Episeminarws

Animal Disease ControlPrepared by: Noemi Diloy- Encarnacion, DVM, MVetEpi

Session objectives:

At the end of this topic, the participants should be able to:• Assess the importance of local diseases based on selected criteria;• Distinguish prevention, control and eradication; and• Describe the various strategies for animal disease control.

Disease control programs are essential for the reduction, elimination or eradication of animal and poultry diseases and the prevention of the introduction or outbreak of foreign or domestic diseases.

Definitions

Prevention- refers to measures designed to prevent disease occurrence.

Disease control- reduction of the prevalence of a disease to a level where it is no longer considered a major health and/or economic problem.

Goals are: o Reduce mortalityo Reduce morbidity

Disease elimination- this is the near eradication stage; it is the stage between disease control and disease eradication status. The goal is to reduce the disease to a level that it has become a minor health problem. WHO (1991) defines it as “reduction of prevalence to a level below one case per million population.”

Eradication- total elimination of a disease. Achieved by eliminating the reservoir or source of the agent, severing the transmission chain or making the hosts immune to the disease. WHO describes this stage as having “no further cases of a disease occurring anywhere, and continued control measures are unnecessary.”

How do you know a good disease control officer?

1. He/she knows how to make a “priority” list.2. He/she responds quickly3. He/she can mobilize the right persons for the task: diagnose, control, and monitor disease problems.4. He/she can control the disease with the least cost.

Choose the diseases to control

Public Health Significance Impact on the livestock industry1. What zoonotic diseases occur more

frequently?2. What zoonotic diseases cause severe

sickness in humans?3. Present mortality and morbidity rates

1. How easily is the disease transmitted from farm to farm?

2. What are the losses due to morbidity?3. What are the losses due to mortality?4. What are the effects on trade and

commerce?

Prioritization

Items are ranked in order based on their “perceived or measured importance or significance”. Make the best use of limited human and financial resources

A. Simplex: Group perceptions are obtained by the use of questionnaires.

B. Nominal Group planning: Panel of experts is formed and individual judgments must be tapped and combined to arrive at decisions which cannot be determined by one person.

C. Criteria Weighting Method: Mathematical process whereby participants establish a relevant set of criteria and assign a priority ranking to issues based on how they measure against the criteria. The calculated values do not necessarily dictate the final policy decision, but offer a means by which choices can be ordered.

Examples of Prioritization Techniques (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

DISEASE PRIORITIZATION TOOL

Score Co-eff

Total

DISEASE KNOWLEDGE - 10 criteria 0 1 2 3 4

Speed of spread None

Non

transmissible

Very slow Low level of

transmission within holdings

and unlikely between

holdings

Slow

Slow transmission

between holdings with

or without animal

movements

Medium

Rapid transmission between

holdings with or without

animal movements

High

Rapid transmission

between holdings

without animal

movements

2.5

Number of livestock species involved One ND or expected to be limited Limited

2 species

Medium

3 species11

High

4 species and over

2.5

Persistence of the infectious agent in the

environment

No

Never Found

Rare Occasionally found ND if unknown Constant Animal reservoir or

vector

Not removable from

the environment

2.5

Risk of spread to susceptible populations No

Not contagious

Low Transmissible direct

contact

ND if unknown Medium Indirect contact,

contagion

High

Airborne infection

2.5

Potential for silent spread None Negligible

Signs of infection easily

recognised and likely to

occur in animal under

supervision

Low

Signs of infection

easily recognised but

depends on the level

of supervision

Moderate

Specific diagnosis may be

difficult in one or more

species

High

Disease/infection not

likely to be detected

for some time

2.5

Wildlife reservoir and potential spread Negligible

No known

wildlife

reservoir

Minor Prevalence in remote

wildlife

Moderate Wildlife

reservoir: no direct

contact with humans

or domestic animals

Significant

Wildlife reservoir

Serious Wildlife

reservoir in close

contact with humans

and/or domestic

animals

2.5

Vector reservoir and potential spread None

No known

vector or

reservoir

Low

Competent vector(s) thought

to exist in the country but not

considered capable of

surviving and transmitting

infection

Medium

Competent vector(s)

