motanili ganjidan da bolnisidan _ litraze 10 kap.

Sabi _ uremze 4 man. 80 kap.

Sabi _ sapalneze 1 man.

bewveuli motanili ruseTidan _ Tumanze 50 kap. (5%).

bewveuli motanili iranidan da osmaleTidan _ Tumanze 1 man.

(10%).

spilenZi da tyvia, motanili meqarxnis mier sakuTari qarxnidan _

Tavisufalia baJisagan.

spilenZis nivTebi motanili ucxoeTidan _ sapalneze 4 man.

lula (Tofis) CuqurTmiani _ 1 calze 22,5 kap.

igive Tu sadaa _ 1 calze 22,5 kap.

tyavi gamouqneli _ sapalneze 1 man.

wavi _ 1 calze 10 kap.

Taxvi _ 1 calze 10 kap.

kverna yviTeli _ 1 calze 10 kap.

53

kverna TeTri _ 1 calze 5 kap.

mela _ 1 calze 2 kap.

marili _ uremze 2 man.

marili sapalniT _ 4 naWerize 77,5 kap.

brinji _ sapalneze 66,5 kap.

lobio _ sapalneze 60,5 kap.

puri, motanili TaTarTa soflebidan _ sapalneze... (ar Cans gada-

saxadi)

xurma _ sapalneze 30 kap.

nigozi _ sapalneze 30 kap.

vaSli Semotanili abanos karebidan _ sapalneze 12 kap.

xaxvi _ sapalneze 14 kap.

erbo, Tafli, qoni _ sapalneze 1 man.

rqiani saqoneli _ erT Tavze 50 kap., (daaxloebiT 8-10%)

rqiani saqoneli morekili meyasbis mier _ 1 Tavze 10 kap.

cxvari _ 1 Tavze 5 kap.

cxvari, morekili meyasbis mier _ 1 Tavze 3 kap.

zeTi _ sapalneze 1 amn. 10 kap.

Tevzi _ uremze 3 man. 40 kap.

oraguli da zuTxi _ sapalne 2,5 man.

gelaqnuri da kalmaxi _ 20 kapiki TiTo parkze.

zeTisxili _ sapalneze 3 litra

nesvi da sazamTro _ sapalneze 10 kap.

Tambaqo furclovani _ ar aris naCvenebi

Tambaqo motanili gasatanad _ litraze 3 stili

gogirdi _ sapalneze 2 man. 60 kap.

gvarjila _ sapalneze 1 man. 10 kap.

endro _ baTmanze 1 man. 10 kap.

kanafis narTi _ litraze 5 kap.

kanafi _ litraze 50 kap.

cvili _ litraze 10 kap.

cvili _ (ar aris naCvenebi) 4 man.

nawlavis simebi _ dastze 10 kap.

54

uxti _ 1 calze 10 kap.

naxSiri TaTarTa soflebidan _ sapalneze...(ar aris naCvenebi)

kalaqva _ sapalneze 50 kap.

yveli _ sapalneze 27,5 kap.

matyli _ sapalneze 1 man.

WurWeli _ Tumanze 50 kap. anu 5%

kubis maudi _ naWerze 20 kap.

savazne motanili ganjidan _ 1 calze 5 kap.

xe-tye _ tivze 1 xe

Rvino _ uremze 1 man. 15 kap.

arayi _ Tungze 2,5 kap.

spirti _ Tungze 5 kap.

gazidvis baJi:

rkina da Sabi, gatanili momtanis mier _ uremze 2 man.

spilenZi da tyvia nayidi _ baTmanze 20 kap.

waRa da qoSi _ wyvilze 20 kap.

lekebisagan nayidi nabdebi _ 1 nabadze 20 kap.

lekebisagan an mTielebisagan nayidi xubuxi an maudi _ 1 calze 10

kap.

xunZuri maudi da sabavSvo xubuxi _ 1 calze 5 kap.

Sarvali _ 1 calze 2,5 kapiki

Tafli _ sapalneze 1 man.

erbo _ sapalneze 1 man.

qoni _ sapalneze 1 man.

bewveuli _ Tumanze 50 kap. (5%)

crufariani koSenili, Tu ruseTidan Camomtanma TviTon gaitana _

Tumanze 16,8 kap.

Tu misgan sxvam iyida da gaitana _ Tumanze 50 kap.

TivTiki _ sapalneze 2 man. 60 kap.

qarTlidan motanili iordasalami gatanis dros _ sapalneze 2

man, 60 kap.

xili _ sapalneze 60 kap.

nigozi _ sapalneze 60 kap.

55

lobio _ sapalneze 60 kap.

spilenZis zodebi _ baTmanze 1 man. da 60 kap.

spilenZis WurWeli _ litraze 10 kap.

matyli _ sapalneze 1 man. 30 kap.

endro _ sapalneze 1 man. 60 kap.

Txa (?) _ sapalneze 4 man.

saqoneli, romelic midis imereTSi an ruseTSi _ Tumanze 40 kap.

anu 4%

iranSi da osmaleTSi _ Tumanze 1 man. 50 kap. (15%)

wavi _ 1 calze 10 kap.

abreSumis nedli _ ar aris miTiTebuli

abreSumi gamoxarSuli _ Suloze 10 kap.

narTi _ litraze 50 kap.

aseTia Tbilisis sabaJoze arsebuli tarifebi. rogorc vxedavT

TbilisSi mravali dasaxelebis sxvadasxva saqoneli moZraobda. sabaJo

tarifi 5-15%-mde meryeobs. saSualod ki 10%-ia. aRniSnul sabaJo tarifs

gvidasturebs, agreTve, giuldenStedti, romelic aRniSnavs: `baJebi Tbi-

lisSi da yvelgan Seadgenen 10 procents~ (giuldenStedtis..., 1962: 93).

aqve movitanT sabaJos zednarTebs minbaSis (cixisTavis) da moura-

vis sasargeblod.

zednarTi minbaSisaTvis:

yoveli saqoneli _ uremze 10 kap.

yoveli saqoneli _ sapalneze 2,5 kap. (anu realur baJze daaxloe-

biT 40-jer naklebi)

cxvari _ jogze 1 cxvari

batkani _ jogze 1 batkani

SuSa _ uremze 1 SuSa

fiCxi _ uremze fiCxi

xili _ sapalneze 8 kap. weliwadSi.

zednarTi mouravisTvis:

Rvino _ uremze 2 Tungi

Tevzi xmeli _ uremze 1 Tevzi da 15 kap.

zeTisxili _ sapalneze 1 Careqi

56

gelaqnuri _ sapalneze 2 Tevzi

zuTxi _ sapalneze 1 zuTxi

oraguli _ sapalneze 0,5 Tevzi

xramuli da fiCxuri _ sapalneze 1 Careqi

nesvi _ sapalneze 0,5 nesvi

nesvi _ uremze 2-3 SuSa

SeSa _ uremze 2-3 SeSa

yurZeni ganjidan _ sapalneze 0,5 litra

zeTi _ sapalneze 5 kap.19

arsebuli sabaJo tarifebiT SegviZlia met-naklebi sizustiT

ganvsazZvroT zogierTi tvirTis sabaJo gadasaxadis moculoba. Tbilisis

nacvalis, mikirtum surgunovis, pavle cicianovisadmi mirTmeul moxsene-

bidan Cans, rom qalaqSi yovelwliurad 500 uremi xmeli Tevzi, 200 sapal-

ne zeTi, 200 sapalne zeTisxili, 100 sapalne nali Semodioda (masalebi...,

1948: 98). sabaJo tarifis mixedviT xmeli Tevzis baJi uremze 3,4 maneTs ud-

rida. gamodis, rom marto am nawarmidan 1700 maneTi baJi aiReboda. amis

garda, imave surgunovis moxsenebaSi da sabaJo tarifSi fiqsirdeba mo-

xarSuli Tevzis, oragulis da zuTxis, gelaqnuris da kalmaxis Semota-

nac. saSualod Tevzis sxvadasxva saxeobidan baJi sul mcire 2500 maneTi

aiReboda. n. qoiava, aqtebis mixedviT, Tevzis baJs 1050 maneTiT gansaz-

Rvravs. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi saqme TevzeuliT vaWrobisTvis dawesebul

sabaJo gadasaxadTan ar unda gvqondes. es unda iyos Tevzaobis sanac-

vlod mefis misagebeli. Cvens mosazrebas amagrebs giorgi XII-is 1799

wlis 2 noembris brZaneba navTluRis mouravisadmi: `q. Cveni brZaneba

aris, meiTris-Svilo navTluRis mouravo niniav, merme yaraiidam mokide-

buli Tqvens mamulamdis visac saficxulo hqondes da an oCxi, aTze erTi

Rala unda gamoarTo da Cven mogvarTo...., visac unda gaekeTebinos, aravis

zednarTi aiReboda, agreTve, Tbilisis meliq-mamasaxlisis, moura-

vis nacvlis da kaTalikosis sasargeblodac.

sabaJo tarifze dakvirveba naTelyofs, rom samefo kari Sida ba-

zars da ruseTTan vaWrobas mfarvelobda.

19 aRniSnuli monacemebis Sedgenisas visargeble n. qoiavas naSromidan `fulis mimoqceva, krediti da finansebi XVIII saukunis qarTl-kaxeTSi~ (qoiava, 1963: 189-193).

57

patieba iqneba. yvelas unda gamoarTo~ (masalebi..., 1955: 130). TbilisSi Tev-

zaobis amgvari misagebelis (igive Ralis) ijara 1801 wels albaT 1050 ma-

neTad gaica. germaneli mogzauri giuldenStedti swored aseTi konteq-

stiT axasiaeTebs am gadasaxads: `Tbiliseli meTevzeebi, mtkvarSi Tevzis

Weris uflebisaTvis, mefes yovelwliurad uxdian aTas samas, an aTas oT-

xas maneTs, xolo naturiT _ daWerili Tevzis erT mesameds~

(giuldenStedtis..., 1962: 233). aqtebSi am gadasaxads baJi ewodeba. realu-

rad ki, rogorc aRvniSneT, Tevzis baJi 2500 maneTze meti iyo.

imave CvenebiT zeTidan, zeTisxilidan da Semotanili nalebidan

yovelwliurad 550 maneTis baJi aiReboda. zemoT CamoTvlil oTxi saxis

saqonlidan 3000 maneTze meti baJi iReboda. xolo TbilisSi 80-mde saxis

nawarmi ibegreboda.

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom erevnidan TbilisSi SemohqondaT 70 000 fu-

Ti nedli bamba (roJkova, 1949: 111). es ki daaxloebiT 5000 sapalneze me-

tia.20

aqtebis masalebis mixedviT, 1801 wels endros baJi 2300 maneTiT

aris gansazRvruli. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, iransa da TurqeTSi 10 000

baTmani, anu 66-70 000 maneTis, endro gaedineboda. amas garda endros didi

raodenobiT iTvisebda Tbilisis da sxva samRebroebi, romlebic ramdeni-

me milion arSin wiTel qsovils amzadebdnen. sabaJo tarifi TbilisSi en-

dros Semotanaze ganisazRvreboda baTmanze 1 maneTi da 10 kapikiT, gata-

naze ki sapalneze 1,6 maneTiT. saerTod ki iransa da TurqeTSi gatanili

saqoneli 15%-iT ibegreboda. amitom endros baJis Semosavali realurad

gacilebiT maRali unda yofiliyo. SesaZloa 1801 wels qarTvelma moija-

radreebma ruseTis mTavrobis qarTul ekonomikaSi gaurkvevlobiT isar-

bamba sxva qveynebidanac Semodioda. sapalneze bambis sabaJo tarifi

2 maneTiT ganisazRvreboda. aseTi didi moculobis produqcias adgilob-

rivi bazari ver aiTvisebda da ra Tqma unda, sxva qveynebSic gaitandnen.

baJi gatanazec aiReboda. bambis Semozidvaze sabaJos wminda Semosavali,

yvela SeRavaTebis gaTvaliswinebiT, minimum 10 000 maneTiT unda ganvsaz-

RvroT.

20 misi realuri Rirebuleba 500 000 maneTs aWarbebda.

58

gebles da ijaris dabal fasad Sesyidva moaxerxes. Cveni azriT, endros

baJis Semosavali naCveneb cifrze orjel meti unda yofiliyo.

garda endros sabaJo tarifiT dabegvrisa, samefo kars es farTo

moxmarebis produqcia damatebiT Semosavlis wyarod uqcevia. saqarTve-

los centralur saistorio arqivis 1448 fondSi daculi sabuTi # 1448

warmoadgens giorgi XII-is brZanebas da Semdegi Sinaarsisaa: `Cveni brZane-

ba aris vincavin endros mali ijaridarni iyvneT merme xaSmze rac endro

moiTxreba amisi malidam naTlimcemlis udabnos SevwireT, rom mudam

wels am malis fuls TormetTumnamden efTvime winamZRvars unda miaba-

rebdeT. mibarebis baraTi unda gamaarToT. im baraTs Cveni moxeleni anga-

riSSi Cagigdeben~ (1800 w. 5 maisi) (scssa, f. 1448 sab. # 1448,

aslamaziSvili, 2005: 90). rogorc vxedavT arsebobda endros malis ijara.

xaSmSi am ijaris Semosavali 12 Tumnamde (120 man.) aRwevda. ra Tqma unda

mefes sxva saxaso soflebSic eqneboda endros malis aRebis ufleba. ga-

dasaxadis Segroveba ijariT gaicemoda. SesaZloa, masac endros baJi ewo-

deboda da 1801 wels endros malis ijara gaica 2300 maneTad da swored

es faqti aris dafiqsirebuli aqtebSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi xazina endro-

dan ormag Semosavals iRebda _ sabaJo dabegvris da malis ijaris saxiT.

n. qoiava samarTlianad miuTiTebda, rom XVIII saukunis I meoTxedi-

sagan gansxvavebiT saukunis II naxevarSi gauqmda aryis monopolia da Rvi-

niT, aryiT da spirtiT vaWroba Tavisufali gaxda (qoiava, 1963: 200). saba-

Jo tarifebic mowmoben, rom RviniT da aryiT vaWroba monopolistur xa-

siaTs ar atarebda. wyaroebidan dgindeba, rom Rvinis da aryis baJis aRe-

ba calke gaicemoda ijariT da am produqtebiT sabaJo Semosavali 1801

wlis CvenebiT 3030 maneTs udrida (АКАК, 1866: 197, 479-478). ekonomikuri is-

toriis masalebSi ki qoronikoniT uog anu 473 wels, rac Seesabameba

1785 wels, Rvinis da aryis saijaro fasi 216 TumniT anu 2160 maneTiT iyo

gansazRvruli (masalebi..., 1955: 102). Tumca, rogorc Cans, samefo karis Se-

mosavali RviniT vaWrobidan mxolod amiT ar Semoifargleboda. Tbili-

sis mouravis evstaTi ciciSvilis moxsenebaSi aRniSnulia: `q. meore WaS-

niki Cemi sakuTari ijara iyo, amas gavcemdi xolme xan samoc TumnaT da

xan oTxmoc TumnaTa. ufro oTxmoc Tumnad gavcemdi xolme~ (masalebi...,

1948: 91). cxadia, mouravi pirvel `WaSnikSi~ gulisxmobda samefo `WaSnikis

59

ijaras~. sardal-saxlTuxucesi ioane orbeliani, pavle cicianovisadmi

mirTmeul moxsenebaSi, Rvinis da aryis baJis ijarisagan damoukideblad,

saidanac misi Semosavali 63,5 maneTs Seadgenda, asaxelebs Rvinis ijaras

calke da iqidan misi sargo Seadgenda 73 maneTs. ioane orbelianis sar-

gos mixedviT saxelmwifo Rvinis ijaris Semosavali aWarbebda Rvinis da

aryis baJis ijaras (2100-3000 maneTs). Cveni azriT, es iyo samefo karis mi-

er sakuTari meurneobidan miRebuli mosavlis realizaciis saijaro sa-

fasuri. samefo kars farTo moxmarebis sagniT _ RviniT _ vaWrobidan,

iseve rogorc endrodan, ormagi Semosavali hqonia.21

Tbilisis sabaJo Semosavlis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan informacias Se-

icavs n. berZeniSvilis gamoqveynebuli Semdegi dokumenti: `q. batoni manu-

Car mdivnisagan aviRe havlabris karis saminbaSo da abanos karis saminaba-

So baRebiT, Tavis ganwesebiT, samoc TumnaT, me, uzbaSanT Saqaruas Svili

isaiam...~ (masalebi..., 1938: 251-253). am dokumentidan Cans, rom ori karis sa-

minbaSos ijara 1802 wlis 1 ianvars gaica 60 Tumnad. misi realuri fasi

ki, sadac igulisxmeba sakuTriv ijaris fasi, ijaris mowyobis danaxarje-

bi da moijaradreebis mogeba, minimum 80-90 Tumani iqneboda. Cans, rom Tbi-

lisis TiTo karis saminbaSos zednarTi saSualod 40 TumniT ganisaz-

Rvreboda. Svidive karisa ki 280 TumniT. sabaJo tarifis mixedviT minbaSi

aRniSnul savaWro saqonelze _ Tevzis sxvadasxva saxeoba, zeTi,

zeTisxili, bamba, endro, Rvino da arayi _ daaxloebiT 20 000 maneTze me-

ti baJi aiReboda.

zemoTCamoTvlis garda, amierkavkasiis saxanoebidan, iranidan da

TurqeTidan 400 000 maneTze meti Rirebulebis sxva savaWro saqoneli Se-

modioda. am qveynebSi qarTl-kaxeTidanac sakmaod didi raodenobis saqo-

neli gaedineboda da baJi am SemTxvevaSic aiReboda. arsebuli monaceme-

bis mixedviT marto aRmosavleTis qveynebTan vaWrobiT, yvela SeRavaTebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, 40 000 maneTze meti baJi aiReboda. amas davumatoT Sida

vaWrobis dabegvra, CrdiloeT kavkasiasa da ruseTTan sakmaod maRali

tvirTbrunva, maSin cxadi gaxdeba, rom Tbilisis mouravis mier naCvenebi

sabaJo Semosavali _ 48000 maneTi _ realobas unda asaxavdes.

21 aq ar igulisxmeba glexTa Rvinis gadasaxadi `Rala~. am gadasaxadis Sekreba ijariT ar gaicemoda da arc misi realizacia xdeboda. aseTi tipis gadasaxadebi (sursaTi, kodispuri da sxva) gamoiyeneboda jaris, moxeleTa da samefo ojaxis saWiroebisaTvis.

60

yovel uremze iRebda 10 kapiks da sapalneze 2,5 kapiks, anu sabaJo tari-

fis meormoceds. Tumca igive sabuTi cxadyofs, rom minbaSi cxvris jog-

ze, SeSaze, fiCxze da xilze iRebda gacilebiT mets, amitom saSualod

saminbaSo zednarTi SegviZlia baJis meocediT ganvsazRvroT. am monace-

miT, Svidi karidan aRebuli sabaJo Semosavali 5000 Tumans aWarbebs.

es monacemebi kidev ufro amagrebs Tbilisis mouravis Cvenebas.

amitom vfiqrobT Tbilisis baJis odenoba daaxloebiT 50 000 maneTiT un-

da ganisazRvros. sabaJos organizebisa da moijaradreTa mogebis gamok-

lebiT samefo karis wminda Semosavali, Cveni gamoTvliT, daaxloebiT

40 000 maneTs udrida.

garda Tbilisisa, sabaJoebi arsebobda gorSi, duSeTSi, axalgor-

Si, cxinvalSi, TelavSi, siRnaRSi da sxv. uxeSi gaTvlebiT maTi saerTo

Semosavali 10 aTas maneTze meti iqneboda.22

zogierTi savaWro saqoneli sabaJo tarifSi Setanili ar iyo da

saerTo mebaJeTa mier ar ibegreboda. am produqciiT vaWroba monopoli-

zirebuli iyo.

23

sabaJo tarifSi ar fiqsirdeba Tambaqos arc Semozidvis da arc

gazidvis dabegvra. naCvenebia mxolod satranzito vaWrobisaTvis gankuT-

vnili Tambaqos _ `motanili gasatanad~ _ tarifi. TambaqoTi vaWroba sa-

mefo karis prerogativas warmoadgenda. am produqciiT vaWrobis ufleba

ijariT gaicemoda da mas burnioTis ijara

24

22 marto goris baJis ijara 1400 maneTs Seadgenda. 23 `monopolia ewodeba mefis gansakuTrebul uflebas ama Tu im saxis warmoeba-vaWrobis eqspluataciaze. monopoliis dawesebas miznad aqvs Semosavlis miReba, Semosavlis gadideba~ (qoiava, 1963: 136). 24 burnioTi, burnuTi niSnavs dafqvil Tambaqos (masalebi..., 1957: 11).

ewodeboda. erekle II-is ia-

kob auStrisSvilisadmi meidanze duqnis wyalobis sigelSi aRniSnulia:

`meidanze cixis adgilze saydris win erTi duqani (giboZeT). zeviT mxares

burnioTis qarxnis kedeli...~ (scssa, f., 1449 sab., # 1126, aslamaziSvili,

2005: 61). am sabuTidan Cans, rom TbilisSi iyo burnioTis, anu Tambaqos

`qarxana~, sadac, savaraudod, Tavs uyridnen mosaxleobisagan Sekrebil

Tu Sesyiduli Tambaqos. aq xdeboda misi gadamuSaveba-dafqva da Semdeg

realizacia.

61

Tambaqos ijara sakmaod maRal Tanxad gaicemoda. 1801 wels Tamba-

qos saijaro fasi 5300 maneTi iyo (qoiava, 1963: 187). `moxeleTa sargos

nusxaSic~ 1788 wels saijaro fasi 530 TumniT (5300 maneTiT) ganisazRvre-

boda (masalebi..., 1955: 102). Tbilisis garda burnioTis ijara ikribeboda

gorSi, Telavsa da sxva adgilebSi. samefo kari monopoliuri vaWrobiT

miRebuli Semosavlis garda, satranzito vaWrobisas Tambaqoze sakmaod

mozrdil baJs _ litraze sam stils iRebda.

sabaJo tarifSi aseve ar fiqsirdeba teqstiluri nawarmis gatanis

dabegvra. aqac saqme gvaqvs specifikur mdgomareobasTan. safeiqro warmoe-

bis gafarToebam samefo kars ubiZga specialuri mosakrebeli daewesebina

masze. samefo xelisuflebam TeTr da wiTel ferad SeRebil qsovilze

SemoiRo e.w. `sabeWdavis~ anu `beWdis~, igive `xamxalaTis~ ijara. rogorc

qoiava ganmartavs, es iyo teqstilis aqcizi. yovel 10 arSin SeuRebav qso-

vilze xazinis sasargeblod aiReboda 2,5 kapiki. SeRebil qsovilze 5

kapiki. xolo moCiTul qsovilze 7,5 kapiki. baJis aRebis dasturi beWdis

dasma iyo (qoiava, 1963: 185; samsonaZe, 1980: 295). aqedan modis termini _

`beWdis~ _ sabeWdavis~ ijara.

1801 wels `beWdis~ ijaris fasi 3850 maneTs Seadgenda (АКАК, 1866:

479). qalaqis saxelmwifo ijaraTa nusxis mixedviT 1785 da sxva wlebSi

`sabeWdavis ijara~ 500 Tumnad, anu 5 000 maneTad, gaicemoda (masalebi...,

1955: 102). sxva wyaroebiTac aRniSnuli Tanxa fiqsirdeba. Cans aRa-mahmad

xanis Semosevis Semdeg ijaris fasi Semcirebula. Tbilisis garda garkve-

ul Semosavals iZleoda goris, duSeTis, Telavis da sxv. `beWdis ijare-

bic~.

sainteresoa mariliT vaWrobasTan dakavSrebuli faqtebic. giul-

denStedti gadmogvcems, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi `marili SemoaqvT

erevnidan, romelic sazRvridan ori dRis savali gziT aris daSorebuli

da mefes aZleven baTmans 10 kapikad, xolo Semdeg iyideba 20 kapikad~

(giuldenStedtis..., 1962: 93). am cnobasTan dakavSirebiT n. qoiava aRniSnav-

da: `rogorc Cans, mefe samocdaaTian wlebSi awarmoebda mariliT vaWro-

bas. Cven jerjerobiT ver vityviT drois ra manZilze xdeboda mariliT

vaWroba, igi iyo monopolizirebuli Tu ara, rogori iyo Semosavali. ad-

vilad SesaZlebelia, rom saqme gvaqvs mariliT vaWrobis monopoliasTan,

62

romelic sakmaod xSiri movlena iyo feodalur saxelmwifoebSi~ (qoiava,

1963: 212). qoiava masalebis simciris gamo radikaluri daskvnebisagan Tavs

ikavebs.

Cven mariliT vaWrobasTan dakavSirebiT ufro detaluri informa-

cia mogvepoveba. 1782 wlis `moxeleTa sargos angariSis wignSi” aRniSnu-

lia: `q. batonis brZanebiT, marilis momtanisagan erTs litrs marils

orSauraT hyidulobda da sabatonoT erT litras aba[za]T hyidda. ram-

Tens weliwads ase hyidda, rom moxeleeb[s] jer sargo ar agveRo; amas

ukan erTianad batonma TayuaSvilze mocemis brZaneba ineba. imisi Cveni wi-

laT gvergo, rom unda mogvces (cxrametTuman naxevari).

q. masukan batonma TavisTvis marilis syidva ar ineba da ijariT

gacema ineba. TayuaSvilma ijariT aiRo. amaSi amxanagoba ase iyo: ori wi-

li TavisTvis da Tavis xeCaturasaTvis, ori wili Cven oris ZmisTvis da

erT wili meliqis-Svilis Saqarasi. amisi angariSi rom vnaxeT, TviTos

ocTumanamdis gvergo. oris Zmis wili iqneba (ormoci Tumani)~ (masalebi...,

1955: 67).

am sabuTidan irkveva, rom mariliT vaWroba marTlac monopolizi-

rebuli iyo. erekle II uSualod ereva mariliT vaWrobaSi. fasebs Tavad

aregulirebs da Tavisi komersantis saSualebiT mas ormag fasad hyidis.

aseTi mdgomareoba gagrZelda 1782 wlamde. mogvianebiT, mefem mariliT

vaWroba ijariT gasca amxanagobaze. amxanagobaSi 5 pirovneba iyo gaerTia-

nebuli. maTi saerTo Semosavali am saqmianobidan 100 Tumani, anu 1000 ma-

neTi iyo. mefis Semosavali ki savaraudod gacilebiT maRali iqneboda.

qarTlis saxlTuxucesis ioane orbelianis CvenebiT marilis ijaridan

mas, rogorc mefis moxeles 12 Tumani ergeboda. xolo `xamxalaTis~ anu

`sabeWdavis~ ijaridan is iRebda 21 Tumans. am ori Semosavlis Sedarebi-

Ti gaangariSebiT marilis ijaris fasi SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT daaxloe-

biT 3000 maneTiT.

giuldenStedtis gadmocemiT TbilisSi arsebobda mefis marilsax-

deli qarxana _ `...1 dekembers davaTvaliere aqauri marilsaxdeli qarxa-

na...~ (giuldenStedtis..., 1962: 9). Cans, TbilisSi Semodioda marilis

kvnitebi. mas yidulobdnen mefis komersantebi. misi Semdgomi damuSaveba

xdeboda `marilsaxdel qarxanaSi~. am procesis warmarTva da marilis re-

63

alizacia gaicemoda ijariT, romlis Semosavali, rogorc aRvniSneT sak-

maod soliduri unda yofiliyo.

mariliT vaWrobis monopoliis arsebobas saeWvos xdis sabaJo ta-

rifi, radgan Cans, rom Semozidul marilze mozrdili baJi aiReboda. es

ki TiTqos adasturebs mariliT Tavisufal vaWrobas da ewinaaRmdegeba

Cven mier damowmebul dokumentebs. Tumca marilis tranziti ar fiqsir-

deba. iseve, rogorc ar Cans arc gazidvis SemTxvevaSi misi dabegvra. es

procesi mefis moijaradreebis prerogativa iyo da, cxadia, baJiT ar

ibegreboda. mariliT vaWrobis monopolia swored am aspeqtSi gamoixate-

boda. Semotanas ki vaWrebi axorcielebdnen da, cxadia, baJic aiReboda.

samefo kari mariliT vaWrobaSi ormag Semosavals iRebda _ Semotanaze

baJis, gadamuSaveba-realizaciaze ijaris saxiT.

1770 wels moqalaqe isaia TayuaSvilma erekle II-is nebarTviT To-

fiswamlis qarxana aaSena. Cven am sawarmos detalurad samrewvelo ganvi-

Tarebis aRweris dros ganvixilavT. amJamad ki yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT

sxva kuTxiT. sawarmo rom monopolizirebuli iyo mefis mier, Cans missave

brZanebidan, sadac aRniSnulia, rom TayuaSvilis `meti kaci veravin daa-

nayvinebda da verc gvarjilasa da Tofis wamals gahyidida~ (ix. klimiaS-

vili, 1962: 272).

n. qoiava aRniSnavda, rom Tofis wamlis qarxana samxedro daniSnu-

lebis iyo da aRniSnuli produqcia bazarze ar gadioda (qoiava, 1963: 211).

Cveni azriT, es varaudi mcdaria. mefis brZanebave miuTiTebda, rom To-

fiswamals da gvarjilas TayuaSvilis garda veravin gayidida. am brZane-

bis Sinaarsive uSvebda mis realizacias.

sabaJo tarifSi fiqsirdeba gvarjilis da gogirdis Semotana (es

mineralebi Tofis wamlis dasamzadeblad gamoiyeneboda), xolo maTi da

Tofiswamlis gatanis baJi arsad fiqsirdeba. cxadia, es samefos preroga-

tiva iyo da baJiTac ar ibegreboda. giuldenStedti aRwers ra `Tofis-

wamlis qarxanas”, dasZens, rom `erTi citra wamali rusul fulze Rirs

12-15 kapiki~ (giuldenStedtis..., 1962: 15).

es `qarxana~ samefo xelisuflebam Tavisi maRali mogebis gamo ma-

le ukanve gamosTxova TayuaSvils da Tavisad daiWira (dumbaZe, 1990: 349).

konkretulad Tu ra Semosavals iZleoda aRniSnuli produqciis reali-

64

zacia, ar Cans. savaraudoa, rom is erTi mxriv akmayofilebda qveynis sam-

xedro moTxovnilebas da amave dros fulad Semosavalsac iZleoda.

rogorc vxedavT, saxelmwifo xazinaSi sabaJoebidan da monopoli-

uri vaWrobidan miRebul Semosavals sakmaod did adgili eWira da daax-

loebiT 65 000 maneTiT ganisazRvreboda. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts,

rom imave periodSi imereTis samefos wliuri sabaJo Semosavali 15 000

maneTs Seadgenda (soselia..., 1973: 583-584), maSin vfiqrobT, sadavo ar unda

iyos Cven mier dasaxelebuli sabaJo tarifis raodenobis miaxloebiTi

sizuste, radgan sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi sa-

qonelbrunva ramdenjerme aRemateboda imereTisas. Cveni mosazrebis sa-

sargeblod metyvelebs aseve 1807 wlis qarTl-kaxeTis sabaJoebis monace-

mebic, romlis mixedviTac, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, Semosavlebi 63 000

maneTs Seadgenda25 (guguSvili, 1937: 295). 1807 wlisaTvis XVIII saukunis

70_90-ian wlebTan SedarebiT qarTl-kaxeTis savaWro tvirTbrunvaSi raime

radikaluri cvlileba ar momxdara. piriqiT, am periodSi saomari moqme-

debebis gamo, kidevac Semcirda iranTan da osmaleTTan vaWroba.26

aseTi suraTi iSleba sabaJo Semosavlebis mxriv XVIII saukunis 70-

80-iani wlebis qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi. rogorc vxedavT, samefo karis

qmediT RonisZiebaTa Sedegad, sabaJoebi xazinas solidur Sevsebas aZlev-

da. Tu ra tempiT gaizarda sabaJo Semosavlebi, amas naTelyofs XVIII sa-

ukunis dasawyisis sabaJoTa Semosavlebis Sedareba gansaxilvel period-

Tan. `dasturlamalis~ da turneforis Cvenebebze dayrdnobiT sargis kaka-

baZis gamoangariSebiT XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi qarTlis samefos sabaJo

Semosavlebi Seadgenda 500 Tumans (kakabaZe, 1924: 222) anu 5000 maneTs, rac

imave saukunis 70-90 wlebis kursiT 12 500 maneTs udrida. kaxeTis same-

fosTan erTad sabaJo Semosavali daaxloebiT 20 000 maneTiT ganisaz-

25 XIX saukunis dasawyisSi cicianovma daayena sakiTxi qarTl-kaxeTSi Sinagani sabaJoebis gauqmebisa da saerTo imperiuli sabaJo sistemis SemoRebis Sesaxeb. misi proeqtis mixedviT uqmdeboda aseve mozdokis sabaJo da imperiis samxreTSi oTx adgilas _ suramSi, walkasTan, loresa, SamSadiloSi _ ixsneboda sabaJoebi. proeqtis mixedviT, iranidan da osmaleTidan momavali tvirTi am adgilebze unda dabegriliyo, xolo imperiis SigniT vaWroba Tavisufali xdeboda. 1803-1804 wlebSi gamoica kidec Sesabamisi brZanebulebebi, Tumca qarTl-kaxeTis Sinagani sabaJoebis Semosavali imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo, rom imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma 1807 wels SeaCera wina brZanebebi da aRadgina Sinagani sabaJoebi XVIII saukunis II naxevris tarifiT (guguSvili, 1937: 293-296). 26 1804-1813 wlebSi mimdinareobda ruseT-iranis, xolo 1806-1812 wlebSi ruseT- osmaleTis omi.

65

Rvreboda. `osmaloba-yizilbaSobis~ da lekianobis Sedegad mosaxleobis

mkveTri Semcirebis miuxedavad, erekle II-is ekonomikuri politikis wya-

lobiT am mimarTulebiT samefo Semosavlebi samjer da metad gazrdila.

Sinagani sabaJoebis Semosavali didad iyo damokidebuli qveynis

stabilurobaze. sagareo mterTa Semosevebi sabaJo sistemaze damRupve-

lad moqmedebda. rusi moxele burnaSovis 1785 wlis 4 noembers potiom-

kinisaTvis gagzavnil moxsenebaSi aRniSnulia omar-xanis Semosevis uar-

yofiTi Sedegebi: `saqarTvelo ukiduresad nadgurdeboda, imis gamo, rom

gzebze mimosvla saSiSia, vaWroba mTlianad Sewyda, puris moyvana Sefer-

xebulia, radgan mosaxleobas saxelmwifo Tu samxedro samsaxurSi iwve-

ven... mis umaRlesobas (erekle II-s) ar SeuZlia Segrovili jaris didxans

Senaxva, radgan fuli ara aqvT, misi Semosavali TiTqmis gaqra...~ (dumbaZe,

1973: 705). miuxedavad aseTi didi xelisSemSleli faqtorebisa, ekonomiku-

ri progresi mainc ar Seferxebula. erT weliwadSi moxerxda omar-xanis

Semosevis Sedegad miRebuli zaralis kompensireba da qveyanam ekonomiku-

ri ganviTareba ganagrZo.

1795 wels ki aRa-mahmad xanma miwasTan gaaswora Tbilisi, ramac

qarTul ekonomikas udidesi dartyma miayena. Tumca wyaroebidan dastur-

deba, rom ekonomika amis Sedegad ar ganadgurebula da savaWro operacie-

bi kvlav warmoebda. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, ter-Smovanovis werilidan

manuCar TumaniSvilisadmi irkveva, rom 1796 wlidanve kvlav amoqmedebula

Tbilisis bazari: `kvira ar gava, rom erevnidam, yarsidam Tu axalcixidam

(TbilisSi) qaravani ar movides. vinc saqonlis momtania eseni sul baJis

mimcemni arian. banbac davarda litra CR (1 maneTi da 70 kapiki) ase gayi-

des~ (berZniSvili, 1965: 136, sab. #12). sxvadasxva monacemidan Cans, rom

1800-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis saijaro fasebi TiTqmis utoldeboda

1795 wlamdel mdgomareobas.27

27 am sakiTxs sagangebod qvemoT ganvixilavT.

XVIII saukunis dasawyisidan XIX saukunis

dasawyisisaTvis sabaJoTa Semosavlebi grafikulad ase gamoiyureba:

66

rogorc vxedavT progresi aSkaraa da xelisSemSleli faqtorebis

miuxedavad qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ekonomikis es aspeqti sakmaod sicoc-

xlisunariania.

b) savaWro operaciebis Sedegad miRebuli sxva saxelmwifo Semosavlebi

garda sabaJoebis Semosavlisa, samefo kari Tavisi komisionerebis

saSualebiT, Tavadac monawileobda savaWro operaciebSi. rogorc zemoT

davinaxeT, qveyanaSi arsebobda endros malis ijara. moTxrili endro iyi-

deboda da Semosavali samefo xazinaSi Sedioda. misi saijaro fasi ram-

denime aTas maneTs Seadgenda. amave dros daSvebuli iyo endros Tavisu-

fali vaWroba. endros msgavsad Rvinis ijarac ramdenime aTas maneTs iZ-

leoda.

sabaJo tarifSi asaxulia rkinis Semozidvis faqtebi. CamoTvlilia

rkinis Semozidvis sxvadasxva SemTxvevebi _ `rkina motanili ruseTidan,

rkina sapalniT, rkina urmiT, motanili ruseTidan da iranidan, motanili

ganjidan da bolnisidan~.28

28 sabaJo tarifi gansxvavebulia rkinis fasis mixedviT. iafi rkina motanili ganjidan da bolnisidan _ litra 10 kapikad ibegreba. ruseTidan litra 16 kap. da a.S.

sabaJo tarifebis garda gvaqvs burnaSovis da

67

iazikovis cnobebi, rom rkina saqarTveloSi Semodioda ruseTidan da

iranidan (burnaSovi, 1896: 2; Грамоы..., 1891: 189). erTi sityviT, rkiniT vaW-

roba qveyanaSi Tavisufali iyo.

dokumentebSi Tavisufali vaWrobis paralelurad, rkiniT vaWroba-

Si samefo karis monawileobasac vxvdebiT. 1785 wlis noemberSi erekle II

potiomkinisaTvis gagzavnil werilSi iTxovda, rom neba miscemoda mis mi-

er gagzavnil Tbilisel somex grigol qedxudaSvils SeeZina yovelwliu-

rad astraxanSi artileriisa da sxva samxedro saWiroebisaTvis 1500 fu-

Ti gaglonuri rkina da wamoeRo is baqos gziT (lorTqifaniZe, 1940: 73).

aseTive Sinaarsisaa imave wlis 17 oqtombris werili potiomkinisadmi

(lorTqifaniZe, 1940: 136). gvaqvs cnoba, rom 1779 wlis 29 aprils qarTvel

aznaurs dilanCevs neba mieca astraxanidan gaetana rusuli rkina. aseve

1789 wlis 15 noembers erekle II-is komisioners xomjaminovs, romelsac

wyaro `qarTvel Tavads~ uwodebs, ufleba eZleva rkina gaitanos. rogorc

vxedavT, samefo kari, Tavisi komisionerebis saSualebiT, rkiniT Tavisu-

fali vaWrobis paralelurad (romelic ibegreboda sabaJo tarifiT)

axorcielebda savaWro operaciebs.

garda sxvadasxva saWiroebisaTvis (artileriisa da sxva) ruseTi-

dan saqarTveloSi Semotanili rkinisa, Cans, rom rkiniT vaWrobis saqme

kidev ufro Sors wasula. butkovis informaciiT 1789 wels nebadarTuli

iqna, rom erekle II-is sasargeblod ubaJod ruseTidan daRestanSi gatani-

liyo kala, foladi da rkina (butkovi, 1869: 197-198). d. janeliZe am faq-

tTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavda, rom erekle II `saxelmwifo xazinis Semo-

savlis gazrdis mizniT midis farTo savaWro kombinaciebze sazRvarga-

reT awyobs ra ruseTis rkinis Sezidvas kaspiispireTSi Tavisi somexi ko-

misionerebis meSveobiT~ (janeliZe, 1957: 283). am mosazrebas ar eTanxmeba

prof. d. megrelaZe. misi mtkicebiT, erekles sasargeblod daRestanSi ga-

tanili rkina qarTveli tyveebis daxsnas xmardeboda (megrelaZe, 1964: 113).

im SemTxvevSic ki, Tu rusuli rkina-foladis daRestanSi SetaniT

tyveTa dasxna xdeboda, mas mainc fiskaluri mniSvneloba gaaCnda. samefo

kari xom tyveTa gamosyidvisaTvis asiaTasobiT maneTs xarjavda. xolo sa-

gareo vaWrobiT am Tanxis nawilis dazogvac, garkveul pirdapir saxel-

mwifo Semosavals niSnavs. Cven ver ganvsazRvravT zustad rkiniT vaWro-

68

baSi saxelmwifos Semosavals, Tumca cxadia, is uniSvnelo ar iqneboda.

butkovis cnobiT, marto 1789 wels erekle II-is komisionerebma ubaJod da-

RestanSi 1 tona kala, 500 kilo foladi da 20 tona rkina gaitanes, rac

ramdenime aTasi maneTis Rirebulebis iyo.

wyaroebSi asaxulia, agreTve, samefo karis mier oqros

realizaciis faqtebic. cnobilia, rom axtalis vercxlis madnidan warmo-

ebuli oqros mTeli maragi mefes ekuTvnoda. Teimuraz batoniSvili oq-

roTi vaWrobis Sesaxeb gadmogvcems, rom `...rac oqro saqarTvelos madne-

bidan Semodioda, imas Cveni mefeebi ar aWrevinebdnen (igulisxmeba oqros

monetebi _ a. T.), amisaTvis rom rac dasWirdebodaT, TavianTTvis iaraRaT

qalisa da kacisas akeTebinebdnen, TavianT saxleulebasac axmarebdnen da

vinc wyalobis Rirsni iyvnen, imaTac uboZebdnen. eklesiis nivTebsac ake-

Tebdnen da ufross nawils ki hyidden. ufro wminda da kargi oqro rom

iyo, vaWrebi Zvirad yidulobdnen. zogi evropiis mxares da zogs aziis

mxares avaWrebdnen da TiTonac sargebloba hqondaT da mefeTa CvenTa da

maTs xazinas ufro sargebloba hqonda amiTi, vinem rom moeWraT da ise

gaeyidaT~ (kakabaZe, 1925: 35).

rogorc cnobilia, samefo kari alaverdis sawarmodan sakmao rao-

denobis spilenZs iRebda. Warbi spilenZis realizacia vaWarTa saSuale-

biT xdeboda.29

erT-erT misagebels warmoadgenda yafani. yafani didi saswori iyo,

romelic idga bazarze da romliTac, gansazRvruli fasis gaRebiT, sar-

gebloba yvela vaWrisaTvis savaldebulo iyo. zogadad, sapalneze 1 bis-

ti anu 2 kapiki, cxenze _ 30 kap., xarze _ 10 kap., fqvilze, xorbalze, qer-

ze _ uremze ori Sauri, marilis TiTo naWerze _ 1 kap., bambasa da mat-

ylze _ TiTo konaze 1 Sauri da a.S. aiReboda. 1801 wlis monacemebiT,Y ya-

fanis ijaris fasi 850 maneTs Seadgenda (qoiava, 1963: 205). cxadia, 1795

wlamde misi saijaro fasi gacilebiT didi iqneboda. marTlac, qalaqis

saxelmwifo ijarebis nusxaSi qoronikoniT up wels anu 1792 wels yafa-

vaWrobis ganviTareba, rac saqonelbrunvas aorkecebda, iwvevda

sxvadasxva samefo misagebelTa ijaris fasis momatebasac.

29 oqros da spilenZis realizaciiT miRebul Semosavals calke punqtad ar gavitanT, radganac igi igulisxmeba axtala-alaverdis sawarmoTa SemosavalSi.

69

nis saijaro fasi Seadgenda 115 Tumans anu 1150 maneTs (masalebi..., 1955:

102). rogorc vxedavT, yafanis ijaris fasi 800-dan 1150 maneTamde meryeob-

da.

yafanis garda iyo sxva misageblebic _ yasabxana, dabaxana,30

mefes, agreTve, gaaCnda mravali savaWro Tu saxelosno duqani.

maTgan mefis Semosavali ramdenime aTasi maneTi unda yofiliyo. vaWrobi-

da

Tevzaobis misagebeli. yasabxanaSi da dabaxanaSi yovel daklul rqian sa-

qonelze aiReboda garkveuli safasuri. maTi saijaro fasi 1801 wels 3300

maneTiT ganisazRvreboda (qoiava, 1963: 233). ar gvaqvs zusti cnobebi XVIII

saukunis 70-90-ian wlebSi yasabxanis da dabaxanis Semosavlis Sesaxeb.

qarTlis saxlTuxucesis sargos mixedviT gansaxilvel periodSic Semo-

savali daaxloebiT 3300-3500 maneTi unda yofiliyo. Tevzaobidan gadasa-

xadis Sekrebac ijariT gaicemoda da wliurad 1200-1400 maneTs Seadgenda

(masalebi..., 1955: 102; giuldenStedtis..., 1962: 233).

Tbilisis garda garkveul Semosavls iZleoda qarTlsa da kaxeT-

Si arsebuli sxva ijarebi. goris mouravis YTavad oTar amilaxvaris Cve-

nebiT, goris samefo ijarebidan saSualod igi iRebda meTxuTmeteds. xo-

lo am ijarebidan misi Semosavali 15 Tumans Seadgenda. gamodis, rom go-

ris ijarebis saerTo fasi 2250 maneTs udrida. aq Sedioda baJic. baJis

gamoklebiT goris ijaris Semosavali daaxloebiT 800 maneTiT ganisaz-

Rvreba (masalebi..., 1948: 86). cxinvalis yvela ijara (baJi, samRebro da a.S.)

1800 maneTad gaicemoda.

kaxeTis saxlTuxucesebis _ qaixosro ColoyaSvilisa da aleqsan-

dre mayaSvilis _ CvenebebiT kaxeTis ijarebidan maT 50 Tumani ergebodaT

(masalebi..., 1948: 7-9). radgan moxeleebis sargo meaTedze meti ar iyo, ami-

tom kaxeTis ijarebis saerTo fasi sul mcire 500 TumaniT mainc ganisaz-

Rvreba. masSi kaxeTis baJebic igulisxmeba. baJebis garda kaxeTis ijaris

fasi 2500-3000 maneTi iqneboda.

samefo kari ijariT gascemda, agreTve, mis sakuTrebaSi myof qala-

qis midamoebSi arsebul baRebs da abanoebs. maTi umetesoba dedoflis

sakuTrebas Seadgenda.

30 yasabxana _ xorcis savaWro duqani. dabaxana _ tyavis mosaqneli saxelosno (masalebi..., 1957: 13, 44).

70

dan sabaJoTa gamoklebiT samefo karis pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri Semo-

savlebi daaxloebiT 15-20 aTas maneTs Seadgenda.

rogorc vxedavT, XVIII saukunis 70-iani wlebidan qarTl-kaxeTis

samefoSi vaWroba sagrZnob progress ganicdida. vaWrobis ganviTarebiT

da uSualod savaWro operaciebSi CarTviT, samefo kari sakmaod did Se-

mosavals iRebda. samefo xelisuflebis mecadineobiT XVIII saukunis 60-

iani wlebidan vaWroba aRmavali xaziT viTardeboda da 80-iani da 90-iani

wlebis pirvel naxevarSi Tavis kulminacias miaRwia. droTa ganmavlobaSi

mniSvnelovani savaWro kapitali dagrovda.

71

$ 3. savaxSo kapitali

savaWro kapitalis dagrovebam da fulad sasaqonlo urTierTobe-

bis ganviTarebam xeli Seuwyo sakredito operaciebis gafarToebas. miuxe-

davad imisa, rom qveyanaSi oficialuri sakredito dawesebuleba ar arse-

bobda (qoiava, 1963: 82), savaxSo kapitali mainc farTod funqcionirebda.

sesxs gascemdnen ZiriTadad vaWrebi, iSviaTad Tavad-aznauroba da glexe-

bi. msesxeblebi ki iyvnen glexebi, Tavad-aznaurebi, vaWrebi da sxva. am pe-

riodSi samefo xelisuflebas savaldebulo saxelmwifo sesxic Semou-

Ria. mefe adgenda im pirTa sias visac saxelmwifosaTvis, uprocento, sa-

valdebulo sesxis gacema evaleboda (akofaSvili, 1973: 562).

sesxis aRebas mimarTavdnen glexebi, raTa daefaraT fuladi sa-

xelmwifo gadasaxadebi.

amave dros gaxSirda sagiravno sesxi. aseTi sesxis aRebas mimar-

Tavdnen Tavad-aznaurebi. wyaroebSi xSirad vxvdebiT aseT faqtebs _ `...

iis cixe, avkeTi javaxiSvilTan aT TumannaxevraT giraoT yofila da

aleqsandre sardals dauxsnia~ (jamburia, 1960: 132); `... grakali ergoT

minbaS gogias, daviTis saqme ara aqvs amisaTvis rom samoci Tumani gas-

wyvita. saxlis valica da graklisac giraoT iyo..~ (scssa, f., 1448, sab., #

2972); `... Cvengan zogi miwa da zogi sawisqvilo dagiravebuli da gasyi-

dulia... rac giraod Seni miwebis da wisqvilia, RmerTman SegaZlebinos,

daixsen...~ (jamburia, 1960: 137); `aviRe me, ciciSvilma nikoloz... ciciSvi-

lis giorgisagan, aTi Tumani qalaqis TeTri. amis giraoT Cveni wili doe-

si mogvirTmevia...~ (masalebi..., 1955: 102).

garda samomxmareblo sesxisa, gvxvdeba, agreTve, fulis gasesxebis

progresuli formebic, roca msesxeblad gamodiodnen msxvili vaWrebi an

savaWro amxanagobebi da Sesabamisad, kredetis procenti ifareboda savaW-

ro kapitalis mogebiT.

`aviRe me ter-asaturaSvilma araqelama, Sen TumaniSvilis mdivnisa

manuCrisagan oTxmoci Tumani... es TeTri... CemTvis vimuSao.... amis xeirsa

da zianSi Sen saqme ar gqondes!... Senma oTxmocma Tumanma rac Cems xelT

dahyos, weliwadSi aTi ToTxmetnaxevrad gaurjelad mogce~ (dumbaZe,

1990: 361).

72

sesxi formdeboda xelweriliT, anu TamasuqiT. Tamasuqze ideboda

beWedi (qoiava, 1963: 82).

sesxis mogebis procenti gansazRvruli iyo vaxtangis samarTlis

wigniT (qoiava, 1963: 82), Tumca sakredito operaciebis gafarToebam gamo-

iwvia procentis momateba.

sakredito operaciebis gaxSirebaze metyvelebs qarTl-kaxeTis sa-

mefos erT-erTi moxelis, Tavad irodion gurgeniZis cnoba:

`...rac, qarTlSi Tu kaxeTSi TamasuqiT TeTri aiReboda iasaulebi-

sagan, Tumanzed eqvsi abazi samdivanbego iyo, erTi abazi mordlebisa iyo.

me mergeboda Cems wilad weliwadSi xuTi Tumani, xan meti da xan nakle-

bi~. imaves amtkicebs meore mordali Tavadi zaal baraTaSvilic

(masalebi..., 1948: 46-47).

am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs im problemur sesxebTan, romelic sasa-

marTlos ZaliT aiReboda. mordlebis CvenebiT ki sasamarTlos ZaliT

5000 maneTande sesxi ifareboda. sasamrTlos ZaliT ki, ra Tqma unda, sa-

erTo sesxebis Zalze mcire raodenoba aiReboda. yovelive es naTel su-

raTs gviSlis imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad intensiuri iyo sakredito ope-

raciebi.

niSandoblivia iosebis da aRalua yorRanaSvilebis qonebis nusxis

monacemebi, sadac dasturdeba, rom am pirebs TamasuqiT gacemuli hqondaT

ramdenime aTasi Tumani sxvadasxva pirze (masalebi..., 1955: 375-378). msxvili

kreditis gamcemad gvevlinebian, rogorc vaWruli fenebis warmomadgen-

lebi, ise memamuleebi. sakredito operaciebiT miRebuli mogeba imdenad

TvalSisacemi gamxdara, rom ioane batoniSvili Tavis kanonproeqtSi, sa-

mefos Semosavalis erT-erT wyarod saxelmwifo sesxebis gacemas miiCnev-

da (bagrationi, 1957: 43). sakredito operaciebis intensifikacia qveynis

ekonomikuri winsvlis kidev erTi argumentia.

73

$ 4 manufaqturuli warmoebis ganviTareba

XVIII saukunis 70-iani wlebidan SeiniSneba savaWro kapitalis sam-

rewvelo kapitalad gadaqcevis tendencia. am mxriv TvalSisacemia safeiq-

ro mrewveloba (ix. samsonaZe, 1980). es procesi xels uwyobda mrewvelo-

bis ganviTarebas. magram iqidan gamomdinare, rom zednaSenuri principiT

(rac iTvaliswinebs kerZo savaWro kapitalis Seqmnas, mis samrewvelo ka-

pitalad gadaqcevas, SemdgomSi gafarToebas da a.S.) mrewvelobis ganviTa-

reba sakmaod did dros moiTxovda, petre I-is droindeli ruseTis impe-

riis gamocdilebis gaziarebis gziT, saxelmwifo am mimarTulebiTac no-

vatorad iqca da Semosavlebis gasazrdelad saxelmwifo sawarmoebis

Seqmna daiwyo.

mas Semdeg, rac erekle II-isaTvis naTeli Seiqmna, rom ruseTidan

fuladi Tu samxedro daxmareba, mxolod momavlis perspeqtiva SeiZleba

yofiliyo, daadga ekonomikuri ganviTarebis zemoT aRniSnul meTods. vaW-

robis aRorZinebisa da mfarvelobis paralelurad, samefo xelisuflebam

daiwyo zrunva mrewvelobis ganviTarebisTvis. am mxriv pirveli nabiji

gadaidga 1763 wels. gaixsna axtalis vercxlis sadnobi da dambluRis

spilenZisadnobi `qarxnebi~, xolo 1770 wels mwyobrSi Cadga alaverdisa

da SambluRis sadnobi `qarxnebi~ (guliSambarovi, 1894: 31).

zogadad, qarTul istoriografiaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom

erekle II-is xelSewyobiT XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi saTaves iRebda

mravali safabriko-saqarxno wamowyeba, rac qveynis ekonomikuri winsvlis

da dawinaurebis Sedegi iyo (gogolaZe, 1966: 8). Cven am mosazrebas ver da-

veTanxmebiT da kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom mrewvelobis ganviTareba

qveyanaSi uzrunvelyo ara zogad ekonomikurma maCvenebelma, aramed xeli-

suflebis gegmam, romelic ekonomikuri ganviTarebis forsirebul meTods

gulisxmobda.

