- 51 -

資料 No.10

資料No.10 資料名：AFGANISTAN PRESENT STATE OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

資料入手先：JICA調査団 伊藤団員

資料入手時期：不明 資料形態：B5、A4、写真、 地図、 CD

資料作成者：Infrastructure Development Institute, Japan

資料作成時期：2002年8月 資料分量：45ページ、 枚、 Mb

資料概要

4. TRANSPORTATION DEMAND The dispersion of the Afghan population required mainly low-cost, low-volume roads. The physical features of Afghanistan made this difficult because the rocky, mountainous terrain and the harsh climate raised road construction and maintenance costs. As a result of foreign aids in 1960s and 1970s, the country developed major road network, as well as some other infrastructure including major irrigation and hydroelectric facilities. This major highway system joins together the country's major commercial centers and also linked the country to the outside world; however, it did not extend beyond the main arteries and urban centers. Social and other services (such as education and health) were largely limited to the relatively small urban sector. 5. ROAD Most road building occurred in the 1960s, funded by the U.S. and the Soviet Union. The two superpowers built roads to tie Afghanistan into their own respective commercial and economic spheres. While the Soviets were linking Afghanistan with their border towns, the Americans put in roads to join Afghanistan to Pakistan and Iran. By 1975, when all the major road projects were completed, Afghanistan had 23,500 kilometers of roads, of which there are about 2,500 kilometers of paved highways. Some of the traditional road network indicators such as percentage of paved network (of total), density and road length per 1000 people, for Afghanistan, are summarized here: Road Density (km/sq km) : 0.03, Area served by each km of Paved Road : 2,350 sq km, Road length per 1000 people : 0.88 km The PRIMARY HIGHWAY NETWORK is 4499 km long out of which about half is in a very poor condition. Rehabilitation COST Required in million US $ = 1,677.22 This gravel road makes a West - East connection of the country from Herat to Kabul via Cagcaran. Since 1978 most of the road network was deteriorated significantly as a result of war and lack of maintenance. The immediate priorities are proposed to be on the main Highway network as defined( Ring Road and

International Border Links). The strategy is first of all to implement fast track projects all over Afghanistan aiming at removing all bottlenecks (collapsed bridges, disintegrated pavements, damaged tunnels).. As a long Term priority the whole of the National Highways need to be rehabilitated and upgraded starting the international links as the first priority.

LOCATION OF PRIMARY HIGHWAY

INFR

ASTR

UCTU

RE D

EVEL

OPM

ENT

INST

ITUT

E, J

APAN

KIYO

SHI D

ACHI

KU, A

ZEEM

TAH

IR

4rth

Res

earc

h De

part

men

t

AFG

HA

NIS

TA

N

P

RE

SE

NT

ST

AT

E O

F T

RA

NS

PO

RT

IN

FR

AS

TR

UC

TU

RE

Au

gu

st 2

00

2

RE

PO

RT

OB

JEC

TIV

E &

BA

CK

GR

OU

ND

Japa

n co

ntin

ues

to p

lay

an a

ctive

and

lead

ing

cont

ribut

ion

to th

e ef

forts

of t

he

inte

rnat

iona

l com

mun

ity

towa

rd th

e re

cons

truct

ion

of A

fgha

nist

an a

nd a

s af

firm

ed in

the

Toky

o Co

nfer

ence

that

, Jap

an w

ill p

rovid

e up

to 5

00 m

illion

do

llars

of a

ssist

ance

ove

r a p

erio

d of

tw

o an

d a

half

year

s. T

his

amou

nt o

f as

sista

nce

is co

mm

ensu

rate

with

the

rol

e of

Jap

an i

n th

e in

tern

atio

nal

com

mun

ity.

One

of

the

key

conc

erns

of

the

pres

ent

Afgh

an I

nter

im A

dmin

istra

tion

and

the

Inte

rnat

iona

l com

mun

ity is

the

reco

nstru

ctio

n of

Afg

hani

stan

. The

poo

r Inf

rast

ruct

ure

situa

tion

has

mul

tiple

link

s to

Afg

hani

stan

pov

erty

. Im

prov

ed In

frast

ruct

ure

in A

fgha

nist

an c

an h

elp

to c

reat

e jo

bs, r

aise

wor

ker

prod

uctiv

ity a

nd in

gen

eral

will

help

to

impr

ove

heal

th,

educ

atio

n an

d th

e qu

ality

of l

ife.

In o

rder

to

prep

are

Japa

nese

Gov

ernm

ent

for

plan

ning

its

assis

tanc

e in

reb

uild

ing

trans

port

infra

stru

ctur

e in

Afg

hani

stan

, m

ost

up-to

-dat

e in

form

atio

n is

requ

ired.

Inf

rast

ruct

ure

Deve

lopm

ent I

nstit

ute

of J

apan

(IDI

) tak

es in

itiativ

e to

pro

duce

suc

h m

ater

ials.

TA

BLE

OF C

ON

TE

NT

S

1.

AFG

HANI

STAN

AN

INTR

ODUC

TION

2.

TOPO

GRA

PHY

& EN

VIRO

NMEN

T

3.