exist in the country

but not considered

capable of surviving

and transmitting

infection

High

Competent vector(s) exist in

the country but not


surviving but could transmit

infection

Very High

Competent vector(s)


and is (are) capable

of surviving and

transmitting infection

2.5

Variability of the agent Negligible

One type,

stable

host/vector

Low

Few types, not mutating,

stable host/vector

Moderate

Few types, not

mutating, low host

specificity, stable

vector if any

High

Numerous types or mutating,

low host or vector specificity

Very High

Numerous types and

mutating, low host or

vector specificity

2.5

Understanding of fundamental

immunology

Fully

understood,

both humoral

and cellular

immunity

Fully understand humoral

immunity and partial

understanding of cellular

immunity

Partially understand

humoral and cellular

immunity

Partially understand humoral

immunity

None

Nothing known about

the immunology

2.5

Host-Pathogen interaction Fully

understand the

host-pathogen

interactions

Understand some aspects of

the host and pathogen

interactions


the host-pathogen

interactions

Little understanding of the

host-pathogen interactions

No information 2.5

IMPACT ON ANIMAL HEALTH AND WELFARE - 3 criteria

0 1 2 3 4

Disease impact on production None

Production not

affected

Very low

Some loss of production but

no major impact on income

Low

Production reduced

by less than 20%.

Major loss of income

Medium

Production reduced by more

than 20%. Major loss of

income

Severe

Production reduced

by more than 50%.


and viability of

industry threatened

8.33

Duration of animal welfare impact None

No impact

Transcient

Impact less than 48 hours

Short Term

48 hours to 13 days

Medium term

15 days to 24 months

Permanent

Greater than 24

months

8.33

Proportion of animal affected suffering

pain/ injury/ distress as a result of the

disease

None

No animal

affected

Very low

<5% of animals suffer

serious impact

Low

6-20% of animals

suffer serious impact

Medium

21 to 50% of animals suffer

serious impact

Serious

>50% of animals


8.33

IMPACT ON PUBLIC HEALTH - HUMAN HEALTH - 6 criteria

0 1 2 3 4

Impact of occurence on human health None

Humans not

considered

susceptible to

infection

Mild

Symptoms mild, transcient

without lasting effects

Medium

Symptoms may

require time off work,

(1week) and/or

medical intervention

Serious Symptoms

often provoke medical

intervention, possible long

term health effects (>1

month). Extreme pain and

discomfort. Fatalities

uncommon

High

High case fatality

(>5%) and/or

permanent health

effects

4.16

Likelihood of occurrence None

Proven

impossibility of

transmission

to humans

through live

animals,

animal

products,

vectors or food

Extremely rare Probability

lower than 1/1000000

Occasional Occurs

at an incidence lower

than 1/10000

Regular Occurs at an

incidence lower than 1/1000

Frequent

Occurs at an

incidence higher than

1/1000

4.16

Impact of occurrence on food safety No

Not spread in

food

Negligible

Very low level of

contamination of food but

unlikely to cause problems

Low

Low level of

contamination and

can cause

disease/infection if

organisms ingested in

large numbers

Medium Probability of spread

via food but large numbers of

organisms needed to cause

problems. Precautions

required

High

High probability of

spread via food, small

infective dose and

strict precautions

required

4.16

Transmissibility (spread from animal to

human)

No

No

transmission

possible

Negligible

No known transmission to

humans or no information

Low

Possible transmission

and existing contacts

with live animals

Medium

Possible transmission or

contamination through direct

or indirect contact or

vector/food

High

Very low species

barrier, possible

airborne or through

the environment

4.16

Spread in humans No

Non-

transmissible

Negligible

No known transmission

between humans or no

information

Low Transmission

between humans is

uncommon

Moderate Transmission

between humans requires

prolonged or high level

challenge

Rapid

Transmission

between humans

occurs frequently and

is common

4.16

Bioterrorism potential None

Agent

unavailable or

impossible to

handle or no

harm

Negligible

Agent available but difficult

to handle or low potential

harm

Low

Agent available and

easy to handle by

pros and labs but low

potential harm

Medium

Agent available and easy to

handle by pros and labs and

high potential harm

Severe

Agent available and

easy to handle by

individuals and high

potential harm

4.16

IMPACT ON WIDER SOCIETY - 3 criteria

0 1 2 3 4

Economic direct impact (including

cumulative costs (e.g. Enzoonotic vs

Epizootic))

None

No loss, no

control

measures

Negligible

Minor reduction in production

Low

Production reduced

but not banned.