Cvens mosazrebas pirdapir exmaureba imdroindeli istorikosis,

oman xerxeuliZis, sityvebi, rom erekles `ara aqvnda ra pirdapiri Zali

arca jariTa da arca xaziniTa da Tvinier simxnisa kide... friadisa Ro-

nisZiebiTa da SromiTa eZeba mamulsa Tvissa miwa oqrosi da vercxlisa,

romelmanca ipova somxiTis mamulsa S(ori)s..... da moiyuanna saberZneTiT

74

berZenni mciredni mcnobelni javarisani, gamomdnobelni oqrosa da ver-

cxlisa miwisani, viTarca daiwyo madnisa mis muSakoba, isargebla miT

friad~ (xerxeuliZe, 1989: 66).

erekle II-m XVIII saukunis 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi mravali saCuq-

risa da dapirebebis wyalobiT moaxerxa TurqeTidan, giumiSxanes provin-

ciidan, berZen ostatTa 800 ojaxis Camosaxleba (gogolaZe, 1966: 9), rom-

lebmac aamoqmedes aRniSnuli warmoeba.

qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi samTamadno warmoeba detalurad aqvs Ses-

wavlili d. gogolaZes naSromSi `samTamadno, samTo-saqarxno mrewveloba

saqarTveloSi da kapitalizmis genezisis zogierTi sakiTxi~ (ix. gogola-

Ze, 1966), zemoT CamoTvlil sawarmoTa ganxilvisas Cven ZiriTadad vsar-

geblobT aRniSnuli naSromiT.

axtalis qarxana mdebareobda memamule meliqiSvilis miwaze, xolo

alaverdisa da SambluRis spilenZsadnobi qarxnebi arRuTin-dolgoruko-

vebisa (mxargrZelebis) da orbelianis miwebze. maT mefem es miwebi Camoar-

Tva da iq saxelmwifo sawarmoebi Seqmna. sakompensaciod miwebis mepatro-

neebi minbaSebad, anu mefis warmomadgenlebad da meTvalyureebad daniSna,

risTvisac maT xelfass uxdida. xelfasis garda isini garkveul madans

naturiT iRebdnen (gogolaZe, 1966: 11).

mefesa da berZen `madanCebs~ Soris Semdegi saxis xelSekruleba

daido: axtalis qarxnebSi miRebul oqros berZnebi mTlianad mefes aZ-

levdnen. xolo vercxlidan 25% mefes ekuTvnoda. darCenil 75 %-s mefe

maT ubrunebda Tbilisis zarafxanaSi moWrili vercxlis abazebis saxiT.

alaverdis qarxnidan, radgan berZnebi sakuTari xarjebiT awarmo-

ebdnen madans, miRebuli spilenZis mxolod 12 % ergeboda mefes. berZen

madnismwarmoeblebs saxelmwifom privilegiebi mianiWa. isini spilenZiT

da tyviiT vaWrobis dros ar ixdidnen sabaJo gadasaxadebs da ar gadiod-

nen jarSi (gogolaZe, 1966: 10-11).

axtalis qarxanaSi berZnebTan erTad daqiravebuli muSebic muSa-

obdnen. mefe sabervelTa dabervisa da sxva saqmianobisaTvis qiraobda 120-

150 SeiaraRebul kacs. TveSi maT 3 maneTi eZleodaT. damatebiT berZnebi

dReSi abazs, anu 20 kapiks aZlevdnen.

75

vercxlis madani berZnebs weraqvebis da burRebis saSualebiT

amohqondaT. zogjer madnis amosaRebad berZnebi daqiravebul muSebsac

iyenebdnen. amoRebuli madnis sadnobSi misatanad da mis gasarCevad ber-

Znebi maxlobel soflebSi bavSvebs qiraobdnen. bavSvebi madans tyavis

tomrebiT ezidebodnen. am samuSaosTvis berZnebi maT 6 TveSi 10-dan 20 ma-

neTamde uxdidnen, damatebiT ki or xel tanisamoss aZlevdnen. ZiriTad

samuSaos berZnebi asrulebdnen (gogolaZe, 1966: 12-13). sul sawarmoSi 1200-

1300 kaci muSaobda.

`gamorCeuli madani (nigvzis kaklebis odena) berZnebs mihqondaT

maRaroebTan axlo mowyobil qarxnebSi. aq cilindrismagvar sawvav Rum-

lebSi xdeboda madnis gamowva 10-12 dRe-RameSi. am droSi gamoiwveboda

300-dan 500-mde fuTi madani. am samuSaos berZnebi zogjer TviTon asru-

lebdnen, zogjer daqiravebuli muSebi, romelTac dReSi 20 kapiks uxdid-

nen.

Semdeg xdeboda gamomwvari madnis gamodnoba Sesabamis sadnob Ru-

melSi. madnis gamodnobisaTvis SenaerTSi urevdnen sxvadasxva masalas

(nedl cements, widas). 100 fuTi gamomwvari madnisagan (gamodnobis Sem-

deg) iRebdnen 10-12 fuT vercxlisfer tyvias.

Semdegi procesi iyo tyviisagan vercxlis gamocalkeveba. es xdebo-

da Ria jamSi, romelSic Tavsdeboda 50 fuTamde tyvia. bervis Sedegad

tyvia Zirs miedineboda, zemoT rCeboda vercxli. 50 fuTi tyviisagan Re-

bulobdnen 1-dan 1,5 litramde (8-12 girvanqa) vercxls~ (gogolaZe, 1966: 13).

axtalis qarxnidan 1763 wlidan 1785 wlamde (omar xanis Semosavem-

de) weliwadSi iRebdnen 150, 200, 300 da met litra vercxls. erTi litra

vercxlidan 46 misxali oqro gamodioda (esaZe, 1903: 1). misxali iyo daax-

loebiT 4, 5 grami. 300 litra vercxlidan 60 kilogramze met oqros iReb-

dnen.

alaverdis spilenZsadnob qarxanaSi berZeni ostatebi `amxanagobeb-

Si~ erTiandebodnen. ostatebi qiraobdnen daqiravebul muSebs. XIX sauku-

nis dasawyisSi, qarxana moijaradreebis xelSi iyo. sam `amxanagobaSi~ ga-

erTianebuli iyo 46 ostati. maT 170 muSa hyavdaT daqiravebuli. muSebi iy-

vnen yazaxidan, qarTlidan, imereTidan da javaxeTidan. am droisaTvis

aRa-mahmad xanis Semosevis gamo warmoeba mkveTrad Semcirebuli iyo. sava-

76

raudoa, rom 1795 wlamde warmoeba erTi-orad didi iqneboda, dasaqmebul-

Ta ricxvi ki 600-700 kaci mainc iqneboda.

spilenZis madans adnobdnen axtalis qarxanaSi aprobirebuli me-

Todebis mixedviT. erT RumelSi 500 fuT madans 4-5 dRe-Ramis ganmavloba-

Si adnobdnen. aqedan Rebulobdnen 88 fuTamde Sav spilenZs. Sav spilenZs

wmendnen brZmedebSi. 10 fuTi Savi spilenZisgan miiReboda 7,5 fuTi daw-

mendili spilenZi.

omar-xanis (1785 w.) Semosevamde alaverdis spilenZis qarxnidan

wliurad amohqondaT 200 000 fuTi madani. aqedan Rebulobdnen 15 000 fuT

Sav spilenZs. misi dawmendis Sedegad ki iRebdnen 12 000 fuT sufTa spi-

lenZs. fuTi spilenZis fasi saSualod 16 maneTi iyo.

Cven ar mogvepoveba cnobebi SambluRisa da dambluRis qarxnebis

Sesaxeb. es faqti aixsneba Semdegi garemoebiT _ axtala-alaverdis qar-

xnebis Sesaxeb informaciis umetesoba modis XIX saukunis Canawerebze,

romelsac rusi moxeleebi agrovebdnen. ruseTis mTavrobas surda warmoe-

bis gaumjobeseba da yvela saWiro cnobas krebda. SambluRisa da damblu-

Ris qarxnebi 1795 wlis Semdeg ar aRudgeniaT, amitom maT mimarT intere-

si aRar iyo. aqedan gamomdinare, maTi muSaobis Sesaxeb cnobebi ar gagvaC-

nia. Tumca wyaroebSi fiqsirdeba, rom es sawarmoebi erekle II-is dros

marTlac muSaobdnen.

cnobilia, rom 1795 wlis laSqrobis dros axtalis da alaverdis

qarxnebSi aRa-mahmad xanis jarebma mokles 700 berZeni madnismwarmoebeli

da 836 kaci tyved waiyvanes. savaraudod, muSaTa da ostatTa garkveulma

nawilma moaxerxa gaqceva.31

samefo kari sawarmoTa teqnikuri saSualebebis gaumjobesebazec

zrunavda. daviT batoniSvilis werilidan ruseTis imperiis moxelis mu-

sin-puSkinisadmi Cans, rom iakob rainegsis daxmarebiT madnebSi wylis me-

qanikuri saberveli mouwyviaT, Tumca warmoebis donis amaRlebis mxriv

metis gakeTeba veRar mouxerxebiaT _ `marTalia, man moaxerxa ise, rom

wylis saSualebiT borblebs moZraobaSi mohyavdaT saberveli da adamia-

nis xeli saWiro aRar iyo, magram miuxedavad misi sakmao gaTviTcnobiere-

aqedan gamomdinare orive qarxanaSi 2000-ze me-

ti adamiani iqneboda dasaqmebuli.

31 warmoebis ganaxleba gadarCenilma ostatebma SeZles.

77

bisa gadadnobis am saqmeSi, Rumelebis srulyofa ver SeZlo. berZenma os-

tatebma, romlebic yovelTvis muSaobdnen Cvens qarxnebSi, saqmiT daamtki-

ces, rom mas ar SeeZlo kargad dnoba~ (rainegsi, 2002: 39).

samefo kari didad zrunavda ostatTa adgilobrivi kadrebis Seq-

mnaze. erekle II cdilobda aseTi kadri Seeqmna yma-glexebisgan. mravlis-

metyvelia erekle II-is werili kaTalikosis saxlTuxuces amilbarisadmi,

romelic 1775 wlis 29 oqtombriT TariRdeba _ `madanCad misabarebeli Se-

girdebi qarTlsa da kaxeTSi SevawereT. kaxeTs garda qarTlsa da qalaq-

Si, rac misis uwmindesobis Zmis k[aTaliko]zis (igulisxmeba anton I _ a.

T.) yma aris amaT eqvsi kaci aweriaT. amis ias[a]uli Sena xar. romelic

saxlis kaciani kaci iyos imisTana gamoiyvane, ocis wlidam mokidebuli

ocdaaTwlamdin rom iyos, amgvari unda movides. im Sagirdebs TiTo xeli

tanisamosi, TiTo wamosasxami nabadi, TiTo Tofi da iaraRi, xuT-xuTi mi-

nalTuni (5 abazi anu maneTi _ a.T.) TeTri unda misceT. amaze nuravin dab-

rkoldeba. es sarwmunoebis erTgulebac aris da Tavis qveynisac. es rom

Cvens qveyanaSi gamravldes (igulisxmeba madnis warmoeba _ a.T.) mtrisagan

Cvenis qveynis morCena amas SeuZlia. romelic am xelobas iswavlis Tavis

ojaxs gaamdidrebs. jer amis gemo ar ician, Tvarem amis swavlisaTvis ki-

dec Semogvexvewebian. weliwadSi erTi ostati samocs, oTxmoc Tumans mo-

igebs da amis ukeTesi mogeba glexis kacisaTvis sxva ra unda~

(vsargeblob d. gogolaZis naSromidan. gogolaZe, 1966: 19).

am werilSi kargad Cans erTi mxriv erekle II-is RonisZiebebi mad-

nismwarmoebeli kadrebis gamravlebaze zrunvisa, meore mxriv is faqti,

rom mefe `zemodan ZaldatanebiT~ cdilobda warmoebis mowyoba-gafarTo-

ebas. warmoebis mowyobisaTvis jer sazogadoebrivi ganwyoba ar arsebob-

da, `Tvarem amis swavlisaTvis kidec Semogvexvewebiano~- acxadebs mefe.

werili lakonurad xsnis samefo karis gegmas qveynis gadarCenisaTvis _

`mtrisgan Cveni qveynis morCena amas SeuZlia~. erekle II-s ekonomikis gan-

viTareba da myari finansuri Semosavlebi warmoedgina qveynis Tavdacvis

garantad.32

32 werili sxva mxriv imiT aris saintereso, rom Segirdebis Sewera xdeba mTels qarTl-kaxeTSi. maT Soris kaTalikosis da, raRa Tqma unda, Tavadebis ymebs Sorisac. TvalSi sacemia is faqtic, rom mefe kaTalikosis moxeles aZlevs brZanebas da Tavis samsaxurSi

78

`saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis periodSi _ wer-

da d. gogolaZe _ samefo xelisufleba, erekle II da giorgi XII saxiT,

did mzrunvelobas iCenda masze (madnebze _ a. T). es exeboda fulad suf-

sidias, spilenZis realizacias Tu muSaxeliT uzrunvelyofas. im dros

mrewvelobis sisustis miuxedavad, qarTuli damoukidebeli saxelmwifo

mainc axdenda spilenZis realizacias. mas SeeZlo igi Tavisuflad da ne-

bismier fasad (rogorc saWirod dainaxavda) gaetana iq, sadac undoda~

(gogolaZe, 1966: 45).

madnebSi mimdinareobda mkacri finansuri angariSgeba. amis dama-

dasturebelia n. berZeniSvilis mier gamoqveynebuli 1790 wlis axtalis

oqros gamosavalis danaxarjis wigni, sadac zedmiwevniT zustadaa aRniS-

nuli yvela Semosavali da gasavali (masalebi..., 1955: 85).

evropeli mogzaurebi erTis mxriv aRniSnavdnen mefis maRal Semo-

savals sawarmoebidan, magram meore mxriv xazs usvamdnen mis dabal teq-

nologiur dones (giuldenStedtis..., 1962: 229). Tumca, aRsaniSnavia is faq-

ti, rom ruseTis imperia XIX saukunis pirvel mesamedSi kolosalur Tan-

xebs xarjavda warmoebis gasaumjobeseblad (magaliTad 1803-1813 wlebSi

xazinam 1 108 812 maneTi gaiRo), magram warmoeba ereklesdroindel kondi-

ciebs mxolod XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi daubrunda. Tu XVIII saukunis

II naxevarSi alaverdis qarxnidan wliuri gamosavali 12 000 fuTi dawmen-

dili spilenZi iyo, 1817-1829 wlebSi, anu 12 wlis manZilze iq moipoves

24 000 fuTi. amrigad, warmoebam erTisamad iklo (berZeniSvili..., 1958: 419).

madniswarmoeba samefo karisaTvis mniSvnelovani finansuri Semo-

savlis wyaros warmoadgenda. amitomac sagareo mtrebis mizans misi ga-

nadgureba warmoadgenda. 1785 wels omar-xanis Semosevis Sedegad axtali-

sa da alaverdis qarxnebi ganadgurda. ostatTa da muSaTa nawilma tyeeb-

sa da monasters Seafara Tavi. omar-xani SeiWra monasterSi. berZnebis na-

wili amoxoca, nawili tyved waiyvana. samecniero literaturaSi gamoT-

qmulia mosazreba, rom amis Semdeg warmoeba ori wliT SeCerda da misi

ganaxleba 1787 wels moxda (gogolaZe, 1966: 20). `axtalis oqros gamosava-

ayenebs (Sewerili ymebis gamoyvanis iasaulad niSnavs). es ki TavisTavad siaxle iyo. Cans, rom erekle II-s Tavis qveSevrdomebze srulad miuwvdeboda xeli da bolomde ereoda kerZo samamulo urTierTobebSi.

79

lis wigni~ gansxvavebul informacias iZleva: `...q-ks uog (473 anu 1785 w.)

mariamobis ki-dam (25) q-ks uod (474 anu 1786 w.) mariamobis damdeqamden ma-

dani aRar umuSavnia, mamcdari yofila. uod (1786 w.) mariamobidan uoe

(1787 w.) dekembris gasvlamde weliwadnaxevarSi drami Smv. misxali qÁb...~

(masalebi..., 1955: 85). am sabuTidan naTlad Cans, rom omar-xanis Semosevis

Semdeg qarxnis muSaoba erT welze naklebi xniT SeCerebula (25 agvisto-

dan 1786 wlis agvistos dasawyisamde).

1795 wels madnebi sastikad aaoxra aRa-mahmad-xanma. samefo karma

amjeradac moaxerxa misi aRdgena, Tumca warmoebis moculobam mkveTrad

iklo.

vercxlisa da spilenZis madnebidan samefo xazinis Semosavlebis

raodenobis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli informaciebi mogvepoveba.

rainegsis cnobiT 1780 wels axtalis sabadodan xazinis Semosava-

li iyo 60 000 maneTi vercxliT da 3200 maneTi oqroTi.

memamule solomon meliqiSvilis CvenebiT, romlis mamulSic mdeba-

reobda sawarmo, axtalis vercxlis sadnobi qarxnidan wliurad mefis Se-

mosavali Seadgenda 77 574 maneTs, xarjebi ki 29 293 maneTs. sufTa Semosa-

vali udrida 48 281 maneTs. berZnebis Semosavali iyo 69 920 maneTi, xarje-

bi 25 000 maneTi. berZnebis sufTa Semosavali udrida 44 920 maneTs (gogo-

laZe, 1966: 14-15).

XVIII saukunis miwuruls, rodesac aRa-mahmad xanis Semosevis Sem-

deg warmoebis done mkveTrad Semcirebuli iyo, alaverdis spilenZis qar-

xnidan samefo biujetSi 12 000 maneTi Sedioda. intensiuri warmoebis

dros am qarxnidan mefis Semosavali 2-3-jer meti iqneboda.

ar gvaqvs cnobebi dambluRisa da SambluRis sawarmoebis Semosav-

lebis Sesaxeb. umniSvnelo arc maTi warmoebuli produqcia iqneboda.

garda fuladi Semosavlisa, axtalis qarxnidan saxelmwifo iRebda

tyviis did marags, romelic gamoiyeneboda samxedro warmoebisa Tu sxva

saWiroebisaTvis.

Cveni azriT, intensiuri muSaobis dros aRniSnuli sawarmoebidan

samefo xazinis Semosavali 80 000 maneTze meti unda yofiliyo.

garda pirdapiri Semosavlebisa, madnebis muSaoba qveynis ekonomi-

kaze sxva mxrivac dadebiTad moqmedebda. sawarmoTa muSaoba xels uwyob-

80

da zarafxanaSi fulis moWris moculobis gazrdas. wliurad, axtalis

qarxnidan miRebuli mefis wili vercxlidan moWrili fulis garda, berZ-

nebisaTvis daaxloebiT 70 000 maneTis abazianebi iWreboda. zarafxanaSi

fulis moWraze garkveuli procenti xazinis sasargeblod aiReboda.

berZeni madanCebis dagrovili fuladi kapitalic xom qarTul ba-

zarze trialebda.

cnobilia, rom sawarmoebSi `Sewerili~ glexebi muSaobdnen, rom-

lebic monacvleobiT gamodiodnen da amdenad, aTasobiT adamiani iRebda

xelfasis saxiT fulad Semosavals. es faqti, bunebrivia, xels uwyobda

fulad sasaqonlo urTierTobis Semdgom ganviTarebas.

rogorc vxedavT, saqme gvaqvs feodalur saxelmwifosaTvis upre-

cedento warmoebasTan, sadac 2000 da SesaZlebelia meti adamiani iyo da-

saqmebuli. kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom es sawarmoebi Seiqmna ara raime

kerZo iniciativiT, ara Sesabamisi ekonomikuri garemos xelSewyobiT, ara-

med samefo karis mravalgzis da didi mcdelobis Sedegad.

arsebuli cnobebis mixedviT, XVIIIO saukunis II naxevarSi qarTl-

kaxeTis samefoSi rkinis madnebsac amuSavebdnen. giuldenStedti asaxe-

lebs rkinis da spilenZis sabadoebs bolnisTan, yulfTan da sxva adgi-

lebSi (giuldenStedtis..., 1962: 73 ,77, 81).

d. gogolaZe zemoT dasaxelebul naSromSi aRniSnavda: `gadmocema

da warmoebis nakvalevi bolnisSi imaze metyvelebs, rom es sabadoebi mu-

Savdeboda Zveli droidan, qarTveli mefeebis dros. 1795 wels aRa-mahmad

xanis Semosevisas aq mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani raodenoba ganadgurda,

ris Sedegad Sewyvites rkinis warmoeba. rogorc Cans, Semdgom wlebSi

kvlav moukidiaT xeli warmoebisaTvis, magram metad mcire masStabiT~

(gogolaZe, 1966: 77).

radganac qveyanaSi adgili hqonda rkinis Semozidvas ruseTidan da

iranidan, zogierTi mkvlevari aRniSnul periodSi rkinis warmoebis arse-

bobas eWvqveS ayenebs (ix. megrelaZe, 1954: 105-114). Tumca sabaJo tarifSi

dafiqsirebuli cnoba _ `rkina motanili ganjidan da bolnisidan~ _

adasturebs, rom rkinis warmoeba bolnisSi marTlac mimdinareobda.

imave sabaJo tarifSi fiqsirdeba, `rkina motanili ruseTidan da

iranidan~. am dokumentze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebelia davaskvnaT, rom

81

bolnisSi rkinis warmoeba namdvilad mimdinareobda, Tumca misi masStabe-

bi mcire iyo. imdenad mcire, rom adgilobrivi MmoTxovnebsac ver akmayo-

filebda. Tu ra Semosavals iRebda saxelmwifo am warmoebidan, samwuxa-

rod, masalebis uqonlobis gamo amaze verafers vityviT.

rogorc akademikosi giuldenStedti gadmogvcems, erekle II didi

interesiT ecnoboda sxvadasxva mineralebis damuSavebis wess da cdilob-

da warmoebebis gafarToebas _ `[erekle] xSirad mixmobda karze, maCveneb-

da xolme mineralebs, ecnoboda maT damuSavebis xerxebs~

(giuldenStedtis..., 1962: 7).

zemoT naxseneb warmoebaTa garda, wyaroebis uqonlobis gamo, ara-

feri viciT sxva mineralebis damuSavebis Sesaxeb. mogvepoveba mxolod

erTi cnoba gogirdis warmoebasTan dakavSirebiT. `q. mis umaRlesobas oq-

miT gogirdis madnis muSaoba ubrZanebia...~ (masalebi..., 1955: 99).

rogorc vxedavT, erekles brZanebiT (oqmiT) gogirdis madnis war-

moeba amuSavebula. Tu ra raodenobis produqcias amzadebda es sawarmo,

mxolod samxedro mrewvelobisaTvis gamoiyeneboda Tu gadioda bazarzec,

amis Sesaxeb aranairi cnoba ar gagvaCnia.

`adgilobrivi samTamadno warmoebis bazaze (igulisxmeba axtala-

alaverdis qarxnebi _ a.T.) TbilisSi aSenda liTonis Camosasxmeli qarxa-

na. gamoSvebuli produqciis nawili samxedro mrewvelobas xmardeboda

(zarbaznebisa da mortirebis Camomsxmeli qarxana), danarCeni nedleuliT

uzrunvelyofda ara marto Sesabamisi dargis (ZiriTadad spilenZis Wur-

Wlis) adgilobriv sawarmoebs, aramed zodebis saxiT sakmaod didi rao-

denobiT gadioda ucxoeTis bazarze~ (dumbaZe, 1990: 347). am sawarmos Seq-

mnac, raRa Tqma unda, samefo karis mier iyo organizebuli.

liTonCamomsxmeli warmoebis bazaze Seqmnila egreT wodebuli

`WurWleulis qarxana~, razec aleqsandre amilaxvari mogviTxrobs `geor-

gianul istoriaSi~. amilaxvari, 1770 wlis ambebis gadmocemis dros, ro-

desac is Tbilisidan gaparvas apirebda, wers: `...mwuxris zarebi darekes,

roca qalaqis karibWesTan mivedi. mcvelebs azradac ar mosvliaT, rom

ase gvian Sor gzas gavudgebodi. laparaki Camovagde Sav Wirze, romelic

qalaqSi mZvinvarebda. _ Cveni codvebis dasasjelad esec cotaao, mipasu-

xes. sxvaTa Soris vikiTxe, kidev muSaobs Tu ara WurWleulis qarxana,

82

romelic qalaqs gareTaa, cota ram minda viyido meTqi. mipasuxes, iq muSa-

oba ar Sewyvetila, yvelaferis Sovna SeiZlebao. amis Semdeg qarxnisaken

gavwie, magram iqve beniaminisaken gadauxvie...~ (amilaxvari, 1939: 150).

rogorc monaTxrobidan irkveva qalaqgareT iyo WurWleulobis

qarxana, sadac `yvelafris Sovna SeiZleboda~. amilaxvari modioda zemo

qarTlSi, amitomac is `diRmis kariT~ unda gasuliyo qalaqidan. amdenad

qarxana qalaqis kedlis gareT, dasavleTis mxares lokalizdeba.

liTonCamomsxmeli qarxnis bazaze aSenda, agreTve, zarbaznebisa da

mortirebis Camomsxmeli qarxana (dumbaZe, 1990: 348).

daviT batoniSvilis werilidan musin-puSkinisadmi (rainegsi, 2002:

29), ioseb delaportis cnobebidan (xec., H - 609: 93r), rusulidan qarTul

enaze naTargmn saartilerio wignis ydis minaweridan (xec., S _ 167), aseve

burnaSovisa (burnaSovi, 1896: 7) da sxva cnobebidan irkveva, rom 1770-ian

wlebSi TbilisSi marTlac arsebobda zarbaznebis camosasxmeli qarxana.

saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi daculia am qarxanaSi Camosxmuli zarba-

zani, romelic amtkicebs, rom warmoeba sakmaod maRal doneze iyo dayene-

buli.

zarbaznebis qarxana maragdeboda alaverdidan spilenZiT, axtalis

madnidan tyviiT, ruseTidan foladiT. is samxedro daniSnulebis iyo. am-

zadebdnen zarbaznebs, mortirebs da yumbarebs. qarxana samxedro uwyebis

daqvemdebarebaSi iyo, emsaxureboda Tavdacvisunarianobis ganmkicebas da,

amdenad, produqcia bazarze ar gadioda. piriqiT, misi muSaobisaTvis sa-

mefo xazina sakmaod did Tanxebs xarjavda (igulisxmeba nedleuliT, mu-

SaxeliT da a.S. momarageba). es sawarmoc saxelmwifos mier iyo Seqmnili.

1770 wels moqalaqe isaia TayuaSvilma mefis nebarTviT Tofiswam-

lis qarxana aaSena. sawarmo monopolistur xasiaTs atarebda, radgan Ta-

yuaSvilis `meti kaci varavin daanayvinebda da verc gvarjilasa da To-

fiswamals gahyidda~. am sawarmos agebiT mkveTrad gaumjobesda Tofiswam-

lis damzadebis saqme (dumbaZe, 1990: 349).

giuldenStedti detalurad mogviTxrobs am sawarmos Sesaxeb _ `18

Tebervals davaTvaliere Tofiswamlis fabrika. aq gamoyenebuli (wamlis)

Semadgeneli nawilebis proporcia Semdegia: 13 citriani nawili gvarji-

la, 2 nawili anu citra gogirdi da 2 nawili anu citra naxSiri tirifi-

83

sa an Txilisa, aseT Semadgenlobas nayaven mTeli dRe kaklis-xis sanaySi,

romelsac Signidan aqvs odnav konusisebri forma, zeviT aris 10 diumi

siganisa da 12 diumi siRrmisa, aqvs granitis konusuri filTaqva, romel-

Tac mTeli dRe nayaven. es filTaqva zeviT iweva RerZis meSveobiT, rome-

lic fexiT moyavT moZraobaSi. Semdeg wamali ifxvneba spilenZis rofSi,

romlis siganea futi, simaRle 2 diumi da fskeri aqvs Caxvretili. erTi

citra wamali rusul fulze Rirs 12-15 kapiki~ (giuldenStedtis..., 1962:

15).

aseTi iyo Tofiswamalis sawarmo. rogorc vxedavT, muSaoba qarxa-

naSi arc Tu primitiuli wesis mixedviT mimdinareobda.

daviT batoniSvilis werilidan Cans, rom iakob rainegss XVIII sau-

kunis 70-iani wlebis bolosa da 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Tofiswamlis

qarxnisaTvis augia sanayis axali modeli _ warmoebaSi garkveuli siaxle

danergila (rainegsi, 2002: 39).

zemoT ukve iTqva, rom Tofiswamali ara marto samxedro saWiroe-

bisaTvis mzaddeboda, aramed produqcia bazarzec gadioda. aRniSnuli

warmoebac saxelmwifos xelSewyobiT daarsda.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, TbilisSi iyo marilsaxdeli `qarxana”,

Tambaqos `qarxana.” iyo aseve minis, Tixis WurWlis, sapnis da sxva `qar-

xnebi”. yvela es sawarmo saxelmwifos sakuTrebas Seadgenda da ijariT

gaicemoda. saijaro sistemiT samefo kari xels uwyobda kerZo iniciati-

vebs, rom maTac SeeqmnaT aseTi msxvili saxelosnoebi. es, SedarebiTMmci-

re, sawarmoebic garkveul Semosavals iZleodnen: mag., qoiavas gamoTvliT,

sapnis `qarxnis” saijaro fasi 60 maneTi iyo (qoiava, 1963: 211).

erekle II-is oqromWedel beJiaSvilis wyalobis sigelSi naxsenebia

`raxtarxanis~ ijara: `...yovel weliwadSi Tormeti Tumani Cuenis saija-

radros raxtarxanisagan ucvaleblad miecemodesT SvilTa da mamavalTa

saxlisa SenisaTa...~ (qronikebi..., 1967: 297). samwuxarod `raxtarxanis~ zus-

ti ganmarteba, saTanado masalebis ararsebobis gamo, ver xerxdeba. `rax-

ti~ oqros an vercxlis balTebiT moWedili cxenis morTulobas ewode-

boda (masalebi..., 1957: 31). amitom savaraudoa, rom `raxtarxana~ oqros da

vercxlis nakeTobaTa damamzadebel adgils niSnavda. sainteresoa is faq-

tic, rom aRniSnul wyalobas mefe elisabed batoniSvilisadmi naboZeb

84

samefo karis oqromWedels aZlevda. SesaZloa mefe oqromWedels sargos

uniSnavda swored im dargis ijaridan, sadac manamde is muSaobda. am mok-

le cnobidan irkveva, rom es saxelosno Tu sawarmo samefos sakuTreba

yofila, radganac mefe mas `Cuenis saijaradros raxtarxanas~ uwodebs.

Tanac misi saijaro fasi sakmaod soliduri unda yofiliyo, radgan me-

fem `raxtarxanidan~ yovelwliurad erT adamians 120 maneTi dauniSna ja-

magirad.

sxva saxelmwifo sawarmoebidan gamosayofia zarafxana da stamba.

XVIII saukunis meore naxevridan Tbilisis zarafxanam Tavi daaRwia ira-

nis samoneto hegemonias. igi aRar warmoadgenda iranis zarafxanis fili-

als. 1757 wlis Semdeg iranis Sahis saxelebi maTze aRarasodes aRbeWdi-

la (quTelia, 1981: 47).

`monetis moWra unda warmoebdes usafasurod an iseTi safasuris

aRebiT, romelic faravs monetis moWris xarjebs, magram feodalur sa-

xelmwifoebSi monetis moWra Semosavlis wyarod gadaiqca. qarTlSic mo-

netis moWra mefis monopolias Seadgenda da iseT monopolias, romelic

mas Semosavals aZlevda..... monetis moWris safasuri faqtiurad gadaiqca

gadasaxadad. mtkiced unda gvaxsovdes, rom aq ar aris saubari im Semosa-

valze, romelic miiReba monetis moWris dros xurda fulis nominalur

da realur RirebulebaTa gansxvavebidan an gafuWebidan; aq laparakia

mxolod im Semosavalze, romelic miiReboda monetis SemkveTi piris ga-

dasaxdelisagan~ (qoiava, 1963: 157). yovelwliurad Tbilisis zarafxanaSi

asi aTasobiT maneTis safasis vercxlis da spilenZis nominalebi iWrebo-

da. zarafxana gaicemoda ijariT. monetis moWra nebismier pirs SeeZlo

sakuTari vercxliT. moWrili fulidan, samefo xazinaSi garkveuli pro-

centi rCeboda. kapitan iazikovis cnobiT, zarafxanidan mefis Semosavali

yovelwliurad Seadgenda 30 000 maneTs (Грамоы..., 1891: 187). Cveni azriT, es

ar unda yofiliyo mxolod saijaro Semosavali, masSi iazikovi, albaT,

gulisxmobda monetis gafuWebas da sxva operaciebs. zarafxanac, raRa

Tqma unda, saxelmwifo sawarmo iyo, romelic did Semosavals iZleoda.

stamba qarTlis samefoSi jer kidev 1709 wels daarsda. Tumca mu-

Saoba maleve Sewyvita. misi aRdgena moxda 1749 wels. sagamomcemlo saqmi-

anobisaTvis gardamtexi aRmoCnda 1780-1782 wlebi. am dros moxda stambis

85

fundamenturi gadaiaraReba da Tanamedrove teqnikuri baziT aRWurva.

erekle II-s mouwvevia sastambo xelobis specialistebi da konstantinopo-

lidan Tanamedrove stambis mowyobilobebi gamouweria. ostatebs axali

nusxuri da mxedruli Srifti CamousxamT. erekle II-s stambis gadaiaraRe-

bisaTvis, imdroisaTvis sakmaod didi Tanxa 20 000 maneTi gauRia.

XVIII saukunis 80-ian wlebSi stambis muSakTa Soris ixsenebian:

`mestambeTuxucesi~, `beWdvis zedamxedveli~, `stambis saxmarTa zeda gam-

rjelni~, mTargmnelebi, `Rramatikul kanonze Semsworeblebi~ anu cenzo-

rebi da sxva (guguSvili, 1929: 67-68).

stamba moijaradres gadaecemoda ijariT. XVIII saukunis 80-90-ian

wlebSi stambis moijaradre qristefore keJeraSvili iyo. 1785-1795 wlebSi

Tbilisis stambaSi 10 000-ze meti wigni daibeWda, rac ramdenime aTeuli

aTasi maneTis Rirebulebis iyo.

aRa-mahmad xanis Semosevam stamba gaanadgura. misi aRdgena moxer-

xda 1799 wels. stambam MmuSaoba ganaaxla qristefore badriZis Taosno-

biT (qiqoZe..., 1973: 783).

zemoT CamoTvlili sawarmoebi Sua saukuneebis saxelosnoebad ar

moiazreba. isini iyvnen msxvili sawarmoebi, sadac daqiravebul Sromas

iyenebdnen. amitom dabejiTebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom isini manufaqtu-

rebs warmoadgendnen. daqiravebuli Sromis faqtebi imdenad gaxSirda,

rom igi saTanado sakanonmdeblo ZeglebSic aisaxa. daviT bagrationis

`saqarTvelos samarTlisa da kanonmcodneobis mimoxilva~ iTvaliswinebs

daqiravebuli Sromis sxvadasxva formebs, asxvavebs dRiurad da xelSek-

rulebiT, gansazRvruli vadiT daqiravebis SemTxvevebs (bagrationi, 1959:

317). XVIII saukunis 50-iani wlebis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis fonze, aseTi

realobis axsna mxolod SesaZlebelia im movleniT, rac ekonomikis gan-

viTarebis forsirebul, zemodan Tavsmoxveul politikaSi gamoixateboda.

saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politika TavisTavad stimuls aZlevda

kerZo savaWro kapitals, raTa samrewvelo kapitalad qceuliyo. droTa

ganmavlobaSi savaWro kapitali aRwevda samrewvelo saqmianobaSi. Sedegad

saxeze gvaqvs Suasaukuneebis saxelosnoebis gamsxvileba. wyaroebiT das-

turdeba, rom moqalaqe ioane pentelaSvils ekuTvnoda Tixis WurWlis

86

`qarxana”, glaxa gabaSvils ki aguris `qarxana~ da sxva (akofaSvili, 1973:

550).

savaWro kapitalis samrewvelo kapitalad gadaqcevis procesi Seim-

Cneva safeiqro mrewvelobaSi (samsonaZe, 1980: 207). rogorc zemoT davina-

xeT, abreSumi da nedli bamba qveyanaSi didi raodenobiT Semodioda, rac

ganpirobebuli iyo safeiqro warmoebis moculobis didi masStabebiT.

qarTuli safeiqro warmoebis gafarToebas isic uwyobda xels,

rom gasaRebis areali metad farTo iyo. igi moicavda adgilobriv bazars

(dasavleT saqarTvelosTan erTad), kavkasiis mTianeTs, mezobel amierkav-

kasiis saxanoebsa da ruseTis Sida guberniebs.

sxvadasxva wyaroebiT dasturdeba, rom XVIII saukunis ukanasknel

meoTxedSi TbilisSi (da ara marto TbilisSi) safeiqro mrewveloba, ume-

tesad bambis qsovilebis warmoeba, sakmaod ganviTarebuli iyo.

burnaSovi am sakiTxis Sesaxeb Semdeg informacias gvawvdis: `...aris

abreSumisa da bambis mcire xelis fabrikebi, ukanaskneli metad bevri...

maT Tavisi xeliT nakeTobebiT anu moCiTuli, SeRebili da TeTri bambis

tiloebiT didi vaWroba aqvT mTiel da sparsel axlo mezoblebTan... ra-

meTu am saWiroebebiT, TiTqmis yvela kavkasieli mezobeli Tbiliseli

somxebis Sromis moyvareobis meSveobiT sargebloben~ (burnaSovi, 1896: 2).

tuCkovis gadmocemiT, saqarTveloSi `Cinebulad amzadeben sxvadas-

xva saxis, ferisa da moxatulobis abreSumisa da bambis qsovilebs, ro-

melTa naxati kargia, xolo saRebavi erTob magari~ (samsonaZe, 1980: 244).

aRniSnul sakiTxs didi yuradReba dauTmo mixeil samsonaZem Tavis

naSromSi `saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba XIX saukunis

pirvel mesamedSi~. igi aRniSnavs, rom safeiqro mrewveloba, CvenTvis sain-

tereso periodSi, Zalze ganviTarda. moxda saxelosnoebis gamsxvileba.

magaliTad, saukuneTa mijnaze `sakmaod mozrdili sawarmos meTaurad

Cans feiqari qoCora, romelic pirsaxocebs amzadebda da am saqonliT

mTel qalaqs amaragebda~ (samsonaZe, 1980: 207).

avtori sxvadasxva faqtebze dayrdnobiT warmogvidgens Semdeg

daskvnas: `...aSkaraa, rom savaWro kapitalis mier safeiqro warmoebis dap-

yroba, vaWrebis mier warmoebis meTauroba, savaWro kapitalis samrewvelo

kapitalad gadaqceva gansaxilveli periodisaTvis (igulisxmeba XIX sau-

87

kunis I mesamedi _ a. T.) aris ara calkeuli SemTxveva, aramed qveyanaSi

gavrcelebuli dakanonebuli movlena da, rac mTavaria, igi Camoyalibebu-

lia jer kidev XVIII saukuneSi. TiTqmis yvela sabuTi, romelic ki Sesaba-

mis sakiTxs Seexeba, sagangebodaa aRniSnuli, rom yvela moqmedi wesi Se-

moRebulia jer kidev qarTveli mefeebis dros da axal xalisuflebas

masSi araviTari cvlileba ar Seutania.....

......warmoebis gaZRola da sakuTriv vaWrobis warmoeba erTad, cxa-

dia, SeuZlebeli iyo. es saqme, erTi mxriv imiT gvardeboda, rom iqmnebo-

da kompaniebi, romlebSic ramdenime vaWari Sedioda, romelTagan nawili

adgilze ganagebda saqmes, nawili uSualod vaWrobas eweoda~ (samsonaZe,

1980: 332).

safeiqro warmoeba mTlianad kerZo kapitalze iyo dafuZnebuli

Tu saxelmwifosac gaaCnda qsovilis damamzadebeli msxvili saxelosnoe-

bi, amis Sesaxeb Cven pirdapiri informacia ar mogvepoveba. gvaqvs mxolod

erTi bundovani cnoba. XIX saukunis damdegs suramis yofili mouravi (da

savaraudod salaros naziri abaSiZe) ruseTis mmarTvelobisadmi, misi

kuTvnili sargos Sesaxeb, moxsenebaSi acxadebda: `...q. rac batonis farCa

iyideboda, iqidam mergeboda Tumanzed ori Sauri arbaT. aTi-Tormeti

aTasisi Tumnis iyideboda~ (masalebi..., 1955: 351). sabuTSi suramis yofili

mouravi rom sakuTari Semosavlis gazrdis mizniT, gadaWarbebul cifrs

asaxelebs, es Semdegidan Cans: moxele moxsenebis momdevno punqtSi leke-

bisaTvis misacemi farCis raodenobas 7-8 aTasi TumniT gansazRvravs, ma-

Sin, rodesac sxva moxeleebi am Tanxas 3-4 aTasi TumniT gansazRvravdnen

(ix. masalebi..., 1948). erTi sityviT yofili mouravi batonis, anu mefis ga-

yidul farCis raodenobas, sul mcire aormagebs. Tumca aq is faqtia

aRsaniSnavi, rom dokumentSi mefis kuTvnil qsovilebis gayidvazea sauba-

ri. SesaZlebelia mefe, romelsac mravali savaWro Tu saxelosno duqani

gaaCnda, Tavisi yma xelosnebis saSualebiT awarmoebda qsovilebs da Sem-

deg sakuTari komisionerebis saSualebiT yidda mas. samwuxarod, am faq-

tis Sesaxeb sxvas verafers vityviT.

safeiqro warmoebis ganviTarebam gamoiwvia samRebroTa ricxvis

zrda. samRebroTa Sinagani organizaciis da rac mTavaria, am organizaci-

88

is socialur-ekonomikuri arsis analizi mocemulia n. berZeniSvilis naS-

romSi: `samRebroTa Sesaxeb XVIII saukuneSi~ (berZeniSvili, 1937).

n. berZeniSvilma samarTlianad gaakritika g. naTaZe, romelic sam-

Rebroebs sabaJosTan aigivebda (ix. berZeniSvili, 1937).

avtors sruliad logikurad miaCnia darejan da mariam dedofle-

bis Cvenebebi, rom Tbilisis samRebroTa saijaro fasi 5000-dan 7000 mane-

Tamde ganisazRvreboda. es iyo qveyanaSi yvelaze didi samRebro, romelic

TbilisSi iyo ganTavsebuli.

n. berZeniSvili sxvadasxva dokumentze dayrdnobiT Semdeg das-

kvnas gvTavazobs: `amrigad, me-18 saukunis meore naxevarSi sul qarTl-ka-

xeTSi 50-60-mdis samRebro unda yofiliyo. qarTlis 12 samRebros saijaro

fasi 383 Tumans udrida. erT samRebroze saSualod 32-33 Tumani modis.

maS qarTlis yvela samRebroTa saijaro fasi 960 Tumnidan 1050 Tumnamdis

SegviZlia viangariSoT (tfilisis samRebros gamoklebiT). exla, Tu Cven

qarTlis samRebroTa mimarT miRebul sazoms kaxeTis samRebroebzedac

gavavrcelebT, gamogviva, rom kaxeTis yvela samRebroTa saijaro fasi 412

Tumanidan 600 Tumnamdis unda yofiliyo. sul qarTl-kaxeTSi (tfilisis

samRebroTa CaTvliT) samRebroTa saijaro fasi unda yofiliyo 2072 Tum-

nidan 2410 Tumnamdis~ (berZeniSvili, 1937: 445).

saintereso daskvnas gvTavazobs avtori samRebroTa sacialur-eko-

nomikuri analizis mxriv: `zogierTi samRebroTa SedarebiTi sidide Ta-

visTavad hgulisxmobs, rom iq ara erTi muSaxeli saqmianobs. im SemTxve-

vaSi, roca samRebros moijaradre TviT ar iyo saqmis ostati, bunebrivia,

mas aseTi ostati daeqiravebina, jamagiri da xalaTi eZlia misTvis. osta-

tis aseTi daqiravebis magaliTi, vfiqrob, gvaqvs Cven tfilisis samReb-

ros Sesaxeb im sabuTSi, zemore rom moviyvaneT. roca ostati imave dros

ijaradaricaa, aseT ostatisa da SegirdTa samRebroSi muSaoba, es, ase

vTqvaT, feodaluri epoqis Cveulebrivi xelosnuri meurneobis saxea da

gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebos aras Seicavs, Tundac rom qargal-SegirdTa

ricxvi sakmaod sagrZnobi iyos.

CvenTvis gacilebiT sainteresoa samRebros eqspluataciis is saxe,

roca ostati TviT aris daqiravebuli samRebros moijaradris mier.

89

aq ukve principulad gansxvavebuli mdgomareobaa. meurneobis sul

sxva tipia mocemuli. aseT pirobebSi ostat-Segirdis urTierToba sruli-

ad gansxvavebulia. aseT ostats arc SeuZlia Segirdi hyavdes Zveli gage-

biT. da roca ostati daqiravebulia, sxvebic _ qargali, Segirdi _ aseve

daqiravebuli unda iyvnen. magram es ukve manufaqturaa da ara saSualo

saukuneebis saxelosno ~ (berZeniSvili, 1937: 440-441)

rogorc vxedavT samRebroTa (iseve rogorc Cven mier ganxilul

sxva sawarmoTa) manufaqturizacia saxezea.

n. qoiavam samarTlianad SeniSna, rom berZeniSvils Riad darCa sa-

kiTxi _ termin `samRebro baJis~ srul ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiT (qoi-

ava, 1963: 183-184). rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT es iyo `sabeWdavis~, andac `xam-

xalaTis~ ijara _ teqstilis aqcizi, romelic saxelmwifo xazinis sasar-

geblod aiReboda da romlis saijaro fasi TbilisSi 5000 maneTs Sead-

genda.

m. samsonaZem dawvrilebiT ganixila ra XVIII-XIX saukuneebis mijna-

ze samRebroTa Sesaxeb arsebuli dokumentebi, Semdegi daskvnebi Semog-

vTavaza: `sabeWdavis~ mosakrebeli vrceldeboda mxolod TeTrad da wiT-

lad SeRebil qsovilebze. lurjad RebvisaTvis ki dawesebuli iyo sam-

Rebro gadasaxadi, romelic aiReboda Rebvis safasuris paralelurad

(samsonaZe, 1980: 250-270).

rogorc mRebavi beglariani acxadebda: `saRebavi masalis sami me-

oTxedi liliT iRebeboda. glexebs sxva saRebavi ara swamdaT. momwvano,

cisferi, lurji, muqilurji da moSavo _ garkveulis ostatobiT yvela

am fers viRebdiT lilis saRebavisagan~ (berZeniSvili, 1937: 469). Tavda-

pirvelad lurjad Rebva dedoflis monopolias Seadgenda. XVIII sauku-

nis II naxevarSi ki samRebroebze sadedoflo monopolia gauqmda. Tumca

samRebroTa sakmaod didi nawili kvlav mis xelSi rCeboda. marto Tbili-

sis samRebros ijaris fasi 500-dan 700 Tumnamde meryeobda. dedofali ka-

xeTis ijarebidan 200 Tumans, xolo gori-saTarxnos samRebrodan 160 Tu-

mans iRebda (berZeniSvili, 1937: 443-444). saerTod ki dedoflis Semosava-

li samRebroebidan daaxloebiT 1000 Tumans, anu yvela samRebroTa Semo-

savlis daaxloebiT naxevars, Seadgenda.

90

Tbilisis `sabeWdavis~ saijaro fasi 5 000 maneTs Seadgenda. kaxe-

Tis, goris da sxva `sabeWdavis~ ijarebTan erTad ki daaxloebiT 7-8 aTas

maneTs udrida. sakmaod didi iyo ijaris mowyobis, moijaradreTa Semosa-

vali da sxva xarjebic. `sabeWdavis~ ijarebis realuri Semosavali ki

ormagi iqneboda. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom erT Tof qsovilze,

anu 10 arSinze saSualod 5 kapiki aiReboda, maSin aRniSnuli produqciis

sruli moculoba ganisazRvreba 3 000 000 arSiniT. lilaxanaSi SeRebili

qsovili ki samjer meti iqneboda. amdenad, qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi weli-

wadSi sul daaxloebiT 15 000 000 arSini bambeulis qsovili mzaddeboda.

rogorc vxedavT, warmoebis moculoba sakmaod didi iyo.33

33 m. samsonaZe XIX saukunis dasawyisis `sabeWdavis~ ijaris da samRebros mosakreblebze dayrdnobiT varaudobs, rom qarTl-kaxeTSi 20-22 milioni arSini qsovili mzaddeboda (samsonaZe, 1980: 297). am monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, XVIII saukunis bolo meoTxedSi warmoeba aRniSnulze gacilebiT didi iqneboda, radgan `sabeWdisa~ da samRebroebis ijarebis fasebi, gansaxilvel periodSi, SedarebiT maRali iyo. Tumca Cveni varaudiT, avtori ijarebis mowyobisaTvis danaxarjebs dagaWarbebulad afasebs.

91

$ 5. xelosnoba

XVIII saukunis 70-90-ian wlebSi TbilisSi 500-ze meti duqani iyo.

maTgan naxevarze meti saxelosnoebze modioda (dumbaZe, 1990: 352). Tbili-

sis garda saxelosnoebi iyo: gorSi, TelavSi, siRnaRSi, duSeTSi da sxva

qalaqebSi. radganac Tbilisis saxelosnoebSi damzadebuli produqcia

ramdenjerme aRemateboda sxva qalaqebis xelosnur nawarms da SedarebiT

sruli informacia swored Tbilisis Sesaxeb gagvaCnia, amitom xelosnur

warmoebas swored Tbilisis monacemebis mixedviT ganvixilavT.

vaWrobisa da gasaRebis arealis gafarToebam Warbi xelosnuri

produqciis warmoeba ganapiroba. qarTuli xelosnuri nawarmi iyideboda,

rogorc adgilze, aseve mezobel mahmadianur saxanoebSi, CrdiloeT kavka-

siaSi da ruseTSic ki.

ucxoeli mogzaurebi (iazikovi, giuldenStedti) da qarTveli is-

torikosebi (ioane batoniSvili da sxva) erTxmad adastureben, rom Tbi-

lisSi warmodgenili iyo xelosnobis TiTqmis yvela dargi (akofaSvili,

1973: 540).

xelosnebis Sesaxeb mdidar suraTs gvixatavs ioane batoniSvili

Tavis `kalmasobaSi~. am nawarmoebis mixedviT TbilisSi vxvdebiT: oqrom-

Wedlebs _ `msxdomareni duqnebSi, mravali vercxlis iaraRi, agreTve oq-

rois dawyobili da sxva samkauli~-T; meqoSeebs _ `duqanni savse qoSiTa

da maSiiT~; sarajebs _ `romel savse aqvdaT duqnebi cxenis iaraRebiT

mzad~; yazazebs _ uxvi `ZafiTa da zonariT~; yajarduzebs (cxenis gadasa-

fareblebis damamzadeblebi); mequdeebs _ Tavisi mravali produqciiT; ba-

zazebs _ mravali sxvadasxvagvari farCiT da maudiT, skalatiTa da Ci-

TiT, moviTa da leiniT; mkervalebs _ Sekerili tanisamosiT; meTevzeebsa

da baylebs _ sxvadasxvagvari sursaT-sanovagiT; yasbebs _ `rkinis Can-

glebze dakidebuli... xorciT~; meCongureebs _ `savse ConguriT da daria-

Ti~; alafebs _ sadac purs acxobdnen da yiddnen; meWurWleebs _ sxvadas-

xvagvari WurWliT; nalbandebs; sirajebs _ `didroni rumbebiT da tike-

biT, RvinoebiT da arayiT~; meqvabeebs _ `mravali qvabiT da spilenZis

WurWeliT~, Cilindrebs _ `klite da gasaRnebni mravalni~; xarazebs _

mravali waRa, Ceqma da sxva fexsacmliT; lilaxanas _ `didronis qvevre-

92

biT savse~; meCaxmaxeebs; meTofeebs da xmlis mkeTeblebs; SuabazarSi mew-

vrilmaneebs _ daniT, makratliT, nemsiT, sarkiT, WiqebiT, SaqriT, surne-

liT, namglebiT~ da sxva (bagrationi, 1936: 193-195).

Tbiliseli xelosnebi am dros xelosnuri warmoebis 60-mde dargs

misdevdnen. zogierTi maTgani ramdenime sxvadasxva wvril specialobad

iyofoda. ase magaliTad, XVIII saukunis bolosaTvis mkeravebi iyofian

specialistebad kavkasiuri, qarTuli da evropuli tanisamosis mixedviT

(akofaSvili, 1973: 540).

