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WS WuenWS Wuen Mobile Communications 1

National Chiao Tung University

行動通訊 Mobile CommunicationsOverview of Wireless Communications行動通訊 Mobile CommunicationsOverview of Wireless Communications

溫文燊 Wen-Shen WuenTrans Wireless Technology Laboratory

National Chiao Tung University

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Overview of Wireless Communications

2Mobile Communications

OutlineOutline

History of Wireless CommunicationsWireless Vision and Future Trends Technical Issues and ChallengesModern Wireless Communication SystemsWireless Spectrum, Regulations and Standards

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Early Wireless CommunicationsEarly Wireless Communications

Visual Communication– Line of Sight (LOS) communication– LOS distance further extended by telescopes– e.g. Smoke signals, Heliographs and Semaphore

Heliograph signaling Semaphore signaling Semaphore wheel

History of Wireless CommunicationsHistory of Wireless Communications

[Source: Wikipedia] [Source: Portsdown Tunnels] [Source: ThinkQuest]

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Origin of Wireless CommunicationsOrigin of Wireless CommunicationsHistory of Wireless CommunicationsHistory of Wireless Communications

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History of Wireless CommunicationsHistory of Wireless CommunicationsHistory of Wireless CommunicationsHistory of Wireless Communications

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Wireless vs. Mobile CommunicationsWireless vs. Mobile CommunicationsWireless Vision and Future TrendsWireless Vision and Future Trends

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Wired/Wireless Network TodayWired/Wireless Network Today

Mobile DataDevices

PC / Server

BroadbandInternetServicePCS

MobileNetwork

Ethernet

Cable

GPS

DigitalCamera

DVD/TV/VCR

Printer

Real-TimeVideo

PCSDevice

Auto

DSL

USB

RCA

Mobile Devices

Wired Devices

Wireless Vision and Future TrendsWireless Vision and Future Trends

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Future of the Wired/Wireless WorldFuture of the Wired/Wireless World

Mobile DataDevices

PC / Server

BroadbandDigital Data(Fiber/FWA)

BTWPAN

3GWWN

802.11WLAN

OC3WAN

GPS

DigitalCamera

DVD / HDTV

Printer

Real-TimeVideo

Auto

ConsumerPOS

SODA

3G MobileDevices

Red: Multi-ModeGreen: Single Mode

Wireless Legend

UWB


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Wireless Industry At A CrossroadWireless Industry At A CrossroadWireless Vision and Future TrendsWireless Vision and Future Trends

2.8 2.7 2.5 1.7 1.2 0.7

2.64.6

6.9 911.3 12.3 13.6

0.9

14.3

10.712.5

13.2

9.3

5.4

7.3

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Wired Only Wireless Total Purchase

[Source: JupiterResearch Home Networking Model, 8/04]

US

Hom

e N

etw

orki

ng P

urch

ases

(in millions)

Wireless outsold wired home networking gear for the first time in 2004!

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Trend – Convergence of 4CTrend – Convergence of 4C

Wireless PAN

Wireless LAN

Wireless MAN

NotebookPCs

PDAs

Personal Computer(Internet)

Scanners

Storage Devices

Printers

Mobile Communication

3G Handsets

CordlessPhones GSM

Consumer Electronics(Broadcast)

Game Platforms DVDs

STBs

Contentsover

Everywhere

PortableGame Cube

MP3Players

DigitalCameras

DVCamcorders

PortableProjectors


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Trend – Ubiquitous Wireless ConnectivityTrend – Ubiquitous Wireless Connectivity

Wireless Network Infrastructures

•3G MobileWCDMA, CDMA 2000Wireless MAN 802.16 •4G MobileMBWA 802.20Wireless RAN 802.22

Home

metropolitan

Downtown

Museum

Train

Airplane

Campus

in-house

campus-based

Hospital

regional

Vertical Handoff


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Wireless Home NetworkWireless Home Network

Digital Home/e-HomeBroadbandBroadbandWireless Wireless AccessAccessHome Home

SecuritySecuritySenorSenor

NetworkNetwork WirelessWirelessHomeHome

NetworkNetwork

Wireless Wireless PANPAN

Broadband Broadband InternetInternetxDSLxDSL


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Convergence of Consumer Electronic Devices Convergence of Consumer Electronic Devices