Treatment and

vaccination

Medium

Production reduced and

partially banned. Test and

slaughter

High

Production reduced

and banned. Total

slaughter

8.33

Economic indirect impact (social,

market)

None

Products

continue to be

distributed

Negligible

Minor impact on distribution

of products

Low

Herd products

redirected to lower

value markets

Medium

Market price reduced

temporarily by less than 30%

High

Reduction by more

than 30% over a

month or a country

wide ban

8.33

Agriterrorism potential None

Agent

unavailable or

impossible to

Negligible


to handle or low spread or

low economic damages

Low

Agent available and

easy to handle by

professionals and

Medium


handle by professionals and

labs and rapidly spread or

Severe

Agent available and

easy to handle by

individuals and rapidly

8.33

handle or no

spread

labs but low spread or

low economic

damages

high economic damages spread and great

economic damages

IMPACT ON TRADE - 4 criteria 0 1 2 3 4

Impact on international trade due to

existing regulations

None

No restriction

or only at

animal level

Minor

Only at herd level

Moderate

At zone level and/or a

list of commodities,

no loss of official

status

Significant

Zone standstill, loss of

official status, short recovery

period

Serious

Possible nationwide

ban standstill with or

without list, official

atatus difficult to

recover

6.25

Impact on Economic trade due to


None

No restriction

or only at

animal level

Minor

Only at herd level

Moderate

At zone level and/or

list of commodities

Significant

At zone level and/or no list of

commodities

Serious

Nationwide

ban/standstill with or

without list

6.25

Potential for zoning High

Zoning

possible at

farm level

Moderate

Zoning possible 1 to 10 kms

Low

Zoning possible but

more than 10 kms

Very low

Zoning using wider

administrative boundaries

None

Only compartments

6.25

Impact on security of food supply Extremely

limited,

anecdotal

Low value

Only in some remote areas

Moderate

Someremote areas

may be temporarily

out of stock

High

Some areas of the country

may be out of stock

Very High

May cause or

increase hunger

problems

6.25

CONTROL TOOLS - 3 criteria 2 1 0 -1 -2

Appropriate diagnostics Need: Yes

Availability: No

Market

Potential: Low

Need: Yes

Availability: No

Market Potential: Yes

Need: Yes

Availability: Yes (not

fully effective)

Market Potential: Low

to Medium

Need: Yes

Availability: Yes (not fully

effective)


Either Need: No

or Need: Yes

Availability: Yes (fully

effective)


16.6

6

Appropriate vaccines Need: Yes

Availability: No

Market

Potential: Low

Need: Yes

Availability: No


Need: Yes


fully effective)


to Medium

Need: Yes


effective)


Either Need: No

or Need: Yes


effective)


16.6

6

Appropriate pharmaceuticals Need: Yes

Availability: No

Market

Potential: Low

Need: Yes

Availability: No


Need: Bacteria - Yes

Need: Virus -

Desirable

Availability: Bacteria -

Yes (not fully

effective)

Availability: Virus - No


to Medium

Need: Yes


effective)


Either Need: No

or Need: Yes


effective)


16.6

6

TOTAL

Source: http://www.discontools.eu/

Estimate the monetary value

Cost of disease Cost of disease control

Benefits of disease control

Costs due to mortalitycosts due to morbidityCosts associated with treatmentExtra labor to nurse the sick animalsProhibition of sales of animal products (ex. milk)Increase in food conversion indexImpact on trade

Diagnostic testsVaccinesDrugsTravel costsStaff costsVehiclesEquipmentGenetic loss due to the slaughter policyetc.