Tbilisis xelosnebi amqrebSi iyvnen gaerTianebulni. amqrebs cal-

calke qmnidnen xelosnebi (xuroebi, kalatozebi, mewvrilmaneebi, meqvabee-

bi...) (mesxia, 1983: 523-524). amqars asnafsac uwodebdnen.

amqars xelmZRvanelobda amqris Tavi anu ustabaSi. xSirad amqris

Tavebi iwodebodnen ara ustabaSebad, aramed dargis mixedviT _ bazazba-

Sebad, sirajbaSebad da a.S.34

giorgi XII-s garkveuli danaSaulisaTvis mewvrilmaneebis ustaba-

SisaTvis Tanamdeboba CamourTmevia _ `...gevedrebiT mowyaleba moiRoT,

Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi ustabaSs amqris wevrebi irCevdnen.

XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi maT mxolod ustabaSis kandidaturis wamoyene-

bis ufleba hqondaT. ustabaSs mefe amtkicebda _ `q. Cven mefeman yovlisa

saqarTveloisam, kaxeTis da sxvaTa giorgim, es wyalobis wigni giboZeT

Tqven Cvens ymas erTguls da namsaxurs moqalaqes ifrumaanT rostomaS-

vils xatias da mamas Sensa SuSribs kakals, ase rom qalaqis bazris ba-

zazbaSobis dagveajeniT, vismineT aja da moxseneba Tqveni da giboZeT qa-

laqis bazris bazazbaSoba ase, rom rogorc amas winaT bazazbaSi moqceu-

lan Senc ise unda moiqce da rac Cvenis sarqrisaTvis da an sxvisaTvis

bazars an erTmeodes da an eZleodes, es yvela uTqvenoT ar unda moxde-

bodes da rac amas winaT bazazbaSis rusumi da sargo qondesT Tqvenc

ise unda mogecemodesT. gqondesT da gabednierosT Cvens samsaxursa da

erTgulobasa Sina. awe gibrZanebT qalaqis mouravo, meliq-mamasaxliso da

Cveno mosaqmeno, es Cveni naboZebo wigni ase daumtkiceT. aRiwera noembe-

ris iv (16), qk-s upz (1799 w.)~ (masalebi..., 1948: 101).

34 dawvrilebiT amwruli organizaciebis Sesaxeb ix. k. kucias naSromi: `amqrebi XVII-XVIII ss. saqarTvelos qalaqebSi (kucia, 1984).

93

imisi danaSauleba Cven gvapatieT da isev amazed ustabaSobis wyaloba mo-

iRoT da uboZoT~.

amjerad mefem Seiwynara mewvrilmaneebis Txovna _ `Cveni brZaneba

aris aslanav, mere Tu aRar mogvatyueb da Cvens samsaxurze bejiTad iqne-

bi, mewvrilmaneebis ustabaSoba isev SenTvis gviboZebia. mewvrilmaneebo!

esev dagviyenebia Tqvens ustabaSaTa....~ (masalebi..., 1948: 102).

rogorc vxedavT, XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi amqarma (asnafma)

dakarga Sinagani damoukidebloba da masze kontroli mTlianad samefo

xelisuflebam daamyara.

samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom qalaqze

feodaluri aristokratiis gabatonebam (XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi) gamo-

iwvia amqris Sinagani damoukideblobis SezRudva (mesxia, 1958: 287; dumbaZe

1990: 353), Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom amqarze kontroli daamyares ara feo-

dalurma aristokratiam, aramed samefo xelisuflebam.

Cveni azriT, xelosnuri warmoebis gafarToebam samefo kars masze

sruli kontrolis damyarebisaken ubiZga. samefo xelisuflebas surda am

gziT sakuTari Semosavlebi gaezarda.

mefis mier mkacr kontrolze ayvanili amqrebi, gamoricxulia, rom

dabegrili ar yofiliyo saxelmwifo gadasaxdebiT. qarTul istoriogra-

fiaSi es sakiTxi TiTqmis Seuswavlelia, rac pirdapiri wyaroebis uqon-

lobas unda gamoewvia.35

35 sakiTxi bolomde ar aris Seswavlili. literaturaSi miTiTebulia savaWro-saxelosno duqnebis saerTo mosakrebeli _ `Tvis Sauri~, mouravis misagebeli da sxv. (ix. mesxia, 1983: 331)

Cven mier motanili orive dokumentidan Cans, rom amqars gaaCnda

saxelmwifo valdebulebebi _ `.... rac Cveni sarqrisaTvis da an sxvisTvis

(moxeleebisaTvis?_a.T.) bazars an erTmeodes an eZleodes...~ `... mere Tu ar

mogvatyueb da Cvens samsaxurSi bejiTad iqnebi...~ _ es frazebi amqrebis

valdebulebebs unda aRniSnavdes.

mewvrilmaneebis amqris pirobis wignis erT-erT punqtSi aRniSnu-

lia, `...vinc rom am zemowerilis ZaliT Tavisi rasaTi xarj(i)s da bega-

ris micema ar moindomos, Cvenis Zmobidan gavides...~ (masalebi..., 1948: 034).

rogorc vxedavT, aRniSnuli sabuTi miuTiTebs `xarjze~ da `begaraze~.

94

salaros nazirebis, Tavad daviT mayaSvilis da Tavad baram gurge-

niZis, moxsenebebSi pavle cicianovisadmi, aRniSnulia, rom asnafebidan

(anu amqrebidan _ a.T.) hqondaT `rusumi~ (moxeleTaTvis dadgenili sargo)

100 maneTi (masalebi..., 1948: 24; 27). aqedan Cans, rom amqrebis saxelmwifo

gadasaxadebidan salaros moxeleebs nazirebs, ergebodaT garkveuli wi-

li _ `rusumi~. es faqti ki TavisTavad amtkicebs amqrebis dabegvras.

xelosnobis erT-erTi dargis _ mesanTleebis _ saxelmwifo gada-

saxadis Sesaxeb pirdapiri cnoba mogvepoveba n. berZeniSvilis gamoqveyne-

bul `qalaqis saxelmwifo ijaraTa da baJebis nusxaSi~. dokumentSi naT-

qvamia: `q-ks uoT, am wels Tvis Sauri mesanTle(e)bs kb (ocdaori Tumani),

amisi moxeleebis sargo ah (cxrameti minalTuni)~; (masalebi..., 1955: 102 ).

qoronikoniT uoT wels anu 1791 wels mesanTleebis saxelmwifo gadasaxa-

di yofila 22 Tumani, anu 220 maneTi. aqedan moxeleebs ergebodaT 19 mane-

Ti _ daaxloebiT Semosavlis erTi meTerTmetedi. sabuTis mixedviT, me-

sanTleebi 1785, 1788 da 1789 wlebSic 220 maneTiT ibegrebodnen. garda ami-

sa, mesanTleebs mouravis da sxva moxeleTa sasargeblodac unda gaeRoT

gadasaxadi naturiT.

xelosnobis zogierTi dargis saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis gansaz-

Rvris mxriv mniSvnelovan informacias Seicavs n. berZeniSvilis gamoqvey-

nebuli `moxeleTa rusumis nusxa~. movitanT teqsts:

`salaros moxele(e)bis rusumi amas qveiT sweria:

q-ks uo, am wlis (da) q-ks uoa, am wlisa, am oris wlis xarjis (ja-

mi) aris aruTina xurda fruSisa te (samas xuTi Tumani). q-ks uob, am

wlis martidam mokidebuli qristi(Sobis) gasv(lamdin) aris jami sozÃ

(oras samocda Cvidmeti Tumani da Svidi monalTuni), iqneba oriv jami

fpbÃ (xuTas oTxmocda ori Tumani da Svidi minalTuni). aqedam ergebaT:

q-ks uÁT, am wlidam mokidebuli q-ks uob, am wlis mariobis Tvem-

din nalbandebis xarjis jami aris Ja (oTxmocda TerTmeti Tumani). aqedam

ergebaT rusumi.

gCyn (sami Tumani, erTi minalTuni, oTxi abazi da erTi Sauri).

q-ks uob, am wlis burnioTis ijaradari tulas-Svilidam nz (or-

mocdaTerTmeti Tumani). q-ks uo, am wlisac na (ormocdaTerTmeti Tumani).

95

q-ks uÁT, am wlisac rkg (asocdasami Tumani). iqna am samis wlis jami sla

(oras ocda TerTmeti Tumani). amis rusumi iqneba.

c yn (rva Tumani, oTxi abazi da erTi Sauri)

q-ks uoa, am wlis burnioTidam miRdisasSvili stefanisi jinSi o

(samocda aTi Tumani). aqedan ergebaT.

b wf (ori Tumani, oTxi minalTuni da aTi Sauri)

q-ks uog, am wlis burnioTidam yasab-baSi aruTinasi xarjis jami

JgW (oTxmocdacameti Tumani da xuTi minalTuni). aqedam ergebaT.

b cR (ori Tumani, ori minalTuni da ToTxmeti Sauri)

q-ks uo, am wlis beWedi bazazebidan TanxaSi iyo.

q-ks uÁT, am wlis beWedSiac ara iyo ra.

q-ks uoa, am wlis angariSi frangi osefasTan aris.

q-ks uob, am wlis beWedSiac ara aris ra.

q-ks uog, am wlis beWedi yasab-baSTan aris. amis jinSi aris kW

(oci Tumani da xuTi minalTuni). Ãs (Svidi minalTuni da erTi abazi)

q-ks uÁT, am wlidam mokidebuli Tahvildari ohanezizadam saleko

xarjis jinSis jami aris qd (eqvsas oTxi Tumani). aqedam ergebaT.

kaCu (ocda erTi Tumani da Svidi abazi)

q. dola sarqisadam xarjis jami aris m (ormoci Tumani). aqedam er-

gebaT. a w (ToTxmeti minalTuni)

q. meagurebidan danaxarji aris l (ocdaaTi Tumani). aqedam erge-

baT.

a f (erTi Tumani da aTi Sauri)

q. gurginbeganT estatedam danaxarji aris la (ocda TerTmeti Tu-

mani). aqedam ergebaT.

a yn (erTi Tumani, oTxi abazi da erTi Sauri)

q-ks uÁT, am wlidam mokidebuli q-ks uog, am wlamdin dabRebis

xarjis jami aris rlÀ (asocdaTvrameti Tumani). aqedam ergebaT.

e s (xuTi Tumani da erTi abazi)

q-ks uo, am wlis goris baJidam babalasSvili avTandilasi id

(ToTxmeti Tumani). aqedam ergebaT.

wm (xuTi minalTuni orSauri naklebi)

96

q-ks uÁT, am wlidam mokidebuli q-ks uoa, am wlis aprilis gas-

vlamdin xarazebis xarjis jami lzÃ (ocdaCvidmeti Tumani da Svidi mi-

nalTuni). aqedam ergebaT.

a Zs (cameti minalTuni da erTi abazi)

q-ks uoa, am wlis qurCebidam z x (Svidi Tumani da eqvsi minalTu-

ni). aqedam ergebaT.

cqn (cameti abazi da erTi Sauri)

q-ks uÁd, am wlidam mokidebuli q-ks uoa. am wlamdin sarajebis

xarjis jami aris kT (ocda cxra Tumani) aqedam.

a rn (erTi Tumani da sami Sauri)

q-ks uÁT, am wlis giorgobis Tvidam mokidebuli q-ks[?], am wlis

martis gasvlamdin mehmandrebisagan saxurdafruSo xarjis kami aris keW.

(ocdaxuTi Tumani da xuTi minalTuni). aqedam ergebaT.

jSke (rva minalTuni da TvrametSaur-naxevari)

q. Cilingdrebidan xarji aris À (rva Tumani), aqedam ergebaT.

cy (ToTxmeti abazi)

q. nurqeTxudaanT antonadam rkinis xarji aris iT w (cxrameti Tu-

mani da oTxi minalTuni). aqedam ergebaT.

xy (Svidi minalTuni abaz naklebi)

q. fuRaanT stefanadam aris i (aTi Tumani). aqedam q-ks uÁe, am wli-

dam mokidebuli q-ks uog, am wlamdin saponis qvabis ijara aris meqvabeb-

Tan spilenZi litra rn. amis magieri spilenZi daxarjula.

Zf (sami minalTuni da aTi Sauri

amaTive xarjis jami aris TeTri pe (oTxmocda xuTi Tumani). spi-

lenZi litra rpv.

q-ks uÁz, am wlidam mokidebuli q-ks uo, am wlis martamdin baza-

zebis xarjis jami CRmÀ (aTas Svidas ormocda rva Tum.).

q-ks uo, am wlidam mokidebuli q-ks uob, am wlamdin aris xarjis

jami CJb (aTas oTxmocda Tormeti Tumani).

q-ks uob, am wlidam mokidebuli q-ks uog, am wlis ianvramdin aris

jami fmT (xuTas ormocdacxra Tumani). ianvridan mokidebuli q-ks uod,

am wlis ianvramdin aris xarjis jami ukb (oTxas ocda ori Tumani). iqna

97

am Svidis wlis xarjis jami Zyia (samiaTas rvaas TerTmeti Tumani). amis

rusumi ergebaT.

q-ks uÁÀ, am welis Celiiqis xarjis jinSis jami aris moRdisas-

Svilze da bezirgnisSvilze CyÁÀ (aTas rvaas rva Tumani).

ÁeZ (samocda xuTi Tumani da sami minalTuni).

q-ks uÁT, am wlis Celiiqebis angariSi unda daiweros.

q. bezirgnis-Svilis angariSi unda daiweros.

q. erevnis davTari unda gaisinjos.

q-ks uob, am wels Celiiqidam bezirgnisSvils miscemia (?) mxeiZis

minacemis farCis valSi ie (TxuTmeti Tumani). amis rusumi

Wsn (xuTi minalTuni da xuTi Sauri).

q-ks uob, am aTis Tvis Celiiqis jinSis jami S (cxraasi Tumani).

aqedam ergebaT~.

laW (ocda TerTmeti Tumani da xuTi minalTuni) (masalebi..., 1955:

80-83).

dokumentis specifikidan gamomdinare, teqstis zusti gageba sakma-

od rTul amocanas Seadgens da SesaZlebelia Cveneul msjelobaSi xarve-

zebi gaiparos.

Tavdapirvelad aRvniSnavT, rom pirveli punqti gansxvavdeba teq-

stis danarCeni nawilisagan da aq miTiTebuli ar aris moxeleTa sargo.

amitom mas mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.

dokumentSi moxsenebulia CvenTvis ukve nacnobi ori _ burnioTis da

goris baJis _ ijara. sxva uamrav dokumentze dayrdnobiT, zemoT aRvniSneT,

rom burnioTis, anu Tambaqos wliuri ijaris fasi ganisazRvreboda 500-600

TumniT, xolo goris baJi ki 140 TumniT. gansaxilvel dokumentSi ki qoroni-

koniT uob anu 1784 wels Tambaqos ijaradaris tulaSvilis xarji Seadgenda

57 Tumans anu 570 maneTs, uo wels anu 1782 wels 51 Tumans, xolo sxva 2

welSi 123 Tumans; goris baJis ijaradris babalaSvilis xarjis jami 14 Tu-

maniT, anu 140 maneTiT ganisazRvreboda.

SedarebiTi analizis fonze SeiZleba Semdegi daskvna gavakeToT: do-

kumentSi, sadac gansazRvrulia `xarjis jami“, Seesabameba ara saxelmwifo

gadasaxads mTlianad, aramed am gadasaxadis meaTeds, romelic sxvadasxva

moxeleebs _ saxlTuxucess, mdivanebs, mordlebs, mouravs, eSikaRasbaSs da

98

a.S. ekuTvnoda. sxva wyaroebiTac dasturdeba, rom moxeleebs pirdapiri gada-

saxadebidan daaxloebiT meaTedi ergebodaT. xolo salaros moxeleTa `ru-

sumi~ moxeleTa saerTo wilis ocdamervedi iyo. anu salaros moxeleni saer-

To gadasaxadis orasmeoTxmoceds iRebdnen (goris ijaris fasi 1400 maneTia.

salaros moxeleebi ki iRebdnen 5 maneTs).

Cveneuli logikiT SegviZlia zogierTi amqris saxelmwifo gadasaxa-

debis odenoba aRvadginoT. qoronikoniT uÁT dan anu 1781 wlidan uob-mde

anu 1784 wlis mariamobisTvemde nalbandebis xarjis jami (anu moxeleTa sar-

go) 910 maneTi yofila. 3 weliwadSi da 7 TveSi saxelmwifo xarji nalban-

debs eTxovebodaT 9100 maneTi. gamodis, rom wliurad nalbandebis amqari

ibegrebodaY 243 TumniT anu 2430 maneTiT.

meagureebidan moxeleTa xarji Seadgenda 30 Tumans anu 300 maneTs. ma-

Ti saxelmwifo gadasaxadi ki iqneboda 3000 maneTi. Tumca dokumentSi ar

Cans zustad es xarji erTi wlis iyo Tu metis. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aRniSnul

xarjs 2 welze gadavanawilebT, miviRebT 1500 maneTs.

1781 wlidan 1785 wlamde dabaRebis moxeleTa xarjis jami iyo 138 Tu-

mani. saxelmwifo xarji ki 4 weliwadSi 1380 Tumani iqneboda. weliwadSi dab-

aRebis36

1783 wels qurqCebidan

saxelmwifo gadasaxadi 3450 maneTiT ganisazRvreboda.

1781 wlidan 1783 wlis aprilis bolomde xarazebis moxeleTa xarjis

jami Seadgenda 37 Tumansa da 7 minalTuns. xarazebi, Cans, 2 wlis da 4 Tvis

manZilze saxelmwifos sasargeblod ixdidnen 377 Tumans _ weliwadSi ki

1570 maneTs.

37

mehmandarebis

moxeleebi iRebdnen 7 Tumans da 6 minalTuns.

gamodis, rom maTi saxelmwifo wliuri gadasaxadi 76 Tumani, anu 760 maneTi

iyo.

1776 wlidan 1783 wlmde sarajebisagan moxeleebs ekuTvnodaT 29 Tuma-

ni. maTi wliuri saxelmwifo xarji 400 maneTs Sedgenda.

38

36 dabaRi _ meprakate (masalebi..., 1957: 13). 37 qurqCi _ bewveulis mkeravi, qurqebis xelosani (masalebi..., 1957: 43). 38 m. berZniSvilis ganmartebiT, `mehmandari~ aris mestumre, moxele mefis karze (masalebi..., 1957: 26), Tumca aq aSkarad sxva konteqstiT ixmareba.

saxelmwifo gadasaxads zustad ver ganvsazRvravT,

radgan moxeleTa wili 25 Tumani da 5 minalTuni ramden welzea gawerili

ar Cans. rom davuSvaT es gadasaxadi oTxi wlis (radgan sawyisi weli 1781-ia,

99

xolo dakumentSi ukanaskneli aTvlis weli 1785) jamia, gamodis, mehmandar-

ebs wliurad 630 maneTis gadaxda uwevdaT.

Cilingdrebis39

rac Seexeba pirvel punqts, rogorc zemoT iTqva, ar aris miTiTebu-

li moxeleTa sargo da bazazebis xarjis msgavsad aqac saqme unda gvqondes

srul saxelmwifo gadasaxadTan. aruTina xurda fruSis, romelic, savarau-

dod, iyo mewvrilmaneTa amqris ufrosi _ ustabaSi,

gadasaxadi ki 800 maneTi Cans.

`nurqeTxudaanT antonadam rkinis xarji aris~ 19,4 Tumani. saxelmwi-

fo gadasaxadi gamodis 1940 maneTi. Tumca SeuZlebelia davakonkretoT es

iyo rkiniT vaWrobis Tu warmoebis gadasaxadi.

teqstidan SeuZlebelia sapnis qvabis ijaris fasis aRdgena.

Semdeg ukve konteqsti icvleba. aRar Cans moxeleTa rusumi. Cveni va-

raudiT, am SemTxvevaSi srul saxelmwifo gadasaxadTan unda gvqondes saqme.

bazazebis 7 wlis xarjis jami 3 811 TumaniT aris gansazRvruli. Tum-

ca dokumentis sxva adgilas aRniSnulia, rom 3 wlis manZilze (1781, 1782,

1784 wlebSi) `beWdis~ ijara, romelic wliurad 500 TumniT ganisazRvreboda,

bazazebis TanxaSi iyo. amdenad bazazebis 7 wlis saxelmwifo gadasaxadi

2300 Tumani iqneboda, rac wliuri 3300 maneTs udrida.

dokumentis bolos ki mocemulia Celieqidan anu sabaJos Semosavli-

dan gaRebuli danaxarji.

40

39 Cilingdari _ zeinkali, kliteebis da misTanebis mkeTebeli (masalebi..., 1957: 48). 40 xurda fruSi _ mewvrilmane.

saxelmwifo gadasaxadi

3 wlis manZilze (1782-84 ww.) yofila 582 Tumani da 7 minalTuni (maneTi). ga-

modis rom mewvrilmaneebi wliurad xazinis sasargeblod ibegrebodnen 1900

maneTiT.

Cven mier CamoTvlili 11 msxvili amqris saxelmwifo gadasaxadi da-

axloebiT 18 000 maneTs udrida. uxeSi gaTvlebiT yvela Tbilisur amqars sa-

xelmwifos sasargeblod unda gadaexada sul mcire 20 000 maneTi. Tu gaviT-

valiswinebT im faqts, rom savaWro operaciebis dros vaWrebi maRali sabaJo

tarifiT ibegrebodnen, TavisTavad warmoudgenelia, rom saxelosno warmoeba

Tavisufali yofiliyo gadasaxadebisagan. amave dros savaraudoa, rom am ga-

dasaxadebis nawils saxelmwifo iRebda naturiT (lekebisaTvis misacem far-

Cas, samefo karis saWiroebisaTvis sxvadasxva nawarms da aS.).

100

* * *

qalaqis xelosan-vaWarTa fena, anu moqalaqeebi, ixdidnen agreTve, max-

tas da mals. q. Tbilisis maxta ganisazRvreboda 4000 maneTiT. maxtis gamom-

Rebi moqalaqeebi gadaxdisunarianobis mixedviT 17 jgufad iyo dayofili.

pirvel jgufSi moxvedrili moqalaqeebi maxtis angariSSi ixdidnen 40 ma-

neTs. ukanaskneli _ 17 jgufi _ 1 maneTs. maxtis gamomRebi iyo aseve gori,

Telavi, siRnaRi, axalgori, cxinvali da sxva qalaqebi; mali suladobrivi

gadasaxadi iyo. srulwlovani mamakaci ixdida `mTel malis~ 1 man. 20 kapiks

(qoiava, 1963: 200; dumbaZe, 1990: 368). sul qalaqebis mosaxleobis saxelmwifo

gadasaxadebi daaxloebiT 10-15 aTasi maneTiT ganisazRvreboda.

aseTi iyo vaWroba-xelosnobidan, SedarebiT didi samrewvelo obieq-

tebidan da qalaqebis mosaxleobisagan miRebuli saxelmwifo Semosavlebi.

Cveni gaTvlebiT am sferoebidan saxelwifo Semosavali wliurad 230 000 ma-

neTs aWarbebda.

saxelmwifo Semosavlebis gazrdisaTvis erekle II-is RonisZiebebi Se-

umCneveli, cxadia, ucxoel mogzaurebsac ar darCeniaT. germaneli iakob rai-

negsi imereTis samefos mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobis aRweris Semdeg aR-

niSnavs: `sul sxva mdgomareobaSia saqarTvelos is mosaxleoba, romelic me-

fe erekles xelqveiT cxovrobs... yvela sargebeli gamocxadebul iqna kanoni-

erad; eZebdnen yovel SesaZlo saSualebas, raTa ebrwyinaT; da garkveuli da-

naklisis Sevseba vaWrebs miando, romlebic ruseTidan, sparseTidan da Tur-

qeTidan am mxareSi vaWrobdnen. qveSevrdomTagan umaRlesni Tavis batonis

kars baZavdnen. Tuki es CacmaSi, sufrasa da qcevaSi yvela danarCenze ufro

brwyinvalea, arc imaT surdaT naklebi yofiliyvnen da roca yoveli maTgani

saWiro saSualebebze fiqrobda, memindvreoba da mesaqonleoba yvelaze sa-

sargeblod eCvenebodaT. georgieli glexi aorkecebs Tavis jafas da asmagi

siuxviT xels uwyobs Tavisi batonis xarjebis dafarvas...~ (rainegsi, 2002:

180).

rogorc vxedavT, saxelmwifos ekonomikurma politikam mokle xanSi

dadebiTi Sedegebi gamoiRo. 10-15 weliwadSi TiTqmis nulovani niSnulidan

vaWroba-mrewvelobidan miRebulma Semosavlebma saxelmwifo biujetSi didi

adgili daikava.

101

$ 6. samefo karis RonisZiebebi intensiuri meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis

vaWroba-mrewvelobis ganviTarebis paralelurad samefo kari sof-

lis meurneobis aRorZinebazec zrunavda. `osmaloba-yizilbaSobis~ da

lekTa gamudmebuli TareSis gamo qveynis mosaxleoba mniSvnelovnad iyo

Semcirebuli. zogierTi provincia (magaliTad, somxiT-sabaraTiano) mosax-

leobisagan daicala. Sewyvetili iyo intensiuri meurneoba. mdgomareobis

gamosasworeblad saWiro iyo mSvidobis damyareba. samefo xelisuflebam

qveynis Tavdacvisunarianobis ganmtkicebisa da meurneobis normalurad

kvlavwarmoebisaTvis daiwyo cixe-simagreebis mSenebloba. am procesma

grandiozuli saxe miiRo. SekeTda rogorc yvela Zveli TavdacviTi obi-

eqti, aseve aSenda mravali axali cixe-simagre. TavdacviT nagebobebis mSe-

neblobaSi kolosaluri Tanxebi daixarja.

wyaroebSi uxvad mogvepoveba cnobebi cixe-simagreTa mSeneblobis

Sesaxeb. saerTod, am periodSi ar darCenila arc erTi dasaxlebuli pun-

qti, romelsac TavdacviTi samagre ar hqonoda. giuldenStedti gadmog-

vcems: `.. umetesad yovel sofels aqvs erTi an ramdenime... mrgvali koSke-

bi. Tavdacvis dros qveda sarTulze Tavs afareben qalebi da bavSvebi,

zeda sarTulze ki ikrebebian SeiaraRebuli kacebi da esvrian yaCaRebs.

bevr sofels aqvs... kedliT garSemotymuli.... oTxkuTxa moednebi karebebi-

Ta da sasroli koSkebiT. aseT adgilebSi, romlebsac cixeebi hqviaT an

ar cxovroben an cxovroben cotani; Tavdasxmis dros yvelani cdiloben

am cixeebSi gadairCinon Tavi saqonliTa da qonebiT~ (giuldenStedtis...,

1962: 250-251).

oman xerxeuliZis cnobiT erekle II-s 160 cixe-simagre augia (xerxe-

uliZe, 1989: 74)

cixe-simagreTa SenebiT samefo xelisufleba intensiuri meurneo-

bis warmoebisaTvis metnaklebad usafrTxo garemos Seqmnas cdilobda.

1770 wels Sedgenili statistikuri monacemebis mixedviT qarTl-ka-

xeTis samefoSi 42 000 komli cxovrobda (qarTuli..., 1965: 420-422). momdev-

no periodSi sxvadasxva RonisZiebebis (ukacrieli adgilebis dasaxlebis

da sxva) da bunebrivi gamravlebis Sedegad es cifri 45 aTasamde unda

gazrdiliyo. zogierT komlSi ori da meti ojaxi iyo gaerTianebuli.

102

`morige jaris~ oqmebiT dasturdeba, rom TuS-fSav-xevsuris gamoklebiT

qveyanaSi 60 aTasi brZolisunariani mamakaci iyo. es cifri metnaklebad

Seesabameba zemoT moyvanil statistikur maCvenebls.

1770 wlis aRweris, georgievskis traqtatze darTuli qarTl-kaxe-

Tis TavadaznaurTa nusxis (qarTuli..., 1965: 483-492) da sxva statistikuri

maCveneblebis mixedviT qarTl-kaxeTis mosaxleobis socialuri

Semadgenloba ase gamoiyureboda:

თავად–აზნაურები4% (2000 კომლი)

ვაჭრები3% (1100 კომლი)

ქალაქებისმოსახლეობა

13% (6000 komli)

"მთის" მოსახლეობა

22% (10000 კომლი)

ყაზახ–ბორჩალო, ბაიდარის, შამშადილისმოსახლეობა(თათრებიდასომხები)

22% (10000 კომლი)

ქართლისდაკახეთის ბარშიმცხოვრებითათრები

(დემურჩი, მეაიდარი)

5% (2000 კომლი)

ქართლისდაკახეთის ბარშიმცხოვრებიინტენსიურიმეურნეობისმწარმოებელიმოსახლეობა

31% (14000 კომლი)

ქართლ–კახეთის მოსახლეობა კომლობრივად(სულდაახლ. 45 000 კომლი)

samefo karis erT-erT mTavar sazrunavs ukacrieli adgilebis da-

saxleba Seadgenda. am mizniT daiwyo RonisZiebebi, romelsac myreloba

ewodeboda. qarTlis da kaxeTis TavadaznaurTa SeiaraRebuli jgufebi

miavlines yarabaxsa da naxiCevanSi, `osmaloba-yizilbaSobis~ dros, gaqce-

uli glexebis ukan dasabruneblad. aseve `yizilbaSobis~ dros qarTli-

103

dan kaxeTSi gaqveul glexebsac evalebodaT dabrunebuliyvnen Tavis Zvel

sacxovrebelSi. osmalobis dros kaxeTSi xiznad wasul glexebs, xandaz-

mulobis principiT SeeZloT iqve darCena (soselia, 1973: 520-521). moaxal-

Seneebs mefe ramdenime wliT gadasaxadebisagan aTavisuflebda....

am periodSi qarTl-kaxeTis teritoriaze SeiniSneba osTa Camosax-

leba. qarTlSi Camosaxlebuli osebi samefo-saxaso glexTa rigebs avseb-

dnen (ix. TogoSvili, 1964).

samefo karma XVIII saukunis 70-ian wlebSi scada yabardoelebisa

da rus kolonizatorTa brZola Tavis sasargeblod gamoeyenebina. erek-

le II maT saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebis sanacvlod xelsayrel pirobebs

sTavazobda, magram ruseTis imperiis ZalisxmeviT es gegma ganuxorciele-

beli darCa (bocvaZe, 1963: 113-114).

erekle II mosaxleobis raodenobis gazrdisaTvis, rac sabolood

misi samxedro da ekonomikuri potencialis zrdas uwyobda xels, ufro

radikalur RonisZiebebsac ar erideboda. magaliTad, 1779 wels, erevanSi

samxedro kampaniis dros, erekle II-m 8 somxuri soflis mosaxleoba aya-

ra da qarTl-kaxeTis sxvadasxva adgilebSi daasaxla.

aseTi RonisZiebebis Sedegad moSenda gaukacrielebuli adgilebi.

yovelive amis Sesaxeb Zvirfas cnobebs gvawvdian ucxoeli mogzaurebi.

giuldenStedtis cnobiT, XVIII saukunis 60-ian wlebSi yvarelis axlos

mdebare soflebi _ lomiscixe, vefxviscixe _ erekle II-m daasaxla. aT-

wleulis manZilze ki maT gauSenebiaT vazi, gargari, atami da a.S

(giuldenStedtis..., 1962: 31).

iakob rainegsi Tbilisisaken mimaval gzaze, mtkvris napirebze sa-

ubrobs moaxalSeneebze, romelTac daumuSavebiaT gaSlili mindvrebi (ra-

inegsi, 2002: 158).

igive avtori gvamcnobs, rom somxiTi `Sedgeba bevri didi samflo-

belosagan, rogoricaa kota, zemo da qvemo bolnisi. ocdaaTi weli es na-

yofieri da mSvenieri mxare iyo udaburi da mxolod erekles zrunviT

kvlav dasaxlda~ (rainegsi, 2002: 159).

darejan dedofals dausaxlebia winwyaro, Sua bolnisi, qolagiri

da qvemo qarTlis sxva soflebi (berZeniSvili..., 1958: 361).

104

saxelmwifo stimuls aZlevda Tavadaznaurobas, raTa Tavadac ga-

nexorcielebinaT analogiuri qmedebebi. wyaroebSi uxvad moipoveba aseTi

saxis cnobebi. magaliTad, platon ioselianis cnobiT, daviT yaflaniS-

vils dausaxlebia `somxiTi mterTagan gaoxrebuli~ (ioseliani, 1978: 249).

revaz amilaxvris saxels ukavSirdeba zemo qarTlSi soflebis _ orWo-

sanis da avazanis moSeneba da a.S.

normaluri meurneobis warmarTvisaTvis saWiro iyo yma-glexebi-

saTvis stimulis micema. erekle II-m darRvia saTavadoebis karCaketili

zRudeebi da uSualod Caeria batonisa da ymis urTierTobebSi. imdenad

SeizRuda mebatonis uflebebi, rom glexis urCobiT gawamebuli batoni

erekles werda: `Tqvenis wyenis uRono gaxlavarT, Torem Cems ymas rogor

ver davimorCileb~-o (soselia, 1973: 523). mefe erTi mxriv krZalavda glex-

Ta urCobas _ `yazaxobas~, _ meore mxriv ki mebatoneebs, sakuTari ymis

dakargvis SemTxvevaSi, akisrebda pasuxismgeblobas. mefem sastikad akrZa-

la Zaladoba, arasanqcirebuli gadasaxadebis dadeba da a.S.

mniSvnelovani iyo sakanonmdeblo iniciativebi _ 1765 wlis kanoniT

sakuTari saxsrebiT Tavdaxsnil ymebs Tavisufleba eniWebidaT da,

Sesabamisad, Zveli mebatoneebi maTze uflebebs kargavdnen (Грузинские...,

1882: 17).

1770 wlis brZanebiT erekle II-m akrZala ymaTa umiwod gayidva (so-

selia, 1973: 525).

yovelive es xels uwyobda intensiuri meurneobis ganviTarebas. ga-

izarda aTvisebuli miwebis raodenoba. glexur meurneobaSi didi adgili

eWira tradiciul dargebs _ memindvreobasa da mevenaxeobas. aseve misdev-

dnen teqnikuri kulturis _ selis, bambis, brinjis, Tambaqos _ moyvana-

sac. ganviTarda meabreSumeobac. mesaqonleobas ZiriTadad mTian zolsa

da TaTris elebiT dasaxlebul adgilebSi misdevdnen (akofaSvili, 1973:

533-534).

vaWroba-mrewvelobis ganviTarebam, qalaqebis gafarToebam da Sesa-

bamisad soflis meurneobis produqciaze moTxovnilebis zrdam, saxel-

mwifo naturaluri gadasaxadebis (da zogierTi sabatono gadasaxadis)

fulad gadasaxadad qcevam, glexoba aiZula Cabmuliyo fulad-sasaqonlo

urTierTobaSi. glexoba mWidrod daukavSirda bazars. maT TavianTi pro-

105

duqcia gahqondaT axlomdebare bazrebze. zogjer Cadiodnen qalaqSic.

umetesad ki vaWrebi dadiodnen soflebSi da adgilze iZendnen saqonels.

kaxeTSi maT menogneebi ewodebodaT (akofaSvili, 1973: 535).

fulad-sasaqonlo urTierTobebis ganviTareba xels uwyobda glex-

Ta diferenciacias. iyvnen gaRaribebuli, umiwo glexebic da arsebobda

SeZlebul glexTa kategoriac, romlebic Tavis meurneobaSi daqiravebul

Sromasac iyenebdnen. i. anTelava XVIII saukunis meore naxevris aTasobiT

nasyidobis sigelze dayrdnobiT askvnis, rom glexebi Tavadaznaurebze

gacilebiT xSirad gvevlinebodnen miwebis myidvelis rolSi (anTelava,

1977: 72) aqedan gamomdinare gaxSirda glexTa batonymobidan Tavdaxsnis

faqtebi. am procesiT samefo karic yofila dainteresebuli. azat-Tarxan-

Tavdaxsnili glexebisagan igi qmnida samxedro Zalebs.

1755 wels alyaSi moqceuli yvarelis cixis gasamagreblad mefem

Semdeg zomas mimarTa. man mouwoda sakuTar jars: `romelic inebebs da

Tavisis gulovnebiT mindomiT warvals da Sevals cixesa yvarelisasa da

... Tavis garjasa da Tavs ar dazogavs, Cvenc... glexs kacs, kacze oTx Tu-

mans, ors sakomlo mamulsa da siTarxnes mivcemTo~. am mowodebas 200

glexi gamoexmaura. anu erTdroulad 200 glexis gaTarxneba-gaazateba

momxdara (dumbaZe, 1973: 557).

Tavadi ioane orbeliani 1803 wels cicianovisadmi moxsenebaSi ac-

xadebda, rom qveyanaSi Tavisufali glexebi bevrni iyvnen. maTi raodenoba

600-mde aRwevda. garda amisa, Tavadi miuTiTebda `TofCebze~ anu mezarbaz-

neebze, romlebic aseve Tavisufal glexTa rigebs avsebdnen. sul qveyana-

Si 400 mezarbazne yofila (АКАК, 1868: 288).

saerTod Tarxan glexTa ricxvi qveyanaSi 1000 komls aRwevda, rom-

lebic avsebdnen mefis samxedro Zalebs. isini samefo karisaTvis warmo-

adgendnen erT-erT axal dasayrdens Zalas, rogorc sagareo mtris wina-

aRmdeg sabrZolvelad, aseve mkacri saSinao politikis gatarebisaTvis.

fulad-sasaqonlo urTierTobebis ganviTareba (romelic Zirs uT-

xrida naturalur meurneobas), vaWroba-mrewvelobis gafarToeba, saqala-

qo cxovrebis dawinaureba did dartymas ayenebda tradiciul Tavadur me-

urneobas. aSkara gaxda, rom araracionalurad damuSavebuli saerTo sag-

vareulo mamulebi veRar pasuxobdnen TavadTa moTxovnebs. amis Sedegad

106

gaxSirda saerTo mamulebis danawileba (gayra) sxvadasxva saxlebs So-

ris. aRniSnuli sakiTxis mkvlevarebi erTxmad aRniSnaven, rom am dros

daiwyo miwebis didi amoZraveba. iese oses Ze aRniSnavda, rom qarTl-ka-

xeTSi `merme mravali kaci iyo nasyidobis mqone da qveyanaSi diaR Zneli

SemosaRebia nasyidobis moSla~ (iese baraTSvilis..., 1950: 42).

XVIII saukunis II naxevris aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi soflis meur-

neobis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani SeniSvnebi gamoTqva prof. g.

naTaZem. mkvlevarma yuradReba miaqcia miwis nakveTebis gayidvis faqtebs

da SeniSna, rom erTi mxare zedmeti miwisagan Tavisufldeboda, meore ki

nakveTs `asworebda~, amrgvalebda da amiT mamulis `SemoRobva~ xdeboda.

aseve sainteresoa misi SeniSvnebi memamuleTa angariSianobis ganviTarebis

Sesaxebac _ `mebatoneebma daiwyes mkacri aRricxva glexTa valdebulebe-

bisa, SemoiRes davTrebi, adgendnen ymaTa siebs da a.S.~ (naTaZe, 1930: 127-

313).

SedarebiT axladaRzevebuli memamuleebis da zogierT ZirZvel Ta-

vadiSvilTa mamulebSic am dros vxvdebiT erTgvar siaxleebs. am tipis

memamuleebi gansakuTrebiT arian dainteresebulni TavianTi mamulebis Se-

mosavlianobis zrdisaTvis axali gzebis ZiebiT, racionalizaciiT. maTi

meurneobebi mkacr aRricxva-angariSsworebaze iyo damyarebuli. aseTi ti-

pis siaxleebi, TumaniSvilTa mamulebis ganxilvis fonze, detalurad

aqvs Seswavlili mkvlevar g. akofaSvils naSromSi: `manuCar TumaniSvi-

lis meurneoba~ (akofaSvili, 1966: 405-411).

aseT mamulebSi ugulebelyofili iyo sabatono miwebis glexTa

SromiTi begaris saSualebiT damuSaveba da is gaicemoda saRaled. es iyo

erTgveri ijaris forma. memamuleebi miwis arc erT nawils ar tovebdnen

daumuSavebels. zogjer, sabatono miwebi glexebze saziarod gaicemoda.

aseTi sameurneo saqmianobiT isini iRebdnen did Semosavals. memamuleebi

mWidrod daukavSirdnen bazars (ix. akofaSvili, 1966). maT meurneobaSi

mniSvnelovani adgili ekava teqnikuri mcenareebis moyvanas. giuldenSted-

ti am faqtis Sesaxeb werda: `... mamemuleebi cdilobdnen meti teqnikuri

mcenareebi moeyvanaT, gansakuTrebiT bambis da TuTis xis gaSenebas mis-

devdnen~ (giuldenStedtis..., 1962: 255).

107

axali tipis Tavadebis (pomeSCikebis) gaCena (leoniZe, oseSvili, ar-

RuTaSvili, TumaniSvilebi...) qmnida axal sayrden Zalas mefis politikis

gatarebisaTvis.

bevr ZirZvel saTavados wevr TavadiSvils, `osmaloba-yizilbaSo-

bis~ da lekianobis gamoisobiT, yma-glexebi Zalzed mcire raodenobiT

SerCaT. fulad-sasaqonlo urTierTobis ganviTarebam zogierTis qoneba

kreditorTa xelSi moaqcia. am TavadTa umetesoba XVIII saukunis ukanas-

knel mesamedSi dasaxlda TbilisSi da maTi umTavresi Semosavlis wyaro

mefis karze samsaxuri iqca (magaliTad, mzeWabuk orbeliani, ciciSvile-

bis umravlesoba da a.S.). TavadTa es nawilic samefo karis erT-erTi da-

sayrdeni gaxda. erTi sityviT XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi qveyanaSi Seiqmna

saTanado pirobebi intensiuri meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis da ameve

dros memamuleTa rigebSi Camoyalibda centraluri xelisuflebisaTvis

axali dasayrdeni Zala.

108

$ 7. samefo karis RonisZiebebi saxaso yma-mamulebis gafarToebisaTvis

1764 wlidan mefem daiwyo `osmaloba-yizilbaSobis~ dros feodal-

Ta mier miTvisebuli miwebis ukan dabruneba (dumbaZe, 1973: 527).

amavdroulad erekle II-m gaauqma yazax-borCalo, baidaris saxanoe-

bi, aragvis da qsnis saerisTavoebi, saamilaxoros CamoaWra dimitri ami-

laxvaris kuTvnili yma-mamuli. am radikaluri zomebis Sedegad mefis sa-

xaso mamulebi mkveTrad gaizarda. xolo saxaso glexTa fondi daaxloe-

biT 18 aTasamde komliT gaizarda.41

sxvadasxva danaSaulisaTvis Tavadebis yma-mamulis konfiskaciis

gziTac izrdeboda saxaso mamulebi.

42

mefes kaxeTSi gaaCnda ramdenime aTasi yma (mag., lomis cixesa da vefxis

cixeSi 40-40 yma, eniselSi 45 yma, kalaurSi 40 yma, norioSi 55 yma da aS),

saxaso ymebis ricxvi mravldeboda aseve CrdiloeT kavkasiidan,

erevnis saxanodan da sxva adgilebidan Camosaxlebul mosaxleobis xar-

jze. magaliTad, giuldenStedtis cnobiT, erekle II-m muRanis velidan Ca-

moasaxla 250 ojaxi Turqmani da Seqmna soflebi _ muRanlo, yafaCi da

yizil-hanjili (giuldenStedtis..., 1962: 31).

erekle II-m samefo saxsrebiT 10 000-mde tyve gamoixsna, rac mas 400 000

maneTi daujda (dumbaZe, 1990: 345). maTi garkveuli raodenoba, ra Tqma unda, saba-

tono glexi iqneboda da isini saxaso glexebad iqcnen.

43

samefo karis politikam (da sxva bunebrivma garemoebebma) mniSvnelovnad

Searyia saTavadoTa ekonomikuri Zliereba. iseTi didi saTavadoebi, rogorebic

iyvnen sayaflaniSvilo, samuxranbatono da saamilaxvro, mefis yma-mamulTan Se-

xolo

qiziyi mTlianad saxaso sakuTrebas warmoadgenda. samefo sakuTrebaSi Sedioda

TuSeTi (1400 komli), fSavi (1000 komli) da xevsureTi (1200 komli). saxaso ymebi

iyvnen qarTlis baris mcxovrebTa garkveuli nawili (mag., sofeli diRomi, Tav-

TluRi da sxv.) da qalaqebSi mcxovrebTa umravlesoba.

41 1770 wlis statistikuri monacemebiT aragvis saerisTavoSi 2000 komli qarTveli da 2000 komli osi, qsnis saerisTavoSi _ 1600 komli qarTveli da 2000 komli osi, borCalosa da bambakis xeobaSi 2500 komli somexi da TaTari, yazaxSi 3000 komli TaTari da 1200 komli somexi, SamSadiloSi 2200 komli TaTari da 1200 komli somexi; demetre amilaxvriSvilis kuTvnili ymebi _ daaxloebiT 150 komli. 42 magaliTad, kanonis daumorCileblobisaTvis qalaqis mouravs, ciciSvils, CamoerTva aznauri meRvineTuxucesisSvilebi. 43 komlTa raodenoba miaxloebiTia. ganvsazRvreT S. xanTaZis mier gamoqveynebuli sursaTis Seweris davTrebis mixedviT (ix., xanTaZe, 1955)

109

darebiT mcire mflobelebad iqcnen. TiToeul am saTavadoSi ymaTa ricxvi 300-

500 komliT ganisazRvreboda. maSin, rodesac mefe qalaqebis da mTis mosaxleo-

bis CaTvliT 30 000 komlze meti yma-glexis mflobeli iyo.44 saxaso mamulebis

mmarTvelad mefe mouravebs niSnavda. iyo didi da mcire samouraoebi. didi samo-

uraoebi iyo _ Tbilisis, qiziyis, TuSeTis, fSavis, xevsureTis, SamSadilis, bor-

Calos, bambakis, goris, Telavis, sagarejos, suramis da sxv. sul qarTl-kaxeTSi

70-ze meti didi da mcire samouravo iyo (ioseliani, 1978: 263-267). grafikulad

ymebis mflobelobis procentuli maCvenebeli XVIII saukunis miwurulisaTvis

ase gamoiyureba:

44 ereklem XVIII saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saxaso yma-mamulebis soliduri raodenoba ufliswulebs uwyaloba, ramac Tavisi uaryofiTi Sedegi maleve gamoiRo. XIX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis sadedoflo (mariamis da darejanis) da saufliswulo ymaTa ricxvi 4883 komls Seadgenda (janaSvili, 1899: 113-114). anu saufliswuloTa Seqmnis Sedegad, sadedoflo ymaebis gamoklebiT, saxaso ymaTa ricxvi 3500-4000 komliT Semcirebula.

110

XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi xelisufleba gansakuTrebul mfarve-

lobas iCenda aznaurTa fenis mimarT. saqarTveloSi iyvnen samefo, saTava-

do da saeklesio aznaurebi. droTa ganmavlobaSi saTavado aznaurebi

mTlianad TavadTa kontrolis qveS aRmoCndnen. erekle II-m aznaurebs,

umiwod, TavadTa mitovebis ufleba aRudgina (ix. akofaSvili, 1955). Tava-

disagan wamosuli aznaurebi umTavresad samefo aznaurTa rigebSi ewere-

bodnen. sxvadasxva saTavadoTa gauqmebis gziT mefem saxaso (anu samefo)

aznaurTa ricxvi sagrZnoblad gaafarTova. iyvnen iseTi aznaurebic, rom-

lebic savaWro operaciebSi iyvnen CarTulni. XVIII saukunis bolo meoT-

xedSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi 320-mde aznaurTa gvaridan (daaxloebiT

1700 ojaxi) 130-ze meti samefo aznauri iyo45

(daaxloebiT 700 ojaxi). zo-

gierTi maTgani sakmaod did kapitals flobda. mefe maT maRal saxelmwi-

fo Tanamdebobebze niSnavda (enakonofaSvili, WumburiZe, yorRanaSvili

da sxva). raRa Tqma unda, aznaurTa es mravalricxovani fena mefis axal

sayrden Zalas warmoadgenda.

did saTavadoTa da saxaso aznaurTa mflobelobis SedarebiTi

maCvenebeli grafikulad ase gamoiyureba:

45 1783 wlis Tavad-aznaurTa nusxiT qarTlSi 82 saxaso aznaurTa sagvareulo iyo. 1787 wlidan maT rigebs Seemata qsnis erisTavisSvilis 18 aznauris gvari. kaxeTis 36 aznauris gvaric saxaso aznaurebad iTvlebodnen. saxaso aznaurTa garda eklesias ekuTvnoda 13 aznauris sagvareulo (70-mde ojaxi). danarCeni 170 aznauris sagvareulo (900-mde ojaxi) 62 Tavadis (300-mde ojaxi) sakuTrebas warmoadgenda. aznaurTa did mflobelebad gvevlinebian TavadTa Semdegi sagvareuloebi: ciciSvilebi (36 aznauris sagvareulos mflobelni), orbelianebi (28 aznauris sagvareulos mflobelni), abaSiZeebi (19 aznauris sagvareulos mflobeli), muxranbatoni (13 aznauris sagvareulos mflobeli), amilaxvrebi (12 aznauris sagvareulos mflobeli) da a.S. (qarTuli..., 1965 483-492).

112

$ 8. saxelmwifo Semosavlebi yma-glexTa gadasaxadebidan

am dros qarTl-kaxeTis soflad mcxovrebi yvela glexi saxelmwi-

fos sasargeblod ixdida sxvadasxva gadasaxads. upirvelesi gadasaxadi

iyo sursaTi, TiToeul komlze 3 kodis puris odenobiT (ori wili xor-

bali, erTi qeri). sul qarTl-kaxeTSi saxaso, saTavado da saeklesio

glexebi ixdidnen 45 000-mde kodis purs. am gadasaxads daaxloebiT 15000

komli ixdida. sursaTi ar SeewerebodaT Tarxnebs (1000 komli), Tavadaz-

naurobas (2000 komli), qalaqis mosaxleobis umetesobas (6000 komli),

mTis mosaxleobas (10 000 komli), axlad dasaxlebul moaxalSeneebs, ga-

Raribebul glexebs _ boganoebsa da oblebs (2000-dan 3000 komlamde), ya-

zax-borCalo, SamSadilis da qarTl-kaxeTis `TaTarTa~ mejogeebs (6000-ze

meti komli. isini mefis sasargeblod maxtas ixdidnen). imdroindeli fa-

sebiT 1 kodis puri 1 maneTi Rirda da amdenad, am naturaluri gadasaxa-

dis realuri sabazro Rirebuleba 45 000 maneTs Seadgenda. iyo SemTxveve-

bi, rom gadasaxadi naxevrad naturiT, naxevrad ki fulis saxiT ikribebo-

da.

meore saxelmwifo gadasaxadi iyo `samaspinZlo~. es iyo naturalu-

ri gadasaxadi da sxvadasxva produqtisagan Sedgeboda (puri, Rvino, sak-

lavi). iyo SemTxvevebi, roca `samaspinZlo~ fulis saxiT ikribeboda (ako-

faSvili, 1973: 561). gadasaxads agrovebdnen sxvadasxva adgilas _ mefis,

batoniSvilebis, maTi amalis an jaris soflebze gavlis dros. amitom ga-

dasaxadi soflebs araTanabrad xvdebodaT. es garemoeba gadasaxadis rao-

denobis gansazRvras arTulebs. uxeSi gaTvlebiT `samaspinZlo~ gadasaxa-

di wliurad daaxloebiT 15000 maneTis produqcias udrida.

am gadasaxadebis garda xSiri iyo egreT wodebuli `araCveulebri-

vi~ gadasaxadebis Sewerac (`saleko~ _ lekTa jaris qiris misacemad, `sa-

ruso~ _ ruseTis jarisaTvis puris miyidvis aucilebloba da sxva). am ga-

dasaxadebis realur sabazro Rirebulebas erTgvarad gansazRvravs pavle

cicianovisadmi saxlTuxuces ioane orbelianis moxseneba: `... rac saqar-

Tvelos mefis samflobeloSi, qristeanT Tu TaTarTa, debulebas garda

rac dros SexvedriT SeswerdebodaT, puri, qeri, Rvino, arayi, Zroxa,

cxvari, erbo, yveli, marili, samarxo, SeSa da sxva ram nivTi, rac Seswer-

113

debodaT; rom Senaweri iqneboda Cf (aTas xuTasi Tumani)~ (masalebi..., 1948:

3).

saerTod, glexTa saxelmwifo gadasaxadebi qarTl-kaxeTis samefo-

Si, miaxloebiTi gamoTvlebiT, 70-80 aTasi maneTis produqciiT ganisaz-

Rvreboda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sabatono glexebTan SedarebiT saxaso gle-

xebi naklebad ibegrebodnen, zemoT CamoTvlili gadasaxadebis garda, maT

uwevdaT sxva gadasaxadis gadaxdac.46

46 gadasaxadebi ar SeewerebodaT mTis mosaxleobas, romelTa raodenoba 10 000 aTas komlamde aRwevda da Tarxan glexebs. amjerad Cven ar vexebiT arc qalaqis saxaso ymebs.

general lazarevis werilidan knoringisadmi irkveva, rom yazax-

borCalos, SamSadilis, baidaris da sxva teritoriaze mcxovrebi TaTre-

bi, romlebic mecxoveleobiT iyvnen dakavebulni, saxelmwifos sasargeb-

lod ixdidnen maxtas _ 35 500 maneTis odenobiT. gadasaxadi fuladi iyo

da ikribeboda SemodgomiT, mejogeebis mTidan dabrunebis Semdeg (АКАК,

1866: 330).

garda amisa, cnobilia, rom `saxaso soflebs qristeaneT da Ta-

TarTa saaRdgomo da saSobavo eTxoebodaT~ (masalebi..., 1948: 3). am gadasa-

xadebidan qarTlis saxlTuxucess eZleoda 22 Tumani da 7 minalTuni. aR-

niSnuli sabuTis konteqstidan irkveva, rom saxlTuxucesi am tipis gada-

saxadebidan meoceds da zogjer ufro naklebs iRebda. maSasadame, am ga-

dasaxadis raodenoba qarTlSi minimum 5000 maneTiT ganisazRvreba. kaxe-

Tis CaTvliT 10 000 maneTi iqneboda.

mefes qarTl-kaxeTSi gaaCnda, agreTve, zvar-xodabunebi. g. naTaZem

ganixila sofel xodaSenSi mefis mamulis Semosavali. es mamuli 1787

wels samarTavad gadaeca arqimandrit eufemias. avtori faqtobriv masa-

lebze dayrdnobiT Semdeg daskvnas gvTavazobs: meurneobis racionaliza-

ciis da miwis eqspluataciis gaumjobesebuli wesis SemoRebis Sedegad,

gapartaxebuli mamuli, romelsac 72 Tumani vali edo, eufemiam moaSena 6-

7 wlis manZilze da 1793 wels, mefes, sufTa Semosavali 100 Tumani wa-

rudgina (naTaZe, 1930: 127-131).