Unified Wireless Access Platform

NCTU NCTU HeRMesHeRMesOn On UniWANUniWANDigital Digital

ContentContent

Wireless MANWireless MANWireless LANWireless LAN

Digital Digital Video Video

BroadcastBroadcast

High RateHigh RateWireless PANWireless PAN

(e.g. UWB)(e.g. UWB)

Low Rate Low Rate Wireless PANWireless PAN

(e.g. Bluetooth, (e.g. Bluetooth, ZigbeeZigbee))


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Wireless Industry TrendsWireless Industry Trends

20022002 20062006 20102010

Dat

a R

ates

Dat

a R

ates

WLANWLAN

>100Mbps>100Mbps

WWANWWAN--CellularCellular

WPANWPAN--UWBUWB

WPAN WPAN –– BTBT

300 300 -- 500Mbps500Mbps>1 >1 GbpsGbps

WMAN (WiMax)WMAN (WiMax)

Technology Issues and Challenges Technology Issues and Challenges

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Giga-bit WLAN

Heterogeneous Wireless Network AccessHeterogeneous Wireless Network Access

4G

Future Ultra-Wide Band

802.11n

802.11a802.11g

Ultra-Wide Band

Next GenerationBluetooth

ZigBee

1Mbps

10Mbps

100Mbps

1Gbps

Bluetooth

Wi-Fi

802.11b

802.11

WPAN WLAN WMAN WRAN

10km100kbps

Beyond 3G

802.16e, 802.20, 802.22

3G – WCDMA, CDMA2000

2.5G – GPRS / EDGE2G - GSM

High Mobility

High Data Rate

Desktop Room Building Community~1km

City


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Challenges in Wireless CommunicationsChallenges in Wireless Communications

Spectrum is scarce License feeHigh data rates Multimedia applicationsReliability Quality of serviceMobility Channel characteristicsPortability Low power consumptionConnectivity in various wireless networks MultimodeInterference from other users Limited user capacitySecurity Mobile commerce


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Requirements for Multimedia ApplicationsRequirements for Multimedia ApplicationsTechnology Issues and Challenges Technology Issues and Challenges

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Issues of Portable DevicesIssues of Portable Devices

Power consumption– limited computing power, low quality displays, small disks due

to limited battery capacity– CPU: power consumption ~ CV2f

• C: internal capacitance, reduced by integration• V: supply voltage, can be reduced to a certain limit• f: clock frequency, can be reduced temporally

Loss of data– higher probability, has to be included in advance into the

design (e.g., defects, theft)Limited user interfaces– compromise between size of fingers and portability– integration of character/voice recognition, abstract symbols

Limited memory– limited value of mass memories with moving parts– flash-memory or ? as alternative


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Wireless v.s. Wired NetworksWireless v.s. Wired Networks

Higher loss-rates due to interference, lower reliabilityRestrictive regulations of frequenciesLower transmission ratesHigher delays, higher jitterLower security, simpler active attackingFlexibility and freedom

WIDE AREA CIRCUIT SWITCHING

User Bit-Rate (kbps)

14.4digitalcellular

28.8 modem

ISDN

ATM

9.6 modem

2.4 modem 2.4 cellular

32 kbps PCS

9.6 cellular

wired- wireless bit-rate "gap"

1970 200019901980 YEAR

LOCAL AREA PACKET SWITCHING

User Bit-Rate (kbps)

EthernetFDDI

ATM100 M Ethernet

Polling

Packet Radio

1st genWLAN

2nd genWLAN

wired- wirelessbit-rate "gap"

1970 200019901980.01

.1

1

10

100

1000

10,000

100,000

YEAR.01

.1

1

10

100

1000

10,000

100,000

[Source: Andrea Goldsmith, Wireless Communications]


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Cross-Layer Design for Quality of Service Cross-Layer Design for Quality of Service – service location– new applications, multimedia– adaptive applications– congestion and flow control– quality of service– addressing, routing,

device location– hand-over– authentication– media access– multiplexing– media access control– encryption– modulation– interference– attenuation– frequency