Benefit =

Losses due¿ the diseasewithout control project−Losses due¿ the disease withcontrol project=¿

RATIONALE FOR ESTABLISHING A DISEASE CONTROL PROGRAM

Justification for the disease control program, summarizing the current knowledge about the epidemiological situation within an area, providing detailed information on:

1. the disease situation

2. disease impacts (animal and public health, food safety, food security, biodiversity and socioeconomic impact) and how these are distributed among stakeholders

3. identity, level of interest and involvement of stakeholders

CONTROL PROGRAM GOALS

Goals are the desired results or outcomes that a control program envisions, plans and commits to achieve.

Examples:

a. Improve control of swine respiratory diseases in Bulacan.

b. Control and management of surra in the Philippines will contribute to increasing agricultural productivity and incomes, improving livelihoods and ensuring food security.

Sample guide for setting goals in animal health [Table adopted from (World Organisation for Animal Health, 2014)]

CONTROL PROGRAM OUTCOME, OUTPUTS, ACTIVITIES

Outcome is what had previously been termed “objective/s”. However the current approach is to have only one outcome defined in one brief statement which describes the change that the project is expected to generate in the target group. The outcome is the result of outputs which are the result of activities.

Outcome ___________

Output 1. ___________ Activity 1.1. __________Activity 1.2. __________

Output 2. ___________

Activity 2.1. __________Activity 2.2. __________

Output 3. ___________Activity 3.1 __________

Etc.

Outcome and outputs should be formulated in very clear terms that are qualitatively and quantitatively verifiable so that relevant indicators can be easily derived for monitoring and evaluation purposes. Outputs are usually described as nouns and adjectives Activities are the actions that the project will carry out in order to obtain the outputs. Note the activities are usually described as verbs and adverbs.

Examples:

Outcome: The strategy program envisions the Philippines to control and manage surra by 2025 such that incidence would be nearly 0 by that date.

Expected Output: 1. Greater understanding on the epidemiology of surra

Corresponding Activities:

1. Training on surra surveillance

2. Conduct surveillance to establish true prevalence of surra.

RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS

Risk assessment and management are essential in project planning not necessarily to avoid risks but to plan for them and to mitigate their impact on the project.

outline the key risks assessing their impact and probability describe how the risks will be monitored; explain whether there is a credible programme external to the project that addresses these risks (e.g.

to improve public sector standards and systems); and outline steps proposed within the project to address these risks and indicate if these steps have been

agreed with project partners.

VARIOUS STRATEGIES FOR ANIMAL DISEASE CONTROL

PREVENTION

1. On-Farm Biosecurity. The word is defined as measures adopted to keep diseases out of herds where they do not currently exist.

a. Isolation of new animals brought to the farmb. Restriction on movement of people, animals, and equipmentc. Use of safe feeds- Swill feeding can be dangerousd. Hygiene. Effective combination of cleaning and disinfection

2. Border controls to prevent the entry of animals, animal products and other potentially disease-causing products- at national, provincial, municipal or farm levels.

3. Regulation of importations- strict enough to prevent entry of exotic diseases but liberal enough to encourage legal importations.

4. Strict observance of export and import protocolsa. Pre-export testing, quarantine and animal health certification

b. Post-arrival inspection, testing and quarantine5. Inspection of persons and products arriving at airports and seaports6. Proper disposal of food wastes from international aircraft and ship.

a. Incinerationb. Deep burial

7. Vaccination8. Vector control9. Public awareness and communication

CONTROL

Strategies to reduce the magnitude of existing disease 1. Reduce contact rate

a. case finding & isolationb. contact tracing & quarantinec. behavior changed. “Resting” of farm or premises- length is not less than the survival time of the pathogen. FAO

recommends a minimum of 21 days. e. Slaughter of susceptible animals f. Closure of livestock markets and other congregations of susceptible species (e.g. livestock

auction markets, race meetings and livestock exhibit/shows)g. Removal of animals from areas with high insect population

2. Reduce infectiousness: treatment, vaccination3. Reduce susceptibility

a. Vaccination: Selective ( “ring vaccination”) or Total (“blanket” vaccination )b. immune globulin

5. Identify and control reservoir/source a. pest/vector control

a. Treatment or Destruction of breeding sitesb. Use of insecticidal sprays

b. environmental disinfection c. Surveillance- regular inspection of animalsd. Biological - Read the success story on eradication of New World screwworm fly (Cochliomyia

hominovorax) in the Americas and North Africa using the sterile insect release method (SIRM).

e. Ban swill feeding or cook swill6. Reduce prevalence of infectious sources

a. identify and control infectious sources a. Proper disposal of contaminated carcasses- deep burial or burning

7. Reduce duration of infectiousness: Treatment, Vaccination8. Increase herd immunity

a. Vaccinationb. Genetic improvementc. Improved husbandry

9. Public education- to inform people of the nature of the disease and of the restrictions in place.10. Contact tracing- trace forward and trace back11. Zoning- The designation of geographic areas in which specific disease control strategies is to be

carried out.