114

aseTi mamulebi mefis Semosavlis erT-erTi wyaro iyo. Cveni azriT,

samefo zvar-xodabunebidan Semosavali sul cota 10-15 aTas maneTiT gani-

sazRvreboda.

kaxeTis saxaso soflebi ixdidnen, agreTve, kuluxs `da sxuas gan-

wesebuls~ Rvinos. xolo qarTlis saxaso glexebi Ralas. gadasaxadis ga-

damxdel glexebs moyalneebi ewodebodaT. moyalneebi iyvnen mxolod qar-

Tlis da kaxeTis baris soflebis saxaso ymebi. maTi ricxvi daaxloebiT

3-4 aTas komls udrida. mariam da darejan dedoflis da batoniSvilTa

Semosavlebidan Cans, rom erTi komli maT sasargeblod weliwadSi ixdi-

da 4-5 maneTs (janaSvili, 1899: 113-114). am monacemis mixedviT moyalneTa ga-

dasaxadi saSualod 15 000 maneTs Seadgenda.

Cans, agreTve, `TuSisa, fSavisa da kaxeTis saxaso soflebis `saba-

laxo~ gadasaxadic. mefes, agreTve, hyolia sakuTari `Zroxis naxiri da

cxvris fara~ (masalebi..., 1948: 3, 7)

saxelmwifos winaSe glexebi valdebulni iyvnen gaeRoT SromiTi

begara. isini muSaobdnen cixe-simagreTa, gzebis, xidebis, sarwyavi arxebis

da a.S agebaze. maTsave movaleobas warmoadgenda saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,

samxedro RonisZiebebSi monawileobis miReba.

saxelmwifos Semosavals warmoadgenda, agreTve, mamulis gayidvis

misagebeli (ramdenime aseuli maneTi), jarimebi (ramdenime aseuli maneTi),

egreT wodebuli `fanjieqi~ _ `ese igi xuTzed erTi. rodesac saqarTve-

los jari mtris qveyanaSi mividoda da iqidam saSovars moitandnen, xu-

Tis Tavs samefod aiRebdnen da rac mefes ergeboda iqidam TerTmetisTavi

mqonda...~ acxadebs saxlTuxucesi. mas ki 19 Tumani ergeboda wliurad. am

Cvenebis mixedviT gamodis, rom saSualod fanjieqidan samefo Semosavali

2000 maneTi yofila. daaxloebiT imave raodenobis Semosavali aiReboda

sxvadasxva danaSaulisaTvis `jarimebidan~ da konfiskaciidan.

samefo xazinaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ekava erevnis da ganjis sa-

xanoebis xarks. es saxanoebi yovelwliurad erekle II-s 40 000 maneTs ux-

didnen (30 aTass erevani, 10 aTass ganja).

115

$ 9. XVIII saukunis II naxevris qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ekonomikis

ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi

aseTi iyo erekle II-is ekonomikuri koncefciebis praqtikaSi daner-

gvis cdebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom ekonomikis aRorZineba mimdinareobda

lekTa mudmivi Tavdasxmebis pirobebSi, erekle II-is Zalisxmevam XVIII sau-

kunis 70-80-ian wlebSi Tavisi Sedegebi gamoiRo. dacarielebuli saxel-

mwifo xazinis nacvlad Seiqmna stabiluri biujeti. Semosavlebma yovel-

wliurad daaxloebiT 400000 maneTs gadaaWarba. sxvadasxva sferoebidan

miRebuli Semosavlebis procentuli Sefardeba ase gamoiyureba:

116

feodaluri saxelmwifoebis SemosavlebSi, rogorc wesi, mTavari

adgili ekava agralur seqtors (ZiriTadad yma-glexTa gadasaxadebs),

qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ki rogorc vxedavT, uCveulod Zalian maRali

ukavia savaWro-samrewvelo seqtoridan miRebul Semosavlebs. aseTi koni-

unqtura mxolod SeiZleba aixsnas erekle II-is ekonomikuri politikiT,

rac saxelmwifos Semosavlebis gazrdisaTvis ekonomikis ganviTarebis

aratradiciul, zemodan Tavs moxveul meTods gulisxmobda. samrewvelo

seqtori mTlianad saxelmwifo kontrolze iyo ayvanili da xelovnur

warmonaqmns warmoadgenda. amitom misi momdevno ganviTareba sakmaod myi-

fe iyo. swored amis Sedegia is faqti, rom radgan ruseTis imperiis inte-

resebSi aRar Sedioda qarTl-kaxeTSi mrewvelobis mfarveloba, XIX sau-

kunis I mesamedSi manufaqturuli warmoeba qveyanaSi TiTqmis gaqra da man

aRorZineba mxolod 30-iani wlebidan daiwyo. qarTuli saxelmwifos gauq-

mebam am seqtorze uaryofiTad imoqmeda. ufro sicocxlisunariani aRmoC-

nda savaWro-xelosnuri seqtori. ekonomikis am seqtoris progresis uwyve-

tobaze metyvelebs 1795-1801 wlebSi qveyanaSi mimdinare movlenebi: aRa-

mahmad xanis Semosevam miwasTan gaaswora qveynis mTavari savaWro-samrew-

velo centri _ Tbilisi. mtris Semosevis Sedegad ganadgurda axtala-

alaverdis madnebic. qarTl-kaxeTis samefom mezoblebis TvalSi dakarga

avtoriteti. ganjis saxano erekles ganudga. damarcxebul qveyanaSi lek-

Ta TareSi gaxSirda. dRis wesrigSi idga aRa-mahmad xanis xelmeored Se-

mosevis saSiSroeba. erekle II-is gardacvalebam (1798 w.) mdgomareoba uf-

ro daamZima. mravali vaWari gadasaxlda ruseTis sxvadasxva qalaqSi.

taxtisaTvis dawyebuli dinastiuri SuRli saerTo mdgomareobas kidev

ufro amZimebda. yovelive amis fonze vxedavT, rom ekonomikuri maCveneb-

lebi swrafad ubrundeboda 1795 wlamdel niSnuls. amis damadasturebe-

lia saijaro fasebi. 1801 wels TiTqmis yvela ijaris _ `sabeWdavis~, Tam-

baqos, yafanis, samRebroebis, yasabxanis, dabaxanis da sxv. _ fasi an

utoldeboda winandel mdgomareobas, andac mcirediT CamorCeboda. 1795

wlamde da mis Semdgom periodis Tbilisis sxvadasxva ijaraTa (rac did

wilad ganasaxierebda zogadad qarTul ekonomikas) fasebis da savaWro-

saxelosno duqanTa raodenobis SedarebiTi grafikuli maCvenebeli ase

gamoiyureba:

117

47

47 XVIII saukunis 80-iani wlebis saijaro fasebi naSromis sxvadasxva adgilasaa motanili, xolo XIX saukunis dasawyisis monacemebi dafiqsirebulia aqtebis I tomSi da 1803 wlis Tbilisis aRweraSi (ix. AKAK, 1866: 479; kakabaZe, 1925A).

118

am monacemebze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom 1795 wlis

tragediis Sedegad miRebuli eniT auwereli zianis miuxedavad, qveyanam

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Zvel niSnulTan dabruneba swrafad SeZlo. aqe-

dan gamomdinare sakamaTo ar unda iyos mosazreba, rom erekle II-is re-

formebis Sedegad, qveyana ganviTarebis uwyvet progress ganicdida. ami-

tom araswor Sefasebad gveCveneba zogadad qarTul istoriografiaSi

dRemde damkvidrebuli mosazreba, rom TiTqos qarTuli saxelmwifos

ekonomikurma organizmma XVIII saukunis miwurulSi amowura yvela Tavisi

SesaZlebloba da qveyana gadagvarebisaTvis iyo ganwiruli. vfiqrobT,

aseTi Sefasebebi ganapiroba im faqtma, rom sabWoTa istoriografiis erT-

erT mTavar dakveTas ruseTis mier qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebis ga-

marTleba warmoadgenda da amitom imperiis dadebiTi rolis warmoCena

didwilad aseT daskvnebze iyo agebuli.

rogorc vxedavT, ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis erekle II-is gata-

rebulma politikam mniSvnelovani rezultati gamoiRo, ris Sedegadac

saxelmwifos Semosavlebi ramdengerme gaizarda. aSkaraa, rom xazinis Se-

mosavlebma bevrad gauswro dasturlamaliT gaTvaliswinebul xarjebs.

swored am faqtoriT unda avxsaT is politika, rasac erekle II axorcie-

lebda centraluri xelisuflebis gaZlierebis mizniT.

yovelive zemoT Tqmuli sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom XVIII saukunis

bolo mesamedSi qveynis ekonomikaSi sruli harmonia sufevda da saxel-

mwifos Semosavlebi yvela gamowvevas uzrunvelyofda. es, ra Tqma unda,

ase ar iyo. zemoT CamoTvlili saxelmwifos Semosavlebi sruli saxiT

ikribeboda mxolod mSvidobian periodSi. mtris Semosevebis pirobebSi,

ra Tqma unda, xazina carieldeboda. iyo SemTxvevebi, roca samefo kars

uxdeboda uaris Tqma zogierT Semosavalze. magaliTad, `morige jaris~

gamoyvanis sanacvlod aRar ikribeboda sursaTis gadasaxadi, aRa-mahmad

xanis Semosevis Semdeg dazaralebul Tbiliselebs aRar eTxovebodaT

maxta da mali. zogjer moxarke saxanoebi ar ixdidnen gadasaxadebs, ra-

sac mosdevda maT winaaRmdeg samxedro kampaniebi, rac sakmaod did xar-

jebs moiTxovda. Semosavlebis gazrdis paralelurad gaizarda xarjebic.

solidur TanxebTan iyo dakavSirebuli samxedro aRWurvilobis damzade-

ba da saartilerio SenaerTis jamagiriT, sakvebiTa da tansacmliT uz-

119

runvelyofa. rogorc artileriis oficrebs, aseve `morige jaris~ minba-

Sebs (aTasisTavebs), fonsadbaSebs (xuTasisTavebs), uzbaSebs (asisTavebs)

da dahbaSebs (aTisTavebs) daniSnuli hqondaT jamagiri da ulufa. mniS-

vnelovan xarjebs moiTxovda cixe-simagreTa, sarwyavi arxebis mSeneblo-

ba, saomari kampaniebis warmoeba da sxv. erekle II kolosalur Tanxebs

xarjavda daRestnel mTielTagan motacebul tyveTa daxsnaSi. aseve da-

Restnelebs mudmivad miecemodaT ramdenime aTeuli aTasi maneTis pro-

duqcia (ZiriTadad `farCa~) daqiravebul lekTa jaris jamagirad Tu `mSi-

dobis sayidlad~. sakmaod gazrdili biurokratiuli aparatis jamagiri

da ulufa ramdenime aTeul aTas maneTs udrida. saxelmwifos gasavlebi-

dan didi adgili eWira `pensiebs~. mefis mcveli razmebis _ qeSikebis, sa-

saxlis mcvelebis da samefo ojaxis Senaxva xarjebis erT-erTi mTavari

muxli iyo. sxvadasxva qveynebSi gaxSirebuli elCobebi Tu ucxoeli elCe-

bis miReba, ra Tqma unda, udides Tanxebs moiTxovda.48

48 erekle II-is mtkicebiT marto Teimuraz II-is elCobam ruseTSi qveyanas 100000 maneTis zarali moutana.

es aris saxelmwi-

fos xarjebis mxolod erTi nawili. udides Tanxebs moiTxovda, mtris

Semosevebis SemTxvevaSi, qalaqebis da soflebis xelaxla gaSeneba.

garkveul xarjebTan iyo dakavSirebuli kulturuli novaciebi

(saxelmwifo skolebi da aS.) da sxv. xSiri iyo gauTvaliswinebeli xarje-

bic (mag. stiqiuri ubedurebebi da sxv.). swored amis gamo iyo, rom erek-

le II xSirad ganicdida finansur kriziss da uxdeboda sxvadasxva qveyne-

bisaTvis Txovna sesxis gamoyofis Sesaxeb. TvalSisacemi progresis miuxe-

davad, patara qveynis ekonomikas ar SeeZlo mis winaSe mdgari yvela ga-

mowvevis uzrunvelyofa.

arsebuli problemebis miuxedavad, erekle II-is ekonomikurma poli-

tikam, rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, mniSvnelovan Sedegebs miaRwia. axali

ekonomikuri garemos Sedegad warmoqmnili `axali tipis Tavadaznauroba~,

Tarxani glexebi da mZlavri vaWruli fenebi centraluri xelisuflebis

mTavar dasayrdenad iqcnen.

saTavadoTa sistemaze Seteva ukve aRar niSnavda `sayrdeni totis

moWras~.

120

III. Tavi. erekle II-is gatarebuli reformebi qveynis mmarTvelobis

modernizebisaTvis

saxelmwifo Semosavlebis gazrdis paralelurad erekle II-m daiwyo

mmarTvelobis sistemis gadaxaliseba. mis mier gatarebuli reformebi ar iyo

erTdroulad gadadgmuli nabijebi. is iyo ekonomikuri progresis eqvivalentu-

ri da zogjer reforma grZeldeboda ramdenime wels imis mixedviT, qveyanas im

konkretul SemTxvevaSi Tu ra finansuri SesaZleblobebi gaaCnda

samefo kars am saqmianobaSi exmareboda ruseTis imperiis gamocdileba.

garda imisa, rom qarTvelma saxelmwifo moRvaweebma uSualod gaicnes am qveynis

mmarTvelobis modeli, Targmnes araerTi sakanonmdeblo aqti. 1760 wels `brZane-

biTa saqarTvelos memkvidrisa da kaxT mefisa irakli Teimurazis ZisaTa~ qar-

Tul enaze Targmnes aleqsi mixeilis Zis Zegliswera (bagrationi, 1964: 013). 1760

welsve ioane xuces monazonma Targmna petre I-is 1720 wlis `generaluri regla-

menti~. qarTuli Targmani mas uwodebs `sacxado ganwesebas~ `romeliTac saÃel-

mwifoni kole[g]iani, romel ars sasamarTloni, agreTve da yoveli maTda saTa-

namdeboni maTni kancelariebi romel ars samwerloebi da kontoris msaxurebi

ara Tu sagareSeoTa mxolod da saSinaoTa dawesebaTa, aramed da gansagebelTa

Tavisisa xarisxisa uumonebriTesad svla aqvT~ (xec., H - 1426). 1784 Telavis semi-

nariis reqtorma gaioz nacvliSvilma TbilisSi Targmna petre I-is 1716 wels

Sedgenili `samxedro wesdeba~, romelic Sesdgeboda `samxedro tibikonis~, `sam-

xedro artikulis~, `mokled gamoxatuas samsajuloTa gamomZieblobiTa~ da `eg-

zegerciisagan _ ganmzadeba marSisadmi, wodeba da Tanamdeboba polkTa moxele-

Ta~ (xec., H - 193). es Zeglebi gamoxatavdnen petre I-is TiTqmis yvela, centrali-

zaciisaTvis gatarebul reformis ZiriTad arss. xelnawerTa erovnuli centris

S fondis # 167 sabuTiT dasturdeba, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi XVIII sauku-

nis 60-iani wlebisaTvis arsebobda aleqsandre arCilis Zis naTargmni saartile-

rio saxelmZRvanelo, zedmiwevniT zusti geometriuli naxazebiT (xec., S - 167).

1786 wels peterburgSi gaioz reqtormave Targmna ekaterine II-is `nakazi~ (xec.,

H - 460). arsebobs cnobebi, rom iTargmna aseve zonenfelsis saxelmZRvanelo po-

liciur samarTalSi (surgulaZe, 1952: 6). es naSromi ekaterine II-is Sedgenil

`nakazis~ erT-erTi wyaroa. ra Tqma unda aseTi masStaburi saxiT sxva qveynis

sakanonmdeblo Zeglebis Targmna SemTxveviT ar momxdara da, cxadia, erekle II

mmarTvelobis sistemis reformirebis dros garkveulwilad maTac eyrdnoboda.

121

$ 1. qveynis aRweris sakiTxi XVIII saukunis II naxevris

qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi

Tavdapirvelad yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT aRweraze. XVIII saukunis

II naxevris qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi qveynis aRweris organizebis saqmeSi

momxdari cvlilebebis Sesaxeb sagangebo kvleva ar gagvaCnia. sakiTxis

ukeT warmosaCenad saWirod migvaCnia upirvelesad ganvsazRvroT zogadad

gvian Sua saukuneebSi qveynis aRweris mxriv arsebuli mdgomareoba.

qveynis normaluri administrirebisaTvis, Sua saukuneebis saqar-

TveloSi, aRweras gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeboda. samefo kari aRwe-

ris Sedegad iRebda informacias, rogorc molaSqreTa, aseve gadasaxade-

bis gadamxdelTa raodenobisa da zogadad mosaxleobis mdgomareobis Se-

saxeb. srulfasovani aRweris davTrebi iZleodnen amomwurav informaci-

as mebatoneTa Tu saxaso mamulebSi mcxovrebTa SeiaraRebis da SeZlebu-

lobis Sesaxeb. saqarTveloSi aRwerebis Catarebas uZvelesi tradicia ga-

aCnda. rogorc akademikosi nokoloz berZeniSvili aRniSnavda `... ganviTa-

rebuli feodaluri urTierTobebis xanaSi, arsebobda wesi saxelmwifo

Semosavlebis aRricxvisa, saxalxod gamomavali laSqris aRTvalvisa.... ki-

dev ufro metyveli cnobebi mogvepoveba Cven XIII saukuneSi xalxisa da

misi qonebis aRweraTa Sesaxeb~ (javaxiSvili, 1967: 5). dakanonebuli iyo,

rom qveyanaSi aRwera unda Catarebuliyo 7 weliwadSi erTxel. magram,

gvian Sua saukuneebSi, srulfasovani aRweris warmoeba saqarTveloSi iS-

viaTad xdeboda. es gamowveuli iyo erTi mxriv dampyrobelTa xSiri oku-

paciiT da meore mxriv centraluri xelisuflebis sisustiT.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT qarTlis mefe konstantines zaza fanasker-

telisadmi yma-mamulis boZebis sabuTs, sadac aRniSnulia, rom Tavadis

mamulSi mefis `moasili.... versad Sevides da vercavin ra saqme daidos~

(gvritiSvili, 1955: 121-122), iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom mefem am mamulebis

aRweris uflebac daTmo _ mefis `moasili~ xom ar Sedis am teritoriaze.

sxvadasxva sabuTebidan Cans, rom mefem es ufleba garkveulad marTlac

daTmo da es movaleoba sadroSoebis sardlebs miando. am faqts adastu-

rebs rostom mefis mier givisadmi amilaxvrobis boZebis sigeli: `nebiTa

da SewevniTa RuTisaTa Cven, RuTiv aRmarTebulman da RuTiv damyarebul-

122

man, RuTiv gvirgvinosanman, orsave taxtisa da sabatonos mpyrobel-mqone-

belman, mefeT-mefeman xelmwifeman patronman rostom da Tanamecxedreman

Cvenman dedofalT-dedofalman patronman mariam... amilaxors patrons giv-

sa, ZmaT TqvenTa demetres, barZimas, patasa... gagiaxldeT amilaxvrobisa

droSa, SemogartyiT xmali mosrad mebrZolTaA da orgulTa CvenTa. kva-

laca pirvelidgan sasardlos saqme garigebuli qondaT, awca gagirigeT

da dagimkvidreT sargo sardlobisa, ase rome, rodisaca Temi aiwerebo-

des, erTis karis Cvenis mdivniTa Tqvens sasardros Tqven aswerdeT....~

(masalebi..., 1948: 87-88).

rogorc vxedavT, aRweris Catareba sardlis kompetenciad iyo ga-

daqceuli. qarTlis samefos aRweris Sesaxeb ufro detalur informacias

gvawvdis `dasturlamali~: `rodesac qarTli awerila da an aiwerebis, am

wesiT unda aiwerebodes: yaiyulidam SemoyolebiT, TaTarsa da meliqis

saulRars garda, somxiTs, yaiyulis TrialeTs, sabaraTaSviloSi-amazed

sabaraTaSvilos sardali wava, erTis mdivani wava, aswers da davTars

daiWers. mefis mdivani wavidodes. zemo qarTlSi, xeobas aqeT, neZvi da

kortaneTi da taSiskaric davTarSi Cavardebis. imis aqaTac saamilaxva-

romdi da amilaxoris mamulic. zemo qarTlis sardali da erTi mdivani

wava, mdivani aswers da davTars daiWers, dedofalis mdivani aswerdes....

saciciano mxares, sadgers aqeT, batonis droSisa aris. visac batoni ub-

rZanebs, is wava da erTi mefis mdivani wahyveba. mdivani aswers da dav-

Tars daiWers mefis mdivani. muxranisa batonis da orsav erisTavis ma-

muls, romelic kvlav davTarSi Cavardnila, imaze muxranis batoni da er-

Ti mdivani wavlen. mdivani aswers da davTars daiWers mefis mdivani~

(qarTuli..., 1970A: 517-518).

rogorc vxedavT, qveynis aRweras awarmoebda sardali. mefis kon-

troli erTi mdivanis TanamonawileobaSi gamoixateboda. mefe nominalu-

rad ereoda am saqmianobaSi. qarTlis sasardloebi dayofili iyo did sa-

TavadoTa principis gaTvaliswinebiT da cxadia, aRweris dros sardlebi

sakuTari, viwro Tavaduri, principiT ixelmZRvanelebdnen. kidev ufro

rTuli mdgomareoba iqneboda qsnis da aragvis saerisTavoebSi. kanonmdeb-

lobiT es teritoria muxranbatonis sasardloSi Sedioda, Tumca Zneli

warmosadgenia mZlavr qsnis da aragvis erisTavebs muxranbatonisTvis mi-

123

si ymebis aRweris neba daerToT. Tu rogor mimdinareobda qveyanaSi aRwe-

ra, es kargad Cans 1771 wlis 7 oqtombris daviT erisTavis Sedgenil ar-

zidan erekle II-sadmi, sadac is acxadebda: `...Tu amas brZanebT bevri kaci

hyavso, axla xom damaluli aRar aris. me da Cemi saxliskaci rom viyre-

bodiT, Cveni kaci xom sul aiwera da davTrebi Tqvens mdivnebsa aqvT~

(qarTuli..., 1981: 178). 1768 wlamde saerisTavo gauyofeli saTavado iyo da

amdenad is kvlav klasikuri saTavados funqciebiT iyo aRWurvili. mono-

liTuri saTavados mosaxleobis Sesaxeb samefo kars rom bundovani war-

modgena hqonda, es aRniSnuli sabuTidan naTlad dasturdeba.

qveynis aRweraSi rom upirvelesi roli sardals ekuTvnoda, es

Cans 1721 wlis somxiT-sabaraTianos aRweris davTridan: `...mefeT mefeman,

patronman vaxtang, ...brZana aRwera TviToeulad, Tvinier kavkasTa: ovsTa

da dvalTa, da uCina sxvaTa kideTa sxvani sardalni da mwignobarni. xo-

lo aRwera mewinave droSis sabaraTaSvilosa da somxeTisa ubrZana Zesa

Tvissa batoniSvils sardals vaxuStis, da Tana xleba Cven unarCevesis

monis mdivan mwignobaris TumaniSvilis givisa~ (masalani..., 1907: 2-3). aR-

niSnuli davTari garda imisa, rom gvidasturebs aRweraSi sardlebis u-

pirveles rols, sxva mxrivac sainteresoa. XVIII saukunis 70-ian wlebamde

is Cvenamde moRweuli erT-erTi iSviaTi davTaria, romelSic sadroSos

mosaxleobis Sesaxeb srulfasovani monacemebia. Cveni azriT, mewinave

sadroSos aRweris srulfasovneba ganapiroba Semdegma uCveulo gamonak-

lisma: 1721 wels, yaflaniSvilTa sagvareulos warmomadgenelis nacvlad,

somxiT-sabaraTianos sardlad dainiSna vaxuSti batoniSvili. man ki, ra

Tqma unda, samefo karis interesebis dacviT, srulfasovani aRwera Caata-

ra. analogiuri aRwera rom iSviaTad tardeboda qarTlis sxva mxareebSi,

amas, daviT erisTavis zemoT motanil arzasTan erTad, adasturebs is

faqtic, rom Cven sxva sadroSos analogiuri aRweris davTari ar mogve-

poveba. am mxriv gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba gvaqvs kaxeTis samefoSi, sa-

dac saTavadoTa sistema ar arsebobda da samefo xelisufleba sakmaod

Zlieri iyo. Cven gagvaCnia kaxeTis xalxis aRweris XVIII saukunis pirveli

meoTxedis davTari, sadac srulfasovani monacemebia mosaxleobis da ma-

Ti SeiaraRebis Sesaxeb (javaxiSvili, 1967: 7-105).

124

wina periodisagan gansxvavebiT XVIII saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi

Sesrulebuli aRweris davTrebi mravlad mogvepoveba. esenia aragvis sae-

risTavos, qsnis saerisTavos, Tbilisis Semogarenis, Tbilisis, Sida qar-

Tlis da sxva aRwerebi (javaxiSvili, 1967: 105-256).

saqme isaa, rom 1770-iani wlebidan qarTl-kaxeTis samefo xelisuf-

lebam mmarTvelobis centralizaciisaTvis gadadga mniSvnelovani nabije-

bi. erT-erTi aseTi RonisZieba feodaluri laSqris mudmivi jariT Canac-

vleba iyo. `morige jaris~ Seqmna da funqcionireba pirdapir kavSirSi

iyo qveynis aRwerasTan. saWiro gaxda mosaxleobis da maTi SeiaraRebis

Sesaxeb utyuari informaciis miReba, romlis gareSe morigis gawera ver

moxerxdeboda. amitomac samefo kari qveynis aRweraSi damkvirveblis ro-

liT veRar dakmayofildeboda.

XVIII saukunis bolo meoTxedSi qveynis aRweris saqmeSi samefo xe-

lisuflebis rolis Sesaxeb garkveul informacias iZleva 1803 wliT

daTariRebuli oTar amilaxvris moxseneba: `...mqonda amilaxvroba, ese igi

mefis memarjvene sardloba da mqonda Semosavali amisi... rodesac qveyana

mefis brZanebiT aRiwereboda da sasardloc daiwereboda, samwerlo kom-

lzed abazi iyo. im Cemi sasardlosi rac samwerlo dadgeboda, naxevari

Cemi iyo da naxevari mdivnebisa, amaSi mqonda sargebloba...~ (masalebi...,

1948: 85).

Tuki, rostom mefe givi amilaxvrisaTvis sardlobis boZebis si-

gelSi xazgasmiT aRniSnavda `Tqven sasardlos Tqven aswerdeT~-o, oTar

amilaxvari aRweraSi Tavis uSualo monawileobaze aRar miuTiTebda da

acxadebda: `Cemi sasardloc daiwereboda~-o. miuxedavad imisa, rom ro-

gorc samxedro moxele, sardali kvlav iRebda aRweris gadasaxadidan

`sargos~, ukve is sakuTar movaleobad aRar asaxelebda aRweraSi monawi-

leobas. aRweraSi rom sardlebi mTavar figuras aRar warmoadgendnen da

saamwerlo gadasaxadis nawili formalurad eZleodaT, rogorc samxed-

ro moxeleebs, es kargad Cans 1790 wlis erekle II-is mier zaal orbelia-

nisa da egnate TumaniSvilisaTvis micemuli oqmidan: `zemo qarTlis aRwe-

raSi amilaxvris kacic unda daiswraT da rogorc iase amilaxvaris dros

aRwerila da samwerlo wili miscemia, axlac oTar amilaxvarsac ase un-

da samwerlo wili mieces, miucemloba ar iqneba~ (akofaSvili, 1976: 353).

125

iseve rogorc erTi saukunis win mefe iyo nominaluri monawile

qveynis aRweraisa, axla ukve sardlis funqcia ganisazRvra formalobad.

samefo xelisuflebam rom qveynis aRwera sakuTar kompetenciad

aqcia da am saqmes sardlebi CamoaSora, kargad Cans am periodis aRweris

davTrebidanac.

1774 wlis qsnis xeobis xalxis aRweris pirveli gragnili Semdegi

teqstiT iwyeba: `q. ze adidnes R_Tn mefoba, maTis umaRlesobisa, mefis

meoris iraklisa, gvebrZanes Cven maT mier monaTa maTTa, TumaniSvils

mdivans gorjaspis Svils mdivan laSqarnivis manuCars da garsevaniSvils

tetias aRwerad qsnisa. aRvwereT brZanebisa maTis umaRlesobisa aRwera

Tvesa enkenisTvisTvis e, welsa uÁT~ (TayaiSvili, 1951: 35).

TiTqmis analogiuri teqstiT iwyeba 1781 wlis qsnis aRweris dav-

Taric, sadac xazgasmulia, rom mefis brZanebiT garsevaniSvils da laS-

qarnivis manuCars aRuweria xeoba (TayaiSvili, 1951: 5).

aragvis xeobis aRweris davTarSi vkiTxulobT: `q.ze adidnes R-

Tman mefoba maTis umaRlesobis mefis meoris iraklisa! gvebrZanes Cven

maT mier monaTa maTTa mayaSvils luarsabs da TumaniSvils mdivans go-

jaspiSvils manuCars aRwerad aragvisa Tvesa ianvarsa: a, welsa uÁb (1774)~

(masalani..., 1907: 407).

Tbilisis samxreTiT mdebare soflebis aRweris naklul davTars

Semdegi minaweri aqvs: `qk-s uÁÀ (1780 w.)49

Tuki qveynis aRwerisas kvlav moqmedebda `dasturlamalis~ normebi,

maSin qsnis da aragvis xeobebi memarcxene sardal ioane muxranbatons,

xolo qvemo qarTlis soflebi mewinave sadroSos sardal daviT yafla-

niSvils unda aewera, Tumca am davTrebidan maTi aRweraSi monawileoba

ar dasturdeba. piriqiT, naTladaa miTiTebuli, rom aRweras mefis mdi-

am wlis TibaTvis ToTxmetis ba-

tonis brZanebiT erekles cixe aRvwereT me, oman laSqarnivsma da yoria-

saulmaSis naibma favlenis Svilma glaxam~ (javaxiSvili, 1967: 158). am dav-

TarSi Sedis marabda, koda, marneuli da sxva soflebi, romlebic mewina-

ve sasardloSi Sediodnen.

49 rogorc ivane javaxiSvilma gaarkvia, es aRwera Sesrulebula ara 1780 wels, aramed 1781 wels (javaxiSvili, 1967: 157).

126

van-laSqarnivisebi da sxva am saqmis moxeleni awarmoeben. im SemTxvevaSi

Tu sardlebi am saqmeSi monawileobas miiRebdnen, maSin aucileblad aRi-

niSneboda davTris minawerSi, iseve, rogorc es moxda 1721 wlis somxiT-

sabaraTianos aRweris davTarSi da Tanac, am faqtze oTar amilaxvaric

gaamaxvilebda yuradRebas.

erTi sityviT, wyaroebidan dasturdeba, rom XVIII saukunis 70-ian

wlebSi qveynis aRwera mTlianad samefo karis kompetenciad iqca. aRweras

atarebdnen mdivnebi da laSqarnivisebi. XVIII saukunis I naxevarSi qar-

Tlis samefoSi `dasturlamalis~ mixedviT ori mdivani yofila _ erTi

mefis mdivani, meore dedoflis mdivani (gabaSvili, 1942: 175). erekle II-m,

garda imisa, rom SemoiRo axali _ laSqarnivisis _ saxelo, mkveTrad ga-

zarda samefo mdivanTa raodenoba. S. mesxia missave gamoqveynebul doku-

mentebis safuZvelze miiCnevs, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi gansaxilvel

periodSi `aTze met pirs hqonda mdivnoba mefisagan boZebuli~ (masalebi...,

1948: 027). mdivan-laSqarnivisebis erT-erT saqmianobas, rogorc aRvniSneT,

aRweris Catareba warmoadgenda da am mimarTulebiT biurokratiuli apa-

ratis zrda garkveulad dakavSirebuli iyo qveynis aRweris centralur

xelisuflebis prerogativad gadaqcevasTan.

niSandoblivia, rom aRweris sferoSi analogiuri cvlileba 1722

wels ruseTis imperiaSic ganxorcielda. manamde ruseTSi (iseve rogorc

saqarTveloSi) aRweris Catareba evalebodaT adgilobriv Tavadaznauro-

bas, romlebic malavdnen sakuTar ymebs da mTavrobas zust monacemebs ar

awvdidnen. petre I-is gadawyvetilebiT 1722 da 1724 wlebSi Catarda mosax-

leobis aRwera, romelmac miiRo reviziis saxelwodeba da am saqmeSi ga-

moiyenes oficrebi (soxvaZe, 1996: 54). petre I-is ganxorcielebul cvli-

lebas emsgavseba erekle II-is mier am sferoSi Catarebuli reorganizacia.

aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi, ruseTis msgavsad

(sadac oficrebi awarmoebdnen aRweras), mosaxleobis aRweraSi CarTes

samxedro uwyebis warmomadgenlebi _ laSqarnivisebi.

sxvadasxa wyaroebidan dgindeba, rom gansaxilvel periodSi aRwe-

rebi Catarebula 1774 (masalani..., 1907: 407, 1951: 35; javaxiSvili, 1967: 145,

183), 1781 (javaxiSvili, 1967: 105-247; TayaiSvili, 1951: 5), 1790 (akofaSvili,

1976: 353) da 1794 wlebSi (javaxiSvili, 1918: 39).

127

saboloo daskvnis saxiT aRvniSnavT, rom erekle II-m Zireuli

cvlileba ganaxorciela qveynis administrirebis iseT sakvanZo sferoSi,

rogoric aRwera iyo. aRweris centralizeba erTi mxriv, aiolebda qvey-

nis administrirebas, meore mxriv, did Tavadebs Caketil sivrces urRvev-

da. amiT maT arTmevda im berkets, romlis saSualebiTac isini mosaxleo-

basa da samefo xelisuflebas Soris barierad iyvnen aRmarTulni.

128

$ 2. cvlilebebi saxelmwifo sagadasaxado sistemaSi

cvlileba Seexo saxelmwifo sagadasaxado sistemasac. calke dar-

gad Camoyalibda saxelmwifo Semosavlebi. Seiqmna `safinanso uwyeba~, ro-

melic kolegialur princips daefuZna. masSi gaerTiandnen saxlTuxucese-

bi, mdivnebi da Tbilisis meliq-mamasaxlisi (soselia, 1973: 532). qalaqebi-

dan, vaWroba_xelosnobidan da manufaqturebidan saxelmwifo Semosavle-

bis Sekreba qalaqebis mouravebis, meliq-mamasaxlisebis da moijaradree-

bis saSualebiT xdeboda. am sakiTxs zemoT SevexeT da sityvas aRar ga-

vagrZelebT.

amjerad Cven SevexebiT XVIII s. II naxevarSi saxaso, saTavado Tu

saeklesio yma-glexTa gadasaxadebis (ZiriTadad naturaluri) Sekrebis

organizebis sakiTxs. CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa ganvsazRvroT,

Tu ra mdgomareoba iyo am mxriv saTavadoebSi.

es sakiTxi TiTqmis Seuswavlelia. saTavadoTa sistemis mkvlevare-

bi sakiTxs exebian nawilobriv, maTTvis saintereso kuTxiT da amomwuravi

kvleva ar gagvaCnia. akademikosi n. berZeniSvili werda: `mraval batons

Seuvalobis ufleba moupovebia, ese igi, mefes aseTi batonis ymebi yovel-

gvari samefo gadasaxadebisgan gauTavisuflebia~ (berZeniSvili, 1946: 302).

d. gvritiSvili (ix. gvritiSvili, 1955), g. jamburia (ix. jamburia, 1955), m.

qiqoZe (ix. qiqoZe, 1963) da saTavadoTa sistemis sxva mkvlevarebi aRniSna-

ven, rom Tavadebi sargeblobdnen sagadasaxado SeuvalobiT, rac erTi

mxriv gamoixateboda saTavadoebis gadasaxadebisgan nawilobriv gaTavi-

suflebaSi, xolo meore mxriv saTavados sagadasaxado Seuvalobas ima-

Si xedavdnen, rom Tavadebi TviTon unawilebdnen TavianT ymebs samefo

gadasaxadebs da Tavadve krebdnen mas (soselia, 1966: 181-182). `saxelmwifo

xarjis.... organizacias Tavadi Tavisi moxeleebis saSualebiT axdenda~

(jamburia, 1973: 206). aRniSnuli mkvlevarebi XVIII saukunis II naxevrSi am

sferoSi momxdar aranair cvlilebebze ar miuTiTebdnen.

CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxs Seexo g. akofaSvili Tavis statiaSi:

`sasardloebis Sesaxeb qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi~. miuxedavad imisa, rom

avtorisaTvis sagadasaxado sistemis kvleva mTavar sakiTxs ar warmoad-

genda, man arsebiTad sworad gansazRvra, rom XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi

129

gadasaxadebis gawera Tu akrefa sadroSoebis sardlebis movaleobas

aRar Seadgenda da am saqmes mefis specialuri moxeleebi axorcieleb-

dnen (akofaSvili, 1976: 353).

imisaTvis, rom naTeli warmodgena SeviqmnaT XVIII saukunis II na-

xevris qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sagadasaxado sistemis Sesaxeb da warmova-

CinoT wina periodTan SedarebiT mravali cvlileba, saWiroa, am sferoSi,

ganvsazRvroT XVIII saukunis II naxevramdeli mdgomareoba.

XVII saukunesa da XVIII saukunis I naxevarSi qarTlis samefo war-

moadgenda saTavadoebis krebuls. saTavadoebi sargeblobdnen sasamar-

Tlo-administraciuli SeuvalobiT. viwro feodaluri interesebi SinaaS-

lilobis mizezi xdeboda, rasac susti samefo xelisufleba xSirad kon-

trols ver uwevda. amas emateboda sagareo mtris mudmivi Semosevebi. am

dros moiSala mravali kanoniT dadgenili norma. cxadia, saxelmwifo ga-

dasaxadebis Segrovebac ar iqneboda stabiluri. mdgomareobis gamoswore-

ba scada vaxtang VI-m. `dasturlamalma~ gansazRvra moxeleTa ufleba-mo-

valeobani da qveynis administrirebis mravali sakiTxi. vaxtang VI Seexo

saxelmwifo gadasaxadebsac. man scada sagadasaxado sistemis mowesrigeba

da normatiuli aqtiT gansazRvra gadasaxadebis gadaxdis raodenoba,

dro da ganrigi.

`dasturlamalis‘‘ mecamete kari exeba saxelmwifo gadasaxadebs:

`kodispurs, rTvels, sabalaxes, piris Tavs da saxaso purs~. amave karis

ocdamexuTe TavSi saubaria `mekodispuris rigze~. gansazRvrulia, rom me-

kodispureebi valdebulni iyvnen mkaTaTvidan goirgobisTvemde uzrun-

veleyoT gadasaxadebis Segroveba da ambardarisaTvis Cabareba.

erTi SexedviT, TiTqos yvelaferi martivia. gadasaxads agrovebs

saxelmwifo moxele. ese igi, es sistema centralizebulia. Tumca, kanon-

mdebeli imave TavSi uTiTebs, rom aRniSnuli norma exeba `Cvenis mosav-

lis Semotanas~, anu saxaso mamulebs, xolo qarTlis saTavado nawilSi

gadasaxadebis Sekrebas `dasturlamalis~ meTxuTmete kari exeba.

meTxuTmete karis saTauri mcire gansxvavebiT imeorebs mecamete ka-

ris saTauris teqsts _ `kodis puris, sabalaxes, pirisTavi da samaspin-

Zlo Tu sad rogor Seewerebi~. aRniSnul kars eTmoba paragrafebi or-

mocdameTxuTmetedan samocdamexuTemde.

130

ormocdameTxuTmete paragrafi saamilaxvros gamoklebiT danarCen

zemo qarTlis gamosaRebs exeba. aq 601 gamosaRebia. `dasturlamalSi‘‘ aR-

niSnulia, rom `es kodispuri da bze gors unda Camoitanon‘‘. mesamoce pa-

ragrafi saamilaxvros kodis purs exeba: ` saamilaxvrosi aris, .....gamomRe-

bi qaTmiT _ oras oTxi. eseni sabalaxos Tarxan arian. sxva gamosaRebi,

rogorc zeviT weria, isre yoveliferi unda gamoiRon (igulisxmeba samas-

pinZlo, naxirisTavi, pirisTavi), kodispuris Camotana, zogs gorsa sZes da

zogs qalaqsa‘‘.

samocdameerTe paragrafi qsnis erisTavis mamulis gamosaRebs exe-

ba: `qsnis erisTavis yma-gamomRebi da Tarxani as ormocdarva. amisi Tarxa-

ni ormocdaToTxmeti, gamomRebi ormocdaToTxmeti qaTmiT (nusxaSi aSka-

rad Secdomaa, sxva versiaSi oTxmocda ToTxmeti gamomRebia), sxva gamo-

saRebi sabalaxe Tu rac ram feri rogorc zemo qarTlis sZes ise amas.

saamilaxvros da saerisTavos kodispuris gamomRebi komlis juma-

li oras oTxmocdaTeqvsmeti. amisgan qalaqs unda Camoitanon goris

zvris sari sakomlo samoci. sakomlozed sari kona.

qsnis xevelTa ulufa: rodesac batoni salaSqrod wabrZandeba _

kviraSi xari-1, cxvari-2, marili litra 10, Rvino sapalne 2, fqvili sa-

palne 2. aseve aragvis erisTavis kacebsa aqvT agreTve avaliSvilis ka-

cebs, sadgrelebs aqvT‘‘.

samocdameore paragrafi exeba samuxranos kodis purs: `muxranis

aris sakomlo as oTxmoci. amisi Tarxani samocdaToTxmeti. gamomRebi

qaTmiT ass eqvsi. sxva gamomRebi rogorc zemo qarTlze sweria, isre amaT

gamoiRon. Camotana qalaqs aZesT‘‘.

samocdamesame paragrafi sacicianos gadasaxadebs gansazRvravs

`sacicianos gamomRebi 727, amis Tarxani 6, batoniSvilsa 126, darCa gamom-

Rebi qaTmiT 601. amisgan gors unda moitanon sakomlo 240, qalaqs unda

Camoitanon qaTmiT sakomlo. sxva gamosaRebi, rogorc zemoT sweria, isre

ZesT.‘‘

samocdameoTxe paragrafi `sabaraTianos kodis pursa‘‘: `sabaraTaS-

vilos aris sakomlo 910, yaflaniSvilisa sakomlo 300, iqna 1210, amisi

Tarxani da ayrili 230, gamomRebi 980; agreTve qaTami. sxva gamosaRebi,

rogorc sxva dagviweria, isre....‘‘.

131

samocdamexuTe paragrafi ki exeba somxiTis kodis purs: `somxiTis

sakomlo 573, amisi Tarxani 115, gamomRebi sakomlo qaTmiT 458. amiT sakom-

loebze da Roris sabalaxe ara sZesT. sxva rogorc sabaraTaSvilos rigi

aris, isre amas aZesT‘‘ (qarTuli..., 1970A: 519-530).

`dasturlamalis‘‘ teqstidan Cans, rom saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis

Segroveba centralizebulia mxolod saxaso mamulebSi. saTavadoebSi ki

gansxvavebuli mdgomareobaa. Tu saxaso mamulebSi mekodispureni agrove-

ben gamosaRebs, saTavadoTa saxelmwifo gadasaxadis Semgrovebels `das-

turlamali‘‘ ar cnobs. samagierod, yvela saTavados gadasaxads `kodispu-

ris Camotana sZes.‘‘ anu Tavadi Tavad agrovebda gadasaxadebs da Semdeg

mohqonda mefis karze. `dasturlamalSi‘‘ mefem gansazRvra mxolod saTa-

vadoTa gadasaxadebis raoba da raodenoba. es faqtebi kidev ufro amag-

rebs qarTul istorografiaSi arsebul mosazrebas, rom gadasaxadebi sa-

Tavadoebze gaunawileblad modioda da Tavadebi Tavis survilisamebr

TviTonve anawilebdnen mcxovreblebze (gvritiSvili, 1955: 334-225). amri-

gad, aSkarad Cans, rom saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis Sekreba decentralize-

bulia _ anu Tavadi gadasaxadebis Sekrebaze Tavad iyo pasuxismgebeli.

sul sxva sakiTxia saTavadoebis mier Sewerili gadasaxadebis rao-

denoba. Cven yuradRebas SevaCerebT qarTlis mxolod did saTavadoebze,

radgan `dasturlamali‘‘ garkveviT maT exeba. saamilaxoros, qsnis saeris-

Tavos, aragvis saerisTavos, sacicianos, samuxranbatonos da sayaflaniS-

vilos mxolod 1200-1300 komli ixdida saxelmwifo gadasaxads, maSin ro-

desac mxolod sayaflaniSviloSi, 1721 wlis aRweris davTrebiT, 1100

komlze meti gamomRebi yma-glexi cxovrobda (lorTqifaniZe, 1935: 138). yve-

la am saTavadoSi im dros sul mcire 10-12 aTasi komli unda yofiliyo.

gamodis, rom am saTavadoebSi mcxovrebi yma-glexTa mxolod meaTedi ix-

dida gadasaxads, danarCeni nawili ki, cxadia, gaTavisuflebuli iyo am

valdebulebisgan. aragvis erisTavis mamuli ki TiTqmis sruli Seuvalo-

biT sargeblobda. gadasaxadis nawilobriv gadaxda saTavadoebisaTvis

`sagadasaxado imunitetis‘‘ meore forma iyo. diferenciacia Cans aseve

did saTavadoTa Sorisac. `dasturlamali‘‘ sacicianos akisrebs 601 ga-

momRebis sawilos gadaxdas. xolo, qsnis saerisTavoSi 94, saamilaxvroSi

204, sayaflaniSviloSi 300-ze naklebi komli ixdida gadasaxads. maSin

132

rodesac, saciciano arc erT maTgans ar aRemateboda. Cans, saciciano, ro-

melic am dros or nawilad gayofili iyo, SedarebiT araprivilegirebul

mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda Tavisi Zlierebis Seryevis (gayofis) gamo da

sxva saTavadoebze met gadasaxads ixdida. aseTi suraTi iSleba aRniSnul

epoqaSi saxelmwifo gamosaRebis mokrefis mxriv.

XVIII sauknis II naxevarSi erekle II-m qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mmar-

TvelobaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi Seitana. am dros sagrZnoblad ga-

izarda samoxeleo Stati. Tu warsulSi mravali Tavadi nominalurad

flobda saxelos da Tavis funqciis miuxedavad sakuTar saTavadoSi ij-

da, am periodSi moxeleTa koncentracia samefo karis garSemo xdeba. ma-

Ti Senaxva da ulufa-jamagiriT gastumreba, cxadia, samefos xarjebs

mniSvnelovnad zrdida. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi xSiri iyo daqiravebuli

jaris mowvevis faqtebi. paralelurad Seiqmna saartilerio polki da a.S.

Seqmnil viTarebaSi samefo kari, cxadia, sagadasaxado sistemis arsebul

models veRar Seurigdeboda da gaatarebda RonisZiebebs misi centrali-

zaciis mizniT.

XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi erekle II-m sardlebs qveynis aRweris

erTpirovnuli funqcia CamoarTva da is centraluri xelisuflebis pre-

rogativad aqcia. vfiqrobT, es faqti iyo erTi umniSvnelovanesi movlena

sagadasaxado sistemis cantralizaciisaTvis. amave periodSi tradiciul

saxelmwifo gadasaxadebs daemata e.w. `araCveulebrivi‘‘ gadasaxadebi (ro-

goric iyo `saleko‘‘ _ lekTa jaris dasaqiraveblad, `saruso‘‘ _ ruseTis

jaris Sesanaxad da sxva). am gadasaxadebs rom saxaso glexebTan erTad

saTavado glexebic SeRavaTebis gareSe ixdidnen, es dokumenturad das-

turdeba. xelnawerTa erovnuli centris Hd fondis sabuTi # 665 Semdegi

Sinaarsisaa: `q. RTn bednieris xelmwifis Wiri misces falavandiSvils

gogias da zurabs. mere xuTi komli kaci myavs. erTi kaci naTaTrali

aris da tyveobidam mosuli aris da glax aris, rom araferi ara aqvs ra,

da imis magier oTxi weliwadia me vaZlev xarjs. imas rom SeZleba ara

aqvs. da oTxi komli kaci sxva aris, Tumca isinic Raribebi arian, magram

Tqvens samsaxurzed xmas ar amovaRebinebT xolme. axla eqvsis komli ka-

cis salekos mTxoven da mawuxeben Tu am xuT komls kacs garda me kaci

myandes Tqveni risxva momces. wyalobas gTxovT, me raca myavs imazed

133

met[i] ar gamomerTvas‘‘. arzas axlavs erekle meoris oqmi: `ioseb mdivano

mel[iq] o avetiqa da yalfa[?] baRdasar eseni ase ro Civian Tu amaTi mox-

senebuli marTalia da amaze meti kaci ar [hyavs da] ras emarTlebiT. mets

nuRar awerT, rac yvandesT imaT SeawereT. dekembris [k]“ (xec., Hd _ 665).

am sabuTidan Cans, rom yvela saxis saxelmwifo gadasaxads, maT Soris

`salekosac~, ixdian Tavadis ymebi. sabuTidanve Cans, rom gadasaxadi See-

wereba mosaxleobas komlobrivad. arzis mixedviT ver konkretdeba, Tum-

ca konteqstidan Cans, rom gadasaxadis akrefa da mefisaTvis mirTmeva ara

Tavads `sZes~, aramed mas agrovebs moxele, Tumca garkveuli pasuxismgeb-

loba Tavadsac ekisreboda.

analogiuri daskvnebi SeiZleba gamovitanoT solomon meiTaris

erekle II-sadmi mirTmeuli arzidan: `q. R[mer]T[ma]n bednieris xelmwifis

Wiri mosces Tqvens meiTars solomons. mere amasa movaxseneb maTs simaR-

les: wreuli Cemi ori komliani kacni fafakeraSvilebi siRnaRs Cavidnen:

colSvili aq gayares da TiTon iq gaxlavan. aq xarjs imaT magier sxvas

gTxoven. gevedrebi, erTi oqmi miboZoT mouravzed, rom meboZos. erTs aqa

yamT colSvili da erTma iq SeirTo. Cemi samkvidro ymani gaxlavan da Tu

sityva aqvs visme, Tqvens samarTalSi melaparakos. invris z. q.ks. uoT~

(dokumentebi..., 1953: 158). am sabuTiT mebatone Tavis ymebis dabrunebas iT-

xovda, CvenTvis saintereso ki is faqtia, rom gadasaxadis gawera xdeboda

ara saTavadoze, aramed TiToeul komlze. am mosazrebas pirdapir exmau-

reba 1771 wels gacemuli sabuTi. dokumenti warmoadgens arzas qsnis

erisTavebis ymebis gadasaxadebis gaweris Taobaze. arzas axlavs erekle

II-is oqmi: `q. batono saxlTuxuceso daviT da mdivnebo! mere qsnis eris-

Tavis mTis kacT, romelTac kodis puri winaparT Cvenis papebis dros ar

zdebiaT, udebs arc axla Cvena vTxovT. da romelic vakis kacT kodispu-

ri zdebiaT imaT unda mogvcen. mTis kacs garda rac dRes yma hyavT, ro-

melsac alags kodispuri zdebiaT, es glexi kaci aRricxeT da komlze

kodispuri, rogorc qarTlSi sxvas SeaweroT, ise amaT ymas SeawereT.

aRiwera okdombers qoronikos unT. axla rom gayris laparaki hqondaT,

amaT davTari xom daiwera da mdivnebs aqvT. mTas garda imaze unda Ses-

werdesT~ (qarTuli..., 1981: 178). dokumentSi naTlad aris miTiTebuli, rom

134

gadasaxadi gaiwereboda konkretul pirze da ara saTavadoze. aseTi Sina-

arsis dokumentebi Cvens arqivebSi mravladaa daculi.

rac Seexeba gadasaxadebis Sekrebis organizebas, aqac gansxvavebu-

li suraTia. 1802 wlis qarTlisaTvis Sewerili saxelmwifo puris gada-

saxadis _ sursaTis _ davTarSi aris qarTl-kaxeTis samefos yofili

mdivnis, egnate TumaniSvilis, minaweri: `saqarTveloSi sazogado mcxovre-

belT yovel wliv ganwesebuli komlzed sami kodi sursaTi Seewerebo-

daT, ori wili purisa, mesamedi qeri; ocdaor stiliani litriT gamoar-

Tmevdnen da iasaulebs, sadac mitanis brZaneba eqnebodaT, iq miatanineb-

dnen da samefo xazinaSi daideboda. yvelas amrigaT eTxovebodaT, rogo-

radac sweria~. marTalia, im wlebSi general lazarevis xelmZRvanelo-

biT gadasaxadebis akrefis saqme faqtobrivad CaiSala, Tumca es davTari

mainc mniSvnelovania. davTaridan, iseve rogorc TumaniSvilis ganmarte-

bidan, Cans, rom gadasaxads ixdidnen samefo, saTavado Tu saeklesio yme-

bi. davTridan, misi naklovanebis miuxedavad, irkveva, rom saTavadoebSi

`dasturlamalis~ gansazRvruli gadamxdelTa raodenoba aSkarad momate-

bulia (xanTaZe, 1955: 153-176). gadasaxadebis Sekrebis organizebis mxriv aR-

niSnuli sabuTi kidev ufro mniSvnelovania. egnate TumaniSvili naTlad

ganmartavs Tu vin krebda gadasaxadebs (am SemTxvevaSi kodis purs) _ `...

ocdaor stiliani litriT gamoarTmevdnen da iasaulebs saca mitanis

brZaneba eqnebodaT, iq miataninebdnen~. dokumenti aSkarad uTiTebs, rom

gadasaxadis Sekreba samefos moxeleebs-iasaulebs evalebodaT.

saxelmwifo gamosaRebis Sekrebis organizebas rom marTlac cen-

traluri xelisuflebis mier, specialurad am saqmisaTvis, daniSnuli mo-

xeleebi axorcielebdnen da ara saTavado saxlis ufrosebi, es kargad

Cans Tavad zaal orbelianis pavle cicianovisadmi mirTmeul moxsenebi-

dan: `saqarTuÀlos sursaTi sul me unda amekrifa da ambardarisaTvis

mimebarebina mTis da barisa. niadag weliwads eqvsasi xarvari daiwerebo-

da, aqedam Cemi sargo-glexis kacisagan aT litrazed erTi litra Cemi

iyo, saiasaulo iyo, es unda ameRo~ (masalebi..., 1948: 29). dokumentebSi za-

al orbeliani `mesursaTed~ ixseneba.

saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis Sekrebis organizebis Sesaxeb pirdapir

informacias gvawvdis xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi daculi 1818 wlis

135

krebulis erT-erTi nawili. dokumentis teqsti aseTia: `mefis iraklis ri-

gi da ganweseba ase iyo, rodesac Tavis sabrZanebelSi Seweras risame ine-

bebda, samefo salTxucess da mdivnebs ubrZanebda. salTxucesTan mdivne-

bi davTris mitaniT mividodiT da ise SevawerdiT. da rodesac salTxuce-

si iq ar iqneboda Cven mdivnebi erTmaneTis SetyobiT SevawerdiT sursaT-

sa da Tu sxva saTxovars, rom sulxan mdivansac bevrjel Seuweria, ioseb

mdivansac bevrjel Seuweria, egnati mdivansac Seuweria da mec Semiweria,

radganac samefo saxlis mdivanni amaSi xsenebulni vayaviT, amgvari Sewe-

ra Cvenzed iyo mindobili. Sewerilis sursaTsa da Tu sxva risime aRebis

iasauli zogjer saxeldob TviT mefes dauniSnavs da gaugzavnia, magram

ufrosi erTi sxva mefisagan uTxoviaT da mefesac uboZebia da rac auRi-

aT Tav Tavis TavlidrebisaTvis miubarebiaT~ (xec., H _ 1648).

analogiuri Sinaarsisaa n. berZeniSvilis mier gamoqveynebuli

`moxseneba egnate Tumanovisa Teodore aleqsis Zisadmi sursaTis Semwer-

Ta Sesaxeb saqarTvelos mefis dros”.