Application layer

Transport layer

Network layer

Data link layer

Physical layer


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Cross-Layer Design Cross-Layer Design

Adaptive techniques– Link, MAC, network, and application adaptation– Resource management and allocation (power control)

Diversity techniques– Link diversity (antennas, channels, etc.)– Access diversity – Route diversity– Application diversity– Content location/server diversity

Scheduling– Application scheduling/data prioritization– Resource reservation– Access scheduling


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Wireless System On a ChipWireless System On a ChipTechnology Issues and Challenges Technology Issues and Challenges

MemoryControllerCPU

RF Modules

ADC/DAC Module

Bridge

Peripheral Bus

UART Timer

USB1.1/2.0

10/100MAC

10/100PHY

Wireless MAC

Wireless PHY

Wireless SOC

Wireless Transceiver– Connectivity interface in SOC

Peripheral Bus

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Wireless SOCWireless SOC

Ref: Alcatel, ISSCC 2001

Ref: A. Reza Rofougaran et al, IEEE Microwave Magazine, Mar 2005

1st Single-Chip Bluetooth SOC

Wireless LAN SOC


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Wireless Communications in Physical LayerWireless Communications in Physical Layer

Transmitter Channel Receiver

Coder Modulator RF FrontEnd

DeCoderDemodulatorRF FrontEnd

Help!

101100111..

Help!


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Wireless Transceiver ElementsWireless Transceiver ElementsTechnology Issues and Challenges Technology Issues and Challenges

ModulationModulationSourceCodingSourceCoding

ChannelCoding

ChannelCoding

RFFront-End

RFFront-End

MultipleAccess

MultipleAccess

TransmissionTechnique

TransmissionTechnique

Demod.Demod.SourcedecodingSource

decodingChanneldecodingChanneldecoding

RFFront-End

RFFront-EndEqualizationEqualization DiversityDiversity

Info.Source

Info.Sink

RadioChannel

Transmitter

Receiver

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Typical RF Transceiver SystemTypical RF Transceiver System

090

LNA Mixer

VCOAntenna

090

Power Amplifier

Mixer

T/R Switch

Power Driver

A/D

A/D

D/A

D/APower Control Logic

PA & PM

RF Front-End

Analog Mixed Signal

Switch & Filter

1/N

Fref

ReferenceI, V, Freq

ClockTree

Regulators


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Propagation Channel EffectsPropagation Channel Effects

Pr

Pt

dB

d0 log(d)

Multipath + Shadowing + Path Loss

Path Loss

Shadowing + Path Loss


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InterferenceInterference

890.4

890.4 890.4

890.4890.4

890.4 890.4

Desired Channel

MHz890.4

Co-channel Interference

Desired Channel

Adjacent Channel

Adjacent Channel

MHz890.2 890.4 890.6

891.0

890.4

890.8

891.2

890.6

890.0

890.2

Co-Channel Interference Adjacent-Channel Interference


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NoiseNoise

Thermal noiseMan-made noiseReceiver noise

TX RX

fTX fRXS

Pn=N0B

RequiredTransmissionQuality

SNRmin

BER[%]

SNR[dB]


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Modern Wireless Communication SystemsModern Wireless Communication Systems

Paging SystemCordless Phone SystemCellular Phone SystemSatellite NetworkWireless Local Area NetworkWireless Personal Area NetworkWireless Metropolitan Network


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Paging SystemPaging System

Send brief message to a subscriberSimplex SystemLarge transmitter power (~ kWatt)Low data rate (~ kbps)

PSTN

PagingControlCenter

PagingTerminal

Landline Link

Landline Link

Satellite Link

City 1

City 2

PagingTerminal

PagingTerminal

City N

Worldwide paging

Local paging

Remote paging

Simulcasting:Simultaneously broadcasting a page


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Cordless Phone SystemCordless Phone System

Full duplex system1st generation primarily for in-home useNow as extended telephone in-home/in-building use or outdoor locations within urban centersLimited range and mobility

PSTN

PublicSwitched

TelephoneNetwork

Fixed Port

BaseStation

Wireless Link

Cordless Handset


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Cell: coverage of a base station transmitter

Cellular Phone SystemCellular Phone System

TAIPEI

HSINCHU

MSC: Mobile Switch CenterMTSO: Mobile Telephone Switching OfficePSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network

Handoff: enables a call to proceed moving from one cell to another.