Vaccination Tips1. Choose the safe and correct antigenic type. 2. Maintain vaccine quality- no contamination, potency, etc.3. Follow the recommended vaccination coverage (preferably 70 %)4. Mark vaccinated animals5. Monitor proper storage temperatures for vaccines 6. Organize trained personnel into “clean” and “dirty” teams7. Remember that gathering different herds together in one vaccination station maybe convenient but

dangerous.8. Count your needles and bottles before and after vaccination.

ERADICATION

Strategies to eliminate selected organisms from a defined population.

Conditions for eradication1. Social acceptability of the proposed eradication strategies;2. Limited host range of the disease agent;3. Limited transmission mechanisms;4. Availability of reliable diagnostic tools that can even detect the pathogen in reservoirs

or carriers; and5. Effective method for destruction of agents in reservoirs

Source: (Smith 2005)

Strategies for Eradication

1. Cleaning, disinfection and rest period2. Animal treatments3. Treatment of products and by-products4. Culling5. Test and isolation6. Test and slaughter7. Depopulation/repopulation

a. Advantages of stamping outi. the most efficient method for the rapid elimination of diseaseii. It is often the most cost-effective. iii. The disease eradication campaign is shorteriv. Shorter waiting period before the country can be recognized as being free of the

disease and the export of livestock and animal products resumed.b. Factors to consider before implementing the “slaughter” strategy

i. Community acceptanceii. Availability of other strategiesiii. Immediate availability of resources

Writing an Animal Disease Control Plan Prepared by: Noemi Diloy-Encarnacion, DVM, MVetEpi

I. Identify five diseases present in your locality that will satisfy the following criteria.

Public Health Significance Impact on the livestock industry1. What zoonotic diseases occur more frequently?2. What zoonotic diseases cause severe sickness in humans?3. Present mortality and morbidity rates

1. How easily is the disease transmitted from farm to farm?2. What are the losses due to morbidity?3. What are the losses due to mortality?4. What are the effects on trade and commerce?

II. Rank the diseases based on their measured importance using the prioritization tool. Write the summary of scores in the table below.

DISEASES DISEASE KNOWLEDGE IMPACT ON ANIMAL HEALTH

AND WELFARE

IMPACT ON PUBLIC HEALTH

AND HUMAN HELATH

IMPACT ON WIDER SOCIETY

IMPACT ON TRADE

CONTROL TOOLS

TOTAL SCORE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3

1

2

3

4

5

Score Co-eff

Total

DISEASE KNOWLEDGE - 10 criteria 0 1 2 3 4

Speed of spread None

Non

transmissible

Very slow Low level of

transmission within holdings

and unlikely between

holdings

Slow

Slow transmission

between holdings with

or without animal

movements

Medium

Rapid transmission between

holdings with or without

animal movements

High

Rapid transmission

between holdings

without animal

movements

2.5

Number of livestock species involved One ND or expected to be limited Limited

2 species

Medium

3 species11

High

4 species and over

2.5

Persistence of the infectious agent in the

environment

No

Never Found

Rare Occasionally found ND if unknown Constant Animal reservoir or

vector

Not removable from

the environment

2.5

Risk of spread to susceptible populations No

Not contagious

Low Transmissible direct

contact

ND if unknown Medium Indirect contact,

contagion

High

Airborne infection

2.5

Potential for silent spread None Negligible

Signs of infection easily

recognised and likely to

occur in animal under

supervision

Low

Signs of infection

easily recognised but

depends on the level

of supervision

Moderate

Specific diagnosis may be

difficult in one or more

species

High

Disease/infection not

likely to be detected

for some time

2.5

Wildlife reservoir and potential spread Negligible

No known

wildlife

reservoir

Minor Prevalence in remote

wildlife

Moderate Wildlife

reservoir: no direct

contact with humans

or domestic animals

Significant

Wildlife reservoir

Serious Wildlife

reservoir in close

contact with humans

and/or domestic

animals

2.5

Vector reservoir and potential spread None

No known

vector or

reservoir

Low

Competent vector(s) thought

to exist in the country but not


surviving and transmitting

infection

Medium

Competent vector(s)