`maRal-keTilSobilo mowyalev Ãelmwifev, фeodor aleqsis Zev!

mowerili Cemdami TqvÀnis maRal-keTilSobilebisgan Cem mier cnobad

Tqvenda Tu vin iyvnen droTa saqarTvelos mefeTasa sursaTis Semwerni

da anu Semkrebelni sursaTisani, gamoucxadeb Tqvens maRal keTilSobi-

lebas esreT, romel mefis ireklis dros me viyav Semweri sursaTisa da

sxvaTa xarkTa, vinaiTgan iyo Cemda rwmunebuli davTarni xarkTa Seweri-

sani. da iyo Semkrebi sursaTisa mis gansxvavebuli Tavadi zaal orbelia-

novi da ukanasknelisa Jamsa mefis iraklisa TviT mefeman ganhyo samad na-

wilad sursaTis Sekreba. goris viezdsa nawili pirveli miboZa meve, meo-

re Tavads manuCar Tumanovsa da mesame Tavads oman xerxeuliZesa; xolo

drosa mefisa giorgisasa k.d viyav Semweri sursaTisa da sxuaTa xarkTa

da meve mebara davTarni da Semgrovebelni sursaTisa iyunen Tavadi aslan

orbelianovi da Tavadi SanSe erisTovi, romelnica Sehkrebdnen da miaba-

rebdnen ganwesebulsa ambardansa da drosa saqarTvelosa Sina Rubernis

gaxsnisasa davTari igi romeli mebara me myofma Rubernatorad kovalin-

ckma mTxova, romelica warvudgine da igi dadebuli iqmna ra kazenis eq-

sbediciasa Sina 1803-sa Cyg welsa wargzavnil iqmna ra kazenis eqspedicii-

sa mis sovetniki Tavadi oman xerxeuliZe goris uiezdsa Sina Sesawerad

136

sursaTisaTvis, vuwyi ese, romeli drosa Sewerisasa misgan sursaTsa ara-

vin iyo damswre misTana da arca Seuweria mas mefeT dros namoqmedaris

mis davTriTa, romelica aw aris kazenis ekspediciasa Sina.

mowyaleo Ãelmwifeo mdabali mosamsaxure Ta. i egnate Tumanovi;

marti 8 ÀdResa 1810 sa-Cyi welsa” (masalebi..., 1955: 146).

am sabuTidan naTlad Cans, rom warsuls Cabarda is dro rodesac

mZlavri Tavadebi sagrZnobi SeRavaTebiT sargeblobdnen. rodesac mefes

ar hqonda maTi ymebis zusti monacemebi da im nominaluri gamosaRebiT

kmayofildeboda, rasac mas Tavadi miarTmevda. sabuTidanve Cans, rom cen-

traluri xelisufleba yoveli gadasaxadis Segrovebas mkacrad akontro-

lebda. gadasaxadebis Sewera xdeboda samefo karze arsebuli qveynis aR-

weris davTrebis mixedviT, komlobrivad da ara provinciebis mixedviT. am

gadasaxadebis Sekrebas mefis xelisufleba akontrolebda. gamosaRebis

gamoReba evalebodaT mefis moxeleebs _ sursaTis iasaulebs da sxva

specialurad am saqmisTvis gamoyofil moxeleebs. es dokumenti, rogorc

misi Sinaarsidan irkveva, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos erT-erTi mdivnis mier

aris Sedgenili da misi sandoobac eWvqveS ar unda davayenoT.

saxelmwifo gadasaxadebTan da misi Sekrebis organizebasTan da-

kavSirebuli sxvadasxva tipis sabuTebidan irkveva, rom XVIII saukunis II

naxevarSi gamosaRebis gamoRebaSi monawileobas iRebdnen Semdegi pirebi:

saxlTuxucesi, mdivnebi, mesursaTeni, anu sursaTis iasaulebi. Sekrebil

sursaTs Tavlidarebs da ambardarebs abarebdnen. wyaroebidan irkveva,

rom sursaTis msgavsad, glexTa sxva gadasaxadebis Sekrebac mefis moxe-

leebis saSualebiT xdeboda.

sabolood aRvniSnavT, rom erekle II-m moaxerxa sagadasaxado sis-

temis sruli gardaqmna. aRniSnul reformas ormxrivi mniSvneloba gaaC-

nda: I. saxelmwifo gadasaxadebi gacilebiT mowesrigebulad ikribeboda,

rac TavisTavad zrdida samefos Semosavlebs. II. Tavadebs CamoerTvaT e.w.

sagadasaxado imuniteti _ maTi ymebi, iseve rogorc saxaso ymebi, sruli-

ad ibegrebodnen da am gadasaxadis ganawileba-Segrovebis erTpirovnuli

uflebac dakarges. erTi sityviT, sagadasaxado sistema centralizebuli

gaxda.

137

$ 3. samxedro reforma

erekle II-is gatarebuli samxedro reformis mizani mudmivi jaris

Seqmna iyo. aRniSnuli sakiTxiT mravali mkvlevari dainteresda. maTgan

gamosayofia ak. klimiaSvili, romelmac sagangebod am Temas ramdenime

gamokvleva miuZRvna (klimiaSvili, 1962: 163-174; 1963: 179-209; 1964: 121-151;

1966: 91-95;). sakiTxis kvlevisas vsargeblebT aRniSnuli avtoris

damowmebuli mravali dokumentiT.

vidre uSualod sakvlev Temas ganvixilavT, Tavdapirvelad ganv-

sazRvravT XVIII saukunis II naxevramdel qarTlis da kaxeTis samefoebis

samxedro mdgomareobas.

erTiani qarTuli monarqiis arsebobis manZilze qveyana dayofili

iyo 4 sadroSod, anu sasardlod: mewinaved, memarjvened, memarcxened da

meukaned (batoniSvili, 1973: 30).

XV saukunis II naxevarSi erTiani saqarTvelos monarqia daiSala

samefo-samTavroebad. Zveli tradiciis gaTvaliswinebiT qarTlis da kaxe-

Tis (aseve imereTis) samefoebi daiyo oTx-oTx sadroSod.

qarTlis samefos sadroSoebis formireba moxda XV saukunis II na-

xevarsa da XVI saukunis I mesamedSi (klimiaSvili, 1964: 123). qarTlSi Sem-

degi sadroSoebi Camoyalibda: mewinave sadroSo (sadroSo moicavda som-

xiT-sabaraTianos saTavadoebs), romelsac xelmZRvanelobda jer baraTaS-

vili, Semdeg orbeliani; memarjvene sadroSo moicavda zemo qarTlis sa-

Tavadoebs, romelTaganac umTavresi iyo saamilaxoro da sardalic ami-

laxori iyo; memarcxene sadroSo Sedgenda samuxranbatonos, qsnis da

aragvis saerisTavoebs, sardali iyo muxranbatoni; meukane sadroSo iyo

mefis sadroSo, romelzedac gamodioda gaRma mxari da sakaTalikoso

laSqari. sardals mefe niSnavda, ZiriTadad ciciSvilebis saxlidan.

rogorc vxedavT, qarTlis samefo sadroSoebad saTavadoTa siste-

mis arsis gaTvaliswinebiT daiyo. raRa Tqma unda, sadroSoebis meTaure-

bi, romelTac samxedro xelisuflebasTan erTad samoqalaqo funqciebic

gaaCndaT, Tavisi viwro, saTavados interesebidan gamomdinare imoqmedeb-

dnen. sawinaaRmdego azri aqvs gamoTqmuli ak. klimiaSvils. misi azriT,

sadroSoebi ramdenadme aZlierebdnen mefis centralur xelisuflebas

138

(klimiaSvili, 1964: 128). Cven am mosazrebas bolomde ver gaviziarebT, rad-

ganac, miuxedavad imisa, rom gviani Sua saukuneebis qarTlis mefis erTa-

derTi samxedro Zala sasardloebidan gamoyvanili laSqari iyo, is Ta-

visTavad aZlierebda did saTavadoTa politikur uflebebs.

kaxeTSi sadroSoebi giorgi VIII-is (1466-1476 ww.) mefobis dros Se-

iqmna. radgan kaxeTSi saTvadoTa sistema ar arsebobda, iq mdgomareoba

ramdenadme gansxvavebuli iyo. sadroSos meTaurebad dainiSnen episkopo-

sebi (batoniSvili, 1973: 568). XVIII saukunis Sua xanebidan ki sadroSoebis

sardlebi didi samflobelos mouravebi gaxdnen. kaxeTis mewinave sadro-

Sos qiziyis mouravebi meTaurobdnen. iyo memarjvene sasardlo, memarcxe-

ne (CerqeziSvilis meTaurobiT) da samefo sadroSo (orbeliani, 1981: 161).

aseT samxedro-administraciul erTeulebad iyo dayofili qveyana.

jaris gamoyvana sardlebs evalebodaT. es iyo feodaluri laSqari, rome-

lic warmoadgenda batonymur jars, sadac yma laSqrobda Tavisi batonis

xelqveiT. feodaluri ierarqia, damyarebuli miwis sakuTrebaze, gadatani-

li iyo laSqarSi. aseTi laSqari Sedgeboda rogorc profesionali mo-

laSqeebisagan, Tavad-aznaurTa da msaxurTagan, ise yma-glexebisagan (kli-

miaSvili, 1963: 179). laSqris organizeba Tavads evaleboda. es iyo erTgva-

ri samxedro imuniteti, romelic Tavis saTavadoSi Tavads sakuTari sur-

vilisamebr jaris Sekrebis Tavisuflebas aniWebda.

feodalur laSqars ramdenadme naklovaneba gaaCnda: is ar iyo

mudmivi samxedro Zala. mis Sekrebas garkveuli dro esaWiroeboda da,

amasTanave, Zlieri Tavadebis mefisadmi keTilganwyobilebazec iyo damo-

kidebuli. ar iyo profesionalebisagan dakompleqtebuli _ konkretuli

mamulidan gamoyvanil ymebs misive mebatone xelmZRvanelobda.

aseTi tipis samxedro Zalebi, erTi mxriv ver uzrunvelyofdnen

lekTa gaxSirebuli Tavdasxmebis alagmvas da arc samefo karis mkacri

saSinao politikis gatarebisaTvis gamodgeboda. saWiro gaxda mudmivi

samxedro Zalis Seqmna.

pirveli mokrZalebuli nabijebi mudmivi jaris Seqmnisaken jer ki-

dev XVIII saukunis I meoTxedSi vaxtang VI-m gadadga, Seqmna ra mefis mcve-

li razmi. is dakompleqtebuli iyo profesionali meomrebisagan _ Tavad-

aznaurebisa da msaxureuli fenisagan. misi meTauri iyo yularaRasi,

139

jars hyavda 3 uzbaSi _ avaliSvili qaixosro, TurqestaniSvili qaixosro

da rostomi (gvari ar Cans). TiToeulis Tabuni Seadgenda 40 kacs. sul

jaris es nairsaxeoba 120 meTofisagan Sedgeboda. isini jamagirs saxel-

mwifo xazinidan iRebdnen (qarTuli..., 1970A: 487-493). maT movaleobas Sead-

genda mefis da sasaxlis dacva, aseve sapolicio saqmianoba.

vaxtang VI-is saqarTvelodan wasvlis Semdeg, raRa Tqma unda, igi

daiSala.

Teimuraz II da erekle II jer kidev XVIII saukunis 50-iani wlebidan

cdiloben feodaluri laSqris alternatiuli samxedro Zalis Seqmnas.

aRsaniSnavia, rom erekle II-is samxedro reforma ar iyo erTjeradi, igi

xorcieldeboda etapobrivad, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis paralelurad.

erekle II-is samxedro reformis erT-erTi pirveli nabiji iyo axali sa-

moxeleo Tanamdebobis _ laSqarnivisis _ saxelos Seqmna. laSqarnivisi

arc `dasturlamalSi~ da arc XVIII saukunis I naxevris sabuTebSi ar mo-

ixsenieba. igi ereklesdroindel mdivanTa siaSia Setanili. rogorc laS-

qarnivisi manuCar TumaniSvili acxadebda `laSqarnivisoba saqarTvelos

samxedro kancelariis mmarTveloba~ iyo. isini iyvnen jaris `mweral[n]i

da angariSis Semnaxvel[n]i~ (masalebi..., 1948: 41, 42).

S. mesxia am saxelos Sesaxeb Semdeg daskvnas gvTavazobs: `...cxadia,

rom laSqarnivisis saxeli XVIII saukunis meore naxevris qarTl-kaxeTis

samefoSi erekle II mier Catarebuli samxedro reformebis Sedegad warmo-

iSva~. avtori miiCnevs, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi eqvsi laSqarnivisi

iyo _ qaixosro sumbaTaSvili, ioseb meliqiSvili, ioane qobulaSvili,

afriam enikolofovi, oman xerxeuliZe da manuCar TumaniSvili

(masalebi..., 1948: 027-028).

qveyana daiyo `salaSqarniviso~ erTeulebad. iyvnen kaxeTis laS-

qarnivisebi, qarTlis laSqarnivisebi da `TaTarTa~ (yazax, borCalo, Sam-

Sadilis) laSqarnivisebi. manuCar TumaniSvili da oman xerxeuliZe mTava-

ri laSqarnivisebi, anu samxedro kancelariis mmarTvelebi iyvnen. maT

ebaraT mTeli jaris mwerloba da angariSis Senaxva (masalebi..., 1948: 41-

44).

140

samxedro kancelariaSi iyo davTrebi, sadac detalurad iyo gawe-

rili yvela molaSqre, Tavis SeiaraRebiT. amieridan jaris dabareba xde-

boda laSqarnivisebis mier.

mudmivi jaris Seqmnisaken pirveli nabiji iyo `noqaris~ SemoReba.

laSqarnivisi manuCar TumaniSvilis gancxadebiT `saqarTvelos Cveuleb-

riv jaris (igulisxmeba feodaluri laSqari _ a.T.) garda, mefem iraklim

Tavis sabrZaneblidam moiwvia jamagiris aRTqmiT noqrad da TofCaT da-

sadgomni kacni. movidnen da ganwesdnen. hqondaT miCenili minbaSi, fonsad-

baSi, uzbaSi, TofCibaSi da dahbaSi. imaT hqondaT ganweseba, wlis ulufa

da jamagiri. rom imaTi mwerali da angariSis Semnaxavi me viyav da sams

TveSi erTxel jamagiri Cemis ÃeliT miecemodaT~ (masalebi..., 1948: 42).

`noqari~ iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan gamoyvanili daqirave-

buli jari, romlis qiras TviT mosaxleoba ixdida (klimiSvili, 1963:

184).

pirvelad jaris aseTi saxeobis gamoyvana qarTlis samefos 1736

wels nadir Sahma daakisra (klimiaSvili, 1963: 184).

mogvianebiT qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebs `noqaris~ gamoyvana

kvlav aRudgeniaT. `noqaris~ SemoRebasTan dakavSirebiT butkovi aRniS-

navs:

`saqarTveloSi ar iyo mudmivi jari.

saWiroebis mixedviT mas krebdnen da uSvebdnen. TiToeuli meomari

Tavs TviTon irCenda.

jer kidev Teimuraz nikolozis Zem (Teimuraz II _ a.T.) erekles

mSobelma, mTieli mtrebisagan saqarTvelos sazRvrebis dasacavad daaar-

sa milicia, noqaris saxelwodebiT, da daadgina, rom saxazino, saxaso,

saeklesio da memamuleTa soflebidan gamoyvanili yofiliyo kordoni 2

aTasi cxenosani meomaris raodenobiT yovelwliurad. provianti da fura-

Ji maT xazinidan eZleodaT, xolo jamagirs Tavisive soflebi aZlevdnen

_ 30-dan 40 maneTamde wliurad. mefe ereklem gaauqma noqari da 1773 wels,

avariis xanis damarcxebis Semdeg, SemoiRo sxva laSqari moriges saxel-

wodebiT~ (butkovi, 1869A: 287-288).

papuna orbelianis cnobiT, `noqari~ 1755 wels SemoiRes: `radgan

lekma qarTlisa da kaxeTze mtroba aRar daiSales, zamTar da zafxul

141

Camogdis da aoxrebdis umetes qarTlsa, maradis qarTlis jari ver Seina-

xes erTad Seyrili. amiT, rom jari Semoeyaris mefeTa CvenTa, lekis jari

Caudgis saxlebSi da aRaravina hyavdaT mepasuxe, amis mizezisaTvis gamo-

arTves (ereklem da Teimurazma _ a.T.) qarTlisa da kaxeTis aTasi kai vaJ-

kaci, jamagiri ganuweses, uzbaSebi ganaweses. da daayenes qalaqsa Tbilis-

sa, sadac vinme gasWirdebodaT miaSvelebdnen da Tu didi mteri movidis,

TviT mefeni mieSvelebodnen qveynis jarebiT~ (orbeliani, 1981: 226).

rogorc vxedavT, qarTl-kaxeTidan gamodioda `noqari~, romelic

Sesdgeboda 1000 Tu 2000 profesionali molaSqrisagan. jars xelmZRvane-

lobdnen centraluri xelisuflebis mier daniSnuli samxedro moxelee-

bi: minbaSebi, uzbaSebi _ nikoloz amilaxvriSvili, amirejibi zaza, ci-

ciSvili Teimurazi da TarxniSvili mamuka, ioTamisSvili revazi da sxva.

(klimiaSvili, 1963: 185). es iyo Tvisebrivad axali tipis jari. mas feoda-

lur miwismflobelobasTan araviTari kavSiri ar gaaCnda. igi iyo mudmivi

jari. samefo kars saTavadoebis gverdis avliT gauCnda axali sayrdeni

samxedro Zala.

`noqaris~ jamagiri mosaxleobaSi ikribeboda. TiTo `noqars~ weli-

wadSi 25 maneTi eZleoda~ (klimiaSvili, 1963: 185). anu mosaxleobas yovel-

wliurad damatebiT 25 000 maneTi Seewereboda. es sakmaod soliduri Tan-

xa iyo da Wirda misi gadaxda. amitomac jaris raodenoba SezRuduli

iyo.

rogorc Cans, aTasi jariskaci ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi. daqiravebu-

li jaris ricxvis gazrda imJamad mTavrobas ar SeeZlo da amitom Seqmna

mudmivi jaris sxva nairsaxeoba. `noqari~ Secvala `morige jarma~. manuCar

TumaniSvili am faqtis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs: `mas ukan, mefem iraklim ine-

ba Tavis sabrZaneblidam sulze morigis gamoyvana, rom jari ujamagiro

iyo. amaTac miuCina jamagiriT minbaSi, fonsadbaSi, uzbaSi da dahbaSi,

rom amaTi mwerloba da angariSis Senaxva me da Cem amxanags, Tavads oman

xerxeuliZe laSqarniviss mogviboZa da erTad vmoqmedebdiT Cvens saxe-

los saqmes~ (masalebi..., 1948: 42).

vaxtang batoniSvili `morige jaris~ daarsebis Sesaxeb aRniSnavda

_ `vinaiTgan aRara iyo SesaZlebeli jamagiriT ganwesebulTa mxedrobaTa

myofoba amisaTvis moigona mefeman aman (ereklem _ a.T.), welsa CRoT (1774

142

w.) samefoTagan TavisTa Tve da Tve yovelTave rigiT molaSqreoba Tavad-

Ta, aznaurTa da glexTa. yovels TveSi unda wamosuliyo, visac Sexvdis,

Tavisis im Tvis sakmaos sazrdoT. x[olo] glexni, nacvlad sazrdosa amis

wamoRebisa, Tavisufal hyo sxvisa romelsame xarkisagan. eseni unda Sey-

riliyvnen tfiliss, anu sxvasa romelsame daniSnulsa alagsa da mas

ukan, viTar saWiro SexvdisT, esreT xmarebul hyvan. amaT hyvis Tve da Tve

rigiT. TiTo mxedarTmTavari. am mxedarTmTavarTa ricxvTa Soris iyo

TviT mefeca da mefis Zeni da sxvani Cinebulni Tavadni. didad sargebel

eqmna saqme ese saqarTvelos. amiT moxda mravalgzis Zleva lekTa zeda

da veRara iqmnen lekni msgavsad uwinaresisa gambedvel qarTlsa Sina ava-

zakibisa. iyvnen adgilni romelime, rom ara gamoyvandaT munidan morige,

ukeTu ara mouwodin erTan jarad~ (bagrationi, 1914: 34).50

`ganCinebidan~ irkveva, rom mefes jaris gasawvevad qveyanaSi sagan-

gebo aRwera Cautarebia. `ganCinebaSi~ gansazRvrulia, agreTve, `morigeSi~

gausvlelobisaTvis sasjelebi _ patimroba, gawkeplva, fuladi jarima

da a.S. `ganCinebaSi~ siaxle iyo isic, rom davTrebSi Seitanes ara mxo-

lod mebatoneebis gvarebi, aramed TviT gasawvevTa gvarebic (ix.

sxva qarTuli wyaroebiTac (jambakur-orbeliani, 1914: 8-9;

saqarTvelos..., 1920: 177-187 da sxva) dasturdeba, rom `morige jari~ Seiq-

mna 1774 wlis 1 ianvaris `ganCinebis~ Sedegad.

`ganCineba~ 37 muxlisagan Sedgeba. masSi detaluradaa gawerili

jarSi wasvlis wesi: `...rac Tavadni da an moÃele, an ar moxele, an azna-

urni moxele an ar moxele, glexni moxeleni Tu msaxurni Tu moyalneni,

Tu xizanni, ramdennica, rom iyvnen erTs saxlsa da ojaxSi, TÂTosTvis

morigeobaSi Cagvigdia da dagviweria, da sxvas davTarSi gagvirCevia. sar-

dlebsa, minbaSebsa da uzbaSebs garda, yoveli kaci Tormets Tvezed gag-

viyvia, da rogoradac gagviyvia erTi didi saerTo davTari Cvenis moÃele-

ebisaTvis migvibarebia, da TviTo davTari uzbaSebisaTvis migvicia, da

sxva sofel da sofel mebatoneebisaTvis da moÃeleebisaTvis migvicia, da

ase gagvirCevia yvelasTan, rogorc amaSi dagviweria~ (saqarTvelos..., 1920:

178).

50 aseTi iyo TuS-fSav-xevsureTi, saidanac mefes gamohyavda ramdenime aseuli kaci, romlebic mudmivad samefo karis gankargulebaSi iyvnen.

143

saqarTvelos..., 1920). samxedro kancelariam, mebatoneTa gverdis avliT,

uSualod gasawvev pirebTan daamyara kavSiri. ra Tqma unda, arc es jaris

nairsaxeoba ar iyo damyarebuli batonymur sistemasa da feodalur ie-

rarqiaze. yvela, glexic da Tavadic Tanabrad valdebulni iyvnen gasu-

liyvnen jarSi. yma-glexi Tavis Tavadis sardlobiT aRar asrulebda sam-

xedro samsaxurs, aramed `moriges~ havda samxedro kancelariaze daqvem-

debarebuli sardlebi _ uzbaSebi, minbaSebi, sarqardrebi, romlebic pro-

fesionali samxedroebi iyvnen. es ki Tvisebrivad axali tipis jari iyo.

`morigeSi~ qveynis yvela srulwlovani mamakaci weliwadSi erTi

Tvis manZilze msaxurobda. isini Tavisi sursaT-sanovagiT unda gamocxa-

debuliyvnen daTqmul adgilze. amis sakompensaciod mefem glexebis sur-

saTis gadasaxadi _ komlze 3 kodi puri _ gaauqma.

erTi sityviT, erekle II-m XVIII saukunis 70-ian wlebSi moaxerxa

feodaluri jaris sapirispirod Seeqmna mudmivi jaris nairsaxeoba, rome-

lic daaxloebiT 5000 kacisagan Sedgeboda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebi `morige ja-

ris~ Seqmnas 1774 wliT aTariRebs, ak. klimiaSvilma moiZia 10 dokumente-

bi, romlebic morigis arsebobas 1756 wlidan adasturebs.

rogorc klimiaSvili ganmartavs, am periodSi `morige jari~ ram-

denadme gansxvavebuli saxiT arsebobda. `1774 wlamde, e.i. `morigis~ ganCi-

nebis Sedgenamde, `morigis~ gayvana xdeboda ara sayovelTao gawveviT,

aramed SeweriT. Sewera xdeboda sadroSoebis mixedviT. sadroSos teri-

toriaze mosaxle mebatoneebs, aznaurebs, Tavadebs da eklesias mefe Sea-

werda yovelTviurad gamosayvani jaris garkveul raodenobas, am batonis

yma-mamulis sididis Sesabamisad~ (klimiaSvili, 1963: 186).51

miuxedavad imisa, rom `morigeSi~ gamoyvanili jari centraluri

xelisuflebis daniSnul samxedro moxeleTa _ minbaSebis, uzbaSebis _

xelqveiT msaxurobdnen, mas mainc feodalur, batonymuri laSqris elfe-

ri dahkravda, radganac 1774 wlamde yma-glexebis jarSi gayvanaze pasuxis-

mgebelni mebatoneebi iyvnen. maT Sewerili hqondaT ymebis garkveuli rao-

51 magaliTad, 1769 wlis 10 noemberis `morige jaris~ nusxa zemo qarTlidan (amilaxvris sadroSodan) 192 kacis gamoyvanas iTvaliswinebda.

144

denoba. xolo saxeldobr romel ymas gaiyvanda, es mxolod misi saqme

iyo.

rogorc Cans, Tavdapirvelad `noqaris~ paralelurad arsebobda

`morige jari~. klimiaSvilis damowmebuli sabuTebidan irkveva, rom 1765

wlidan `noqarma~ adgili `morige jars~ dauTmo _ TianeTeli glexi qav-

Tar mgelaSvili 1765 wlis 23 ivnisis erekle meorisadmi wardgenil sa-

Civris arzaSi aRniSnavda: `...me xelmwifis yma viyav, grigol saxlTxucess

vemsaxurebodi... me noqrad damwera, noqari viyav, gemsaxure, axla noqari

aRar ariso, axla Tavisi ymis magierad badlad da moriged mwers...~ (kli-

miaSvili, 1963: 186).

1756-1773 wlebSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi arsebobda mudmivi jaris

Taviseburi saxeoba, romelsac `morige~ ewodeboda da romelic yovel-

wliurad qveyanas 1500-2000 molaSqres aZlevda (klimiaSvili, 1963: 191).

`noqarisa~ da `morigis~ paralelurad erekle II-s lekTa TareSis

aRsakveTad `mdevari jaric~ dauarsebia. yvelaze adrindeli dokumenti

`mdevrobis~ Sesaxeb 1772 wliT TariRdeba, Tumca, rogorc ak.

klimiaSvili varaudobs, aSkaraa, rom igi gacilebiT adre, XVIII saukunis

50-iani wlebidan SemouRiaT (klimiaSvili, 1966: 91).

erekle II-is mier 1772 wels damtkicebul zemo qarTlis mdevrobis

`ganwesebidan~ Cans, rom qveyana dayofili iyo `samdevroebad~. mefe adgi-

lobriv Tavadebs avaldebulebda, rom yaraulis mier mitanili informa-

ciis Semdeg, saTaveSi unda Cadgomodnen mdevar jars da moqmedeba Sesaba-

misi brZanebisamebr daewyoT. dokumentidan irkveva, rom mdevarSi gasvla

evaleboda yvela mosaxles. daklebis SemTxvevaSi maT darbeva emuqrebo-

daT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sardlebi da adgilobrivi Tavadebi mefisa-

gan maTi moqmedebis arealis Sesaxeb umkacres da zust instuqciebs

iRebdnen, jaris aseTi saxeobac feodalur, batonymur elfers atarebda.

Cans, mefis centraluri politikisaTvis damakmayofilebeli jaris arc

aseTi saxeoba iyo.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, 1774 wels samefo karma gadawyvita, rom

arsebuli jaris saxeobebis nacvlad, Seeqmna erTiani samxedro Zala. 1

ianvris ganCinebis safuZvelze Seqmnili `morige jari~ efuZneboda 1774

145

wlamde arsebul `moriges~ praqtikas. Tumca maT Soris Tvisebrivi gan-

sxvavebebic iyo. ganCinebis safuZvelze Seqmnil `morigeSi~ gawveva sa-

valdebulo gaxda mTeli qveynis srulwlovani mamakacebisaTvis (TuS-

fSav-xevsureTis gamoklebiT). gawveva aRar xdeboda mebatoneebze ymaTa

SeweriT, aramed davTrebSi Setanili iyo yvela gasawvevi pirovneba. re-

formis Sedegad erekle II-is xelSi aRmoCnda 5000 kaciani samxedro Zala.

es aRar iyo feodaluri laSqari. is iyo mudmivi jaris erTgvari nairsa-

xeoba. mudmivi jaris Seqmna Tavis mxriv ganapiroba qveynis ekonomikurma

winsvlam. gazrdili samefo xazina mefes saSualebas aZlevda, jarSi ga-

mosvlis sanacvlod, glexebi gaeTavisuflebina sursaTis gadasaxadidan

(rac daaxloebiT 45 000 maneTs udrida) da amavdroulad `moriges~ mra-

valricxovan meTaurebisaTvisac (minbaSebi, uzbaSebi...) daeniSna jamagiri

da ulufa. `morige jarisaTvis~ `aqimi, jara da urdo bazari~ mefes gau-

rigebia (qarTuli..., 1963: 439).

`morige jarma~ Tavisi dadebiTi Sedegebi maleve aCvena: mokle xan-

Si ailagma lekTa TareSi. erekle II-m misTvis arasasurveli Zlieri qsnis

saerisTavos gauqmeba umtkivneulod SeZlo.

qarTul sabWour istoriografiaSi damkvidrebulia azri, rom `mo-

rige jari~ TavadTa winaaRmdegobis Sedegad maleve daiSala: `...morige

laSqaris mTavari xelmZRvaneli erekles vaJi levan batoniSvili iyo.

axali laSqris aseTi sargeblianobis miuxedavad Tavadebma mas Seurige-

beli brZola gamoucxades: morige jari mefis xelisuflebas aZlierebda,

es ki TavadebisaTvis ar iyo sasurveli.

morige laSqari brZanebiT arasodes gauuqmebiaT, magram Tavadebma

moaxerxes misi Sesusteba da bolos savsebiT gaqroba. udidesi ziani mou-

vida morige laSqars misi xelmZRvanelis levan batoniSvilis moulodne-

li sikvdiliT (1781 w.). sxva batoniSvilebi agre rigad ar zrunavdnen mo-

rige jarze da male es saqme angari moxeleebis xelSi, maTi sakuTari Se-

mosavlis wyarod iqca. qrTamiT esa Tu is Tavadi sul ufro advilad

axerxebda Tavisi ymebiT morigeSi gasvlisagan Tavis daRwevas. morigeTa

ricxvma TandaTan iklo da bolos sul gaqra~ _ aRniSnavda akad. n. ber-

ZeniSvili (berZeniSvili, 1946: 397-398).

146

ak. klimiaSvilma moiZia 85 dokumenti, romlebic 1781-1800 wlebSi

`morige jaris~ arsebobas adasturebs. klimiaSvili mTeli am periodis

Sesaxeb `morige jaris~ arsebobis ucvlel xasiaTze miuTiTebs (klimiaS-

vili, 1963: 194-196). Tumca, Cveni azriT, am dros `morige jarma~ cvlilebe-

bi ganicada.

klimiaSvilis motanili 7 dokumentidan, romlebic 1782-1784 wlebs

exeba, naTlad dasturdeba, rom `morige jari~ Tavisi Cveuli saxiT arse-

bobda.52

Cans, rom 1785-1790 wlebSi `morige~ Zveli wesiT aRar ikribeboda.

mis nacvlad wyaroebSi fiqsirdeba `morigis sabadlo~ fuli da `morige

yarauli~. saqme isaa, rom 1783 wlis bolos, georgievskis traqtatis sa-

fuZvelze, qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis jaris nawilebi Semovida,

dokumentebis mixedviT 1785-1790 wlebSi mdgomareoba icvleba. am

sabuTebis mixedviT `morigeSi~ gasasvlelTa didi nawili Tavis `badlad~

ixdida fuls. dokumentebSi fiqsirdeba `morige yaraulis~ gamoyvanis

faqtebi (mag., 1789 wlis 17 seqtembris brZaneba TarxnianT mxaredan `mori-

ge yaraulis~ gamoyvanis Sesaxeb da a.S., (klimiaSvili, 1963: 201)). rogorc

Cans, aRniSnuli 5 wlis manZilze `morige jari~ `morige yaraulma~ Secva-

la. `yaraulebs~ xelfasi `morigis sabadlos~ fulidan miecemodaT.

wyaroebSi dafiqsirebulma `morigis badlis fulma~ sabWouri is-

toriografiis warmomadgenlebs zemoT aRniSnuli daskvnisaken ubiZgaT _

`...male es saqme (`morige jaris~ organizeba) angari moxeleebis xelSi ma-

Ti sakuTari Semosavlis wyarod iqca~. Tumca imdroindeli cnobebi naT-

lad miuTiTebs, rom `morigis sabadlos~ fuli mkacrad kontroldeboda

da Sesabamisad miznobrivad ixarjeboda _ `... Tofxanis xuro durglebisa

da zarbaznebis mburRav-mqlibavebis xelfasisaTvis qalaqis giorgobis

Tvis samorigo sabadlodam sami Tumani aakrefine da batoniSvils aleq-

sandres miarTvi, rogorc umuSavebia, im gziT TiTon uboZebs da sias daa-

werinebs. es Tofxana saqveyno saqme aris da samorigoc saqveynoa da ami-

saTvis davxarjeT, Torem sxva saqmisaTvis xels ar vaxlebT~ _ acxadebs

vinme iosebi manuCar mdivnisaTvis micemul wignSi (klimiaSvili, 1963: 265).

52 amas adasturebs, magaliTad, 1783 wlis 5 ivnisis erekle II-is brZaneba faremuz andronikaSvilisaTvis morigeSi daklebulTa darbevis Sesaxeb da sxv. (klimiaSvili, 1963 195).

147

ris Sedegad 1784 wlis zafxulidan ganaxlda sursaTis Sekreba. amas dae-

meta `saruso xarkis~ _ `saruso sursaTis~ _ Sekrebac (masalebi..., 1955: 77-

80). 1788 wlidan ki sursaTis Sekrebam regularuli xasiaTi miiRo

(akofaSvili, 1973: 560).

rogorc irkveva, ereklem, ruseTis regularuli armiis Semosvlis

Semdeg, `moriges~ Zveleburi saxiT arseboba zedmetad miiCnia. mudmivi ja-

ris funqcia daekisra ruseTis jars. mosaxleobas ki, maTi sursaTiTa da

furaJiT momarageba evaleboda. magram erekle II, rogorc irkveva, ar da-

eyrdno mxolos rusuli jaris nawilebs, romelTa gadaadgileba sakmaod

xangrZliv dros moiTxovda da `morigis sabadlo~ gadasaxadiT Seqmna

`morige yaraulis~ mcirericxovani razmebi. `morige yarauli~ Seewerebo-

daT soflebs da isini Tavis sayaraulo funqciebs mefis mier miCenili

meTaurebis xelqveiT asrulebdnen. qveyana daiyo sayaraulo adgilebad.

yaraulebi idgnen axalcixis safaSos sazRvarze, yaraiaSi, bedenze, sxal-

narSi, algeTze, didgorze, veris xevze, SiraqSi, doesSi, kldekarze,

skris xeobaSi, qarelSi da sxva adgilebSi (klimiaSvili, 1963: 197).

miuxedavad imisa, rom ar gagvaCnia oficialuri brZanebuleba `mo-

rige jaris~ saxecvlilebis Sesaxeb, Cven mainc es procesi samefo karis

sanqcirebulad migvaCnia. Cans, patara qveynis ekonomikam, ruseTis jaris

nawilebis Senaxvis paralelurad, `morige jaris~ Zveli saxiT arseboba

ver uzrunvelyo (amave dros arsebobda saartilerio polkic, romlis Se-

naxvac sakmaod Zviri fufuneba iyo).

1787 wels ruseT-osmaleTis omi daiwyo. ruseTis mTavrobam saqar-

TveloSi Tavis jaris nawilebis yofna mizanSeuwonlad miiCnia da imave

wlis agvistoSi jarebi ukan gaiwvia.

ruseTis jaris gawveviT qveyanas samxedro Zala moaklda. amis

miuxedavad erekle II-s `morige jari~ Zveli saxiT imTaviTve ar aRudge-

nia. 1788-1790 wlebSi qveynis samxedro dasayrdeni `morige yarauli da sa-

artilerio polki iyo. amavdroulad wyaroebSi xSirad ixseneba `saleko~

gadasaxadi. es gadasaxadi gankuTvnili iyo daRestneli da sxva Crdilo-

kavkasiel mTielTa daqiravebuli jarebis Sesanaxad~ (akofaSvili, 1973:

561). rogorc Cans, samxedro potencialis Sesavsebad samefo karma mTiel-

Ta daqiravebas mimarTa.

148

mdgomareoba 1791 wlidan Seicvala. am wlis 14 maisis sabuTidan

irkveva, rom erekle II-s Zveli saxiT `morigis~ gamoyvana kvlav daumtki-

cebia _ `Cven magierad eniselT mouravs dimitris ase uambeT: mere, axla

rom esev morigis gamoyvana davamtkiceT, Cven ase gveubnebian: samRvdelo-

ni, Tavadni, aznaurni da glexni kacni Tqvena da Tqvens Svilebsa gyavsTo,

Tqven rom gamoiyvanT, Cven rogor dagakldebiTo. axla Cven yvelgan moxe-

leebsa wignebi mivswereT da TavTavisi saxeloebis gamoyvana davadeviT.

SenTvisac ase gvibrZanebis: eniseli Seni saxelo aris. rac am Tvis mori-

ge aris, axlav saCqarod unda gamoiyvano da, sadac Cven viyvneT, iq Semog-

vyride. Tu am saqmezed bajiTad ar moiqcevi da Seni saxelos kaci dagvak-

lda, SevityobT, rom am saqmis moSla gdomnia, qveynisac muxanaToba iqne-

ba, Senis mamulsac da SenTvisaca da, rogorc rigi aris, isec gardagax-

devinebT. didad bejiTad unda moiqceT da kaci ar daaklo, Torem Tu ka-

ci dagvakel, qveynisac didi winaaRmdegoba aris da pasuxsac veRaravis

miscem. yvela mouravebisaTvis da moxeleebisaTvis ase migviweria da asec

icodnen. maisis id (14). q. ks uoT (1791 w.)~ (klimiaSvili, 1963: 194).

ak. klimiaSvilis motanili 13 dokumenti mowmobs, rom 1791-1800

wlebSi `morige jari~ kvlav funqcionirebda.53

rogorc vxedavT, erekle II-m XVIII saukunis 70-ian wlebSi Seqmna

mudmivi jaris nairsaxeoba _ `morige jari~, romelic arsebobda qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos gauqmebamde. `morige jari~ Tvisebrivad gansxvavdeboda

feodaluri laSqrisagan. misi SeqmniT ereklem saTavado saxlebs mouspo

garkveuli imuniteti, romelic jaris sakuTari (TavadTa) nebasurviliT

wina periodis `morigis-

gan~ gansxvaveba is iyo, rom qveyanaSi kvlav ikribeboda sursaTis gadasa-

xadi, amitom `moriges~ miecemoda garkveuli jamagiri (klimiaSvili, 1963:

198).

53 `moriges~ arsebobas adasturebs Semdegi dokumentebi: 1791 wlis ivnisis morige jaris nusxa qalaqis ganapira soflebidan; 1791 w. 8 ivlisis erekle II-is werili beJan amilaxvriSvilTan morigeSi daklebuli kacebis darbevasTan dakavSirebiT; 1792 w. 13 noembris arza sneulebis gamo morigidan ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb; 1794 wlis 27 aprilis erekle II-is miweriloba minbaS beJan amilaxvriSvilisadmi maisis da ivlisis `moriges~ gamoyvanis Sesaxeb; 1795 wlis 11 maisis miweriloba iulon batoniSvilisa amilaxvriSvilisadmi `moriges~ gamoyvanis Sesaxeb; 1799 wlis 27 noembris arza SnoReli qevxisa usamarTlod dakisrebuli `morigesgan~ ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb da sxv. (klimiaSvili, 1963: 202).

149

SekrebaSi gamoixateboda. mefe aRar iyo damokidebuli saTavados laSqar-

ze. mas gaaCnda regularuli armia.

`morige jari~ erekle II-s esaWiroeboda `lekianobis~ asalagmad

da mkacrad saSinao politikis gasatareblad. magram patara qarTl-kaxe-

Tis samefo ufro didi safrTxeebis winaSe idga. aqedan gamomdinare saWi-

ro gaxda evropuli tipis savele artileriis daarseba. erekle II-is sam-

xedro reformis erT-erT fazas swored aseTi tipis SeiaraRebis daarse-

ba warmoadgenda.

wyaroebSi dasturdeba, rom erekle II-m marTlac Seqmna aseTi Seia-

raReba. butkovi savele artileriis daarsebas 1770-72 wlebSi ruseTis re-

gularuli armiis nawilebis qarTl-kaxeTSi Semosvlas ukavSirebs _ `ru-

seTis jaris saqarTveloSi yofnisa da ruseTis dezertirebisagan mefe

iraklim miiRo is sargebloba, rom ipova saSualeba daearsebina Tavisi

savele artileria. maSin is Sedgeboda ara umetes 10 zarbaznisagan da mi-

si ufrosoba Cabarebuli hqonda minbaS54

qarTul istoriografiaSi damkvidrebulia mosazreba, rom ukve

1768 wels erekle II-s hqonia zarbaznebis Camomsxmeli qarxana. es mosazre-

ba damyarebulia abat ioseb de la portis cnobebze, romelic aRniSnavda:

`... TfilisSi akeTeben zarbaznebs, yumbarebs, wamals~ (klimiaSvili, 1962:

263). gaziarebulia platon ioselianis azri, rom TiTqos de la porti

saqarTveloSi mogzaurobda 1768 wels (ioseliani, 2009: 221). Tumca, vfiq-

robT, de la portis mogzaurobis TariRi arasworadaa samecniero lite-

raturaSi Semotanili da koreqtirebas saWiroebs. de la portis naSromi-

dan Cans, rom igi saqarTveloSi imyofeboda ara 1768 wels, aramed 1770

wlis Semdgom. mogzauri miuTiTebs, rom `droidgan rosiisa mxedrobis

yofisa, mefes SemouRies Tvis S[ori]s skamni, stolni, saqsonis WurWel-

(aTasisTavs), romelsac hyavda

xelqveiT uzbaSi (asisTavi) da 60-mde rigiTi mezarbazne. droTa viTareba-

Si zarbaznebis ricxvi gaizarda 15-mde paata andronikovis mier, romel-

mac codna saartilerio mecnierebaSi miiRo ruseTSi. man moawyo Tbilis-

Si Camomsxmeli saamqro, sadac gadaadno zarbaznebi da Camoasxa isini ev-

ropuli kalibris mixedviT~ (butkovi, 1869A: 287).

54 butkovi artileriis meTaurad minbaSs asaxelebs, Tumca cnobilia, rom artilerias TofCibaSi xelmZRvanelobda.

150

ni......, vidremdi ara movida imereTsa S[in]a korpusi rosiisa mxedrobisa

drosa Sina ukanasknel brZolisasa...~ (xec., H – 609: 94r, 95r). rogorc Cans,

de la porti saqarTveloSi totlebenis eqspediciis Semdgom imyofeboda.

igi ruseT-TurqeTis `ukanasknel brZolaze~ warsul droSi saubrobs da

amitom 1774 welze adre is saqarTveloSi ar mogzaurobda (ruseT-Turqe-

Tis omi dasrulda 1774 wels). amdenad de la portis mogzauroba 1774

wlis axlo xanebiT unda davaTariRoT.

miuxedavad amisa, 1770 wels TbilisSi zarbaznebs rom marTlac am-

zadebdnen, es Cans kapitan iazikovis cnobidan (Грамоы..., 1891: 189). magram

zarbaznebis `qarxanaze~ arafers ambobs 1771-1772 wlebSi saqarTveloSi

myofi giuldenStedti, romelic saguldagulod aRwers Tbilisis mniS-

vnelovan sawarmoebs. es ki gvafiqrebinebs, rom 1770 wels zarbaznebis da

yumbarebis seriuli warmoeba ar mimdinareobda, aramed maTi erTjeradi

Camosxma ganxorcielda. swored amitom ar moxvda es `qarxana~ giulden-

Stedtis TvalTaxedvis areSi. yovelive amis safuZvlze SeiZleba davas-

kvnaT, rom zarbaznebis warmoeba da savele artileriis Seqmna dawyebula

ruseTis regularuli armiis Semosvlis Semdeg _ 1770 wels. Tavdapirve-

lad zarbaznebis Camosxmas erTjeradi saxe hqonda da savaraudod 1772-

1773 wlebidan TbilisSi mudmivad amuSavda zarbaznebis, mortirebis da

yumbarebis damamzadebeli qarxana. pirvel xanebSi Tbilisis qarxana arc

Tu xarisxian zarbaznebs asxamda. de la porti Tofiswamlis dabal xa-

risxzec miuTiTebs (xec., H – 609: 93r), Tumca mogvianebiT teqnologia dax-

vewila da zarbaznebi `evropuli kalibris mixedviT~ CamousxamT. gaum-

jobesebula, agreTve, Tofis wamlis warmoebac da 1784 wels Tbilisis

qarxnis Tofis wamali aRniSnulia, rogorc Zalian kargi xarisxisa (kaka-

baZe, 1924: 271).

wyaroTa umetesoba erTxmad miuTiTebs, rom savele artileria da-

arsda qiziyis mouravis Svilis, paata andronikaSvilis mier, romelmac

saartilerio codna ruseTSi miiRo (daviT batoniSvilis werili musin-

puSkinisadmi, ix. rainegsi, 2002: 39; butkovi, 1869A: 287; bagrationi, 1983: 57

da sxva).

gansxvavebul informacias gvawvdis xelnawerTa erovnuli centris

S fondis # 167 sabuTi. es aris rusulidan qarTul enaze naTargmni sa-

151

artilerio wigni. wigns aqvs Semdegi minaweri: `...mefeT-mefe... iraklim mib-

rZana rusuls dasturze artileriis gakeTeba saqarTvelos kacs, giorgi

Tarxans. saxeliTa mRTisasa, SewevniTa patronisa CemisaTa, gavakeTe zar-

baznebi, rom rusTac didaT moswonsT, qarTvelTa da kaxTac didad ime-

dad uCansT~ (xec., S - 167).

rogorc vxedavT, savele artileriis damaarsebeli da misi meTau-

ri yofila giorgi Tarxani (TarxniSvili?).

giorgi Tarxani rom artileriis meTauri anu TofCibaSia, es Cans

1776 wlis sabuTidanac: `...me TofCibaSs Tarxans giorgis da Cems naibs

gabriels samis Tvisa Cemi, Cemi naibisa da Tofxanis srulad amalisa sa-

mocda Tvrameti Tumani eqvsi minalTuni da xuTi Sauri Tqven laSqarnivi-

sis manuCarisagan mogvebara baraTebiT~ (klimiaSvili, 1962: 263).

ismis kiTxva _ saistorio tradicia zarbaznebis Camosxmasa da sa-

vele artileriis daarsebas ratom miawers paata andronikaSvils da ara

giorgi Tarxans. Cveni azriT, XVIII saukunis 70-iani wlebis miwurulSi pa-

ata andronikaSvilis ruseTidan saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg saarti-

lerio saqmeSi erTgvari gardatexa moxda. daixvewa zarbaznebis Camosxmis

teqnologiebi _ `...man moawyo (andronikaSvilma_a.T.) TbilisSi Camomsxme-

li saamqro, sadac gadaadno zarbaznebi (albaT, giorgi Tarxnis Camos-

xmuli_a.T.) da Camoasxa isini evropuli kalibris mixedviT~ (butkovi,

1869A: 287). cvlileba imdenad rezonansuli gamodga, rom artileriis da-

arseba mxolod mas miewera. paata andronikaSvilis ruseTidan qarTl-ka-

xeTis samefoSi dabrunebis Semdeg, erekle II-s TofCibaSis anu artileri-

is meTauris Tanamdeboba gauyvia da giorgi TarxanTan erTad andronikaS-

vilisaTvis Caubarebia. 1780 wels ki artileriis meTaurad mxolod paata

andronikaSvili gvevlineba _ `...Cven qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefe iraklim

giboZeT Sen, qiziyis mouraviSvils paatas TofCibaSs. aqamdin TofCibaSo-

ba gayofili iyo. axla mTlad da sakuTrad Sen dagadgineT da Sen gibo-

ZeT, rac TofCebi Tarxans giorgis ebarnen, isinic Sen unda miibaro da

amaT swavlazed bejiTi unda iyo da sxvis Semoyvanasac ecade, rom Tof-

xanaSi TofCebi gaimravlo. SenTvis jamagiraT weliwadSi ormoci Tumani

gagviCenia, naxevari naRdi da naxevari jinSi mogecema. naRdi oci Tumani

madnebidam mogecema da jinSi ocis Tumnisa sabeWdavis ijaridam mogecema.

152

amas garda, rac SenTvis ulufa gagviCenia, is sxva oqmiT mogecema~ (ix.

klimiaSvili, 1962: 269).

ak. klimiaSvilma xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi dacul vaiderbau-

mis arqivis karTotekis `g~ asoze miakvlia Semdegi Sinaarsis Canawers:

`1784 wels daviT batoniSvilis aRsazrdelad erekle II-s mouwvevia av-

strieli ioseb iakobis Ze getingi, romelsac erekles davalebiT zarbaz-

nebi gaukeTebia. 1795 wels getingi krwanisis omSi daWrila. aRa-mahmad-

xans igi tyved wauyvania sparseTSi, saidanac 1798 wels dabrunebula.

erekles misTvis artileriis kapitnis xarisxi uboZebia (klimiaSvili,

1962: 264). SeiZleba aq saqme gvqondes artileriis Semdgom reorganizaci-

asTan. sainteresoa, rom imave 1784 wels erekle II-s brZanebiT Telavis se-

minariis reqtors, gaiozs rusulidan qarTul enaze kidev erTi samxedro

xasiaTis wigni _ 1753 wels peterburgSi dabeWdili `samxedro tibikoni

da samxedro artikuli~ _ uTargmnia (xec., S - 249). minaweridan irkveva,

rom aRniSnul wigni ioane batoniSvilis sakuTreba yofila. rogorc Cans,

ioane batoniSvili dainteresebula saartilerio saqmiT da saukunis mi-

wuruls is kidec gvevlineba TofCibaSad anu feldcexmeisterad _ `wya-

lobiTa RTisasaiTa Cven... srulad qarTlisa da kaxeTisa da sxvaTa mefe-

man giorgim dagadgineT Sen Cveni Ze ioane felcix meisterad romel aris

TofCibaSoba da garwmuneT yoveli Cveni artileria da msaxurni misni

aficerni da TofCni da romelic saxmari nivTni arian tyvia an wamali

Turam sxua iaraRi yovelive Senis kiTxviT unda garigdes da gangiweseT

weliwadSi Senis saxelos jamagiri da ulufa TeTri oTxmocda aTi Tuma-

ni. es yovels weliwads Cvenis sarqridam (mogecema) Cvens erTgulobasa

da Cvenc Senis Tanamdebobisaebr Tav dadebiT unda iyo Cvensa da qveynis

samsaxurSi. aRiwera Tvesa ivniss iÀ (18) q. ks upv (1798)~ (xec., Hd _ 3142).

erekle II-m feldcexmaisteris Tanamdebobis garda daawesa kapra-

lis, unter-oficris, serJantis, oficrebis: artileriis kapitnis, maiori-

sa da polkovnikis Cinebi da wodebani (berZeniSvili..., 1958: 374).

wyaroebSi oficerTa korpusis wevri Semdegi pirebia moxsenebuli

_ paata andronikaSvili feldcexmeisteri da polkovniki; artileriis

polkovniki ioane qobulaSvili (masalebi..., 1948: 35); maiorebi _ gabrieli,

giorgi guramiSvili, nazaraSvili (ioseliani, 1978: 247); artileriis ka-

153

pitnebi _ giorgi TumaniSvili, giorgi WumburiZe (masalebi..., 1948: 81-83),

yalamTarovi, giorgi CemsuraSvili (ioseliani, 1978: 247). platon ioselia-

nis gadmocemiT Tbilisis zarbaznebis qarxnis gamge yofila Tavadi ivane

abameliqi, romelic 1830 wlis axlo xanebSi artileriis general-maioris

CiniT peterburgSi gardacvlila (ioseliani, 2009: 153). savaraudod, isic

saartilerios oficerTa korpusis wevri iqneboda.

saartilerio polkis msaxurebi warmodgenilni iyvnen Semdegi ie-

rarqiiT: feldcexmeisteri, 1 polkovniki, 2 maiori, ramdenime kapitani,

serJantebi, unter oficrebi, kapralebi da rigiTi saldaTebi anu TofCe-

bi.