PSTNMSC(MTSO)MSC

(MTSO)

Internet

Long-DistanceNetwork

High Speed Wired Link

Base Station

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Fundamental of Cellular Phone SystemFundamental of Cellular Phone System

Frequency Reuse– Signal power falls off with distance– Reuse the same frequency spectrum at spatially-separated

locationsInter-cell Interference– Interference caused by users in different cells operating on the

same channel set– Must remain below a given threshold for acceptable system

performanceReuse Distance– Should be as small as possible so that frequencies are reused

as often as possible, thereby maximizing spectral efficiency more user capacity

– Difficult to determine the minimum reuse distance since both transmitting and interfering signals experience random power variations due to the characteristics of wireless signal propagation


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Cell Types of Cellular Phone SystemCell Types of Cellular Phone System

Macro-cell– Early cellular systems used relative large cells ( small number

of cells) to cover an entire city due to high cost of base stations– Signal power radiated uniformly in all directions and the circular

contour of constant power yields a hexagonal cell shape for the system

– Mostly in rural areasMicro-cell, Pico-cell– need for higher capacity– reduced size and cost of base station electronics– mostly in urban areas– less transmitting power is required– smaller cells cause complicated network design, handoff and

location management– difficult to develop general propagation models for small cells


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Common Terms in Cellular Phone SystemCommon Terms in Cellular Phone System

CAI: Common air interfaceFVC: Forward voice channel– Voice transmission channel for BS MS

RVC: Reverse voice channel– Voice transmission channel for MS BS

FCC: Forward control channel– Control channel for setting up a call for BS MS

RCC: Reverse control channel– Control channel for setting up a call for MS BS


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FCC

RCC

FVC

FCC

FCC

RCC

FVC

FCC

Call Process: Landline User Mobile UserCall Process: Landline User Mobile UserModern Wireless Communication SystemsModern Wireless Communication Systems

Receives page and matches the MIN with its own MIN

Receives MIN, ESN, Station Class Mark and passes to MSC

Acknowledges receipt of MIN and sends ESN and Station Class Mark

Verifies that the mobile has a valid MIN, ESN pair

Requests BS to move mobile to unused voice channel pair

Transmits data message for mobile to move to specific voice channel

Receives data messages to move to specified voice channel

Connects the mobile with the calling party on the PSTN

Begin Voice transmission

Begin voice reception



Receives call from PSTN; Send the requested MIN to all base stations

Transmits page (MIN) for specified user

MSC

BS

MS

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Call Process: Mobile User 1 Mobile User 2Call Process: Mobile User 1 Mobile User 2Modern Wireless Communication SystemsModern Wireless Communication Systems

FCC

RCC

FVC

FCC

FCC

RCC

FVC

FCC

Receives call initiation request from BS and verifies that mobile has a valid MIN, ESN pair

Paging for called mobile, instructing the mobile to move to voice channel

Instruct FCC of originating BS to move mobile to a pair voice channels

Receives page and matches the MIN with its own MIN. Receives instruction to move to voice channel.

Connects the mobile with the called party on the PSTN





Sends a call initiation request along with subscribe MIN and number of called party

Receives call initiation request and MIN, ESN, Station Class Mark

MSC

BS

MS

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Evolution From 2G to 3G Cellular SystemsEvolution From 2G to 3G Cellular Systems

IS-95 GSM IS-136 & PDC

IS-95B HSCSDGPRS

EDGE

cdma2000-1xRTT

cdma2000-1xEV, DV, DO

cdma2000-1xRTT

W-CDMA

TD-SCDMAEDGE

2G

2.5G

3G


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Migration of Digital Cellular SystemsMigration of Digital Cellular Systems

UMTS

GSM Circuit-Switched Voice

GPRS

GPRS: General Packet Radio Service(17.6 kbps x 8)

EDGE: Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution(59.2 kbps x 8)

UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecomm Systems

EDGE

IS-136 Circuit-Switched Voice

IS-136+

EDGE

Packet Voice & Dataover EDGE

Packet Voice & Dataover UMTS (WCDMA)

Circuit-SwitchedCircuit-Switched VoicePacket-Switched Data Packet-Switched

CDMA2000

PacketData


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Circuit Switched vs. Packet SwitchedCircuit Switched vs. Packet Switched

A

B

C

A

B

C

Circuit-Switched

Packet-Switched


Header Data Trailer

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Multiple AccessMultiple Access

FDMA– Frequency Division Multiple Access

TDMA– Time Division Multiple Access

CDMA– Code Division Multiple Access

TDMA

CDMAtimeFDMA

freq

time

freq

TDMA

time

freq

code

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Satellite NetworkSatellite Network

Inter Satellite Link (ISL)

Mobile User Link (MUL)

Gateway Link (GWL)

Small cells(spotbeams)

GWL

MUL

PSTNISDN GSM

User Data


base station or gateway

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Wireless Local Area NetworkWireless Local Area NetworkModern Wireless Communication SystemsModern Wireless Communication Systems

Hub

Server

Switch

Internet

Wireless LAN (WLAN) as an extension to wired LAN

Access PointHub

Workgroup Bridge

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Infrastructure vs. Ad-hoc NetworksInfrastructure vs. Ad-hoc Networks

Infrastructurenetwork

APAP

APAP: Access Point

ad-hoc networkPDA

WiFi PhoneLaptop

Computer

Wired Network (Ethernet)


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Wireless Personal Area NetworkWireless Personal Area NetworkModern Wireless Communication SystemsModern Wireless Communication Systems

Personal Ad-hot Network Cable Replacement

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Wireless Personal Area NetworkWireless Personal Area Network

SecurityHVAC

Lighting ControlAccess ControlLawn & Garden

Irrigation

Asset MgtProcess Control

EnvironmentalEnergy Mgt

Patient monitoring

Fitness monitoring

SecurityHVACAMR

Lighting ControlAccess Control

TVVCR

DVD/CDRF Remotes

ZigBeeWireless Control that

Simply Works

RESIDENTIAL/RESIDENTIAL/LIGHT LIGHT

COMMERCIAL COMMERCIAL CONTROLCONTROL

CONSUMER CONSUMER ELECTRONICSELECTRONICS

PC & PC & PERIPHERALSPERIPHERALS

INDUSTRIALINDUSTRIALCONTROLCONTROL

PERSONAL PERSONAL HEALTH CAREHEALTH CARE

BUILDING BUILDING AUTOMATIONAUTOMATION

Chart Copyright ZigBee Alliance 2004


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Wireless Metropolitan Area NetworkWireless Metropolitan Area NetworkModern Wireless Communication SystemsModern Wireless Communication Systems

BWA Operator Network Backbone

INTERNETBACKBONE

Mobile Backhaul

3

RESIDENTIAL & SoHo DSL LEVEL SERVICE

1

802.16d

FRACTIONAL E1 for SMALL BUSINESS

T1+ LEVEL SERVICE ENTERPRISE

BACKHAUL for HOTSPOTS

2

802.16d

Mobility

5802.16eH

H

HHH

H

H

H

WMAN Nomadic Coverage --> handoff from HOT SPOTS

4

= wide area coverage outside of Hot Spots

H

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Wireless Regional Area NetworkWireless Regional Area Network

WRAN HierarchyPublic IP Network

Service Provider IP Network

HAAAA

S D

ACR ACR

WRANBS

CPE

• AAA : Authentication, Authorization and Account Server • ACR : Access Control Router HA : Home Agent


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Wireless Regional Area Network Wireless Regional Area Network

WRANRepeater

TV TransmitterWRAN

Base Station

WirelessMIC

WirelessMIC

WRANBase Station

: CPE: Customer Premise Equipment

: WRAN Base Station

Typical ~33kmMax. 100km

Deployment Scenario


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Electromagnetic SpectrumElectromagnetic Spectrum

108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 100 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9

ELF SLF ULF VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF

Wavelength (meters)