but not considered

capable of surviving

and transmitting

infection

High

Competent vector(s) exist in

the country but not


surviving but could transmit

infection

Very High

Competent vector(s)


and is (are) capable

of surviving and

transmitting infection

2.5

Variability of the agent Negligible

One type,

stable

host/vector

Low

Few types, not mutating,

stable host/vector

Moderate

Few types, not

mutating, low host

specificity, stable

vector if any

High

Numerous types or mutating,

low host or vector specificity

Very High

Numerous types and

mutating, low host or

vector specificity

2.5

Understanding of fundamental

immunology

Fully

understood,

both humoral

and cellular

immunity

Fully understand humoral

immunity and partial

understanding of cellular

immunity


humoral and cellular

immunity

Partially understand humoral

immunity

None

Nothing known about

the immunology

2.5

Host-Pathogen interaction Fully

understand the

host-pathogen

interactions

Understand some aspects of

the host and pathogen

interactions


the host-pathogen

interactions

Little understanding of the

host-pathogen interactions

No information 2.5

IMPACT ON ANIMAL HEALTH AND WELFARE - 3 criteria

0 1 2 3 4

Disease impact on production None

Production not

affected

Very low

Some loss of production but

no major impact on income

Low

Production reduced

by less than 20%.


Medium

Production reduced by more

than 20%. Major loss of

income

Severe

Production reduced

by more than 50%.


and viability of

industry threatened

8.33

Duration of animal welfare impact None

No impact

Transcient

Impact less than 48 hours

Short Term

48 hours to 13 days

Medium term

15 days to 24 months

Permanent

Greater than 24

months

8.33

Proportion of animal affected suffering

pain/ injury/ distress as a result of the

disease

None

No animal

affected

Very low

<5% of animals suffer

serious impact

Low

6-20% of animals


Medium

21 to 50% of animals suffer

serious impact

Serious

>50% of animals


8.33

IMPACT ON PUBLIC HEALTH - HUMAN HEALTH - 6 criteria

0 1 2 3 4

Impact of occurence on human health None

Humans not

considered

susceptible to

infection

Mild

Symptoms mild, transcient

without lasting effects

Medium

Symptoms may

require time off work,

(1week) and/or

medical intervention

Serious Symptoms

often provoke medical

intervention, possible long

term health effects (>1

month). Extreme pain and

discomfort. Fatalities

uncommon

High

High case fatality

(>5%) and/or

permanent health

effects

4.16

Likelihood of occurrence None

Proven

impossibility of

transmission

to humans

through live

animals,

animal

products,

vectors or food

Extremely rare Probability

lower than 1/1000000

Occasional Occurs

at an incidence lower

than 1/10000

Regular Occurs at an

incidence lower than 1/1000

Frequent

Occurs at an

incidence higher than

1/1000

4.16

Impact of occurrence on food safety No

Not spread in

food

Negligible

Very low level of

contamination of food but

unlikely to cause problems

Low

Low level of

contamination and

can cause

disease/infection if

organisms ingested in

large numbers

Medium Probability of spread

via food but large numbers of

organisms needed to cause

problems. Precautions

required

High

High probability of

spread via food, small

infective dose and

strict precautions

required

4.16

Transmissibility (spread from animal to

human)