1788-1789 wlis Tofxanis wevrebisaTvis micemuli jamagiris da

ulufis gamwesebis wignebidan SesaZlebelia saartilerio polkis ufro

wvrili SenaerTebis dakompleqtebis Sesaxeb informaciis moZiebac _

`...TofxanaSi ganwesebul saldaTebs erTs serJants, ors kaprals da

cxramets saldaTs TaveT ganwesebuli sami Tvis jamagiri TerTmeti Tu-

mani, ori minalTuni da ToTxmeti Sauri moec.... mogvebara Cven, under afi-

cars petresa da Cvens Tabuns TofCebs Tvramets kacs, batonis ganweseba

kviraSi kacisaTvis xuTi Careqi Rvino, rom Tvramets kacis Seiqmneba erT

Tvisa oTxmocda aTi Tungi Rvino. erTi Tvis puric sam kacze erTi lit-

ra, rom iqneba erTi Tvisa Tvrameti kodi~ (klimiaSvili, 1962: 270-271).

am dokumentebidan Cans, rom daaxloebiT 20 kaci Seadgenda erT

Tabuns, anu oceuls. mas xelmZRvanelobda serJanti an unter-oficeri.

maT gankargulebaSi iyo 2 kaprali da 18-19 `saldaTi~. gamodis, rom kap-

ralebi xelmZRvanelobdnen aTeulebs. ramdenime Tabunis meTauri iqnebo-

da kapitani da a.S.

amave wyaroebidan irkveva, rom erekle II didad zrunavda, rogorc

rigiTi mezarbazneebis _ TofCebis _ raodenobis gazrdaze, aseve kvali-

ficirebul oficerTa kadrebis Seqmnaze. am mxriv metad sainteresoa 1794

wlis erekle II-is werili garsevan WavWavaZisadmi: `...somxiTis meliqovi

stefan pavliCi ruseTs iyo, iq rusuli ena da wigni iswavla da aq Cven-

Tan movida da Cven isev mand ruseTs SenTan gamovistumreT im mizezisaT-

vis, rom injinerni krepustSi miabaroT da kamTleTSi (kompleqtSi) imyo-

febodes. maTis didebulebis yovlad mowyalis xelmwifis mowyalebiT;

154

egebis artileriis saqme iswavlos da am qveyanas gamoadges...~ (klimiaSvi-

li, 1963: 168).

imis garda, rom erekle saartilerio codnis misaRebad ucxoeTSi

(ZiriTadad ruseTSi) axalgazrdebs gzavnida, amave dros cdilobda kad-

rebis adgilze momzadebasac: `misma simaRlem, sanatrelma mefem iraklim

imereTidan gadmomiyvana patara da aq Tavis artileriis samsaxurSi ganma-

wesa...~ _ acxadebda aznauriSvili kapitani giorgi WumburiZe (masalebi...,

1948: 83).

am mxriv metad mniSvnelovania 1789 wlis erekle II-is sigeli Tavad

giorgi TumaniSvilisadmi artileriis kapitnis xarisxSi ayvanis Sesaxeb:

`wyalobiTa FRuTisaTa Cven iraklim mpyrobelman sruliad saqarTve-

loÁsa da sxvaTaman.

cnobil da gancxadebul qmnili ars CvenTan TiToeulad Tavadis

giorgis Tumanovisagan samsaxuri, romelmanca artileriisa Sina Cvensa

imsaxura raodenTame welTa Sina, pirvelad TofCad, merme kapralad da

underaficrad da Semdgomad serJantad. da amisTÂs ganvacxadebT WeSmari-

tiTa gansjiTa amis mier samsaxursa Cvenisa, romlisa mizezisaTvis Sesa-

bamisad Sromisa Tvisisa mieniWa artireliisa Cvenisa aficroba welTa

CRT, aTas Svidas oTxmocda cxrasa. aqvs samxedroTa CvenTa ganswavlil-

Ta mwyobrTa Soris uxucesi xarisxi kapitnobisa da amisaTvis brZanebiTa

movavlenT artilerisa erTa da yovelTa CuenTa mkvidrTa erTa zeda ra-

Ta miiRoT TanamdebobiTa pativiTa Tavadi giorgi Tumanovi, aficari ar-

tileriisa Cvenisa, romlisadmica sarwmunod rwmunebul varT keTilis

erTgulebiTsa samsaxursa, viTar xeliTave CveniTa vawerT da beWdiT Cve-

niTa vbeWdavT ucvaleblad da davamtkicebT. TTvesa agvistosa kz (27), q.

ks uoz (1789). sameufosa qalaqsa tfiliss~ (masalebi..., 1948: 82).

am sabuTidan Cans, Tu ramdenad did mniSvnelobas aniWebda erekle

II profesionali kadrebis Camoyalibebas da saerTod artilerias. Tavad-

ma TumaniSvilma rigiTi mezarbaznidan (TofCidan) dawyebuli yvela safe-

xuri ganvlo da Sesabamisi codnis da gamocdilebis dagrovebis Semdeg

kapitnis xarisxi miiRo. e. i. samxedro mosamsaxureebs, wodebisa da dome-

nis miuxedavad, oficrobamde gza umciresi Tanamdebobidan unda gaevlo.

aRniSnuli sabuTidan irkveva, rom erekle II-is reformebis Sedegad Seq-

155

mnil samxedro Zalebs araviTari kavSiri aRar aqvs feodalur-batonymur

laSqarTan. samxedro samsaxuri Tavadma TumaniSvilma TofCis CiniT xom

yma-glexebis gverdiT daiwyo.

aRniSnuli sabuTi amyarebs daviT batoniSvilis `saqarTvelos sa-

marTlisa da kanonTmcodneobis mimoxilvis~ # 864 muxls, romlis mixed-

viTac erekle II qveSevrdomebisagan, sazogadoebrivi wodebis miuxedavad,

moiTxovda pirad Sromasa da sazogadoebriv garjas (bagrationi, 1959:

364). aseTi midgomebi ki emsgavseboda petre I-is SemoRebul `tabels ran-

gTa Sesaxeb~.55

sxvadasxva sabuTebiT irkveva, rom erekle II Tofxanis msaxurebs

mraval SeRavaTs uwesebda: `Sen Cvenis artileriis mcvelad dagayeneT da

ase gagaazateT, rom ara saTaTro, ara saleko, ara samaspinZlo da ara

samourao da sanacvlo, ara sasoflo da xarji da begara ara geTxovebo-

des ra, marto am mcvelobis meti, da rac ulufa da jamagiri gangviwese-

bia, isic uklebliv geqnebaT da Tu vinmem gaglaxos, an dagWras da an

mogklas, rac erTis aznauriSvilis sisxli aiRebodis... is gagiCinos... da

mogcen. amas garda, Tu erTi Zmis meti ara gyvandes, morigeSi nurc is ga-

mova. da Tu, erTis garda, sxva Zma da an saxlis kaci gyavndes, erTis ki

nu gamova da sxvaT yvelam TavTavis morigeobis TveSid iaron. da Senc ma-

namdis samsaxurSi iqnebi, Cvengan es wyaloba ar mogeSleba, da rodesac

am samsaxuridan gaxvalT, es wyalobac mogeSleba da es wignic baTili

Seiqmneba, magram Tu ar didis mizezisaTvis da anu romlisame didis sne-

ulebisaTvis Seni am samsaxuridam gasvla ki aRar iqneba...~ (ix. klimiaSvi-

li, 1962: 267).

erekle II artileriis mosamsaxureTa gazrdisaTvis sxvadasxvagvar

RonisZiebebs mimarTavda. TofCibaS paata andronikaSvils xom pirdapir

uTiTebda: `...sxvis Semoyvanasac ecade, rom TofxanaSi TofCebi gaimrav-

loT~. erekles TofCebis gamoyvana mosaxleobisTvisac Seuweria _ `...go-

relebs, rom TofCebi SaawereT, gorelebma Cemi Tavi gaaxles TofCaTa,

Tormeti weliwadia Tqvens samsaxurSi gaxlavar~ _ acxadebda glexi zu-

rab ulupiaSvili (ix. klimiaSvili, 1962: 267). sainteresoa rom es glexi

kerZo mebatonis yma yofila.

55 (ix. Российское..., 1986: 56-61).

156

sul male TofxanaSi samsaxuri sakmaod mimzidveli gamxdara. iase

oses Ze gadmogvcems: `SarSan rom rusebi Semovipire (savaraudod ruseTis

jaris dezertirebi_a.T.), ivane patara diRmidam, stefane TianeTidam, niko-

la jinjilxanidam, didi ivane sastikis sapyrobiledam, mSieri, SiSveli,

sasikvdilos micemuli gamoviyvane. jer es iyo ose (ieses Svili_a.T.) ga-

miqcia, axla oTxiv erTad gaiqcnen da TofxanaSi Sevidnen~ (iese

baraTSvilis..., 1950: 95). xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi dacul aRweris

erT-erTi davTrSi daaxloebiT 500 koml mosaxleSi 8 TofCi fiqsirdeba

(xec., Hd _ 1606).

TofxanaSi profesionali msrolelebis _ saldaTebis garda msaxu-

robdnen durglebi, xuroebi, mburRavebi da mqlibavebi: `...Tofxanis xuro

durglebisa da zarbaznebis mburRav-mqlibavebis xelfasisaTvis qalaqis

giorgobis Tvis samorigo sabadlodam sami Tumni aakrefine...~ (klimiaSvi-

li, 1962: 265). mefem maTac jamagiri da SeRavaTebi dauwesa: `maiori gabri-

el... Cven artileriaSi xuro gvWirveboda, es ivane xuro artileriaSi gan-

gviwesebia, nusxaSi unda Caagdo da moxeleebTanac gamoacxado, romelic

artileriis xuros jamagiri da ulufa hqondes, imasac is unda mieces da

amis modaves, rac gasvlia am ivane xuroSi Cven mivscemT~. erekles misTvi-

sac mravali privilegia miuniWebia (klimiaSvili, 1962: 265-266).

butkovis cnobiT, Tavdapirvelad artileriaSi minbaSi, uzbaSi da

60-mde rigiTi mezarbazne msaxurobda. droTa ganmavlobaSi maTi raodeni-

ba izrdeboda. ioane orbelianis cnobiT sul TofxanaSi 400-mde TofCi

msaxurobda (АКАК, 1868: 288). isini saxelmwifo xazinidan iRebdnen jama-

girs (rigiTi jariskaci weliwadSi 20-25 maneTs)56

56 mezarbazneTa jamagiris raodenoba gaangariSebulia erT-erTi cnobidan (ix. klimiaSvili, 1962: 270), sadac aRniSnulia, rom `Tofxanis saldaTebs~ _ erT serJants, or kaprals da cxramet saldaTs sami Tvis jamagiris angariSSi gadaecaT 113 maneTi da 70 kapiki.

, ulufas, tanisamoss da

a.S.

Tofxanis gankargulebaSi iyo, agreTve, zarbaznebisa da mortire-

bis Camosasxmeli qarxana. es sawarmo nedleuls nawilobriv axtala-ala-

verdis madnebidan (tyvia, spilenZi) da nawilobriv ruseTidan (rkina-fo-

lads) iRebda. Tofxanasve emsaxureboda, agreTve, `avlabris cixis gareT~

mdgari Tofiswamlis qarxanac.

157

artileriis gadasaadgileblad TofxanaSi ganwesebuli iyvnen me-

urmeebi, romlebic mexreTuxucesis gamgeblobaSi imyofebodnen _ `mogaba-

reT Cveni artileriis xarebi da gagiCineT weliwadSi jamagiri Tormeti

Tumani~, brZanebda erekle II 1787 wels mexreTuxuces daviT mefuriSvili-

sadmi micemul sigelSi (klimiaSvili, 1962: 271).

platon ioselianis TqmiT, `asoci xari da kambeCi iyo mzad zar-

baznebisaTvis daniSnuli da mexreni~ (ioseliani, 1978: 248).

butkovis cnobiT erekle II-is savele artileria 10 zarbaznisagan

Sedgeboda da `droTa viTarebaSi zarbaznebis ricxvi paata andronikaSvi-

lis mier 15-mde gaizarda~ (butkovi, 1869A: 287). buranaSovi gadmogvcems,

rom `...qarTul artilerias atareben xarebiT, Tumca is araa gakeTebuli

savsebiT sworad da ar aris mTlad gamarTuli, mainc saSiSia maTi mezo-

beli mtrebisaTvis, radgan maT es ar aqvT. exla erekles aqvs 12 sakuTari

zarbazani, Camosxmuli tfilisSi~ (burnaSovi, 1896: 7).

aleqsandre jambakur-orbeliani mogviTxrobs, rom erekles `hqonia

ocdaoTxi ganwyobili zarbazani Tavis Camosxmulis saxliTi, romelsaca

siTkenac undoda, iqiT waiReba... sadac ki zarbaznebs waiRebda xolme

mtersa reguda~ (jambakur-oreliani, 1914: 8).

garda savele artileriisa, qarTl-kaxeTis mTavar cixe-simagreeb-

Sic (Tbilisis cixeebSi _ nariyala, metexi; gorSi, TelavSi, siRnaRSi da

sxv.) iyo ganTavsebuli zarbaznebi. magaliTad, giuldenStedti gadmog-

vcems, rom qalaq siRnaRis `...Tavdacva Sedgeba 5 eqvsfuntiani qvemexisa-

gan, romlebsac `modaraje garnizonis xelSi mas aqauri ioli mtrisaTvis

auRebels xdis~ (giuldenStedtis..., 1962: 259). platon ioselianis gadmo-

cemiT, erekle II-s 85 sacixe zarbazani Camousxia. rodesac maT Tavisi

mniSvneloba dakarges, 1836 wels, ruseTis mTavrobis gankargulebiT es

saxazino zarbaznebi sajaro vaWrobiT gayidula `spilenZis jarTad maT

gadasaqcevad~. mis dromde SemorCenila mxolod erTi, goris cixis, zar-

bazani. am zarbazans hqonia Semdegi warwera: `q. saxelisa mamisaTa, da Zi-

saTa, da sulisa wmidisaTa. amin. mohfine risxua Seni TeslTa zeda, ro-

melTaca ara-elian Sen. daecemodian maT zeda nakuÀrcxalini cecxlisani

da ver dauTmon. mefe irakli vambob~ (ioseliani, 2009: 153).

158

rogorc vxedavT, XVIII saukunis 70-iani wlebis dasawyisidan erek-

le II-m saartilerio batareis Seqmna daiwyo. es iyo xangrZlivi procesi.

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis peralelurad, zarbaznebis da mortirebis Ca-

mosxmis procesi daixvewa, gaizarda jariskacTa raodenoba da a.S. sabo-

lood erekle II-m miiRo patara, magram mobiluri, kavkasiis masStabiT da-

umarcxebeli, evropuli tipis artileria.57

amavdroulad, erekles ar gauuqmebia sasardloebi. feodaluri

laSqari mudmivad arsebobda. patara qveyanas ar SeeZlo Zlieri sagareo

safrTxeebis mogerieba samefo mudmivi jariT `qudze kacis~ gareSe. Tum-

ca mkacrad ganisazRvra sardalTa ufleba-movaleobani da isini samefo

karis rigiT moxeleebad iqcnen. sadroSos meTaurebi kvlavindeburad di-

daviT batoniSvilis cnobiT, erekle II-s dauarsebia samxedro kan-

torac _ `Военная кантора~, sadac inaxeboda SeiaraReba _ Tof-zarbaznebi,

tyvia-wamali, yumbarebi, provianti da furaJi (bagrationi, 1959: 134).

burnaSovis gadmocemiT, samxedro kantoridan tyvia-wamliT, Seira-

RebiT, sursaTiTa da furaJiT maragdeboda rogorc mudmivi samxedro Za-

lebi, aseve mefis mcvelTa razmebi da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi droebiTi

samxedro Zalebic (buraSovi, 1898: 8).

saqarTveloSi ruseTis imperiis warmomadgenelis lvovis 1772

wlis moxsenebidan pirveli ministrisadmi irkveva, rom erekle II-s mudmi-

vi samxedro ZalebisaTvis rusuli samxedro uniformebis msgavsi specia-

luri samosi SemouRia (Грамоы..., 1891: 364).

erekle II-is samxedro reformasTan aris dakavSirebuli qeSikCiba-

Sis (mcvelTuxucesis) saxelos daarsebac. qeSikCibaSis iyo mefis mcvel-

Ta razmis _ qeSikebis _ meTauri (manamde mefis dacva yularaRass _ mo-

naT uxucess _ evaleboda) (soselia, 1973: 530; masalebi..., 1948: 027, 41-42).

daviT batoniSvili gadmogvcems, rom `qeSikad mefisa, anu Rvardiad mefi-

sa, arian adridganve dawesebulni TuSni, xevsurni da fSavni. eseni arian

mTis kacni da erTgulni mefeTani~ (bagrationi, 1964: 224). mefis mcvelTa

razmebi profesionalebisagan dakompleqtebuli mudmivi jaris nairsaxeo-

ba iyo.

57 amas mowmobs 1779 wlis erevanze, 1787 wlis ganjaze da sxva laSqrobebi; Tumca saxelmwifo xazinis Semosavlebi mefes saSualebas ar aZlevda misi kidev ufro gazrdisaTvis. es Zala xom sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda sparseTis Sahis dasamarcxeblad.

159

di saTavadoebis wevrebi iyvnen. magram mudmivi samxedro Zalebis arsebo-

bis fonze, sardlebis meTaurobiT gamoyvanilma laSqarma sarezervo ja-

ris saxe SeiZina. mis Sekrebas mudmivi xasiaTi aRar hqonda. droTa ganmav-

lobaSi jaris es saxeobac kargavda feodalur-batonymur laSqris fun-

qciebs. erekle II-m `sarezervo~ sardlebs jaris Sekrebis Tavisufleba Ca-

moarTva. aseTi tipis jarebis mobilizaciac samxedro kancelariaSi arse-

buli aRweris davTrebis mixedviT xdeboda. sardlebi gadaiqcnen mefis

rigiT moxeleebad, da umetesad ZirZveli didi Tanamdebobis sxvadasxva

aspeqtebma formaluri xasiaTi SeiZines.58 sardlis kompetenciidan gavida

sasardloSi arsebul cixe-simagreebis dacvac.59

erTi sityviT, erekle II-m samxedro reformebis Sedegad Seqmna fe-

odaluri laSqrisagan gansxvavebuli mudmivi jaris saxeobebi. mefe aRar

iyo damokidebuli Tavadur laSqarze da amiT faqtobrivad gaauqma saTa-

voTa politikuri uflebaTagan erT-erTi umTavresi gamovlineba _ `sam-

xedro imuniteti~. mefis laSqriT uzrunvelyofa maT funqciebs gascda.

cxadia, samxedro reforis gatarebis dros erekle II xelmZRvanelobda

xSiri iyo sardlebis rotaciac. mefe maT Tanamdebobaze damsaxu-

rebis mixedviT niSnavda. am mxriv sainteresoa memarjvene sasardlos me-

TaurTa rotacia _ papuna orbelianis cnobiT, 1744 wels zemo qarTlis

sadroSos sardali iyo dimitri amilaxvari (orbeliani, 1981: 91), igi ma-

leve iqna gadayenebuli Tanamdebobidan da 1748 wlidan sardlad gvevli-

neba amirando amilaxvari (orbeliani, 1981: 140). sabuTidan irkveva, rom

XVIII saukunis 60-ian wlebSi mas Tanamdeboba daatovebines da minbaSi re-

vaz amilaxvari xdeba sardali, mogvianebiT, 70-ian wlebSi, revaz amilax-

varis sicocxleSive, sardlad mdivanbegi iase dainiSna, romelic imave

saukunis 80-ian wlebSi minbaSma oTar amilaxvarma Secvala. iase amila-

xors mxolod goris mouraoba akmares. mogvianebiT, daviT batoniSvilma

oTar amilaxvari daapatimra da sardlad giorgi amilaxvari daniSna (ix.

qiqoZe, 1963; masalebi..., 1948: 84).

58 mag., aRweris dros mefe sardlebs sargos saxiT aRweris gadasaxadis nawils ki aZlevda, magram aRweras ukve ara sardalebi, aramed mefis mdivnebi atarebdnen. 59 mag., goris cixis dacva evaleboda ara amilaxvaris daqvemdebarebul moxeles, aramed centraluri xelisuflebis daniSnul minbaSs....

160

qarTul enaze naTargmn saartilerio saxelmZRvaneloTi da petre I-is

`samxedro wesdebiT~.

feodaluri laSqaridan mudmiv samxedro Zalebze gadasvla cvlile-

bebs, bunebrivia, sabrZolo xelovnebaSic gamoiwvevda. am mxriv metad sainte-

resoa ak. klimiaSvilis mier gamoqveynebuli erekle II-is werili vinme gur-

ginasadmi:

`... Sen xom ici, Cven jarSi yofna rogor gvinda. Cveni sarqardroba

aqaman amas sijavs: Tu isini gamovidnen da omi miuxdesT, Tqven mindorze Seb-

mas ecadeniT. kinklaobasa da imaTsaviT Tofebis miSvelebasa da ise Sebmas

daexseniT. Tqven erTad Tqvenis ZaliT RvTiT, miaweqiT da zarbaznebi win mi-

iZRvaneT. qveiTi kaci ibreim xansac bevri eyoleba, cxenianic rom daaqveiToT

da ise mixvdeT, zarbaznebic win miimZRvaroT da omi zarbaznebs daacadoT.

Cveni goneba amas umjobesad xedavs, rom RvTiT am gziT SeebaT. Cven es sit-

yva mirza gurginasac davabareT, rom ibreim xans moaxsenos da exla, gurgin,

SenTvisac es mogviweria. Tqven rom ar auCqardeT, daacaloT, isini Tqveze

moiyvanoT da Tqven imaTze ar mixvideT _ ase sjobs, rom isini Tqvenze mos-

vliT daRaloT da RvTiT im daRaluls erTianad SeebaT; isini aqeT-iqidam

tanebas dagiwyeben, Tqven zarbaznis srolis mets nuras iqmT, isini amaSi da-

iRalvian, masukan erTianaT miaweviT da RvTiT Tan gaitanT~ (klimiaSvili,

1962: 274).

erekle II-is am sabrZolo darigebidan Cans, rom warsuls bardeboda

Sua saukuneebis xmaldaxmal brZolis taqtika. Cans, rom cxenosani jariT Se-

teva ugulvebelyofilia qarTveli mefis mier. gadamwyveti upiratesoba qveiT

jarsa da artilerias eniWeba. mtris saartilerio damuSavebis Semdeg erek-

le II erTiani Setevis rekomendacias iZleva, rac TavisTavad mwyobri Setevis

STabeWdilebas tovebs. yovelive aqedan gamomdinare erekle II-s droindeli

qarTuli sabrZolo xelovneba ufro met msgavsebas iCens evropul saomar

taqtikasTan, vidre Sua saukuneebis feodalur brZolebTan.

sabolood aRvniSnavT, rom erekle II-is mier gatarebuli samxedro

reformebi `qveynis evropulad gardaqmnas~ emsaxureboda. ereklem moaxerxa

Seeqmna mcire, magram stabiluri samxedro Zalebi _ `morige jari~, saarti-

lerio SenaerTi, mefis mcvelTa razmi. amiT, erTi mxriv, gazarda qveynis sam-

xedro potenciali da, meore mxriv, saTavadoebs CamoarTva is tradiciuli

funqcia, rac jaris gamoyvanaSi gamoixateboda.

161

$ 4. sasamarTlo da sapolicio-administraciuli reformebi

XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi sasamarTlo

sistemaSi TvalsaCino cvlilebebi ganxorcielda. samefos erT-erTi moxe-

lis, mdivanbeg iese oses Zis TavgadasavalSi aRniSnulia: (1778 wlis) `ap-

rils brZaneba gamovida _ yoeli arza da saCivari mdivanbegebTan mivide-

so~ (iese baraTSvilis..., 1950: 86). Tavdapirvelad am cnobas yuradReba mi-

aqcia akad. n. berZeniSvilma. avtori exeboda ra erekle II-is RonisZiebebs,

mimarTuls qveynis mmarTvelobis gadasaxaliseblad, aRniSnavda: `aseve

axali iyo msajulTSekrebulobis dawesebuleba, ereklem rom SemoiRo

1778 wels. amieridan yoveli arza da saCivari mdivanbegebTan mivideso~

(berZeniSvili..., 1946: 400).

prof. iv. surgulaZe Tavis naSromSi `saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa

da samarTlis istoriisaTvis~ aRniSnavda, rom 1778 wels qarTl-kaxeTis

samefoSi sasamarTlo saqmianobaSi moxda didi cvlileba, rac msajul-

TSekrebulebis daarsebaSi gamoixata (surgulaZe, 1952: 334).

sargis kakabaZis azriT, 1778 wlis reformis arsi gamoixata im faq-

tiT, rom am aqtis Sedegad moxda mefis, rogorc mosamarTlis, gantvir-

Tva sasamarTlo saqmianobisagan da ukve msajulTSekrebuleba arCevda sa-

samarTlo davebs (kakabaZe, 1913: 219). kakabaZis mosazrebas iziarebs am pe-

riodis samarTlis sakiTxebis kidev erTi mkvlevari, m. lekveiSvili (ix.

lekveiSvili, 1962).

aRniSnul sakiTxs sakmaod didi yuradReba miaqcia samarTlis sa-

kiTxebis sxva mkvlevarma m. kekeliam. Tavis naSromSi _ `sasamarTlo or-

ganizacia da procesi saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis win~ _ is aRniS-

navda, rom calkeul feodalTa sasamarTlo uflebebis SezRudvis xar-

jze sasamarTlo saqmianobaSi mefem CarTo batoniSvilebi da dedofali,

mefem gazarda mdivanbeg-mosamarTleTa raodenoba (kekelia, 1970: 127, 138).

misi azriT, 1760-iani wlebidan XIX saukunis dasawyisamde 28 mdivanbegi

mosamarTleobda (kekelia, 1970: 144). Semdeg kekelia exeba uSualod 1778

wlis reformas _ `literaturaSi es faqti mcdarad aris gagebuli da

mas mefis, erekles mier 1778 wlis aprilSi msajulTSekrebulebis Semo-

RebiT xsnian. Tu samecniero literaturaSi dRemde gabatonebul am mo-

162

sazrebas uSeniSvnod miviRebT, maSin mdivanbegTa raodenobis gazrda 1778

wlis damlevamde mainc unda momxdariyo. e.i. `msajulTSekrebulobis~ da-

kompleqtebamde. faqtebi ki sawinaaRmdegize metyveleben. Cven mier CamoT-

vlil mdivanbegebidan 1778 wels momatebul mxolos sam axal mdivanbegs

vxvdebiT. eseni arian: iese baraTaSvili (1778 wlis ianvridan), mzeWabuk

orbeliani (22 Tebervlidan) da paata mdivanbegi (maisidan)~ (kekelia, 1970:

144).

avtori exeba `msajulTSekrebulobasac~ da uamrav sasamarTlo

ganCinebaze dakvirvebiT askvnis, rom es termini gaCnda arauadres 1780

wlisa da ara 1778 wlis aprilSi.

avtoriseuli ganmartebiT, mdivanbegebi 1778 wlis aprilamdec da

mis Semdegac igive principiT arCeven sasamarTlo davebs. arza-saCivrebi

midis kvlav mefesTan, dedofalTan, batoniSvilebTan da mdivanbegebTan _

anu mefis gantvirTva ar momxdara. 1778 wlis aprilSi saqme arc termin

msajulTSekrebulobis SemoRebasTan da arc mosamarTleTa mkveTr gaz-

rdasTan ar gvaqvs. yovelive aqedan gamomdinare avtori Semdeg daskvnas

gvTavazobs: `amrigad cxadia, rom ar SeiZleba 1778 wlis aprilis brZane-

bis dakavSireba qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sasamarTlo organizaciaSi raime

mniSvnelovani xasiaTis cvlilebasTan (kekelia, 1970: 174); Cveni azriT,

1778 wels araviTari sasamarTlo reforma ar momxdara da am xanebSi sa-

samarTlo organizaciaSi raime radikaluri siaxle ar yofila~ (kekelia,

1970: 165).

m. kekeliaseuli msjeloba damajerebelia da Cvens xelT arsebuli

wyaroebiT, es iqneba sasamarTlo arza-ganCinebebi, normatiuli aqtebi Tu

samarTalwarmoebis praqtika, 1778 wlis aprili, marTlac, raime radika-

luri cvlilebebze ar migvaniSnebs. Cven kekeliaseul daskvnebs upiro-

bod miviRebdiT, rom ara erTi friad damafiqrebeli garemoeba. ratom

dasWirda iese oses Zes aRniSnuli brZanebis fiqsireba? is ar iyo samefo

karis istorikosi. man SvilebisaTvis dawera anderZi, romelic farTo sa-

zogadoebisaTvis gankuTvnili ar iyo, aramed privatuli Canawerebi

gaxldaT. amdenad, igi im faqtis gayalbebiT, romelic mis pirad cxovre-

bas ar exeboda, dainteresebuli ar unda yofiliyo. vfiqrobT, naklebad

163

dasajerebelia mas Tavis anderZSi nayalbevi cnoba Seetanos. yovelive

aqedan gamomdinare migvaCnia, rom angariSgasawevia iese oses Zis cnoba.

aRniSnuli winaaRmdegobrivi kvanZis gasaxsnelad saWirod mogvaC-

nia, upirvelesad, Tvali gadavavloT gvian Sua saukuneebis qarTlis same-

foSi samarTalwarmoebis process. XVI-XVII saukuneebisa da XVIII sauku-

nis I naxevarSi qarTlis samefoSi 1 samefo mosamarTle (rostom mefis

droidan mdivanbegi) iyo (gabaSvili, 1943: 181). mosamarTle-mdivanbegTa ase-

Ti mcire raodenoba aixsneba Semdegi faqtiT _ qarTlis samefo warmoad-

genda saTavadoTa krebuls. samefo sasamarTlo funqcionirebda, magram

misi kompetencia umetesad swored am saTavadoTa Soris warmoebuli dave-

bis garCeviT ifargleboda. saTavadoTa SigniT upirvelesi mosamarTle

Tavadi iyo. adgilobrivi sasamarTlos kompetenciidan Zalian mcire rao-

denobis sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebi iyo amoRebuli (surgulaZe, 1952: 318-

338); erTi sityviT, Tavadebi sargeblobdnen sasamarTlo imunitetiT.

XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, mdivanbegTa raode-

noba mkveTrad gaizarda. S. mesxia aRniSnavda, rom maTi ricxvi qarTl-ka-

xeTis samefoSi aranakleb 13 iyo (ix. masalebi..., 1948: 029). m. kekelia ki 28

mdivanbegs asaxelebs (Tumca is uTiTebs XVIII saukunis 60-iani wlebidan

XIX saukunis dasawyisamde periodze, amitom isini yvela erTad ar mosa-

marTleobdnen). rogorc vxedavT XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi, wina period-

Tan SedarebiT, mdivanbegTa ricxvi TiTqmis 10-jer gaizrda. samefo mosa-

marTleTa aseTi mkveTri mateba, ra Tqma unda, dakavSirebuli iyo saTava-

doTa sasamarTlo imunitetis SezRudva-gauqmebasTan.

XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi saTavadoebma degradireba ganicades.

`osmaloba-yizilbaSobis” Sedegad qarTlis did saTavadoebSi yma-glexTa

raodenoba mkveTrad iyo Semcirebuli. ekonomikurma winsvlam, romelic

XVIII saukunis 60-iani wlebidan saxezea, saTavadoebs ubiZga saerTo mamu-

lis gayofisaken _ araracionalurad damuSavebuli saerTo mamuli Tava-

diSvilTa gazrdil moTxovnebs veRar uzrunvelyofda. amis Sedegad da-

iwyo mamulebis gayofa (gaiyo samaCablo, sajavaxiSvilo, saabaSiZeo, davi-

TaSvilebis mamuli, xerxeuliZeTa mamuli da sxv.). qarTlis iseTi didi

saTavadoebi, rogoric iyo sayaflaniSvilo, saamilaxoro, samuxranbato-

no, saciciano an oficialurad gaiyo (saciciano), andac formalurad ki

164

SeinarCunes gauyofeli gvaris statusi, magram yma-mamulebis saxliska-

cebs Soris danawileba am saTavadoebis SigniTac mimdinareobda. saerTo

sasaxlo mamulebis xarjze gaizarda `saufliswulo” mflobeloba, rome-

lic praqtikulad `saTavisTao” mflobelobad gadaiqca. (magaliTad, XVIII

saukunis II naxevarSi sayaflaniSvilos yma-mamulebi 4 saxlis xelSi iyo

ganawilebuli). erTi sityviT saTavadoebma bunebrivi degradireba ganica-

des, ramac maTi Zliereba sagrZnoblad Searyia.

ekonomikuri potencialis zrdam erekle II-s reformebis gatarebis

SesaZlebloba misca _ samxedro reformebi Tavaduri laSqridan regula-

rul armiaze gadasvlas gulisxmobda. amieridan jars mefis moxele-laS-

qarnivisebi krebdnen. amiT erekle II-m Tavadebs TavianT saTavadoebSi ja-

ris Sekrebis erTpirovnuli ufleba CamoarTva. igive faqtebi SeiniSneba

administrirebis sxva aspeqtebSi _ gadasaxadebis akrefa centralizebuli

gaxda da a.S.

mosamarTleTa ricxvis zrda saTavadoebisaTvis sasamarTlo imuni-

tetis mospobas gulisxmobda. ekonomikurad dasustebulma saTavadoebma

samarTalwarmoebis ufleba, imdroisaTvis sakmaod avtoritetul, samefo

sasamarTlos umtkivneulod dauTmes. i. doliZis gamocemul `qarTuli sa-

marTlis ZeglebSi~, TayaiSvilis `saqarTvelos siZvelenSi~ da sxva lite-

raturaSi gamoqveynebul, aseve xelnawerTa erovnul centrsa da saqar-

Tvelos saistorio arqivSi daculi uamravi sasamarTlo arza-ganCinebe-

biT dasturdeba, rom XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi samefo sasamarTlos

qveynis SigniT sazRvrebi aRar gaaCnda. mdivanbegTa sasamarTlo arCevda

saamilaxoros, samaCablosa Tu nebismieri saTavados SigniT arsebul da-

vebs. Tavadebs aekrZalaT sasamarTlos saqmianobaSi Careva. erekle II-is

epoqaSi samarTalwarmoeba centralizebuli gaxda. erTi sityviT, erekle-

seuli mdivanbegTa ricxvis zrda saTavadoTa sistemis sasamarTlo imuni-

tetis denonsaciis pirdapirekvivalenturi iyo.

Tu Cven erekleseul sasamarTlo reformis mniSvnelobas swored

am kuTxiT ganvixilavT, maSin 1778 weli, qveyanaSi momxdar Semdeg faqts

emTxveva: 1778 wlis ianvarSi erekle II-m gaauqma qsnis saerisTavo. saqme

isaa, rom saTavadoebis bunebrivi degradacia da maTTvis imunitetis Ca-

morTmeva Seexo im saTavadoebs, romlebic qveynis baris raionebSi iyvnen

165

ganTavsebulni. periferiebSi ki gansxvavebul suraTs vxvdebiT. Crdiloe-

Tis saTavadoebi _ aragvis da qsnis saerisTavoebi _ qveynis mTian nawil-

Si mdebareobdnen. maTi sazRvrebi bunebrivad iyo daculi. saTavados Sig-

niT saerTo ekonomikuri winsvla naklebad aRwevda da misi bunebrivi

degradireba ar xdeboda. igive mdgomareoba iyo samxreTis saxanoebSi. ya-

zaxis da borCalo-baidaris saxanoebi qarTlis centralur nawilSi mim-

dinare procesSi naklebad integrirdebodnen, radgan iq specifikuri

mdgomareoba sufevda _ mosaxleoba, mmarTvel fenasTan erTad muslimuri

iyo. amitomac erekle II-m gaauqma periferiebSi arsebuli rogorc saTava-

doebi, aseve saxanoebi. igive ar gaakeTa mefem dimitri amilaxvrisSvilis

amboxis dros. mefis saxlTuxucesi dimitri, gansxvavebiT Tundac qsnis

erisTav yularaRas giorgisagan, ar warmoadgenda mTels saamilaxvros.

rogorc aRvniSneT, erekleseuli reformebi saTavadoebisTvis imunitetis

mospobas uzrunvelyofdnen. Cans, imaves umtkivneulod gakeTeba samxreTis

da CrdiloeTis avtonomiur uflebaTa mqone erTeulebis mimarT siZneles

warmoadgenda. amitom samefo karma gaauqma aragvis saerisTavo (1743 w.), ya-

zaxis (1755 w.) da borCalo-baidaris (1765 w.) saxanoebi. qsnis saerisTavo,

rogorc Cans, inarCunebda garkveul imunitets da kvlav klasikuri saTa-

vados statusiT arsebobda. amas adasturebs Semdebi faqtebi _ erisTavi

sxva Tavadebisagan gansxavebiT, flobda qalaqs (igulisxmeba axalgori),

gadasaxadebi, qveynis danarCeni nawilisagan gansxvavebiT, ara komlobri-

vad, aramed mTel saerisTavoze gaiwereboda. qsnis erisTavi, rom kvlav

awarmoebda samarTals saerisTavoSi, amas adasturebs is faqti, rom same-

fo sasamarTloSi, erisTavisa da misi saxlis kacis davis garda, ver

vxvdebiT maTi xelqveiTebis sarCelebs. erTi sityviT qsnis saerisTavo

inarCunebda saxelmwifoSi avtonomiuri erTeulis statuss. 1768 wels sae-

risTavo gaiyo. am faqtma erTiani monoliTuri organizmi daSala, rac sa-

erisTavos faqtobriv moSlas niSnavda. amieridan saerisTavos mosaxleo-

bis aRweris sruli davTrebi mefis kancelariaSi ganlagda, rac mis cen-

tridan administrirebas aiolebda. Tumca, mogvianebiT, qsnis erisTavTa

saxlis kacebma kvlav `Seyris~ tendencia gamoavlines. cxadia, samefo xe-

lisufleba 1770-ian wlebSi, rodesac is aSkarad moZlierebuli iyo, ve-

Rar Seurigdeboda arsebul realobas. 1778 wels erkle II-m saerisTavo

166

gaauqma. saerisTavos gauqmebis mizezi bundovnad aqvs gadmocemuli, ro-

gorc daviT batoniSvils, ise sxva im droindel mematianeebs. isini qsnis

erisTavis Ralatze saubroben, Tumca faqts ar akonkreteben (bagrationi,

1941: 15). platon ioseliani aRniSnavda, rom `ese unebda mas (erekle II-s

a.T.) erTobisaTvis mefobisa da simtkicisaTvis erTmTavrobisa daasustos

TemTa mTavarni anu sruliad aRfxvras igini...~ (ioseliani, 1978: 78). Cvenc

migvaCnia, rom qsnis saerisTavos gauqmebaSi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa

ara konkretulma sababma, aramed samefo karis saTavadoTa sistemis wina-

aRmdeg mimarTulma politikam.

1778 wels samefo sasamarTlos kompetenciam qarTl-kaxeTis mTeli

teritoria, maT Soris qsnis saerisTavoc moicva. am faqts emTxveva leon

da vaxtang batoniSvilTa `ganCineba barisa da mTielTa adgilTa~. ro-

gorc mkvlevari ap. rogava varaudobs, es `ganCineba~, `...ara marto 1743

wlamde arsebul aragvis erisTaviseul uflebriv midrekilebaTa sawina-

aRmdego suliskveTebiT iyo, gansakuTrebiT levanis mier dawerili (1778

w.), aramed mezobeli, axlad damxobili (1777 w.) qsnis erisTaviseuli uf-

lebrivi interesebis sapirispirodac Seqmnili~ (bagrationi, 1959: 110 ga-

mokvleva). batoniSvilTa Sedgenil ganCinebaze dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom

misi muxlebi ar Seicavs praqtikaSi arsebul yvela samarTlebriv normas,

aramed aRniSnuli ganCineba mkacrad uTiTebs, rom samarTalwarmoeba

TviTneburad ar unda xdebodes da aucileblad samefo sasamarTlo unda

arCevdes mas (ganCinebis sxva muxlebi ki exeba im specifikur mankierebebs,

romlebic mTiani zonisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli). marTlac 1778 wlis

Semdegdroindel ganCinebebSi Cven vxvdebiT qsnis xeobis mcxovrebTa gan-

Cinebebsac (ix. qarTuli..., 1972; 1974; 1977).

davubrundeT 1778 wlis aprilis brZanebulebas. aq martivad Cans

erekleseuli reformis xelwera. am periodSi mravali, praqtikaSi daner-

gili norma kanonmdeblobaSi asaxvas maSin povebda, rodesac is qveynis

uklebliv yvela kuTxisaTvis saerTo xdeboda. magaliTisaTvis Cven Seg-

viZlia moviyvanoT `morige jaris~ SemTxveva. rogorc ak. klimiaSvili,

xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi dacul uamrav dokumentze dayrnobiT, am-

tkicebs qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi `morige jari~ 1755 wlidan arsebobda

(ix. klimiaSvili, 1963). xolo 1774 wlidan, rodesac is yvelasaTvis saval-

167

debulo normad iqca, misi arseboba ukve sakanonmdeblo aqtiT gaformda.

vfiqrobT, aseTive SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme samarTalwarmoebis mxrivac.

T. enuqiZis gamoqveynebuli samdivanbegos sasamarTlos masalebidan

irkveva, rom 1755 wlidan mdivanbegTa sasamarTlos sakmaod mowesrigebu-

li kancelaria hqonda da sasamarTlo kviris yovel dRes daubrkoleb-

lad muSaobda (ix. enuqiZe, 1964).

ap. rogavas azriT, sasamarTlo saqmianobis Semdgomi daxvewa moxda

1760 wels _ mas Semdeg, rac ioane xuces monazonma Targmna petre I-is

`sacxado ganweseba~ (bagrationi, 1959: 139). Cven viciT, rom paralelurad

gaizarda mdivanbegTa raodenoba. maTi ricxvi daaxloebiT or aTeuls aR-

wevda. 1778 wels ki, rodesac samefo sasamarTlom qveynis yvela mxare mo-

icva, ukve brZanebulebiT gaformda _ `yoveli arza da saCivari mdivanbe-

gebTan mivideso~. amas mohyva `msajulTSekrebulebis~ daarsebac. wyaroeb-

Si ixseneba qarTlis da kaxeTis mdivanbegebi. daviT batoniSvili Tavis

`saqarTvelos samarTlis da kanonmcodneobis mimoxilvaSi~ gadmogvcems,

rom samdivanbego sasamarTloebi iyo TbilisSi, gorSi, TelavSi, siRnaR-

Si, yazaxSi, SamSadilosa da borCaloSi (bagrationi, 1959: 310). mosaxleo-

bas saCivrebis wardgena SeeZloT samdivanbegoebSi, mefesTan, dedofal-

Tan da batoniSvilebTan, romelTac mefisagan sasamarTlo saqmianobisaT-

vis gansakuTrebuli nebarTva eZleodaT (kekelia, 1970: 124, 128). amis Sem-

deg mosamarTle-mdivanbegebi iwyebdnen saqmis ganxilvas. winaswari saga-

moZiebo da aRmasrulebel funqcias, Tavis iasaulebTan erTad, eSikaRas-

baSebi inawilebdnen. erTi sityviT, samarTalwarmoeba da TiTqmis sruli

Sinagani saqmeTa uflebebi swored mdivanbegebze da aRmasrulebel eSika-

RasbaSebze modioda. erekle II-s sasamarTlo reformis gatarebisas unda

exelmZRvanela petre I-is Sedgenili `Генералъный регламент~-is erT-erTi na-

wiliT _ `Юстиц-колегия~-Ti (Реформы..., 1937: 108-136).

mdivanbegTa garda glexTa Soris arsebul davebs mefis mouravebi

da sardlebic arCevdnen, Tumca, rogorc mefis moxeleni da ara rogorc

saTavados warmomadgenlebi, isic im SemTxvevaSi Tu maT mediatorobas

mosarCele moindomebda.

amave xanebSi amoqmedda dikasteriac. es iyo saeklesio mmarTvelo-

bis kolegiuri organo. zogadad dikasteria zRudavda eklesiis damouki-

168

deblobas saero xelisuflebis sasargeblod. marTalia qarTl-kaxeTis

samefoSi raime radikaluri uflebrivi SezRudva eklesis mimarT ar gan-

xorcielebula, Tumca dikasteria erTgvarad qmnida saeklesio uwyebas

da awesrigebda rig sakiTxebs. mis Seqmnaze zegavlenas moaxdenda qarTul

enaze naTargmni ekaterine II-is `nakazi~ da petre I-is `Регламент или устав

Духованой колегий~. dikasteria saeklesio davebs arCevda.

sabolood aRvniSnavT, rom iese oses Zis cnoba ar SeiZleba ugul-

ebelvyoT. 1778 wlis brZanebuleba swored im xangZlivi sasamarTlo re-

formis dasrulebas warmoadgenda, romelic TavadebisaTvis Tavis saTava-

doSi samarTalwarmoebis uflebis mospobas da am funqciis samefo sasa-

marTlosadmi miniWebaSi gamoixateboda. ioane batoniSvilis `sjuldebac~

(bagrationi, 1957: 21) ki, romelic mefis absoluturi uflebebis ganmtki-

cebisaken iyo mimarTuli da mmarTvelobis TiTqmis yvela rgolSi nova-

ciebis danergvas moiTxovda, iwonebda samdivanbego sasamarTlos da mis

Semdgom reorganizacias ar iTvaliswinebda.

XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi mniSvnelovani reorganizacia moxda

sapolicio da administraciul aparatSi. gvian Sua saukuneebis saqarTve-

loSi sapolicio saqmianobas iasaulebi, boqaulebi da asasebi asruleb-

dnen. maT saTaveSi eSikaRasbaSi idga. XVIII saukunis I naxevarSi qarTlis

samefoSi 2 samefo eSikaRasbaSis saxelo iyo (gabaSvili, 1942: 185). erek-

les II-is reformis Sedegad maTi ricxvi sagrZnoblad gaizarda. S. mesxia

mis xelT arsebuli wyaroebis mixedviT am saxelos mqone Semdeg pirebs

asaxelebs: aslan orbeliani _ qarTlis eSikaRasbaSi, aidemu vaCnaZe _ ka-

xeTis xalvaTxanis eSikaRasbaSi, giorgi ciciSvili _ qarTlis xalvaTxa-

nis eSikaRasbaSi, giorgi xerxeuliZe _ qarTlis armiis eSikaRasbaSi,

aleqsandre mayaSvili _ kaxeTis armiis eSikaRasbaSi. sul mesxias azriT,

qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi 5 eSikaRasbaSi yofila (masalebi..., 1948: 031). wya-

roebi ar akonkreteben armiis da xalvaTxanis eSikaRasbaSebis zust mniS-

vnelobas, Tumca, ueWvelia maTi saxelo sapolicio saqmianobas ukavSir-

deba. Cveni azriT, radgan armiis da xalvaTxanis eSikaRasbaSTa garda,

wyaroebSi fiqsirdeba calke qarTlis eSikaRasbaSic, amitom bunebrivia,

169

iqneboda kaxeTis eSikaRasbaSis saxeloc.60

60 analogiuri mosazreba gamoTqva iv. surgulaZem Tavis naSromSi (surgulaZe, 1952: 255-265).

amdenad XVIII saukunis ukanas-

knel mesamedSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi 6 eSikaRasbaSi yofila.

eSikaRasbaSTa ricxvis zrdasTan erTad gaizrdeboda maTi xelqvei-

Tebis, iasaulebis, boqaulebis da a.S. ricxvi.

amave periodSi Seqmnila yoriasaulbaSis saxelo. rogorc v. gabaS-

vilma gaarkvia, `dasturlamalSi~ moxsenebulia mxolod yoriasaulebi

(gabaSvili, 1943: 185). axali saxelos Seqmna erekle II-s ukavSirdeba. yori-

asaulbaSis saxelos Seqmna gamoiwvia yoriasaulTa ricxvis zrdam. sava-

raudod, es moxeleebic eSikaRasbaSs eqvemdebareobdnen da sapolicio

saqmianobas eweodnen.

am periodSi qarTul enaze iTargmna petre I-is `mokled gamoxatua

samsajuloTa gamomZieblobaTa~ (bagrationi, 1964: 015) da zonenfelsis sa-

xelmZRvanelo policiur samarTalSi (surgulaZe, 1952: 6). ra Tqma unda,

samefo xelisufleba policiis reorganizaciisaTvis aRniSnul naSromeb-

sac gamoiyenebda.

sapolicio moxeleTa ricxvis zrda, ra Tqma unda, maTi samoqmedo

arealis gafarToebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli (iseve rogorc mdivanbegTa

ricxvis zrda dakavSirebuli iyo saTavadoTaTvis sasamarTlo imunitetis

gauqmebasTan). rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Tavadebs Tavis saTavadoebSi ga-

aCndaT administrirebis umTavresi berketi _ sapolicio saqmianoba. am

saqmianobas isini sakuTari iasaulebis da boqaulebis saSualebiT axor-

cielebdnen (jamburia, 1960: 114-115). XVIII saukunis I naxevarisgan gansxvave-

biT, wyaroebSi veRar vxvdebiT saTavadoTa iasaulebs. am droisaTvis mTe-

li qveynis administrirebas, maT Soris sapolicio saqmianobasac, centra-

luri xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi eweodnen.

Tuki XV-XVII saukunis qarTli saTavadoebSi mefis `moasili~ saer-

Tod ver Sedis, am droisaTvis mdgomareoba imdenad Secvlila, rom gle-

xis urCobiT ganawyenebuli mebatone erekle II-s werda: `Tqvenis wyenis

uRono gaxlavar, Torem Cems ymas rogor ver davimorCileb~-o (soselia,

1973: 523).

170

Tavadebs rom administrirebis ufleba srulad CamorTmeuli hqon-

daT, amas mravali dokumenti cxadyofs: Tbilisis mouravma, samefo sad-

roSos sardalma daviT ciciSvilma, Tavisi saxliskacisgan miTvisebuli

kuTvnili teritoria sakuTari ZalebiT, centraluri xelisuflebis moxe-

leTa ukiTxavad daibruna. aseTi moqmedeba samefo karisaTvis imdenad mi-

uRebeli aRmoCnda, rom `kadnierebisTvis da mosamarTlis winaaRmdeg~ Ca-

denili saqmisaTvis is `mouraobis moqmedebidam daeyena~ da aznaurebi _

paata da nikoloz meRvineTuxucesisSvilebi `wilad waerTo~ (qarTuli...,

1972: 119).61

aRniSnul mosazrebas pirdapir exmaureba `meukane~ sadroSos sar-

dlis aleqsandre ciciSvilis 1769 wlis 28 Tebervlis arza erekle II-

sadmi. teqstSi vkiTxulobT: `...amas movaxseneb Cvens mowyale xelmwifes.

Tqveni oqmi da brZaneba mogvivida, rom Tu erTmaneTTan an saCivari gqon-

deT an sadao, Cven mogvaxseneTo da samarTals Cven gizamTo. amis guli-

saTvis veravis vawyenine.

Tavadi ioane avaliSvili sasamarTlos winaSe acxadebda: `Cemma

ymam, mRvdelma lazarem didi SeracxebiT, lanZRviT, ginebiT gamxada da

didis avad mopyrobiT da esec miTxra _ Seni sisxli mwyurian da minda

davlioo~ (akofaSvili, 1973: 567). xolo Tavadi giorgi ciciSvili mefi-

sadmi micemul arzaSi Cioda sakuTar ymaze: `es kemuxataSvili mamaCems

ukan mosdevda, cixis karTan rom mivida, ukanidan Tofi hkra da mohkla

mama Cemi. masukan gavarda, xan osebSi iyo xan gaRma qarTlSi.... me es sar-

wmuno kacebis mowmobiT sabuTica maqvs, rom banidan momepara meca mklav-

da, Seutyve da gameqca. didad gevedrebi, Tqvens samarTlamdin Tqvens ia-

sauls ebaros, ar gaiparos. axla aq movida, Tqvens taxtze daWera ar Se-

meZlo, xma ar gaveci. amisgan amowyvetili var. arsad wavides, samarTali

gvisajeT~ (1778 w.) (dokumentebi..., 1953: 104). arzidan Cans, rom iseT did

Tavads, rogoric giorgi ciciSvili iyo damnaSave ymis dasjis arc berke-

ti gaaCnda da arc saTanado uflebamosileba. didi Tavadi dacvas cen-

tralur xelisuflebas sTxovda, aseT SemTxvevaSi TavadTa administraci-

ul imunitetze saubari sruliad miuRebeli Cans.