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017

1 m1 km1 Mm 1 mm 1 μm 1 nm

1 MHz1 kHz1 Hz 1 GHz 1 THzFrequency (Hz)

Radio waves MicrowavesInfra-Red

Ultra-Violet

X-Ray

Wireless Spectrum, Regulations and StandardsWireless Spectrum, Regulations and Standards

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Spectrum Regulation AgenciesSpectrum Regulation Agencies

Since frequency spectrum is scarce, the application of spectrum is regulated by governments.– Taiwan: National Communications Commission

(NCC)– Japan: Ministry of Internal Affairs and

Communication (MIC)– United States: Federal Communications

Commission (FCC)– Europe: European Telecommunications Standards

Institute (ESTI)– Global: Internal Telecommunications Union (ITU)


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Applications of Frequency SpectrumsApplications of Frequency Spectrums

US Licensed Band


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Applications of Frequency SpectrumsApplications of Frequency Spectrums

US License-Exempt Band


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Standard OrganizationsStandard Organizations

Telecommunications Industry Association– represents providers of communications and information

technology products and services for the global marketplace through its core competencies in standards development, domestic and international advocacy, as well as market development and trade promotion programs.

IEEE– leads the way in developing open, leading-edge consensus

standards for Wireless Local Area Networks (Wireless LANs), Wireless Personal Area Networks (Wireless PANs), and Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (Wireless MANs).

ETSI– is officially responsible for standardization of Information and

Communication Technologies (ICT) within Europe.


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Current and Evolving Wireless StandardsCurrent and Evolving Wireless Standards

IEEE 802.15.3 UWB, Bluetooth

Wi-Media, BTSIG, MBOA

WWAN

WMAN

WLAN

WPAN ETSI HiperPAN

IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi Alliance

ETSI-BRAN HiperLAN2

IEEE 802.16d WiMAX

ETSI HiperMAN & HIPERACCESS

IEEE 802.20IEEE 802.16e

3GPP (GPRS/UMTS)3GPP2 (1X--/CDMA2000)

GSMA, OMA

SensorsIEEE 802.15.4(Zigbee Alliance)

RFID(AutoID Center)

IEE

E 8

02.2

1,IE

EE

802

.18

802.

19

WRANIEEE 802.22


行動通訊 Mobile Communications�Overview of Wireless CommunicationsOutlineEarly Wireless CommunicationsOrigin of Wireless CommunicationsHistory of Wireless CommunicationsHistory of Wireless CommunicationsWireless vs. Mobile CommunicationsWired/Wireless Network TodayFuture of the Wired/Wireless WorldWireless Industry At A CrossroadTrend – Convergence of 4CTrend – Ubiquitous Wireless ConnectivityWireless Home NetworkConvergence of Consumer Electronic Devices Wireless Industry TrendsHeterogeneous Wireless Network AccessChallenges in Wireless CommunicationsRequirements for Multimedia ApplicationsIssues of Portable DevicesWireless v.s. Wired NetworksCross-Layer Design for Quality of Service Cross-Layer Design Wireless System On a ChipWireless SOCWireless Communications in Physical LayerWireless Transceiver ElementsTypical RF Transceiver SystemPropagation Channel EffectsInterferenceNoiseModern Wireless Communication SystemsPaging SystemCordless Phone SystemCellular Phone SystemFundamental of Cellular Phone SystemCell Types of Cellular Phone SystemCommon Terms in Cellular Phone SystemCall Process: Landline User Mobile UserCall Process: Mobile User 1 Mobile User 2Evolution From 2G to 3G Cellular SystemsMigration of Digital Cellular SystemsCircuit Switched vs. Packet SwitchedMultiple AccessSatellite NetworkWireless Local Area NetworkInfrastructure vs. Ad-hoc NetworksWireless Personal Area NetworkWireless Personal Area NetworkWireless Metropolitan Area NetworkWireless Regional Area NetworkWireless Regional Area Network Electromagnetic SpectrumSpectrum Regulation AgenciesApplications of Frequency SpectrumsApplications of Frequency SpectrumsStandard OrganizationsCurrent and Evolving Wireless Standards

行動通訊 Mobile Communications - burakkurt.net · Wired/Wireless Network Today Mobile Data...

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