Environmental Science
description
Transcript of Environmental Science
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Environmental Science
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What is this matter ?
be more important than our daily bread
be needed for the metabolic processes within the cells
made up a part of the atmosphere
Air
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在下列描述中说出这是什么?
温度随高度升高降低
质量占大气圈的 75%
大气圈的最底层
对流层 (Troposphere)
大气污染现象的主要发生地
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CO , NOx and CxHy
What is this phenomenon?
对眼睛和呼吸道有刺激作用
NO 向 NO2 转化
Photochemical smog
发生在以石油为燃料的地区
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这是哪一种污染物?
世界范围内的主要气态污染物
对植物内部的生理活动有抑制作用
参与了硫酸烟雾和酸雨的形成
二氧化硫 (sulfur dioxide)
主要来自燃料燃烧
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根据暗示联想猜词
代表爱情
原点、辐射线
气象学词汇
风向玫瑰图
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一类物质的总称一类物质的总称 经化学反应或光化学反应形成经化学反应或光化学反应形成 反应生成物与反应物的物理、化反应生成物与反应物的物理、化
学性质完全不同学性质完全不同 它是在大气中由一次污染物反应它是在大气中由一次污染物反应
得来得来
二次污染物二次污染物
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一种气体一种气体 有刺激性气味有刺激性气味 在大气中易被氧化在大气中易被氧化 氧化产物与水分子结合,生成物氧化产物与水分子结合,生成物
给人类带来巨大危害给人类带来巨大危害
二氧化硫二氧化硫
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Heat island effect ( 热岛效应 ) Temperature difference between a city and its countryside can be as high as 4 – 6 oC.
Factor for air pollution
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Heat island effect
33°
29°
te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
Rural Suburbanresidential
Commercial Downtown Urbanresidential
Park Suburbanresidential
Ruralfarmland
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Why heat island effect?
Cities absorb much more heat than rural areas.
Urban: paved streets and buildingsRural: vegetation and soil
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Air above city: more pollutants, more greenhouse gases
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citysuburb countrysidecountryside
temp
pollutant concair flow
Heat island effect
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How to reduce heat island effect?
• Reduce the area of land with high heat capacity 减少大热容量的地面面积
• Roofs: put more vegetation; change to leisure place 楼顶绿化或建成休息场所
• Tear down walls, modify building direction, improve aeration 拆去围墙改变楼群方向,改善通风效果
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Environmental Science 环境学 ( 双语 )
Prof. Ge Ying
Nanjing Agricultural University
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Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Population and environment
Chapter 3 Energy and environment
Chapter 4 Air pollution and its control
Chapter 5 Sustainable development
Chapter 6 Water pollution and its control
Chapter 7 Soil pollution and its control
Chapter 8 Noise and solid waste
Major contents of the course
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Major types of Air Pollution
伦敦烟雾 London Smog
光化学烟雾 Photochemical Smog
温室效应 Greenhouse Effect
酸 雨 Acid Rain
臭氧层破坏 Ozone Depletion
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Major types of Air Pollution
伦敦烟雾 London Smog
光化学烟雾 Photochemical Smog
温室效应 Greenhouse Effect
酸 雨 Acid Rain
臭氧层破坏 Ozone Depletion
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Greenhouse effect A natural effect that releases heat in the
lower part of atmosphere (troposphere) near the earth’s surface.
Greenhouse gases absorb some of the infrared radiation (heat) emitted by the earth’s surface.
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Natural Greenhouse effect
If greenhouse
gases were not
present, the mean
temperature of the
earth's surface
would be ~ 33oC
colder.
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Animation Greenhouse
effect and global warming
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What are the major greenhouse
gases?Natural source: H2Ov – water vapor
CO2 – carbon dioxide
CH4 – methane
N2O – nitrous oxide
O3 – ozone
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What are the major greenhouse
gases?
Human source: CFCs – chlorofluorocarbons
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Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Year1800 1900 2000 2100
260
310
360
410P
arts
per
mil
lio
n
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Methane (CH4)Year
1800 1900 2000 21000.6
1.2
1.8
2.4P
arts
per
mil
lio
n
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Year
Par
ts p
er m
illi
on
1800 1900 2000 2100260
290
300
310
320
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
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不 能 打 嗝 ,这 日 子 可怎 么 过 啊 ?
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Canada
China
Russia
Japan
India
Germany
United Kingdom
United States
Italy
France
25.5%
11.2%
6.7%
5.1%
4.1%
3.9%
2.6%
2.5%
2.0%
1.8%
Contribution to Global Total (%)
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Russia
Canada
Australia
Netherlands
Belgium
Germany
Czech Republic
United States
United Kingdom
France
5.6%
4.9%
4.9%
4.1%
3.7%
2.8%
2.8%
2.7%
2.6%
1.8%
Per Capita Emissions (metric tons)
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Average temperature over past 130 years
Year
Ave
rag
e su
rfac
e te
mp
erat
ure
(°C
)
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
13.6
13.8
14.0
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.8
15.0
Global warming
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The Day after
Tomorrow
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Today’s sea level
Years before present Present
250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0
–130
0
–426
0
Hei
gh
t ab
ove
or
bel
ow
pre
sen
t se
a le
vel
(met
ers)
Hei
gh
t ab
ove
or
bel
ow
p
rese
nt
sea
leve
l (f
eet)
Rise of sea level
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Major urban region at risk Islands at risk
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Kyoto Protocol ( 京都议定书 )
At the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC, 政府间气候变化专门委员会 )
meeting in Kyoto, Japan, in December 1997,
160 nations agreed on a landmark treaty.