61 aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sabolood sasamarTlom daviT ciciSvili gaamarTla da sadao teritoria masve arguna, Tumca sakuTari iniciativiT gadadgmuli nabijisaTvis mkacri sasjeliT daisaja.

171

axla amas mogaxsaneb. Tqvenis Tavis mzema erTi tivi mindoda, kacni

gavgzavne da veRar viSovne xe rom mameWrevinebina, ase gauyenebiaT Cveni

tye. atens qveiTi kaci sul Cvens tyeSi Wrian, ar gvkiTxaven moWrasa, arc

rac tivis salbaSia, imas gvaZleven. es arasdros uqniaT.

amas gevedrebiT, erTis oqmis wyaloba gviyoT _ Tavada Cvens ukiT-

xavad Cvens tyeSi nu moWrian; Tu rom moWran, rac marTebuli iyos da vi-

RebdeT an Cvena da an sxvagan, imas mogvcemdnen. Cven Cvenis mTiTa da bari-

Ta unda davrCeT~ (qarTuli..., 1981: 145-146).

dokumentidan irkveva, rom 1769 wlis axlo xanebSi, erekle II-s spe-

cialuri brZanebulebebi gaugzavnia TavadebisaTvis, romlis safuZvelzec

maTTvis sasamarTlo-administraciuli funqciebi CamourTmevia. am sfero-

ebSi maTi uflebebi imdenad SezRudula, rom umaRlesi rangis moxele,

didebuli Tavadi, aleqsandre ciciSvili, mefis oqmis gareSe, sakuTari

tyiT sargeblobas mosaxleobas verc ukrZalavda da verc gadasaxads

awesebda. Cans, mefes TavadebisaTvis sasamarTlo-administraciuli imuni-

teti saerTod gauuqmebia.

qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi specialurad policiisaTvis gankuTvnili

adgilebi yofila. datusaRebis Semdeg iase baraTaSvili `iasaulebis sax-

lSi~ miuyvaniaT: _ `movidnen, miTxres batonis tusaRi xaro. ras viqmodi,

RmerTs madloba mivec. daWerilsaviT viyavi erTi saaTi, wamiyvanes, iasau-

lebis saxlSi damsves...~ (iese baraTSvilis..., 1950: 26).

amave periodSi tradiciul sasjelebTan erTad _ sisxlis safasu-

ris gadaxda, nasaRis dadeba _ SemouRiaT sasjelis moxdis axali forma

_ dapatimreba. (qarTuli..., 1965: 442; bagrationi 1964: 112).

erTi sityviT, XVIII saukunis 70-ian wlebSi saTavadoebma dakarges

sapolicio-administraciuli da sasamarTlo imuniteti. centraluri xe-

lisuflebis mier Camoyalibda `Sinagan saqmeTa uwyeba~ mdivanbegebisa da

eSikaRasbaSebis meTaurobiT. qveynis mTeli teritoriis administrirebas

es uwyeba axdenda.

* * *

rogorc vxedavT, erekle II-is reformebis Sedegad qarTl-kaxeTis

centraluri mmarTveloba daiyo dargebad. saxelmwifo mmarTveloba dana-

172

wilda `saxelmwifo Semosavlebis da safinanso uwyebad~, `samxedro saqme-

ebis uwyebad~, `Sinagan saqmeTa uwyebad~. amave dros daviT batoniSvilis

cnobiT, Seqmnila `sagareo saqmeTa uwyebac~. saqarTvelos samarTlis da

kanonmcodneobis mimoxilvis 108 da 109 muxlebSi aRniSnulia, rom qarTl-

kaxeTis samefoSi sagareo saqmeebs xelmZRvanelobda mdivanTuxucesi. am

dros samefoSi ori mdivanTuxucesi iyo. erTi qristiani da erTi

muslimi. pirveli maTgani urTierTobas qristianul saxelmwifoebTan, me-

ore ki muslimur qveynebTan awesrigebda (bagrationi, 1959: 240).

qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi arsebobda samefo kancelaria, davTarxana.

mis meTaurs, ruseTis imperiis mibaZviT `vice-kancleri~ ewodeboda. 90-ian

wlebSi `vice-kancleri~ solomon lioniZe iyo.

erekle II-s, daviT batoniSvilisave cnobiT, SemouRia axali saxe-

lebi _ `milaxvari~, `saolqo inpeqtori~ anu `revizori~ da sxva.

`saolqo inspeqtorebi~ iniSnebodnen mudmivmoqmedi organos, same-

fo sabWos mier, romelsac daviT batoniSvili senats uwodebs. `saolqo

inspeqtorebi~ erTi wlis vadiT axorcielebdnen Tavis movaleobas. maT

movaleobaSi Sedioda adgilobrivi administraciis moxeleTa _ mouravTa,

mosamarTleTa da a.S. kontroli (bagrationi, 1959: 271-272). es saxelo Za-

lian hgavs petre I-is mier SemoRebul `государственные контролеры~-s.

amavdroulad mefis saTaTbiro organos _ darbazis _ erTgvari

reorganizacia ganxorcielda. mas ewoda samefo sabWo, romelic mudmivad

funqcionirebda. misi wevrebi mefis mier SerCeuli pirebi iyvnen. daviT

batoniSvilis cnobis mixedviT samefo sabWo arCevda, rogorc

pilitikuri Sinaarsis saqmeebs, aseve kontrols amyarebda sasamarTlo

saqmianobaze da warmoadgenda umaRles saapelacio instancias

(bagrationi, 1959: 237-239.

mniSvnelovani reorganizacia ganxorcielda adgilobriv

administraciul aparatSi. rogorc wina TavSi aRvniSneT, erekle II-m da-

ibruna `osmaloba-yizilbaSobis” dros Tavadebis mier mitacebuli mamu-

lebi. samefo domeni izrdeboda konfiskaciis gziTac.

amavdroulad erekle II-m gaauqma yazaxis (1755 w.) da borCalo-bai-

daris (1765 w.) saxanoebi. xolo 1777 wels qsnis erisTavTa mamulebi saxa-

sod daido (manamde 1743 wels Teimuraz II-m aragvis saerisTavo gaauqma).

173

aRniSnuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad samefo domenma moicva qveynis

umetesi nawili _ yazaxi, borCalo, baidari, somxiTi, TrialeTis nawili,

Tbilisi da misi Semogareni, gori da misi Semogareni, saamilaxvaros na-

wili zemo qarTlSi, patara da didi liaxvis xeobebis umetesi adgilebi,

qsnis da aragvis xeobebi, xevi, TuSeTi, fSavi, xevsureTi da kaxeTis ume-

tesi nawili.

mefem am mxareebis mmarTvelebad mouravebi, nacvlebi da mamasax-

lis-gzirebi ganawesa.

platon ioseliani giorgi XII-is dros Semdeg mouravebsa da samo-

uravoebis asaxelebs:

erasti amilaxvari _ soRanluRis mouravi.

qaixosro sumbaTaSvili _ navTluRis mouravi.

baram gurgeniZe _ didubis mouravi.

aleqsandre mayaSvili _ winwyaros, orsave avlabris, kukiis moura-

vi.

farsadan qarumiZe _ axalsoflis mouravi.

giorgi amilaxvari _ goris mouravi.

luarsab lolaZe da gogia begiaSvili _ mejvrisxevis mouravni.

gogia begiaSvili _ mejudis mouravi.

daviT bibiluri _ saTemo mouravi.

firan CerqeziSvili _ qiwnisis, tyviavis da Rvidis mouravi.

egnate mirzaSvili _ vanaTis, arbos da Sindisis mouravi.

egnate ioseliani _ tirZnisis mouravi.

ninia amilaxvari _ cxinvalis da qarelis mouravi.

zaza maCabeli _ qelvis da aCabeTis mouravi.

nasyida zardiaSvili _ maRrandovleTis mouravi.

evgeni abaSiZe _ alis, suramis da qefinisxevis moravi.

nokoliz glurjiZe _ xidisTavis mouravi.

domenti winamZRvriSvili _ glurjeTis mouravi.

daviT abaSiZe _ borCalo da Silixos mouravi.

SanSe erismTavriSvili _ Sulaveris mouravi.

revaz vaxvaxiSvili _ axatelis TaTrebis mouravi.

Tamaz orbeliani _ demurCalis mouravi.

174

adam andronikaSvili _ kaxeTis TaTrebisa da qirCxlis mouravi.

osefa bebuTaSvili _ baidaris mouravi.

solomon arRuTaSvili _ sarvanis mouravi.

saam baraTaSvili _ Zveli Taqlis mouravi.

paata abaSiZe _ axali Taqlis mouravi.

saam baraTaSvili _ Zveli Taqlis mouravi.

paata abaSiZe _ axali Taqlis mouravi.

solomon gabaevi _ muRanlos mouravi.

giorgi ciciSvili _ elebisa, qolagirisa, moRanlos, qoSqilisisa,

aylilisa, uzunlarisa da disiRis mouravi.

osefa yorRanaSvili _ hasan-xojalis mouravi.

garsevan WavWavaZe _ yazaxis TaTrebis mouravi.

giorgi ciciSvili _fambakis mouravi.

nikoloz CerqeziSvili _ manavis mouravi.

Tadia ColoyaSvili _ Tval-sagarejos, sarTiWalis mouravi.

daviT andronikaSvili _ orsave martyofis mouravi.

gogia naTaliSvili _ lilos mouravi.

dimitri ColoyaSvili _ TianeTis da marilisis mouravi.

glaxa saginovi _ qistauris mouravi.

aleqsandre mayaSvili _ boWormis mouravi.

daviT da ioane qobulovebi _ zemoxodaSenis mouravebi.

irodion gurgeniZe _ Telavis mouravi.

giorgi vaxvaxiSvili _ kalauris mouravi.

ioseb WavWavaZe _ iraklis cixis mouravi.

sfiridon jandieriSvili _ qvemo xodaSenis da SaSianis mouravi.

oman jandieriSvili _ uriaTubnis mouravi.

dimitri andronikaSvili _ veliscixis mouravi.

daviT jandieriSvili _ gurjaanis mouravi.

durmiSxan ColoyaSvili _ pankisis, baxtrionis da qorbalas mou-

ravi.

aRaTang petriaSvili _ maRnaris mouravi.

nikoloz ColoyaSvili _ lalisyuris mouravi.

Tamaz jorjaZe _ Saqrianis mouravi.

175

dimitri jorjaZe _ eniselis mouravi.

daviT mayaSvili _ aRdgomis mouravi.

giorgi nodaraSvili da anduyafar bancuriSvili _ Sildis moura-

vi.

kirile avaliSvili _ lomis-cixis mouravi.

daviT ColoyaSvili _ vefxis-cixis mouravi.

luarsab TarxniSvili _ faSaanis mouravi.

samon qobulaSvili _ sanavardos mouravi.

garsevan vaCnaZe _ kuWatanis da `orsave gavazis~ mouravi.

spiridon TarxniSvili _ vanTas mouravi.

luarsab TarxniSvili _ akuras mouravi.

oman mayaSvili _ yarajalas, piraqeTa TaTrebis da kaxeTSi mcxov-

rebi TaTrebis mouravi.

daviT da ioane qobulaSvilebi _ `TaTrebisa yizil-ajilisa~ mou-

ravi.

revaz andronikaSvili _ qiziyis mouravi.

rosef jandieri _ jimiTis da yandauris mouravi.

ninia CerqeziSvili _ kakabeTis mouravi.

durmiSxan ColoyaSvili _ TuSeTis mouravi.

dimitri ColoyaSvili _ fSavisa da xevsureTis mouravi (ioselia-

ni, 1978: 263-264).

zemoT CamoTvlilTa garda iyo Tbilisis samouravo. TbilisSi

mefis mouravis paralelurad yvela Tavads sakuTari mouravi hyolia.

mmarTvelobis centralizebis kuTxiT erekle II-s specialuri

brZanebuleba Seudgenia: q. Cveni brZaneba aris... Cvens mouravs gardaisad

sxva visac qalaqSi mouravebi hyavs isini mouraobidam dagviyenebia. Cveni

saxasos ymasac da qalaqSi visac yma hyavs imaTi mouravi sardal qalaqis

mouravi Cveni siZe daviT aris... (1. III. 1784 w.)~ (xec., Hd_1616; surgulaZe,

1952: 425-426).

mouravebi iyvnen ganwesebulni yofili qsnis da aragvis saerisTa-

voebSic. miuxedavad imisa, rom es teritoriebi XVIII saukunis 80-ian

wlebSi saufliswulod gadaecaT batoniSvilebs, adgilobrivi moxeleni

(maT Soris mouravebic) centralur xelisuflebas emorCilebodnen. amas

176

adasturebs mravali dokumenti. xolo am teritoriaze mcxovrebi aznau-

rebi saxaso aznaurebad arian dawerilni (qarTuli..., 1965: 485).

zogierTi samouravo Seadgenda ara marto konkretul dasaxlebul

punqts, aramed mis Semogaren, sakmaod mozrdil teritoriasac. magali-

Tad, Tbilisis, goris, sagarejos da a.S. samouravoebs miewerebodaT sxva-

dasxva soflebi (ix. bagrationi, 1986).

didi samouravoebis meTaurebi, ruseTis imperiis mibaZviT, wyaroeb-

Si gubernatorebad ixseneba.

rogorc vxedavT, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos umetes nawils mefis ad-

ministraciuli moxeleni _ mouravebi _ ganageben. Tumca mefis adminis-

traciuli warmomadgeneli TavadTa mkvidr mamulebSi ar ijda. es badebs

SekiTxvas _ Tu mefis moxele ar zis saTavado mamulebSi, maSin vin ax-

dens administrirebas Tu ara Tavadi? magram Cven aRvniSneT, rom erekle

II-m sxvadasxva reformebis Sedegad Tavadebs CamoarTva samxedro, sasamar-

Tlo, sagadasaxado da sapolicio saqmianobis ganxorcielebis ufleba.

arc dokumenturad dasturdeba, rom Tavadebis moxeleebi saTavadoSi

axorcielebdnen baton-ymur valdebulebebis (batonis sasargeblo gadasa-

xadebis akrefa, batonis zvar-xodabunebis damuSaveba da sxva sameurneo

saqmianobebi) garda, sxva administraciul funqciebs.62

62 administraciuli marTvis berketebi XVIII saukunis 70-ian wlebSi gaaCnda mxolod qsnis erisTavebs. saerisTavoSi iyvnen boqaulTuxucesebi, boqaulebi, iasaulebi da a.S. erTi sityviT, erisTavebi flobdnen garkveul imunitets. saerisTavos gauqmeba, Cveni azriT, swored am faqtma gamoiwvia. mogvianebiT, rodesac 1800-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, dRis wesrigSi dadga erisTavebisaTvis CamorTmeuli miwebis ukan dabruneba, samefo kari maT ara erisTavis, aramed mouravis (anu mefis moxelis) statuss aniWebda (bagrationi, 1957: 34-35) amiT giorgi XII-is xelisufleba xazs usvamda, rom ukiduresad dasustebul samefoSic ki SeuZlebeli iyo saTavado aRmdgariyo Tavisi imunitetiT (SezRuduli administraciuli funqciis matareblebi Canan mxolod sardlebi, romlebic am periodSi centraluri xelisuflebis rigiT moxeleebad iqcnen).

am SemTxvevaSi saq-

me gvaqvs specifikur mdgomareobasTan _ samefo xelisufleba TavadTa

kuTvnili teritoriebis administrirebas axdenda ara adgilze daniSnuli

moxeleebis _ mouravebis (`saqveynod gamrigeebis~) _ saSualebiT, aramed

centridan, yovelgvari adgilobrivi rgolebis gareSe. iseve, rogorc

`samxedro uwyeba~, `morige~ Tu sxva tipis jaris mobilizebas awarmoebda

yovelgvari provinciuli samobilizacio rgolis gareSe, centridan laS-

qarnivisebis da sarqardarebis saSualebiT, aseve saTavado mamulebSi aR-

weras, sasamarTlo saqmianobas, gadasaxadebis Sekrebas Tu sapolicio

177

saqmianobas centraluri xelisufleba uproblemod axorcielebda. erek-

le II-m Zveli tradiciis, TavadTa interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu biu-

rokratiuli aparatis kidev ufro gazrdisaTvis saxsrebis uqonlobis ga-

mo, ver SeZlo qveynis maStabiT saerTo administraciuli rgolebis (samo-

uravoebis) Seqmna. winaaRmdegobas gamoiwvevda is faqtic, rom mouravebis

sargos Seadgenda mis samouravoSi mcxovrebTa gadasaxadebi. im SemTxveva-

Si, Tu mefe saTavado mamulebSi aseT moxeleebs ganawesebda, es ramdenad-

me daamZimebda mosaxleobis mdgomareobas, radgan maT daekisrebodaT er-

Ti mxriv mebatonis sasargeblod, meore mxriv mefis sasargeblod da me-

same mxriv mouravis sasargeblod gaeRoT gadasaxadebi. samefo kars, sxva

tipis moxeleebis (mag. samxedro uwyebis moxeleebis) msgavsad, ar SeeZlo

mravalricxovani mouravebisaTvis xazinidan jamagiri eZlia. amitom opti-

maluri gamosavali TavadTa samflobeloebisaTvis centridan administri-

reba Canda.

erekle II-m XVIII saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi samefo da sadedoflo

yma-mamulebis nawili Tavis memkvidreebs _ batoniSvilebs _ mudmiv sakuT-

rebaSi gadasca. sakmaod msxvili memamuleebi gaxdnen iulon, vaxtang, ioa-

ne, mirian, aleqsandre da farnaoz batoniSvilebi. batoniSvilTa sakuTre-

bas saufliswuloebi ewodeboda.

garda pirad sakuTrebaSi gadacemuli yma-mamulisa, erekle II-m ase-

ve Seqmna ufro msxvili teritoriuli erTeulebi, romelsac aseve sauf-

liswuloebi ewoda. platon ioselianis gadmocemiT, `gamravlebulTa Ze-

Ta TvisTa [erekle II-m] dauniSna sacxovrebelad da gasageblad adgilni

da Temni. mefis Zes giorgis borCalo da yazaxisa nawili; iulonsa qsnis

adgilebi (radganac erisTavianT mieRoT qsani), vaxtangsa anu almasxansa

aragvi da sxvaTa sxvani adgilni~ (ioseliani, 1978: 14). mogvianebiT, sakuT-

riv qsnis saerisTavo ioane giorgis Zes gadeca, xolo iulons liaxvis

xeoba, farnaoz batoniSvils ki suramis mimdebare teritoriebi.

saufliswuloebi ar iyo batoniSvilTa samemkvidreo nawili. maga-

liTad, yazax-borCaloSi mouravi ijda da mosaxleobis akrefili gadasa-

xadebi saxelmwifo xazinaSi Sedioda; aseve iulon batoniSvilis sauf-

liswulo moicavda, rogorc mis pirad mamulebs, aseve maCablebis, ami-

178

laxvrebis da sxvaTa mamulebsac. farnaoz batoniSvilis saufliswuloSi

_ suramSi _ ijda mefis mouravi, gadasaxadebic saxelmwifo xazinaSi Se-

dioda. qsnis da aragvis xeobebis aznaurebi (Tavisi ymebiT) saxazino azna-

urebad iTvlebodnen. mefem Tavisi memkvidreebi provinciaSi centraluri

xelisuflebis gaZlierebis mizniT sakuTar warmomadgenlebad daniSna.

specialuri nebarTviT maTFsamarTalwarmoebaSi monawileobis ufleba,

samxedro funqciebi da sxva movaleobebi daakisra. amiT kidev ufro Seiz-

Ruda sardalTa ufleba-movaleobebi. daviT batoniSvilis `saqarTvelos

samarTlisa da kanonmcodneobis mimoxilvidan~ Cans, rom erekle II-m uf-

liswulebisaTvis zogierTi uflebamosileba SezRuda _ rig sakiTxebSi

isini mefis moxeleebs emorCilebodnen (ix. bagrationi, 1959: 224-225).

Tavdapirvelad axlad Seqmnili instituti normalurad funqcioni-

rebda. Tumca, mogvianebiT, erekle II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg, taxtis da-

uflebisaTvis gamwvavebul dinastiur brZolaSi batoniSvilebi miniWebul

Zalauflebas sakuTari interesebisaTvis iyenebdnen, ramac aRa-mahmad xani-

sagan darbeuli qveynis kidev ufro dasusteba gamoiwvia. amitomac, sauf-

liswuloTa Seqmna qarTul istoriografiaSi erekle II-is Secdomad sa-

marTlianad aris miCneuli.

* * *

ganaTlebis sferoSi erTgvar gardamtex xanad SeiZleba CaiTvalos

XVIII saukunis II naxevari. `ereklemde, gvianfeodalur xanaSi, skolebi

kerZo iyo da saxelmwifo maTze ar zrunavda. erekles droidan-ki

saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo skola Semodis. 1756 wels TbilisSi

filosofiis seminaria daarsda, xolo 1782 wels meore aseTive seminaria

TelavSic gaixsna. am saswavlebelTa gegma aseTive rusuli saswavlebidan

iyo gadmotanili. Tbilisisa da Telavis seminariebs reqtorebi

ganagebdnen. maT xelfasi xazinidan eZleodaT (berZeniSvili, 1965: 226).

Telavis filosofiur seminarias maRal Sefasebas aZlevs germaneli

mogzauri iakob rainegsi. misi TqmiT vaxvaxiSvilebis `gvaridan aris

qarTveli beri, saxelad gaiozi, romelic ToTxmeti wlis manZilze

ruseTSi swavlobda da 1780 wels didi codniT SeiaraRebuli

saqarTveloSi dabrunda da TelavSi skola daaarsa. misma dauRalavma

179

sibejiTem da gasagebma swavlebam gaaRviZa misi Tanamemamuleebis niWi

(unari) da maTi xarbi cnobismoyvareoba, raTa isini ganswavlulni

gamxdariyvnen~ (rainegsi, 2002: 166). gaiozis Semdeg seminariis reqtorad

daniSnula daviT mesxiSvili (rogava, 1950: 45-46). Telavis seminariaSi

daviT batoniSvilis cnobiT ganaTlebis miReba SeeZloT yvela wodebis

warmomadgenels (bagrationi, 1959: 253). seminariebSi swavleba leqciur

xasiaTs atarebda. moswavleebi ismendnen leqciebs, xolo pedagogebi maT

codnas amowmebdnen gamocdebis gziT. warCinebul moswavleebs ki

ajildovebdnen (qiqoZe..., 1973: 779).63

XVIII saukunis bolos qarTuli dramaturgiac ganviTarda. giorgi

avaliSvilma rusulidan Targmna sumarokovis cnobili piesebi: `rqis

matarebeli~, `deda rayifi qalisa~, `saCxubari~ da `ubnoba mkvdarTa~.

agreTve dauweria originaluri qarTuli piesebi. maT Soris `Teimuraz

1778 wels TbilisSi gaioz arqimandritis xelmZRvanelobiT

daarsda rusuli enis Semswavleli kerZo skola (qiqoZe..., 1973: 778).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, 1780-1782 wlebSi safuZvlianad

gadaiaraRda stamba, sadac aTasobiT wigni ibeWdeboda. zaqaria WiWinaZe

beWduri gamocemebis kidev erT siaxleze mogviTxrobs: `...saqarTveloSi

1787 wels gazeTis msgavsad furclebze beWdvac iwyes, romel

furclebzedac moTavsebuli iyo sxva da sxva akrostixuri leqsebi,

sityvebi da mefeTa qebani....amave dros ukve win wavida qarTvelTa Soris

sxva da sxva gancxadebebis beWdvac (WiWinaZe, 1903: 4). rogorc vxedavT

niadagi mzaddeboda qarTuli gazeTis daarsebisaTvis. ioane

batoniSvilis kanonproeqti gazeTis daarsebasac iTvaliswinebda~

(bagrationi, 1957: 7), Tumca misi ganxorcieleba imJamad ver moxerxda.

wyaroebidan irkveva, rom XVIII saukunis miwurulSi, rusuli

Teatris mibaZviT, qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi daarsda Teatri. samefo karze

Teatraluri warmodgenebi imarTeboda giorgi avaliSvilis

xelmZRvanelobiT. Telavsa da TbilisSi Teatralur warmodgenebs

marTavda aseve vinme gabrieli, artileriis maiori. maT garda,

imdroindeli msaxiobebidan cnobilia ioseb amiriZe, qeSiS-dardimandad

wodebuli da maCabela.

63 dawvrilebiT ixileT ap. rogavas naSromi (rogava, 1950).

180

II~. mdivanbeg daviT jimSeris Ze ColoyaSvils rasinis èfiRenia~

uTargmnia (ix. gaCeCilaZe, 1957).

sabolood aRvniSnavT, rom erekle II-m 1770-ian wlebSi gaatara

mniSvnelovani reformebi: 1) saxelmwifo kontrolze aiyvana qveynis aRwe-

ris organizeba, 2) Seqmna centralizebuli sagadasaxado sistema, 3) Camoa-

yaliba mudmivi jaris nairsaxeobebi, 4) centralur xelisuflebas dauq-

vemdebara sasamarTlo da sapolicio saqmianoba, 5) mmarTveloba dayo

sxvadasxva dargebad, 6) SemoiRo axali samoxeleo Tanamdebobebi da moxe-

leTa did nawils samsaxurisTvis jamagiri dauniSna.

miuxedavad zogierTi naklovanebisa (tradiciis mixedviT moxelee-

bi xSirad memkvidreobiT flobdnen saxelos; zogjer erTi da imave pi-

rovnebas erTdroulad ori da meti Tanamdeboba ekava, rac garkveul uar-

yofiT Sedegebs iZleoda; rigi mizezebis gamo mTeli qveynis samouravoe-

bad dayofa ver moxerxda da saufloswuloTa intitutma ar gaamarTla),

ereklesdroindeli qarTl-kaxeTis samefo mkveTrad gascda feodalur-de-

centralizebul saxelmwifos farglebs. erekle II-is reformebis Sedegad

saTavadoebma dakarges imuniteti, rac maT faqtobriv gauqmebas niSnavda

da Seiqmna centralizebuli mmarTveloba. aseTi tipis saxelmwifo Cveni

azriT, àbsolutur monarqias~ ufro emsgavseba, vidre CamorCenil, Tava-

dur samefos. erekle II-s RonisZiebebi bevr msgavsebas amJRavnebs petre I-

is reformebTan. kargad xedavda ra qveynis mmarTvelobis modernizaciisa-

ken gadadgmul nabijebs qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi myofi rusi moxele bur-

naSovi, aRniSnavda: èrekle mefe ise arafrisaken ar miiswrafoda, ro-

gorc Tavis xalxis evropulad gardaqmnisaken~ (burnaSovi, 1898: 10). erek-

le II-is droindeli qarTl-kaxeTis samefo àbsoluturi~ monarqiisaTvis

damaxasiaTebel bevr niSans atarebda.

qveynis sruli, saboloo, gardaqmnisaTvis saWiro iyo reformebis

gagrZeleba. am process xeli SeueSala, rigi obieqturi da subieqturi mi-

zezebis gamo, krwanisis brZolaSi damarcxebam da erekle II-is gardacva-

lebis Semdeg atexilma Sida winaaRmdegobebma.64

64 es sakiTxebi scdeba Cvens kvlevis obieqts da amitom masze ar SevCerdebiT.

aRniSnuli dabrkolebe-

bis miuxedavad, 1799 wels ioane batoniSvilma giorgi XII-s warudgina ka-

181

nonproeqti, romelic miznad qveyanaSi reformebis gagrZelebas isaxavda

(ix. bagrationi, 1957). samwuxarod, qveynis momavali modernizeba samefo

xelisuflebas ar dascalda. 1801 wels ruseTis imperiam daarRvia geor-

gievskis traqtatiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebi da qarTl-kaxeTis samefo

gaauqma.

ioane batoniSvilis kanonproeqti iTvaliswinebda vaWrobis da xe-

losnobis gafarToebas, samTamadno mrewvelobaze zrunvas, saxelmwifo

skolebis gaxsnas, TavadiSvilaTa mamulebis saboloo gamijvnas, moxele-

Ta jamagirze gadayvanas da sxva.

es kanonproeqti qarTul istoriografiaSi miCneulia sruliad

axal, `revoluciur~ gardaqmnebis matareblad. magram dakvirveba cxad-

yofs, rom Tvisebrivad axali, cariel niadagze daweril proeqtTan ar

gvaqvs saqme. igi bevr sferoSi ereklesdroindel kondiciaze dabrunebas

gulisxmobda. xolo yvela sxva siaxleni dafuZnebuli iyo ukve arsebul

mdgomareobaze (proeqti aRorZinebul vaWroba-xelosnobaSi qarTuli eT-

nikuri elementis CarTvas, arsebuli mudmiv samxedro Zalebis kidev uf-

ro daxvewas, saxelmwifo skolebis, romlebic krwanisis brZolis Semdeg

ganadgurda, aRdgena-momatebas da a.S. iTvaliswinebda).

erTi sityviT, erekle II-m SeZlo qveynis mmarTvelobis Zireuli

gardaqmna. am cvlilebebma, bunebrivia, Zveli feodaluri saxlebis mflo-

belobaSi garkveuli siaxleebi Seitana.

182

Tavi IV. cvlilebebi saTavadoTa Sida mflobelobaSi

erekle II-is mier gatarebuli reformebis Sedegad saTavadoebma

dakarges imuniteti. mefis Zalaufleba aRar iyo maTze damokidebuli. qve-

yanaSi fulad-sasaqonlo urTierTobebis ganviTareba, racionaluri meur-

neobebis gaCena da paralelurad, feodaluri saxlebis saerTo mamulebis

degradacia, Zirs uTxrida saTavadoTa ekonomikur Zlierebas _ saerTo

mflobelobis arseboba xom naturalur meurneobaze iyo damyarebuli.

aseT pirobebSi, bunebrivia, daiwyo saTavado saxlebis rRveva. am period-

Si TvalSisacemia Tavad-aznaurTa qalaqisaken swrafva. marto TbilisSi

XVIII saukunis miwurulSi 70-ze meti Tavadi cxovrobda. maT aRar akmayo-

filebdaT saerTo mamulidan miRebuli renta da cdilobdnen individua-

luri _ `saTavisTavo~ qonebis Seqmnas.

XVIII saukunis 70-ian wlebis qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi saTavado

saxlebis rRvevis gaaqtiureba da individualuri meurneobis masiuri Ca-

moyalibebis procesi SeimCneva.65

65 kaxeTSi samefo karis centralizebuli politikis wyalobiT saTavadoebma ver miiRes ganviTarebis iseTive saxe, rogoric iyo qarTlSi. iq saTavado saxlebis `gayris~ masiuri procesi XVI-XVII saukuneebidanve SeimCneva (ix. asaTiani, 1959: 54). gansxvavebuli azri gamoTqva g. jamburiam. misi azriT kaxeTSi, qarTlis samefos msgavsad arsebobda saTavadoTa sistema (ix. jamburia, 2007: 121-161).

saTavadoTa saerTo mflobelobis rRvevaze Cvens xelT arsebuli

mravali dokumenti miuTiTebs:

1776 wlis 15 ivnisis ganCineba glaxa da qaixosro favleniSvilebis

mamulis saqmeze (qarTuli..., 1974: 14-15).

1777 wlis 23 martis ganCineba ioane da beJan yorCibaSiSvilebis


1778 wlis 11 maisis ganCineba ivane da solomon abazaZeebis


1780 wlis 10 ivnisis ganCineba zemo da qvemo abazaZeebis mamulis

saqmeze (qarTuli..., 1974: 115-154).

1781 wlis 14 maisis ganCineba guramiSvilTa gayris sqmeze

(qarTuli..., 1974: 152).

183

1783 wlis 25 ivnisis ganCineba guramiSvilebis qonebis gayofis

saqmeze (qarTuli..., 1974: 220-221).

1783 wlis 28 oqtombris ganCineba farezum da aqaz

endronikaSvilbis gayris saqmeze (qarTuli..., 1974: 241-242).

1784 wlis 6 seqbembris ganCineba falavandiSvilebis mamulis

gayofis saqmeze (qarTuli..., 1974: 269-270).

1785 wlis 12 aprilis ganCineba sulxan da qaixosro

ximSiaSvilebis mamulis saqmeze (qarTuli..., 1974: 295).

1787 wlis 16 oqtombris ganCineba (qiziyis) mouravisa da

TofCibaSis mamulis saqmeze (qarTuli..., 1974: 385-386).

1787 wlis 27 noembris ganCineba papua da egnate TumaniSvilebis

gayris saqmeze (qarTuli..., 1974: 387-393).

1787 wlis martis ganCineba jaridan da durmiSxan ColoyaSvilebis

gayris saqmeze (qarTuli..., 1974: 357-366).66

cnobilia, rom didi saTavado saxlebi eridebodnen gayofas, rad-

ganac feodalur saxelmwifoSi, es mis damcrobas gamoiwvevda. Zveli tra-

1789 wlis 12 maisis ganCineba ratiSvilebis gayris saqmeze

(qarTuli..., 1974: 465-467).

1789 wlis 8 ivniss ganCineba eliazar da zaal daviTaSvilebis

mamulis gayofis saqmeze (qarTuli..., 1974: 217-218).

1790 wlis 1 martis ganCineba eSikaRasbaS revazisa da solomonis


1792 wlis 29 agvistos ganCineba daviT da zaza amirejibebis


1793 wlis 25 Tebervlis ganCineba iese da sulxan TaqTaqiSvilebis

gayris saqmeze (qarTuli..., 1974: 594).......

sxvadasxva sabuTebiT irkveva, rom am dros zemoT CamoTvlil sag-

vareuloTa garda, gayofili Cans Semdegi saTavado saxlebi: germanoziS-

vilebi, garsevaniSvilebis, favleniSvilebi, diasamiZeebi, avaliSvilebi,

begTabegiSvilebi, saakaZeebi, javaxiSvilebi, TarxniSvilebi, xerxeuliZee-

bi da sxva (ix. xanTaZe, 1955: 153-171).

66 iyreba ColoyaSvilTa erTi saxli. mTlianad saColoyaSvilo ukve ramdenime saxladaa daSlili.

184

dicia, ra Tqma unda, kvlav ZalaSi rCeboda. aleqsanrde amilaxvari amis

Sesaxeb aRniSnavda, rom `.... qarTvelebs Soris mets pativs scemdnen ganu-

yofel gvars~ (amilaxvari, 1939: 129).

tradiciuli Sexedulebis miuxedavad, kerZo, individualuri sa-

kuTrebis Seqmnis tendencias verc didi saTavadoebi ascdnen. zogierTma

saTavado saxlma, marTalia, gansaxilveli saukunis bolomde SeinarCuna

saerTo mflobeloba (saamilaxoro, samuxranbatono), magram qveyanaSi

dawyebuli procesi arsebiTad maTac SeexoT.

1769 wels yma-mamulebi gaunawilebiaT abaSiZeTa did saTavados

saxlis wevrebs _ `q. ukeTilmsaxuress da umaRlessa, Zesa uflisa mier

cxebulisa qarTuelTa mefisa Teimurazisasa, iraklis meoresa, qristes

mier keTilmsaxursa, mefes qarTÀlTa da kaxeTisa, da mflobelisa didTa

samTavroTa SamSadilisa, borCalosa da yazaxisa... ese Seuryeveli da

mtkiceÁ piri da aRTqmaÁ mogarTviTs Cven... milaxorbaSi abaSiZe nikolaos,

SvilebiTurT CemiT, da egreTue Zmis wuli Cemi. paatas Svili abaSiZe qai-

xosro Tavis kerZnyofiTa ZmaTa TvisTaTa evgeni da daviT zemo xsenebul-

Ta mizezTagan gaviyareniT da viTarca aqunda CveulebaÁ qarTualTa, ege-

Tisa marTl msajulebiTa ganhsjiTa da samarTliTa ganviyaviT mameulni

ymani da yovelive Cuenni mama papaT naRuawni, wilxdomiT, ufrosisa sauf-

rosoisaTa da wilxdomiTa umcrosisa saumcrosoisaTa da sxuani yoveli-

ve swored movrigdeviT da baraTiT ganvikerZeT da Tavs Tvisni kerZni

ganvisakuTreT...~ (xec., Hd _ 9464).

aznaur rCeuliSvilis qvrivis mier erekle II-sadmi mierTmeuli ar-

zidan irkveva, rom 1782 wlisaTvis `gayrilan~ maCablebic _ `...axla maCab-

lis Svilebi, rom iyrebian, Cven ymebs cal-calke iyofen da wilSi agde-

ben~ (xec., Hd _ 2762)

rac Seexeba qarTlis iseT did saTavado saxlebs, rogoricaa _ sa-

yaflaniSvilo, saciciano, saamilaxvaro da samuxranbatoni _ maTze Seda-

rebiT detalurad SevCerdebiT.

185

$ 1. sayaflaniSvilo

imunitetis denonsaciam, cxadia, did saTavadoTa Sida mflobelo-

bazec imoqmeda. politikuri uflebebis CamorTmevis fonze saTavadoTa

erTianoba aRar iyo Zveleburad aqtualuri. amave dros araracionalu-

rad damuSavebuli saerTo mamuli veRar uzrunvelyofda TavadiSvilTa

moTxovnebs da, miuxedavad gvaris gauyoflobis ZirZveli tradiciisa,

Cans, rom am periodSi did saTavadoTa mamulebi faqtobrivad ramdenime

saxlis wevrTa Soris nawildeba. am mxriv sainteresoa Tvali gavadevnoT

yaflaniSvilTa mamulebis Sida mflobelobas.

1721 wlis mewinave sadroSos aRweris monacemebidan irkveva, rom

sayaflaniSvilos ekuTvnis 164 sofeli, 1200 komlamde yma-glexiTa da 100-

ze meti aznauriT. aRweris mixedviT `saero~ mflobeloboba mamulebis da

yma-glexTa daaxloebiT 95%-s Seadgenda (lorTqifaniZe, 1935: 138-156).

sayaflaniSvilos saTavado oTxi ojaxisagan Sedgeboda. maT Soris

yma-mamulis gadanawilebisaTvis mudmivi dava-qiSpi warmoebda. saerTod

sayaflaniSviloSi `saufroso~ ar aiReboda, radganac jer kidev saTava-

dos fuZemdeblis, did yaflanis, memkvidre papuna acxadebda: `...erasti

(momavali saxlis ufrosi) viSvileT da am mizeziT ZmaTSi samduravi Ca-

movarda da laparaki Segveqmna. da radgan mdivanbegisa (vaxtangis) da sar-

dlis (Tamazis) qarTuli erTi iyo, mec Tqvensken moviwive. Cems Zmas aslan

da Zmiswulebs daelaparaknen. Tu ama pirobiT yabuli qnan, rom TqvenSi

saufroso da saumcroso aRar iyos, Cems saufrosos aravin wamoeWidos.

da Zmani xarT da Cem wilad saufroso yvela sasworo iyos~ (qavTaria,

1987: 119).

mogvianebiT, vaxtang VI werilidanac erasti yaflaniSvilisadmi,

irkveva, rom saTavado saxlSi `saufroso~ ar aiReboda _ `rogorc Tqvens

biZas, kurTxeuls papunas gaurigebia TqvenSi saufrosos auRebloba, mec

imisi garigebas ar movSli~ (saqarTvelos..., 1909: 327).

sayaflaniSviloSi saxlebs Soris mamulebis da glexebis pirveli

gadanawileba erasti mdivanbegis saxlisufrosobis dros (1731 wlamde)

momxdara. amas adasturebs xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi daculi Hd fon-

186

dis # 11264 sabuTi, igi ganekuTvneba XVIII saukunis I naxevars (savarau-

dod 30-ian wlebs). sabuTSi CamoTvlilia `mdivanbegianT saorbeliSvilos

saxaso~ soflebi. 34 sofeli yaflaniSvilTa (orbelianebis) erT-erTi

Stos _ `mdivanbegianT~ _ saxaso gamxdara.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sxva saxlebs Soris yma-mamulis gadanawile-

bis imdroindeli dokumentebi ar mogvepoveba, `mdivanbegiaanT~ wilis ar-

seboba TavisTavad gulisxmobs, rom danarCen saxliskacebsac analogiuri

wili ergoT. erTi sityviT, XVIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi saerTod mamuli

Semcirebulia. am mamulis umetesoba 4 ojaxis xelSi gadanawilebula

(daaxloebiT 130 sofeli).

mogvianebiT mdgomareoba Secvlila: `...erasti mdivanbegi rom mic-

vlila, Semdgomad saxlis-kacebs qaixosro sardlisaTvis miuciaT TaveTi

saxlis batonoba, yma da mamuli, aSenebuli da gamdidrebuli sayaflaniS-

vilo. weliwadi ar gamosula, am saxlis batonma saerTo soflebi Camoar-

Tva da saxlis-kacebi Sig aRar gaatara~ _ acxadebs zaal yaflaniSvili

ereklesaTvis mirTmeul arzaSi _ misive mtkicebiT qaixosro sardlis

mZlavrobis aRsakveTad zaals nadir SahTan Civili daupirebia, Tumca qai-

xosrom `abdula-beg da sxva qarTvelebi Semomiyena da yeenTan aRar maCiv-

la. Cemis meoTxedis wigni momca abdula-begisa da qarTvelebis pirobiTa~

(saqarTvelos..., 1909: 534, 540).

rogorc sabuTidan irkveva qaixosro yaflaniSvilis mZlavrobis

miuxedavad, mamulis saxlebs Soris arsebuli gadanawilebis status-quo Za-

laSi darCenila (`Cemis meoTxedis wigni momca...~).

arzidan Cans, rom es movlenebi 1741-42 wlebSi xdeboda, radgan gi-

vi amilaxvris antisparsuli ajanyebis dawyebis da qarTlis naibad imam-

yuli-xan xvarasnelis daniSvnis Tanadrouli iyo.

aRniSnul periodSi sayaflaniSvilo `osmaloba-yizilbaSobis~,

`lekianobis~ da saxliskacebis urTierT mixdoma-darbevis Sedegad mosax-

leobisgan faqtobrivad daicala. Sewyda intensiuri meurneobis warmoeba.

amjerad saTavados degradacia ara qveynis ekonomikurma winsvlam, aramed

mZime politikurma mdgomareobam gamoiwvia. amave dros Teimuraz II-is qar-

TlSi gamefebam Seasusta qaixosro sardlis uflebamosilebebi. misi sax-

187

lisufrosobis ukanasknel wlebSi saTavadoSi saxlebs Soris momxdara

mamulebis kidev erTi ganawileba. amas adasturebs Semdegi sabuTi:

“q. Cven, erTobiT orbeliSvilebma, Cveni Zmoba ase gavarigeT da

gayramdis ase am pirobiT SevrigdiT, rom rac ZvelTagan saerTo mamuli

gvqonda, saxasoebsaviT movirigeT da am rigiT gaviyaviT, rac saxelmwifo

xarji da saTxovari gveweros, am baraTis piriT vaZlioT, sanamdis sa-

xelmwifo xarji da saTxovari gveTxovebodes am rigze vidgneT.

q. erTwilad ergo mdivanbegis Svilebs:

sofeli q. zemo vardisubani avTandilaSvilebiT,

sofeli q. taSirzed wiTeleklesia aRzbeuqiT,

sofel q. qartaki, iqav samexralo,

q. jis sofeli kipruWi,

q. sofeli wyneTa,

q. sofeli qrcxila, iqav samexralo,

q. Tafans baduCaSvili,

q. dmanis, cixisa, duqnebisa, baRisa, wisqvilisa, miwisa, masaxlobe-

lis kacisa, yovlisfrgis meoTxedi

q. fitareTs: cixisa, msaxlobelis kacisa, miwisa yovlisfris meoT-

xedi.

q. tanZias: soflisa, msaxlobeli kacisa, miwisa, yovlisfris meoT-

xedi.

q. aRabablos: msaxlobelis TaTrisa, soflisa, miwisa, yovlisfris

meoTxedi.

q. aznauriSvilebi CaCikaSvilebi dRes risac mqonebelni arian:

soflebisa, mamulisa, yovlisfris meoTxedi.

q. aznauriSvili doroTaSvili Tavisis ymiTa da mamuliT.

q. nasyidi Sua bolnis zvrisa aqelaSvilebisa, qvemo bolnis zvris

meoTxedi~ (jamburia, 1960: 121-122).

amave raodenobis soflebi, aznaurebi da meoTxedebi ergoT sxva

danarCeni 3 saxlis wevrebsac (jamburia, 1960: 120-121; xec., Hd _ 1159, 1431).

es sabuTebi 1746 wliT TariRdeba.

rogorc vxedavT degradirebuli saTavado oTx Tanabar mamulad

daiSala. amasTanave, gvaqvs cnoba, rom `mdivanbegiaanT~ saxaso mamuli Ta-

188

vis mxriv 2 Zmas Soris gadanawilebula (xec., Hd _ 11261). yaflaniSvilTa

saxliskacebma `rac ZvelTagan saerTo mamuli~ hqondaT, `saxasoebsaviT~

moiriges da gaiyves. uklebliv saerTo mamulis mTeli fondis danawile-

ba rom momxdara dasturdeba imiTac, rom sxva soflebTan erTad, saxlis-

kacebma gainawiles saTavados yvela Zveli administraciuli centri _

tanZia (sadac sasaxle idga), fitareTi (Zveli sagvareulo saZvale), dmani-

sis cixe (mTavari strategiuli punqti) da a.S.

saxliskacebs Soris gayofis dros davac momxdara, romelic Tei-

muraz II-s mougvarebia: `...mere amas winaT rom Tqven s[ax]lis kacni gaiya-

reniT. mamuli, yma baraTebiT gaiyaviT. wili geyaraT. Sen ukeTesi baraTi

grgeboda. amazed laparaki gqondaT. Cven Seni baraTi qaixosro sardals

uboZeT da sardalis baraTi Sen giboZeT. amis gasasworeblad murvanas

Svili Tavis mamuliT nasyidiT da usyidiT Sen giboZeT. rogorc aqamdis

SenTvis umsaxuria isev Senve gemsaxurebodes da baraTSiac giweria. mur-

vanas SvilTan Sens mets kacs xeli ara hqondes manamdin aw sworeT gag-

yride an isev Segyride~ _ acxadebs 1749 wels Teimur II erT-erT yafla-

niSvilisaTvis micemul sigelSi (xec., Hd _ 2518).

mamulebis saxliskacebs Soris srul danawilebas adasturebs, ase-

ve, xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi daculi Hd fondis # 14301 sabuTi. igi

ganekuTvneba XVIII saukunis Sua xanebs. dokumenti warmoadgens `mdivanbe-

giaanT~ saxaso mamulebis gaerTianebul davTars. masSi Setanilia ro-

gorc nasyidi soflebi, aseve 1746 wlis gadanawilebamdeli maTi saxaso

soflebi da 1746 wels xelaxla gayofis Sedegad miRebuli soflebi.

sul nasyidobis garda mdivanbegiSvilebis mamuli 40 soflisgan da 4

soflis meoTxedisgan Sedgeboda. erTi sityviT aRniSnul periodSi yofi-

li didi saTavado 4 nawilad daiSala (1721 wlis aRweriT sul 164 sofe-

li Sedis sayaflaniSviloSi. `mdivanbegiaanT~ wili 40-ze meti sofelia.

oTxi saxlis wili ki 160-sofelze meti gamodis)

1749 wlis maisSi yaflaniSvilTa saxlis ufrosad airCies Teimu-

raz II-is siZe dimitri eSikaRasbaSi. saxliskacobis rigi cxadyofs, rom

Teimuraz II-is ZalisxmeviT, kvlav arsebobda saxlis nominaluri erTia-

noba (jamburia, 1960: 123-125). mefes provinciebis centridan administrire-

bis resursi amjerad ar gaaCnda da amdenad misi Zalaufleba kvlav did

189

saTavadoebze iyo damyarebuli. amitomac Teimurazi cdilobda saTavados

erTianobis, Tundac xelovnurad, SenarCunebas.

mogvianebiT, mdgomareoba radikalurad Seicvala. rogorc aRvniS-

neT, XVIII saukunis 70-ian wlebidan, erekle II-is reformebis Sedegad, sa-

Tavadoebma dakarges imuniteti. ZirZveli saTavadoebi politikur funqci-

ebs moklebulni aRmoCndnen. qveynis ekonomikurma winsvlam, fulad-sasa-

qonlo urTierTobis ganviTarebam da meurneobis marTvis racionalurma

midgomebma, bunebrivia, yaflaniSvilTa saxliskacebSi saerTo sasaxlo

meurneobisagan damoukidebel memamuleebad gadaqcevis tendecia kidev

ufro gaamZafra.

sayaflaniSvilos Sesaxeb uamravi dokumentis arsebobis miuxeda-

vad, XVIII saukunis 60-ian wlebidan veRar vxvdebiT verc `saxliskacobis

rigs~, da verc, saxlisufrosis arCevis faqts.67

`Cven orbeliZeT ZmobiT da mSvidobiT morigeba movindomeT da vna-

xeT es davTrebi oTxisave saxlisa wilad nargebi. radgan CvenTa mam-papa-

verc uamrav, yaflaniS-

vilTa arza-ganCinebebSi ver vxvdebiT saerTo, saTavado yma-mamulis arse-

bobas. sapirispirod yvela aseTi dokumenti yaflaniSvilTa saxliskace-

bis individualur mflobelobas naTelyofs (ix. qarTuli..., 1972, 1974,

1977, 1981, 1985).

yaflaniSvilTa mflobelobas exeba 1781 wlis Tbilisis Semogare-

nis aRweris davTari. dokumentSi, arsad ar aris dafiqsirebuli saerTo

sayaflaniSvilos yma-mamulebi. samagierod vxvdebiT daviT sardlis, vax-

tan yaflaniSvilis, zaal yaflaniSvilis da sxva saxliskacebis kerZo

mflobelobebs. analogiur suraTs iZleva sursaTis Seweris davTrebi

(ix. masalebi..., 1955; xanTaZe, 1955).

sayaflaniSvilos yma-mamulis gayofas mowmobs 1803 wlis ori do-

kumenti: dokumentebSi _ `giorgis Svilis saxaso rac SenaT (anu moSene-

bulia _ a.T.) aris~ da `mdivanbegis-Svilisa saxaso, rac SenaT aris~ _ Ca-

moTvlilia ori saxlis saxaso soflebi (giorgisSvilebis _ 22, mdivanbe-

gisSvilebis _ 27). orive dokumentis bolos aqvs Semdegi Sinaarsis mona-

weri:

67 g. jamburia `yaflanianT arzaze~ dayrdnobiT aRniSnavs, rom dimitri eSikaRasbaSis Semdeg saxlis ufrosi daviT sardali gamxdara (jamburia, 1955: 180), Tumca aRniSnul dokumentSi es faqti ar aris dafiqsirebuli (ix. saqarTvelos..., 1909: 533-543).

190

Ta umetesad ecodinebodaT am soflebis Tanasworad Sefardeba, ase Seu-

fardebiaT da gauyviaT. Cvenc, oTxsave saxlis Svilni, am oTxis Zmis dav-

Tars Cvenis beWdiT ase vbeWdavT da vyabulobT~ (jamburia, 1960: 138-140).

am sabuTebis mixedviT, oTxi saxlis moSenebuli soflebis ricxvi

100-mde aRwevs. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom XVIII saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis

mTeli saorbeliSvilo `uSeni~ iyo, gamoricxulia, rom XIX saukunis da-

sawyisisaTvis iq 100 sofelze meti yofiliyo `SenaT~. am dokumentebida-

nac irkveva, rom sayaflaniSviloSi saerTo mflobeloba XVIII saukunis II

naxevarSi aRar arsebobda da yofili didi saTavado oTx politikuri

uflebis armqone mamulad iyo gayofili.

Cven mier damowmebuli faqtobrivi masala naTlad metyvelebs, rom

miuxedavad formaluri erTobisa (sayaflaniSvilo oficialurad 1854

wels gaiyo (jamburia, 1955: 185)), yofili saTavados teritoria XVIII sau-

kunis Sua xanebSi danawilda. is aRar warmoadgenda erTian monoliTur

organizms. mas ar SerCenia, arc politikuri uflebebi da amdenad, XVIII

saukunis 70-90-ian wlebSi sayaflaniSvilo aRar arsebobda saTavados

klasikuri saxiT.

191

$ 2. saciciano

ciciSvilebs saTavado XVIII saukunis Sua xanebamde erT-erT

mZlavr saTavados warmoadgenda. Tumca `osmaloba-yizilbaSobam~ da `le-

kianobam~ sacicianos mosaxleobisagan dacla da gapartaxeba gamoiwvia

(batoniSvili, 1973: 512).

saciciano jer kidev XVI saukuneSi gaiyo zemo da qvemo ciciSvi-

lebad. droTa ganmavlobaSi saTavadoSi sxvadasxva saxlebi Camoyalibda.

ioane batoniSvilis cnobiT, `zemo cicianni arian, romelnic mZovreTis

xeobas mcxovrebi arian. xolo qvemo cicianni niCbisis xeobaSi saxloben

da zemo cicianni arian aw mosaxled: 1) mouravis Svilebi, meore nikola-

ozisa, 3) amilbaris Svilebad, 4) glaxas Svilebad, 5) paatas Svilebad, 6)

giorgis Svilebad,7) zaqarias Svilebad da sxvani. xolo qvemo cicianni

dimivtris Svilebad da aw cxovroben eseni moskovs, 2) mdivan-begis Svi-

lebad, 3) zazasSvilebad da 4) kidev zazas Svilebad~ (bagrationi, 1997:

26).

sacicianos saerTo yma-glexTa ricxvi am dros 200-250 komliT ga-

nisazRvreboda (Cven ar gagvaCnia dazustebuli monacemebi, Tumca sursa-

Tis gadasaxadis da sxvadasxva aRweris davTrebze dakvirveba ciciSvile-

bis ymaTa miaxloebiT gamoangariSebis safiZvels gvaZlevs).

ekonomikuri aRmavlobis fonze, ciciSvilTa mravalricxovan sax-

liskacebis materialur uzrunvelyofas araracionalurad damuSavebuli

saerTo mamuli, cxadia, veRar SeZlebda da daiwyo yofili didi saTava-

dos mamulebis Sida gadanawileba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sabWouri istoriografiis warmomadgenlebi

gadaWriT ewinaaRmdegebodnen XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi saTavadoTa daS-

lis faqtis aRiarebas, daviT gvritiSvili arsebul faqtebze dayrdnobiT

acxadebda, rom ciciSvilebi gansaxilvel periodSi cnobilni iyvnen ara

Tavisi mamuliT (saTavadoTi), aramed samefo karis moxeleobiT (gvritiS-

vili, 1955: 444).

sacicianos saTavadoSi mamulebi saxliskacebs Soris gadanawile-

bas uamravi istoriuli sabuTi adasturebs. moviyvanT ramdenime maTgans:

192

ganCineba zaqaria da dimitri ciciSvilebis mamulis saqmeze. 1777 w.