No

No

transmission

possible

Negligible

No known transmission to

humans or no information

Low

Possible transmission

and existing contacts

with live animals

Medium

Possible transmission or

contamination through direct

or indirect contact or

vector/food

High

Very low species

barrier, possible

airborne or through

the environment

4.16

Spread in humans No

Non-

transmissible

Negligible

No known transmission

between humans or no

information

Low Transmission

between humans is

uncommon

Moderate Transmission

between humans requires

prolonged or high level

challenge

Rapid

Transmission

between humans

occurs frequently and

is common

4.16

Bioterrorism potential None

Agent

unavailable or

impossible to

handle or no

harm

Negligible


to handle or low potential

harm

Low

Agent available and

easy to handle by

pros and labs but low

potential harm

Medium


handle by pros and labs and

high potential harm

Severe

Agent available and

easy to handle by

individuals and high

potential harm

4.16

IMPACT ON WIDER SOCIETY - 3 criteria

0 1 2 3 4

Economic direct impact (including

cumulative costs (e.g. Enzoonotic vs

Epizootic))

None

No loss, no

control

measures

Negligible

Minor reduction in production

Low

Production reduced

but not banned.

Treatment and

vaccination

Medium

Production reduced and

partially banned. Test and

slaughter

High

Production reduced

and banned. Total

slaughter

8.33

Economic indirect impact (social,

market)

None

Products

continue to be

distributed

Negligible

Minor impact on distribution

of products

Low

Herd products

redirected to lower

value markets

Medium

Market price reduced

temporarily by less than 30%

High

Reduction by more

than 30% over a

month or a country

wide ban

8.33

Agriterrorism potential None

Agent

unavailable or

impossible to

Negligible


to handle or low spread or

low economic damages

Low

Agent available and

easy to handle by

professionals and

Medium


handle by professionals and

labs and rapidly spread or

Severe

Agent available and

easy to handle by

individuals and rapidly

8.33

handle or no

spread

labs but low spread or

low economic

damages

high economic damages spread and great

economic damages

IMPACT ON TRADE - 4 criteria 0 1 2 3 4

Impact on international trade due to


None

No restriction

or only at

animal level

Minor

Only at herd level

Moderate

At zone level and/or a

list of commodities,

no loss of official

status

Significant

Zone standstill, loss of

official status, short recovery

period

Serious

Possible nationwide

ban standstill with or

without list, official

atatus difficult to

recover

6.25

Impact on Economic trade due to


None

No restriction

or only at

animal level

Minor

Only at herd level

Moderate

At zone level and/or

list of commodities

Significant

At zone level and/or no list of

commodities

Serious

Nationwide

ban/standstill with or

without list

6.25

Potential for zoning High

Zoning

possible at

farm level

Moderate

Zoning possible 1 to 10 kms

Low

Zoning possible but

more than 10 kms

Very low

Zoning using wider

administrative boundaries

None

Only compartments

6.25

Impact on security of food supply Extremely

limited,

anecdotal

Low value

Only in some remote areas

Moderate

Some remote areas

may be temporarily

out of stock

High

Some areas of the country

may be out of stock

Very High

May cause or

increase hunger

problems

6.25

CONTROL TOOLS - 3 criteria 2 1 0 -1 -2

Appropriate diagnostics Need: Yes

Availability: No

Market

Potential: Low

Need: Yes

Availability: No


Need: Yes


fully effective)


to Medium

Need: Yes


effective)


Either Need: No

or Need: Yes


effective)


16.6

6

Appropriate vaccines Need: Yes

Availability: No

Market

Potential: Low

Need: Yes

Availability: No


Need: Yes


fully effective)


to Medium

Need: Yes


effective)


Either Need: No

or Need: Yes


effective)


16.6

6

Appropriate pharmaceuticals Need: Yes

Availability: No

Market

Potential: Low

Need: Yes

Availability: No


Need: Bacteria - Yes

Need: Virus -

Desirable

Availability: Bacteria -

Yes (not fully

effective)

Availability: Virus - No


to Medium

Need: Yes


effective)


Either Need: No

or Need: Yes


effective)


16.6

6

TOTAL

TITLE: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

RATIONALE

RAT

CONTROL PROGRAM GOALS/ IMPACT

OUTCOME EXPECTED OUTPUT/ PRODUCT BREAKDOWN

STRUCTURE

CORRESPONDING ACTIVITIES/ WORK BREAKDOWN

STRUCTURE

Risk Matrix

Risk Impact Probability Mitigation

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

OUTPUTS / ACTIVITIES YEAR 1 YEAR 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

11

12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10

11

12

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