Developed countries: cut 5.2% on the 1990
level, US: 7%; EU: 8%; Japan: 6%
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How to slow down global warming?
• Cut fossil fuel use (especially coal)
• Improve energy efficiency
• Shift from coal to natural gas
• Shift to renewable energy resources
• Transfer energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies to developing countries
• Reduce deforestation
• Slow population growth
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Major types of Air Pollution
伦敦烟雾 London Smog
光化学烟雾 Photochemical Smog
温室效应 Greenhouse Effect
酸 雨 Acid Rain
臭氧层破坏 Ozone Depletion
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What is Acid Rain?Acid rain is rain which has a pH of 5.6 or below
when water in clouds chemically reacts with natural CO2 or pollutants.
NATURAL Causes:
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere.
HUMAN Causes:
Emissions of Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) from cars and factories.
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Damages lakes and streams
–Deadly to aquatic wildlife
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Statue carved in 1702 photographed in 1908 (left) and 1969 (right).
CaCO3 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2H+ + CO32-
The calcium sulfate is soluble so it is easily washed away during the next rain storm.
Damages buildings and monuments
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Harms forests
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Harms forests
Emission
Aciddeposition
Direct damageto leaves
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Harms forests
Emission
Aciddeposition
Direct damageto leaves
Reducedphotosynthesis
and growth
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Harms forests
Emission
Aciddeposition
Direct damageto leaves
Reducedphotosynthesis
and growth
Soil acidification
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Harms forests
Emission
Aciddeposition
Direct damageto leaves
Reducedphotosynthesis
and growth
Release oftoxic
metalsAcid
Leaching ofsoil
nutrients
Soil acidification
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Harms forests
Emission
Aciddeposition
Direct damageto leaves
Reducedphotosynthesis
and growth
Reducednutrient
andwater
uptake
Rootdamage
Release oftoxic
metalsAcid
Leaching ofsoil
nutrients
Soil acidification
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Harms forests
Emission
Aciddeposition
Direct damageto leaves
Reducedphotosynthesis
and growth
Increasedsusceptibility
to stress
Reducednutrient
andwater
uptake
Rootdamage
Release oftoxic
metalsAcid
Leaching ofsoil
nutrients
Soil acidification
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Harms forests
Emission
Aciddeposition
Direct damageto leaves
Reducedphotosynthesis
and growth
Increasedsusceptibility
to stress
Tree death
Reducednutrient
andwater
uptake
Rootdamage
Release oftoxic
metalsAcid
Leaching ofsoil
nutrients
Soil acidification
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Soil acidification
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Soil sampling around Taihu Lake
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Soil pH variation
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Lucky 100'
Environmental Science
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What is this substance?
A greenhouse gas
A secondary pollutant
Regulates UV level
Ozone
Can warm up atmosphere
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Major types of Air Pollution
伦敦烟雾 London Smog
光化学烟雾 Photochemical Smog
温室效应 Greenhouse Effect
酸 雨 Acid Rain
臭氧层破坏 Ozone Depletion
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What is ozone?Ozone is a stable molecule composed of three oxygen atoms, and has a strong pungent odor.
O
O
O
Ozone depletion: when sum of ozone over height is lower than 2/3 of the normal value, "ozone depletion" occurs.
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CFCs
• “Dream” chemical– Chemically stable, nonflammable, nontoxic,
noncorrosive, odorless– Widely used for coolants, cleaners, bubbles, etc.
• Nightmare chemical
– Destroy ozone layer due to its Cl atom
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AnimationMajor reactions
involved in the ozone depletion
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P. Crutzen, M. Molina and S. Rowland
received Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995
for their contribution in ozone depletion
research.
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“ozone hole”
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August 7, 2001
October 10, 2001
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 5 10 15Ozone partial pressure (milipascals)
Alt
itu
de (
kilom
ete
rs)
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Questions
• Why ozone depletion occurs mostly in two poles?
• Why ozone layer thinning in Antarctica is seasonal?
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Why should we worry?
• A 1% decrease in ozone results in a 1.3% to 2% increase in the UV-B levels at the surface of the earth.
• Human health damage: sunburn, skin cancers, immune system suppression, etc.
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Solutions to ozone depletion
• Immediately stop producing all ozone-depleting chemicals.
• Find substitutes ( 替代物 ) for CFCs, such as propane ( 丙烷 ) and butane ( 丁烷 ), which are less costly.
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What has been done?
• Montreal Protocol (1987): cut emission of CFCs
into the atmosphere by about 35% between
1989 to 2000.
• Copenhagen Protocol (1992): phase out key
ozone-depleting chemicals.
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Year
1950 1975 2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
3,000
0
6,000
9,000
12,000
15,000
Ab
un
da
nc
e (p
art
s p
er
trill
ion
)
No protocol
1987MontrealProtocol
1992CopenhagenProtocol
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Summary
• Greenhouse effect: pollutants, consequence, solutions
• Acid rain: pollutants, reactions, damages, solutions
• Ozone depletion: ozone, CFCs, reactions, damages, solutions