24 agvisto.

`ciciSvili zaqaria saxlTuxucesi da amis biZaSvili dimitri pa-

tara qarelze rom cilobdnen, dimitrisac ganaCeni eWira am alagisa da

zaqaria saxlTuxucessac hqonoda da dahkargoda...~ msajulTSekrebulo-

bam sabolood patara qareli dimitris arguna (qarTuli..., 1974: 41-43). sa-

buTi dimitri ciciSvilis kerZomflobelobas amtkicebs.

analogiuri Sinaarsisaa 1780 wlis 1 ivlisiT daTariRebuli ganCi-

neba Teimuraz mdivanbegisa da givi fareSTuxucesis mamulis saqmeze

(qarTuli..., 1974: 119).

1783 wlis 1 aprilis mdivanbegTa ganCinebaSi naTqvamia:

`mZovreTis cixe rom qaixosros Svils ciciSvils zaqarias daeWi-

ra da Sig Tavisi kacni Seeyenebina, amazed nodaris Svili sardal-qala-

qis mouravi daviT ZalgamoRebiT laparakobda: mZovreTis cixe Cveni-noda-

ris Svilebis sakuTaria, rom arc qaixosros Svilebs da arc papunaSvi-

lebs wili ara aqvsT... saboloos cixe samarTalma daviT mouravs arguna~

(qarTuli..., 1974: 109).

CvenTvis sabuTi sainteresoa iqidan gamomdinare, rom aqac saubaria

kerZo sakuTrebaze da ara saerTo mamulze.

dokumentebidan irkveva, rom araTu aRar arsebobda erTiani mamu-

lebi, aramed patara saxlebs Sorisac xSiri iyo gayris faqtebi. amis da-

madasturebelia 1783 wlis 19 oqtombris ganCineba givi fareSTuxucesis

da misi biZaSvilis giorgis Svilis urTierTis gayris saqmeze; 1785 wlis

12 maisis ganCineba Teimuraz mdivanbegisa da zaza uzbaSis gayris saqmeze

(qarTuli..., 1974: 236-238; 297) da sxva.

sacicianos yma-mamulis mflobelobisaTvis naTel suraTs `sacici-

anos da saTarxnos mxaris~ Sewerili sursaTis davTari iZleva:

`ciciSvilis qalaqis mouravis evstaTisa da amisi biZis gogias wi-

lobisa _ kodi ocda cxrameti.

ciciSvilis glaxa oblis ymam _ kodi Tvrameti.

ciciSvilis sardlis giorgis ymam, sadac hyavs _ kodi samoci.

ciciSvilis paataSvilis gogia eSikaRabaSis ymam _ kodi ocdaaTi.

ciciSvilis mdivanbegis ymam _ kodi TxuTxmeti.

193

ciciSvilis amilbaris ymam _ kodi TxuTmeti.

ciciSvilis ediaSvilis ymam _ kodi cxra.

ciciSvilis ioanes ymam, aznauriSvilebis ymiTve _ kodi samocda

Teqvsmeti.

ciciSvilis naymevma, gvaramaZeebis ymebisa da erTma komlma glaxas

naymevma _ kodi cxra~ (xanTaZe, 1955: 161).

rogorc vxedavT, XVIII saukunis 70-90-ian wlebSi sacicianos

erTiani saTavados funqciebi aRar gaaCnda. yofili didi saTavados teri-

toria daiyo mraval mamulad. Zveli saTavados saxlis wevrebi ki rigiT

memamuleebad gadaiqcnen.

194

$ 3. saamilaxoro

saamilaxoros saxlma erTianoba XVIII manZilze SeinarCuna. saerTo

mamulebis sruli danawileba aq ar momxdara. Tumca saamilaxorom, iseve

rogorc sxva saTavado saxlebma, dakarga imuniteti. es faqti, bunebrivia,

SeniSna am saTavado saxlis mkvlevarma m. qiqoZem. igi aRniSnavda: `saami-

laxoro saxlis pozicia 1765 wels aSkara iyo. man monawileoba miiRo

erekles winaaRmdeg mowyobil SeTqmulebaSi (igulisxmeba paata batoniS-

vilis SeTqmuleba). SeTqmulebis likvidaciis Semdeg erekle srulad us-

pobs amilaxvarTa saxls politikur uflebebs, tipur saxelmwifo moxe-

leebad aqcevs maT da centralur xelisuflebas umorCilebs. miuxedavad

amisa, erTi saTavados (am SemTxvevaSi saamilaxoros) damarcxeba centra-

luri xelisuflebis mier ar niSnavda mTeli saTavado sistemis marcxsa

da samefo karis gamarjvebas. saTavado politikuri sistemis sruli lik-

vidacia, mxolod saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdgom moxda~ (qiqo-

Ze, 1963: 112).

ukanasknel frazaSi gaJRerebulia sabWouri istoriografiis zoga-

di paTosi, Tumca avtorma sworad SeniSna, is faqti, rom saamilaxoros

politikuri uflebebi am dros aRar hqonda SerCenili. amasTanave, mefe

saTavados Sida mflobelobaSic xSirad ereoda da Tavisi survilisamebr

iZleoda brZanebebs _ `q. Cven magivrad amilaxoris oTars ase uambeT. me-

re am arziT Sens saxliskacebs rom ase mouxsenebiaT, am saxdelSi yve-

las wili giZesT. radgan saerTo mamulia, imisi Semosavali yvelam Tanas-

wored unda gaiyoT. ivnisis v (6), q. ks uoz (1789 w.) q. amaSi amilaxvroba

da ufrosoba da umcrosoba ar iqneba. swored unda gaiyoT....~ (scssa f.,

1449, sab., #234).

am faqts da fulad-sasaqonlo urTierTobebis ganviTarebas, SeuZ-

lebelia saTavados SigniT arsebul saxlebs Soris kerZo sakuTrebis

Seqmnis survili ar gaemZafrebina. ioane batoniSvilis gadmocemiT, `Ta-

vadni amilaxvarnni... ganiyofebian sxvadasxva saxlad. 1) revazis Svilebad,

2) qaixosros Svilebad, 3) beJanis Svilebad, 4) erastis Svilebad da amis

Zmis wulebad, 5) givis Svilebad~ (bagrationi, 1997: 14).

195

saamilaxoros mflobelobaSi mniSvnelovani cvlileba moxda 1765

wlis SeTqmulebis Semdeg. SeTqmulebaSi monawile dimitri amilaxvaris

sakmaod didi qoneba samefo mamulad gamocxadda _ `q. Cven qarTlis da

kaxeTis mosamarTleebma amilaxvriSvils demetres sawilo yma, da mamuli

gansjiT Tavis saxliskacebs gavhyareT da gavaSoreT. am davTris piriT

mis simaRle mefes erekles mierTva demetres rac saxlis kacebisagan Se-

fardebiT ergo da an saTavisTaod qonda rame, yvela batons mierTva di-

dis ganCinebis ZaliTa. Tebervlis i (10). q. ks und (1766 w.)~ (scssa, f., 1449,

sab., #232, 854).

demetres wili saamilaxoros yma-mamulis saxasod gamocxadebiT

saamilaxoros saerTo mamuli mkveTrad Semcirda.

amave dros saamilaxoroSi mamulis mflobelobis metad saintere-

so formasTan gvaqvs saqme _ saufliswulo qoneba, saxliskacebis SeTan-

xmebiT gadaiqca ucilobel, saTavisTao qonebad: `q. Cven, amilaxori ami-

rindo da Cveni saxliskacebi, saxliskacobaze davlaparakdiT da batons

aragvis erisTavis jimSeris viaxeliT da ciciSvili farsadanc gverds

iaxla. saufliswulos saqmeze vilaparekeT da imaTis brZanebiT da sit-

yviT ase gavrigdiT: minbaS revazsa da uzbaSs nikolaozs davanebeT sauf-

liswuloT orWoSani da avazani misis miwa-wyliT da samZRvriTa, da yov-

lis misis samarTlianis samZRvriTa. dagvinebebia saukunoT, rom amaT

fardi yvelas saxliskacebs uWiravs. Tu, vin icis, bolosac iyos da gay-

ra mogvixdes, es saufliswuloebi arcerTi baraTSi aRar Cavardes. avaSe-

nebT Tu wavaxdenT, erTmaneTis saufliswuloebTan xeli aRar gveqneba.

gayraze oTxsav Zmis saufliswulo unda daiTvalos da amaTi magieri sa-

ufroso da saWirnaxulo sxvagnidan unda aiRon...~ (jamburia, 1960: 128-129).

rogorc vxedavT, 1756 wels saerTo mamuls gamoeyo ori sofeli.

misi `fardi~ sxva saxliskacebs ukve sWeriaT.

saTavados SigniT mamulis ganawileba momxdara 1754 welsac: `q.

amilaxori amirindo da amis biZaSvilebi iese, revaz da Teimuraz Tavis

biZaSvilebs demetres da daTuas mamulzed elaparakebodnen, mRvTiv cxe-

buls saqarTvelos patrons mefes TeimurazTan da Zesa miss kaxT mefes

ereklesTan da saqarTvelos patriarqs mefis mis antonTan Civodnen. ami-

Tis samarTali Cven gvibrZanes cicis-Svils sardals aleqsandres, abaSi-

196

Zes paatas, sardlis-Svils farsadans da efiskopozs samTavnels benediq-

tes. Cven davsxediT da amiT saCivari gavSinjeT da ase gavirigeT~. sabu-

Tis teqstidan irkveva, rom demetrem da misma Zmam daTuam saerTo mamuli-

dan `mkvidrad~ sakmaod didi nawili miiRes. aqve Cans, rom am droisaTvis

yvela saxliskacs ukve gaaCnda mozrdili saufliswuloebi, romlebic

ukve `ucilobel~ qonebas warmoadgenda (jamburia, 1960: 125-128).

1766 wels kidev erTxel momxdara mamulebis ganawileba: `q. Cven

qarTlisa da kaxeTis mdivanbegebman da mdivnebman amilaxorianT sauf-

liswulos saqme ase gavarCieT. ioTam amilaxvris Svilebs da givi ami-

laxvris Svilebs saTavisTaod TviTos da TviTos eWira... omans da beJans

akldaT da saxliskacebis nebiT miecaT egaZe gogia da Semana TaveTis ma-

muliT... amis garda aTis dRis miwa amilaxvrianT xodabudebidam unda ga-

uWran fxveniss da miscen. revaz amilaxorsa da nikolozsac SeusruldaT

da omans da beJansaca~ (xec. Ad _ 1044).

sabuTSi `saTavisTao~ da `saufliswulo~ identuri SinaarsiTaa

naxmari.

mogvianebiT, individualuri meurneobis Seqmna kidev ufro aqtua-

luri gaxda. amis damadasturebelia amilaxvrebis saxlis wevrTa mudmivi

arza-saCivrebi _ amilaxvrisSvilebi sakuTari yma-mamulis gafarToebas

samefo sasamarTlos saSualebiT cdilobdnen (ix. qarTuli..., 1974, 1977,

1981...).

saxliskacebis davebis gaxSirebam saTavados fundamentis moSla

gamoiwvia. gaZlierda individualuri meurneobebi. ioane batoniSvilis

`sjuldeba swored amgvari davebis dasrulebas moiTxovda, rodesac ac-

xadebda _ `yovelni Tavadni, radgan yovelTvis eCxubebian erTi-meores ma-

mulTa zedan, ganyareT da Tav-Tavis wili mieciT da erTmaneTsa yovelive

modave moaSoreT. agreTve eklesiebis mamulic gaarCieT, da iyvnen urTi-

erTisadmi mSvidobiT....~ (bagrationi, 1957: 35).68

68 sabWour istoriografiaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom ioane batoniSvili am muxliT saTavadoTa gauqmebas moiTxovda (berZeniSvili..., 1958: 375), Tumca kanonproeqtSi saTavados arseboba, ar arsebobaze saerTod ar aris msjeloba. batoniSvili mxolod aRniSnuli davebis mogvarebasa da miwebis gamijvnas moiTxovda. saTavadoebs politikuri uflebebi xom isedac CamorTmeuli hqondaT.

197

sakmaod mravalricxovani `samkvidro~ yma-mamulis mflobelni Canan

gogia da daviT amilaxvriSvilebi:

`q. grakali ergo minbaSs gogias. daviTs saqme ara aqvs amisaTvis

rom samoci Tumani gaswyvita. saxlis valisac da graklisac giraoT iyo.

isica da amis samoc Tumans garda, kidev grakalSi misca minbaSma daviTs

zedginiZe gogia. kikola Tavisi ymiTa da mamuliT. TaTriSvili Tavisis

ZmebiT dRes risac mamulis mqonebeli aris. kupataZe glaxa da Tavisi bi-

ZaSvilebiT, ZmebiT Tavisis mamuliTa. amaebSi erTmaneTTan saqme ara aqvT

ra.

q. raWaSvili oTara gogias ergo Tavis mamuliT.

q. zedgeniZe z[?]a ergo gogias Tavisis ymiTa da mamuliT.

q. gogoliZe [?] gogoliZis mamuli sula.

q. koleliSvili, boWoraZe [?] esenic gogias ergo.

q. qvemo [?] kars mamuli ergo naxevari gogias.

q. kakaSvilebi orive Zmani ergo gogias.

q. axalsofels xevsuri Tavisis mamuliT ergo gogias.

q. xankalaSvili beJana [?], karapetaSvili Tavisis mamuliT ergo

gogias.

q. kasps naxevari venaxi ergo gogias.

q. karbs [?] Tavisis mamuliT ergo gogias.

q. Walas goderiZe umamulo ergo.

q. zemo xviTsa da qvemo xviTs rac ma[mu]lebi aqvT orTav unda gai-

yon.

q. sabalaxe demetre [?] mali. sasaxle da Cveni mali orTavesia. zva-

ri da sasaxleca.

q. tariela orTavesia.

q. cxinvals rom venaxia aT Tumnad giraoT gogiam unda daixsnas

da rasaca daTuam xuTi Tumani misces orTavesi iqneba.

q. Seisyulas rac mamuli iqT orTavesia.

q. fxvenisis galavanSi rom sajiniboa [daviTs} ergo. aqav galavan-

Si sasaxle, galavans gareT rac mamulebia, gogias ergo. da baRis magie-

ri gogiam daviTs miwa unda misces. galavans gareT rom saxli da sajini-

198

bo[a], isic gogias ergo. erTmaneTan saqme aRara aqvT ra~ (scssa, f., 1448,

sab., # 2972).

rogorc vxedavT, saerTo mamulis damoukideblad amilaxvriSvile-

bi sakmaod msxvili kerZomflobelebic iyvnen.

Cans, amilaxvriSvilebs saerTo aznaurebic gaunawilebiaT _ `q. ba-

tono amilaxvaro oTar. mere Sens saxliskacebs am arziT ase rom mouxse-

nebiaT, romelic amilaxvari amiridonsa da revazisa da ieses dros amaT

aznauriSvilebi da msaxurebi xlebian da amiT dasdilebi arian, iseni

Tqvens gayramdin amaTsve unda axldesT. amaTs xlebas ver dauSliT. da

rodesac gaiyrebiT, maSin rogorc baraTiT gergebaT, ase iaxlebT...~

(scssa, f., 1449, sab., # 232).

saerTo mamulis saufliswuloebad (anu am SemTxvevaSi saTavisTao-

ebad) gadanawileba samefo xelisuflebasac daukanonebia: `am arziT ami-

laxvaris Svilebis [...] rigiani moxseneba aris. amaTs saufliswulos kaci

rac aris calke gaswereT: xarjsac calke SeawerT da jarsaca. TibaTvis

b (2). q. ks uoz (1789 w.). amaSi ufro uSfoTveloba iqneba da qveynis saqmec

garigdeba~ (scssa, f., 1449, sab., # 231).

am sabuTidan Cans, rom erekle II-s administrirebisaTvis aRar esa-

Wiroeba monoliTuri saamilaxoro. is Tavis moxeleebs ubrZanebs, rom sa-

ufliswulo ymebi calke gaweron da gadasaxdebi Tu samxedro begara am

rigiT gamoarTvan.

metad sainteresoa xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi daculi erTi sa-

buTi:

`RTiT q. ks uoT (1791 w.) am wels sekdembers ig (13), amilaxvrisSvi-

lebma qaixosrom da minbaSma beJanma miss umaRlesobas, sruliad saqar-

Tvelos mefes meores iraklis moaxsenes, amilaxvar oTars gagvyareo, da

Cveni wili samarTali gviboZeo. misma umaRlesobam, mefem meorem iraklim

oqmiT gvibrZana TumaniSvilebs, mdivans egnatisa da mdivans iosebiSvils,

mdivans dimitrisa, rom srulad saamilaxvros yma da mamuli uklebrad

aRwereTo da Cvenc, rac dagvawerines am werilis bolos swerian sofel-

sofel garCeviTa, rom am davTriT unda gaibaraTon da gaiyon yma da ma-

muli~.

199

Semdeg CamoTvlilia 32 dasaxelebuli punqti, saadac amilaxvrebs

saerTo, da oTaris, qaixosros da beJanis saufliswulo yma-mamuli iyo

ganTavsebuli. sul davTarSi 353 sakomloa Setanili. aqedan 24 komli am

sami piris saufliswuloa. 76 komli eklesiis yma-mamulia (samTavisis, go-

ris jvris... es ymebi nominalurad ekuTvnodaT amilaxvrebs. gadasaxadebs

isini eklesias uxdidnen), 74 komli ekuTvnodaT saerTo da am pirebis

(oTaris, beJanis da qaixosros) saufliswulo aznaurebs. 27 sakomlo bei-

Talmani, anu amowyvetili sakomlo iyo. sul saerTo mamulSi Ralis ga-

momRebi 140-mde komli yofila (xec., Hd _ 1617)

aRniSnul davTarSi Setanili ar aris sxva saxliskacebis sauf-

liswulo yma-mamulebi. cnobilia, rom demetre amilaxvriSvilis wilis

garda saamilaxoroSi 33 aznauri iyo (xec., Ad _ 1403). davTarSi ki mxo-

lod misi nawilia Setanili. davTarSi sofel fxvenisSi mosaxle 9 kom-

li fiqsirdeba, maSin rodesac imave periodis sxva aRweris davTarSi

sxvadasxva amilaxvriSvilebis saufliswulo da saTavisTao ymebianad 20

komlze meti fiqsirdeba (xec., Hd _ 1606). am davTariTac dasturdeba, rom

saamilaxoroSi yma-mamulebis umetesoba faqtobrivad saxliskacebs Soris

ganawilebuli iyo, saerTo mamuli ki mkveTrad iyo Semcirebuli.

saojaxo mflobelobis gamtkicebaze metyvelebs beJan amilaxvriS-

vilis danaxarjebis nusxa. sabuTidan Cans misi sxvadasxva Semosavlebi.

Cans aseve, rom igi cdilobda Tavisi meurneobis gafarToebas _ yidulob-

da xar-kameCs, amuSavebda sakuTar miwas da a.S. amilaxvriSvili mxolod

erTxel axsenebs saerTo mamulidan miRebul Ralas da kuluxs. Tanac

xazs usvams mis simcires. bejan amilaxvriSvili saeTo mamulSi mxolod

sam sofels: Walas, bols da Zaxors asaxelebs (masalebi..., 1938: 84).

yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT: XVIII saukunis II

naxevarSi saamilaxvrom, politikuri uflebebis dakargvasTan erTad,

mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada. miuxedavad imisa, rom mTeli XVIII

saukunis manZilze amilaxvrebma SeinarCunes formaluri erTianoba, saxe-

zea kerZo saojaxo mflobelobis gafarToeba saerTo sasaxlo yma-mamu-

lebis xarjze.

200

$ 4. samuxranbatono

XVIII saukunis manZilze, saamilaxoros msgavsad, erTianoba muxran-

batonTa saxlmac SeinarCuna.69

69 d. niniZe uTiTebs, rom muxranbatonebi `gaiyarnen~ 1758 wels (niniZe, 1997: 58), Tumca avtors q.s.Z.-Si dabeWdili dokumentis konteqsti srulad ver gaugia. dokumentSi aRniSnulia, rom `... bolosac iyos da gayra mouxdeTo~ (qarTuli..., 1977: 689-680), Semged ki CamoTvlilia SesaZlo `gayris~ pirobebi. realurad ki muxranbatonTa saxlis `gayra~ 1806 wels moxda.

erTiani saxalxo mflobelobis miuxedavad, muxranbatonTa ojaxi

XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi mtkice sameurneo erTeulad mainc aRar rCebo-

da.

erekle II muxranbatonTa _ memarcxene sardlebis _ rotacias xSi-

rad mimarTavda. 1756 wlamde `muxranis naibi~ anu saxlis ufrosi iyo kon-

stantine. misi gardacvalebis Semdeg muxranbatonoba `uboZes svimons, Ze-

sa levanisasa~ (orbeliani, 1981: 244). igi 1785 wels gardaicvala, Tumca

mis sicocxleSive, 1778 wels, ioane konstantines Ze iniSneba sardlad da

saxlisufrosic Tavad xdeba (niniZe, 1997: 55-56).

amave dros muxranbatonebis saxlis yma-glexTa ricxvi sagrZnob-

lad Semcirebuli Cans. maTi saerTo raodenoba 250-300 komls Seadgenda.

am dros samuxranbatonoSi samefo, saTavado, saaznauro da saeklesio

ymebiT Semdegi soflebi iyo moSenebuli (anu `mosaxleni~): aRaiani _ saek-

lesio, CangiRari, qanda, Siosubani da TviT muxrani, qsovrisi, dampala,

mWadijvari, wilkani _ saeklesio da frezeTi (ix. bagrationi, 1986). qar-

Tlis did saTavadoTa fonze `mcire samflobelod~ moixseniebs samux-

ranbatonos aleqsandre amilaxvaric (amilaxvari, 1939: 128).

ioane batoniSvili samuxranoSi arsebuli saxlebis Sesaxeb gad-

mogvcems: `ese ars aSotanis bagrationisa STamomavlobani meorisa xaris-

xiT bagratoanad wodebulni da pirvelni, Tavadni, romelnica ojaxsa

maTsa Sina aris upirvelesi Svili maTi. xolo sxvani meorisa da mesamisa

xarisxis Tavadobis xarisxiani da iwodebian: 1) konstantines Svilebad, 2)

bagratis Svilebad, 3) svimonis Svilebad, 4) ivanes Svilebad da sxvani~

(bagrationi, 1997: 17).

201

am saxlebis kerZo sakuTrebisaken swrafvas mravali istoriuli

dokumenti adasturebs. saxlikacTa gamudmebuli sasamarTlo davebi sa-

saxlisa da yma-mamulebis Sesaxeb individualuri meurneobisaken swraf-

vis ueWvel faqtad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.

muxranbatonTa saxlis wevrebi ara Tu yma-mamulze, aramed sacxov-

rebel sasaxleebzec daobdnen: `muxranis batonis Svilebi, levanis Svili

gogia da nikoloz da bagratis Svili, bagrat muxranis sasaxleze Ciod-

nen.

levanis Svili gogia da nokoloz ase ambobdnen: romelsac saxlSi

Cven vdgevarT, es Cvenis mama-papaT sasaxle ariso da bagrat Cvens sasax-

leSi dgas. am mizeziT momxdara magaTi dgoma: osmali rom muxranisaTvis

galavani SemouvliaT, maSin bagratis mama-papaY wili sasaxle galavans

gareT darComila da avis dros da saxliskacobis gulisaTvis Cvens ma-

mebs bagratis mamisaTvis uTxoebiaT da dauyenebiaT...~ (qarTuli..., 1974:

653-654). axal garemoSi saxliskacTa Tanadgoma meore planze gadasula

da levanis Svilebs sasamarTlos ZaliT es sasaxle Tavis pirad qonebad

gadauqceviaT.

analogiuri Sinaarsisaa 1786 wliT daTariRebuli ioane muxranba-

tonis Svilis arza erekle II-sadmi: `q. RmerTman yovlad mowyalis xel-

mwifis Wiri maTs monas muxranbatonis Svils ioanes mosces.

maTs umaRlesobas amas movaxseneb... marto amaze gevedrebiT rom es

saCivari moixsenoT da Cemi wili qoxi samarTliT me miboZeT da magas-Ta-

visi. bargi karSi miyris. neba gaqvsT, iasaulze brZaneT, kalatozi da

qeTxuda, romelic geneboT miiyvanon da gagvyon... me rom bargi gamomiyara

da kliteebi damimtvria da Tavisi bargi Sig Seitana da Cemi bargi gamo-

yara imas aRar uCivi. Cems wil saxlebs viTxov... bolos es aris Cemi mox-

seneba: me Cemi wili moboZe da imas Tavisi, Torem SfoTi ar gamogveleva

da mosamarTle movale Seiqmneba~. erekle II-is oqmidan Cans, rom mefes am

davis gadawyveta eSikaRasbaS TamazisaTvis ubrZanebia (qarTuli..., 1981:

684-685).

`RmerTman bednieris xelmwifis Wiri mosces maT ferxTa miwa-

mtversa muxranis batoniSvils ioanes. amas mogaxsenebT, rom Tqven iasau-

lad amirando gviboZeT, dampalaSo miwebi gagvicvala. cameti weliwadia,

202

rom me miWiravs. axla muxranis batons waurTmevia da Tqveni brZanebac

iyo, miwebi gayves da maSinac me mamces. amirando amilaxors erTi cxeni

da erTi Tumani saiasaulo miveciT. Cemi eseni miboZos, Tavisi miwebi miir-

Tos... gayras mibrZanebT, me gayras ar mogaxsenebT. Tqven yvelam ,iciT da

uwyiT~ (qarTuli..., 1981: 142-143). sabuTi 1768 wliT TariRdeba. rogorc vxe-

davT samuxranoSi am dros saerTo mamulis xarjze arsebula iseTi miwe-

bis fondi, romelTa nawilic ioane muxranbatoniSvils da nawili ki si-

mon muxranbatons sakuTrad sWeria.

Tu Teimuraz II 1758 wels muxranbatonebisaTvis Sedgenil `saxlis-

kacobis rigSi~ acxadebda, rom `amaTi ojaxis gayra ar iqneba da nurca-

vin ikadrebso~ (qarTuli..., 1977: 689-690), mdgomareoba aT weliwadSi imde-

nad Secvlila, rom mefes samuxranbatonos saxliskacebisaTvis gayris re-

komendaciac miucia (`gayras mibrZanebT...~). Tumca muxranbatonTa saxls

ar surda ZirZveli tradiciis darRveva da xelovnurad kvlav inarCuneb-

dnen erTobas, magram amave dros saerTo mamulis xarjze Seqmnila didi

kerZo sasaxlo meurneobebic: `Sios ubans muxran batonis Teimurazisa da

qeTevanisa da muxran batonisa konstantinesi: nasyidoba, glexi Tu saxnavi

miwebi es qvemoT werili nusxa gamogicxadebT~. sabuTSi Siosubansa da

sxva soflebSi am saxlis ramdenime aTeuli komli da saxnav-saTesi sa-

vargulia CamoTvlili.

CamonaTvals mosdevs Semdegi teqsti: `romel am siiT muxran baton

Svils svimons da ioanes Tqven muxran batons konstantilesa Svils ba-

tons muxran baton ioanesa rom aris im nusxis yabuli aris. manam Cveni

gayra moxdebodes minamdis romelic: q. Cven levanis Svils muxranis ba-

tonis Svils svimons da ioanes am siisa yabuli gvayvs rac amaSi mamuli

giweria xelT geWirosT. Tqven batons muxranis batons ioanes, manamdis

Cveni gayra moxdebodes da rodesac gaviyarneT, romelic nasyidoba gaqvs

is Tqveni iqneba da romelic saxaso da saerTo mamuli gviweria is ki un-

da gavyoT rogorc erTmanerTTan wili gvaqvs im gziT. me Tumanis Svilma

mdivanma sulxan svimonis da ioanesi sityviT davwere TibaTvis id (14). q.

ks uÁa (1773 w.)~ (xec., Ad_1304).

sabuTidan Cans, rom muxran batoni ioane, romelic amave dros

mTel sasaxlo mamuls ganagebda, sakuTrad saerTo yma-mamulis xarjze,

203

individualuri sakuTrebac gaaCnda. cxadia, am yma-maulis `fardi~ sxva

saxliskacebsac eqnebodaT.

erTi sityviT, xelovnuri erTobis miuxedavad, muxranbatonTa sax-

lis SigniT kerZo sakuTreba sakmaod win wasula. saxlis oficialuri

`gayra~ mxolod mcire drois faqtorTan iyo dakavSirebuli da, mar-

Tlac, 1806 wels muxranbatonTa saxli gaiyo (xec., Qd _ 1633, 1637).

Cveni azriT, samuxranos gayofa gamoiwvia XVIII saukunis II naxevar-

Si (da ra Tqma unda SemdgomSi gagrZelebulma) mimdinare procesebma, ra-

mac xeli Seuwyo individualuri meurneobebis Seqmnas da ara ruseTis im-

periis mmarTvelobis damyarebam _ rusuli mmarTvelobis pirvel wlebSi

Seicvala mxolod centraluri mmarTveloba. adgilobriv rgolebs am

droisaTvis cvlileba ar Sexebia da Sesabamisad rusul mmarTvelobas

samuxranos Sida mflobelobaze gavlena ar mouxdenia. mamulis saxliska-

cebs Soris danawileba XVIII saukunis 60-ian wlebidan dawyebuli proce-

sis dasruleba iyo.

rogorc vxedavT, XVIII saukunis ukanasknel mesamedSi, qveynis eko-

nomikur ganviTarebis da samefo xelisuflebis centralizaciisaTvis ga-

dadgmuli nabijebis fonze, azri dakarga araracionalurma saerTo saTa-

vado saxlebis arsebobam. ramdenime, xelovnurad SenarCunebuli saerTo

mflobelobis miuxedavad (saamilaxvro da samuxrano), daiwyo didi sax-

lebis masiuri rRveva. imdroindeli qarTl-kaxeTis mdgomareobidan gamom-

dinare es iyo sruliad logikuri procesi.

204

daskvna

qarTlis da kaxeTis samefoebi XVIII saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis ti-

puri feodalur saxelmwifoebs warmoadgendnen. qveyana faqtobrivad av-

tonomiuri uflebebiT aRWurvili saTavadoebis krebuli iyo. sust same-

fo xelisuflebas ar gaaCnda Zala provinciebSi uSualod, Tavadis Zala-

uflebis gverdis avliT, ganexorcielebina Tavisi politika. centralur-

ma xelisuflebam did Tavadebs mravali funqcia dauTmo. aseTi saxelmwi-

fo ukiduresad susti aRmoCnda im gamowvevebisaTvis, romelic qveynis wi-

naSe idga. amitom samefo karma daiwyo qveynis mmarTvelobis modernizaci-

isaTvis mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebis gatareba. upirvelesad yuradReba ga-

maxvilda ekonomikis ganviTarebaze. erekle II swored ekonomikis ganviTa-

rebas miiCnevda im garantiad, romelsac `mtrisgan Cveni qveynis morCena~

SeeZlo. vinaidan, im droisaTvis qveynis ekonomikuri maCvenebeli ukidure-

sad dabali iyo, kerZo iniciativebi ar arsebobda da imdroindel realo-

baSi verc aRmocendeboda, samefo karma gadawyvita ara Tu saxelmwifo

kontrolze aeyvana vaWroba-mrewvelobis ganviTareba, aramed am sferoSi

Tavad gamxdariyo warmmarTveli Zala.

samefo karma vaWrobis donis asamaRleblad mravali RonisZieba

gaatara. mokle xanSi samefo xelisuflebis Zalisxmevam Sedegi gamoiRo

da iran-ruseTis savaWro operaciebSi erekle II-is qveSevrdomma vaWrebma

warmmarTveli roli daikaves. vaWrobis ganviTareba erTi mxriv xels uw-

yobda fulad-sasaqonlo urTierTobebis ganviTarebas, meore mxriv zrdi-

da saxelmwifos Semosavlebs.

vaWrobis aRorZineba-mfarvelobasTan erTad, samefo xelisuflebam

zrunva mrewvelobis ganviTarebisTvis daiwyo. xelosnuri warmoebis xel-

Sewyobis paralelurad, Seiqmna mravali saxelmwifo manufaqturuli sa-

warmo _ axtalis da alaverdis vercxlisa da spilenZis sadnobi qarxne-

bi, Tofxana, zarafxana, stamba da sxva. saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politi-

ka msxvil sawarmoTa daarsebisaken kerZo iniciativebsac ubiZgebda.

feodalur sazogadoebaSi manufaqturuli tipis sawarmoebis Seqmna

205

dakavSirebulia samefo karis ekonomikis ganviTarebis forsirebul

meTodTan.

vaWroba-xelosnobidan, SedarebiT didi samrewvelo obieqtebidan

da qalaqebis mosaxleobisagan miRebuli saxelmwifo Semosavlebi, Cveni

gaTvlebiT, wliurad 250 000 maneTs aWarbebda. 10-15 weliwadSi, TiTqmis

nulovani niSnulidan, vaWroba-mrewvelobidan miRebulma Semosavlebma sa-

xelmwifo biujetis daaxloebiT 50-55% Seadgina. amavdroulad qveyana da-

adga ekonomikuri ganviTarebis uwyvet gzas.

xelisuflebam didi yuradReba dauTmo soflis meurneobis aRor-

Zinebas _ xelaxla daasaxla mravali sofeli, aRkveTa moxeleTa da Ta-

vadTa Zaladoba, Seqmna mravali TavdacviTi nageboba da aS.

ganixilavda ra qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ekonomikas, akad. n.

berZeniSvili aRniSnavda, rom `erekles moRvaweobaSi sruliad axali ram

Canda~. Cveni azriT, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erekleseuli gza did

msgavsebas avlenda petre I-is ruseTis imperiis da evropis rig

saxelmwifoTa im ekonomikur eqsperimentTan, romelic baton-ymur

realobaSi samrewvelo industriis ganviTarebas iTvaliswinebda.

aRniSnuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad, saxelmwifo Semosavlebi mkveT-

rad gaizarda. paralelurad Seiqmna `axali tipis Tavadaznauroba~, Tar-

xani glexebi da sxva elementebi, romlebic centraluri xelisuflebis

mTavar dasayrdenad iqcnen. samefo kari saTavadoTa sistemaze damokide-

buli aRar iyo. axali socialuri dasayrdenis Seqmna da ekonomikuri Se-

saZleblobebi samefo kars moxeleTa Statis gazrdis SesaZleblobas aZ-

levda. aseT pirobebSi erekle II-m qveynis mmarTvelobis modernizeba da-

iwyo:

1) erekle II-m Zireuli cvlileba ganaxorciela qveynis administri-

rebis iseT sakvanZo sferoSi, rogoric aRwera iyo. aRweris centralize-

ba erTi mxriv, aiolebda qveynis administrirebas, meore mxriv did Tava-

debs Caketil sivrces urRvevda. amiT maT arTmevda im berkets, romlis

saSualebiTac isini mosaxleobasa da samefo xelisuflebas Soris barie-

rad iyvnen aRmarTulni.

2) erekle II-m moaxerxa sagadasaxado sistemis sruli gardaqmna.

aRniSnul reformas ormxrivi mniSvneloba gaaCnda: a) saxelmwifo gadasa-

206

xadebi gacilebiT organizebulad ikribeboda, rac TavisTavad zrdida

samefos Semosavlebs. b) Tavadebs CamoerTvaT e.w. sagadasaxado imuniteti

_ maTi ymebi, iseve rogorc saxaso ymebi, sruliad ibegrebodnen da am ga-

dasaxadis ganawileba-Segrovebis erTpirovnuli uflebac dakarges. erTi

sityviT, sagadasaxado sistema centralizebuli gaxda.

3) samxedro reformebis Sedegad Seiqmna mcire, magram stabiluri

samxedro Zalebi _ `morige jari~, saartilerio SenaerTi, mefis mcvelTa

razmi. amiT erTi mxriv gaizarda qveynis samxedro potenciali da meore

mxriv saTavadoebs is tradiciuli funqcia CamoerTva, rac jaris gamoy-

vanaSi gamoixateboda.

4) XVIII saukunis 70-ian wlebSi saTavadoebma dakarges sapolicio-

administraciuli da sasamarTlo imuniteti. centraluri xelisuflebis

mier Camoyalibda `Sinagan saqmeTa uwyeba~ mdivanbegebisa da eSikaRasbaSe-

bis meTaurobiT. qveynis mTeli teritoriis administrirebas es uwyeba ax-

denda.

XVIII saukunis ukanasknel mesamedSi, qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTa-

rebis da samefo xelisuflebis centralizaciisaTvis gadadgmuli nabije-

bis fonze, saerTo saTavado saxlebis arsebobam azri dakarga. ramdenime,

xelovnurad SenarCunebuli saerTo mflobelobis miuxedavad (saamilax-

vro da samuxrano), gaxSirda didi saxlebis masiuri rRveva. imdroindeli

qarTl-kaxeTis mdgomareobidan gamomdinare es srulebiT bunebrivi pro-

cesi iyo.

sabolood aRvniSnavT, rom XVIII saukunis 70-ian 90-ian wlebSi

qarTl-kaxeTis samefo araTu aRar warmoadgenda saTavadoTa krebuls,

aramed is absoluturi monarqiisaTvis damaxasiaTebel mraval elements

Seicavda.

207

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura

saarqivo masalebi

saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi

1. scssa, f., 1448, sab., # 1448

2. scssa, f., 1448, sab., # 2972

3. scssa, f., 1449; sab., # 1126

4. scssa, f., 1449, sab., # 231

5. scssa, f., 1449, sab., # 232

6. scssa, f., 1449, sab., # 234

7. scssa, f., 1449, sab., # 854

xelnawerTa erovnuli centri

8. xec. f., A sab. # 1648

9. xec. f., Ad sab., # 1044

10. xec. f., Ad, sab., # 1304

11. xec. f., Ad, sab., # 1403

12. xec. f., S sab., # 167

13. xec. f., S sab., # 249

14. xec. f., Qd sab., # 1633

15. xec. f., Qd sab., # 1637

16. xec. f., H sab., # 193

17. xec. f., H sab., # 460

18. xec. f., H sab., # 609

19. xec. f., Hd sab., # 665

20. xec. f., Hd sab., # 1159

21. xec. f., H sab., # 1426

22. xec. f., Hd sab., # 1431

23. xec, f., Hd sab., # 1606

208

24. xec. f., Hd sab., # 1616

25. xec. f., Hd sab., # 1617

26. xec. f., Hd sab., # 2518

27. xec. f., Hd. sab., # 2762

28. xec. f., Hd sab., # 3142

29. xec. f., Hd. sab., # 9464

30. xec. f., Hd sab., # 11261

31. xec. f., Hd sab., # 11264

32. xec. f., Hd sab., # 14301

wyaroebi

33. amilaxvari, 1939; al. amilaxvari, georgianuli istoria, Targmnili

geronti qiqoZis mier, mnaTobi, Tb., saxelgami, 1939. agvisto, # 8, gv.

125-156.

34. ararateli, 1980; Артемий Араратский. Жизнь и приключеия Артемия Араратского. М.

Наука. 1980. 35. bagrationi, 1941; daviT bagrationi, axali istoria, bagrat

batoniSvili axali moTxroba; gamosca T. lomourma, Tb., saqarTvelos

ssr mecn. akad. gamomcemloba, 1941.

36. bagrationi, 1964; daviT bagrationi, samarTali batoniSvilis daviTisa,

teqsti gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo daviT furcelaZem, Tb.,

mecniereba, 1964.

37. bagrationi, 1959; daviT bagrationi, saqarTvelos samarTlisa da

kanonTmcodneobis mimoxilva, ap. rogavas redaqciiTa da gamokvleviT,

Tb., saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1959.

38. bagrationi, 1914; vaxtang batoniSvili, istoriebri aRwera RirsTa

xsomisa SemTxveulobaTa saqarTvelosa S-a aRweriTa zneobaTa da

CveulebiTa msaxlobelTaTa mis qveynisa, Txzuli saqrTvelos mefis

iraklis Zis vaxtangis mier, gamocemuli sargis kakabaZis mier, tf.,

barTlome kilaZis stamba, 1914.

39. bagrationi, 1983; Teimuraz bagrationi, axali istoria, teqsti

gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva da saZiebeli daurTo lela

miqiaSvilma, Tb., mecniereba, 1983.

209

40. bagrationi, 1986; ioane bagrationi, qarTl-kaxeTis aRwera, teqsti

gamosacemad moamzades, gamokvleva da saZiebeli daurTes Tina

enuqiZem da guram bedoSvilma, Tb., mecniereba, 1986.

41. bagrationi, 1957; ioane bagrationi, `sjuldeba~, teqsti gamosacemad

moamzada, Sesavali, leqsikoni da saZiebeli daurTo iv. surgulaZem,

Tb., Tsu-s gamomcemloba, 1957.

42. bagrationi, 1936; 1948; ioane bagrationi, kalmasoba, k. kekeliZis da al.

baramiZis redaqciiT da winasityvaobiT, t. I, tf., saxelgami, 1936, t. II,

tf., saxelgami, 1948.

43. bagrationi, 1997; ioane bagrationi, SemoklebiTi aRwera saqarTvelos

Sina mcxovrebTa TavadTa da aznaurTa gvarebisa, masala

istoriisaTvis, redaqtori da gamomcemeli z. kacelaSvili, Tb., dial,

1997.

44. batoniSvili, 1973; batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRweara samefosa

saqarTvelosa, teqstebi dadgenili yvela ZiriTadixelnaweris

mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, qarTlis cxovreba, t., IV, Tb., sabWoTa

saqarTvelo, 1973.

45. burnaSovi, 1897; Бурнашев С. Н, Картина Грузий или опйсание политического

состояния царств Картлалического и кахетического. Тф., Типография И. А

Мартиросианца, 1896.

46. butkovi, 1869; Бутков П. Г., Материалы для новой истории Каавказа, съ. 1722

по 1803 год, чась первая (съ пятью планами.), СПБ., Энфянджянца и комр., 1869.

47. butkovi, 1869A; Бутков П. Г., Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, част

вторая, СПБ., Энфянджянца и комр., 1869

48. giuldenStedtis..., 1969; giuldenStedtis mogzauroba saqarTveloSi,

germanuli teqsti qarTli TargmaniTurT gamosca g. gelaSvilma, t. I,

Tb., saqrTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akad. gamomcemloba, 1962. t. II, Tb.,

saqrTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akad. gamomcemloba, 1969.

49. dokumentebi..., 1962; dokumentebi Tbilisis istoriisaTvis (XVI-XIX s.s.),

Seadgines niko berZeniSvilma da mamisa berZeniSvilma, wigni I, Tb.,

Tsu-s gamomcemloba, 1962.

50. dokumentebi..., 1940; dokumentebi saqarTvelos socialuri istoriidan,

wigni I, batonymuri urTierToba (XV-XVIII ss.) red. winasityv. avt. n.

210

berZeniSvili, Tb., saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis

gamomcemloba, 1940.

51. dokumentebi..., 1953; dokumentebi saqarTvelos socialuri istoriidan,

wigni II, batonymuri urTierToba (XV-XVIII ss.) n. berZeniSvilis red.,

Tb., saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1953.

52. doliZe, 1960; i. doliZe, saqarTvelos CveulebiTi sjuli, Tb,.

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1960.

53. enuqiZe, 1964; T. enuqiZe, masalebi qarTlis samefos samdivanbego

sasamarTlos istoriisaTvis (1755-1760 ww.). kr. XIV- XVIII ss. ramdenime

qarTuli istoriuli dokumenti, Tb., mecniereba, 1964, gv. 7-74.

54. erevneli, 1958; Cимеон Ереванци. Джамбр, Памятная книга, зерцало и сборник всех

обстоятельств Святого престола Эчмиадзина и окрестных монастырей, М., восточной

литературы, 1958.

55. TayaiSvili, 1951; e. TayaiSvili, qsnis saerisTavos statistikuri

aRweriloba, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, t. 45, gv. 1-

68, Tb., Tsu-s gamomcemloba, 1951.

56. iese baraTSvilis..., 1950; iese baraTSvilis cxovreba-anderZi, teqsti

gamosca SesavliT, SeniSvnebiT, leqsikoniTa da saZieblebiT avTandil

ioselianma, masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis (mski),

nakv. 28, Tb., saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebeTa akademiis gamomcemloba,

1950.

57. ioane qarTveliSvili..., 1952; ioane qarTveliSvili, memuarebi, a.

ioselianis gamokvleviT, winasityvaobiT, redaqciiTa da SeniSvnebiT,

Tb., saqpoligrafgamomcemloba, 1952.

58. ioseliani, 2009; platon ioseliani, aRwera Tbilisis siZveleTa, wigni

gamosacemad moamzades dimitri TumaniSvilma, irine WoRoSvilma da

iuza xuskivaZem, Tb., arte, 2009.

59. ioseliani, 1978; pl. ioseliani, cxovreba mefisa giorgi mecametisa;

red. a. gawerelia, Tb., sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1978.

60. kakabaZe, 1913; s. kakabaZe, istoriuli sabuTebi, t. V, Tb., 1913.

61. lorTqifaniZe, 1940; i. lorTqifaniZe, masalebi saqarTvelos

istoriisaTvis (me-18 sauk.) masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis

211

istoriisaTvis (mski). Nnakv. II, gv. 5-140, Tb., ssrk mecnierebaTa

akademiis filialis gamomcemloba, 1940.

62. masalani..., 1907;Mmasalani saqarTvelos statistikuri aRwerilobisa

meTvramete saukuneSi, gamocemuli eqvTime TayaiSvilis

redaqtorobiT, tf., qarTvelTa Soris wera kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli

sazogadoebis gamocema, 1907.

63. masalebi..., 1938; masalebi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoriisaTvis,

gvianfeodaluri xana, w. I, xelfasi, qira, fasebi, masalebi SearCia da

gamosacemad moamzada n. berZeniSvilma, Tb., Tsu-s gamomcemloba, 1938.


gvianfeodaluri xana, w. II, vali, ijara, vaWroba, masalebi SearCia da

gamosacemad moamzada n. berZeniSvilma, Tb., Tsu-s gamomcemloba, 1953.


gvianfeodaluri xana, w. III, aRmSenebloba, saxelmwifo ekonomika,

qoneba, masalebi SearCia da gamosacemad moamzada n. berZeniSvilma,

Tb., Tsu-s gamomcemloba, 1955.


danarTi, I, II, III wignebis leqsikoni da saZieblebi Seadgina mamisa

berZniSvilma, Tb., Tsu-s gamomcemloba, 1957.

67. masalebi..., 1948; masalebi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos samoxeleo wyobis

istoriisaTvis, Sesavali werili, SeniSvnebi da saZiebeli daurTo

SoTa mesxiam, masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis

(mski), Nnakv. I (26), Tb., saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis

gamomcemloba, 1948.

68. orbeliani, 1981; papuna orbeliani, ambavi qarTlisani, teqsti daadgina,

Sesavali, leqsikoni da saZieblebi daurTo elene cagareiSvilma, Tb.,

mecniereba, 1981.

69. rainegsi, 2002; rainegsi iakob, mogzauroba saqarTveloSi,

germanulidan Targmna, Sesavali da saZiebeli daurTo gia

gelaSvilma. Tb., artanuji, 2002.

70. saqarTvelos..., 1920, 1909, 1910; saqarTvelos siZveleni, red. e.

TayaiSvili, t. I, tf., saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio

sazogadoebis gamomcemloba, 1920; t. II, tf., saqarTvelos saistorio

212

da saeTnografio sazogadoebis gamomcemloba, 1909; t. III, tf.,

saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis

gamomcemloba, 1910.

71. qarTuli..., 1963, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vaxtang IV-is

samarTlis wignis krebuli, teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni

daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb., saqarTvelos mecn. akad. gamomcemloba,

1963.

72. qarTuli..., 1965, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. II, saero

sakanonmdeblo Zeglebi (X-XIX ss.), teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da

saZieblebi daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb., mecniereba, 1965.

73. qarTuli..., 1970, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. III, saeklesio

sakanonmdeblo Zeglebi (XI-XIX ss.), teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da

saZieblebi daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb., mecniereba, 1970.

74. qarTuli..., 1972, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. IV, sasamarTlo

ganCinebani (XVI-XVIII ss.), teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi

daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb., mecniereba, 1972.

75. qarTuli..., 1974, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. V, sasamarTlo

ganCinebani (XVIII s.), teqstebi gamosca da SeniSvnebi daurTo prof. i.

doliZem, Tb., mecniereba, 1974.

76. qarTuli..., 1977, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. VI, sasamarTlo

ganCinebani (XVIII-XIX ss.), teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi

daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb., mecniereba, 1977.

77. qarTuli..., 1981, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. VII, sasamarTlo arza-

oqmebi, teqstebi gamosca, winasityvaoba da SeniSvnebi daurTo prof. i.

doliZem, mecniereba, Tb., mecniereba, 1981.

78. qarTuli..., 1985, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. VIII, sasamarTlo

arza-oqmebi da kerZo samarTlebrivi aqtebi, teqstebi gamosacemad

moamzada da SeniSvnebi daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb., mecniereba, 1985.

79. qarTuli..., 1970A; qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, `dasturlamali~,

teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva leqsikonebi da saZieblebi

daurTo i. surgulaZem, Tb., sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1970.

80. qronikebi..., 1967; qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa da

mwerlobisa, Sekrebili, qronologiurad dawyobili da axsnili T.

213

Jordanias mier, wigni mesame, (1700 wlidan XIX saukunis 60-ian

wlebamde) gamosacemad moamzades givi Jordaniam da SoTa xanTaZem,

Tb., mecniereba, 1967.

81. xanTaZe, 1955; S. xanTaZe, saxelmwifo puris gadasaxadi (sursaTi)

qarTl-kaxeTSi me-19 saukunis damdegs, masalebi saqarTvelosa da

kavkasis istoriisaTvis (mski), nakv. 32, Tb., saqarTvelos ssr

mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1955. gv. 153-176.

82. xerxeuliZe, 1989; oman xerxeuliZe, mefoba irakli meorisa, teqsti

gamosacemad moemzada, gamokvleva, leqsikoni da saZiebeli daurTo

lela miqiaSvilma, Tb., mecniereba, 1989

83. javaxiSvili, 1967; iv. javaxiSvili, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoriis

Zeglebi, w. I, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos XVIII s. xalxis aRweris

davTrebi, gamosacemad momzadda iv. javaxiSvilis sax. kabinetSi d.

megrelaZis da n. javaxiSvilis mier, Tb., mecniereba, 1967.

84. javaxiSvili, 1974; iv. javaxiSvili, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoriis

Zeglebi (XIII-XIX ss.), w. II, gamosacemad momzadda iv. javaxisvilis sax.

kabinetSi d. megrelaZis da n. javaxiSvilis mier, Tb., mecniereba, 1974.

85. jambakur-orbeliani, 1914; al. jambakur-orbeliani, daRestniTgan

lekebis gamosvla da sxva ambebi, gamocemuli sargis kakabaZis mier

wera-kiTxvis sazogadoebaSi daculi avtografis mixedviT, tf., b.

kilaZis stamba, 1914.

86. jamburia, 1960; g. jamburia, masalebi qarTlis saTavadoebis

istoriisaTvis (XVII_XVIII ss.), masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasis

istoriisaTvis (mski), Nnakv. 33. Tb., saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa

akademiis gamomcemloba, 1960, 106-142.

87. АКАК, 1866; Акты собраные Кавказскою Агхеографическою Комиссiею. ; Т. I

напечатанъ подъ редакцiею предъседателя коммисiи, ст. сов. АД. Берже, Тиф., Въ.

Тирографiи Главнаго Управленiя Намъстника Кавказского, 1866.

88. АКАК, 1868; Акты собраные Кавказскою Агхеографическою Комиссiею, Т. II изданъ

подъ редакцiею предъседателя коммисiи, АД. Берже, Тиф., Въ. Тирографiи Главнаго

Управленiя Намъстника Кавказского, 1868.

214

89. АКАК, 1870; Акты собраные Кавказскою Агхеографическою Комиссiею, Т. IV,

изданъ подъ редакцiею предъседателя коммисiи, дсс. АД. Берже, Тиф., Въ.

Тирографiи Главнаго Управленiя Намъстника Кавказского, 1870.

90. Грамоы..., 1891; Грамоы и другие историчессакие документы XVIII столетия

относяциес кь Грузии, Подъ редакцией А. А. цагарели, Т., I, Спб., Типография В

Киршбаума въ д. М-ва финансов на Дворц. плош., 1891.

91. Грамоы..., 1898; Грамоы и другие историчессакие документы относяциес до

Грузии.Т. II вып. I, Подъ редакцией А. А. цагарели, Спб., Типография

ИМПЕРАТОРСКОЙ академии наукъ, Типография ИМПЕРАТОРСКОЙ академии

наукъ,1898.

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177. qiqoZe, 1963; m. qiqoZe, qarTuli saTavadoebis istoriidan XV-XVIII ss.,

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189. janeliZe, 1957; d. janeliZe, ramdenime cnoba saqarTvelosTan ruseTis

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