ECO

NOM

Y O

VERV

IEW

4.

TRAN

SPO

RTAT

ION

DEM

AND

5.

ROAD

S

6.

AVIA

TION

7.

FERR

Y TR

ANSP

ORT

8.

RAIL

WAY

AT

TA

CH

ME

NT

S

ANNE

XURE

A

LI

ST O

F RE

FERE

NCES

AN

NEXU

RE

B

HI

GHW

AY

NETW

ORK

AN

ALYS

IS

(AT

INDI

VIDU

AL S

ECTI

ON

LEVE

L AN

D NE

TWO

RK

LEVE

L)*

ANNE

XURE

C

US

EFUL

MAP

S No

te *

:

A de

taile

d Hi

ghwa

y Ne

twor

k An

alys

is Pr

ogra

m,

linkin

g th

e hi

ghwa

y da

ta w

ith a

nalys

is

is als

o av

ailab

le an

d is

not in

clude

d as

a p

art o

f this

repo

rt.

1.

AFG

HA

NIS

TA

N A

N I

NT

RO

DU

CT

ION

Af

ghan

istan

, (w

hich

lite

rally

mea

ns L

and

of t

he A

fgha

n) is

a m

ount

aino

us a

nd la

nd l

ocke

d

coun

try lo

cate

d in

Sou

ther

n As

ia. I

t has

a h

istor

y an

d cu

lture

that

goe

s ba

ck o

ver 5

000

year

s. T

hrou

ghou

t

its h

istor

y, th

is ar

ea o

f the

wor

ld h

as b

een

know

n by

var

ious

nam

es. I

n an

cient

tim

es, i

ts in

habi

tant

s ca

lled

the

land

Arya

na. I

n th

e m

ediev

al er

a, it

was

call

ed K

hora

san,

and

in m

oder

n tim

es,

its p

eople

hav

e

decid

ed to

cal

l it A

fgha

nist

an. T

he e

xact

pop

ulat

ion

of A

fgha

nist

an is

unk

nown

, how

ever

, it i

s es

timat

ed to

be s

omew

here

aro

und

21-2

6 m

illio

n.

Afgh

anist

an is

a h

eter

ogen

eous

nat

ion,

in w

hich

ther

e ar

e fo

ur m

ajor

eth

nic

grou

ps: P

asht

oons

,

Tajik

s, H

azar

as, a

nd U

zbek

s. N

umer

ous

othe

r min

or e

thni

c gr

oups

(Nur

istan

is, B

aluc

his,

Tur

kmen

s, e

tc.)

also

cal

l Afg

hani

stan

thei

r hom

e. W

hile

the

maj

ority

of A

fgha

ns (9

9%) b

elon

g to

the

Isla

mic

faith

, the

re a

re

also

sm

all p

ocke

ts o

f Sikh

s, H

indu

s an

d ev

en s

ome

Jews

. The

offi

cial la

ngua

ges

of th

e co

untry

are

Pas

hto

and

Dari

(Afg

han

Pers

ian).

The

capit

al of

Afg

hanis

tan

is Ka

bul,

which

thro

ugho

ut h

istor

y, wa

s ad

mire

d by

man

y gr

eat f

igur

es, s

uch

as th

e gr

eat C

entra

l Asia

n co

nque

ror,

Zahi

rude

en B

abar

. Unf

ortu

nate

ly, d

ue to

man

y ye

ars

of w

ar, t

his

grea

t city

has

bee

n sh

atte

red

and

near

ly d

estro

yed.

Toda

y, A

fgha

nist

an is

on

a ro

ad to

reco

very

, how

ever

, afte

r dec

ades

of w

ar, t

he e

cono

my

is st

ill

in r

uins

, its

env

ironm

ent i

s in

a sta

te o

f cris

es. T

he c

ount

ry is

ridd

led w

ith la

ndm

ines

left f

rom

the

war,

which

are

still

inj

urin

g an

d kil

ling

peop

le o

n d

aily

basis

. Af

ghan

istan

is

bein

g ru

n by

an

inte

rim

adm

inist

ratio

n he

aded

by

Ham

id K

arza

i. Th

e ad

min

istra

tion

took

pow

er i

n De

cem

ber

22,

2001

afte

r

vario

us d

eleg

ates

in B

onn,

Ger

man

y sig

ned

an a

ccor

d. T

he a

dmin

istra

tion

is to

rule

for 6

mon

ths,

afte

r

which

an

emer

genc

y Lo

ya J

irga

(Tra

ditio

nal G

rand

Ass

embl

y) w

ill be

con

vene

d to

dec

ide

on a

tran

sitio

nal

auth

ority

. Thi

s wi

ll inc

lude

a br

oad-

base

d tra

nsitio

nal a

dmin

istra

tion,

to le

ad A

fgha

nist

an u

ntil

the

peop

le

can

elec

t a p

erm

anen

t gov

ernm

ent.

The

perm

anen

t and

ele

cted

gov

ernm

ent i

s su

ppos

ed to

be

in p

lace

no

mor

e th

an 2

yea

rs a

fter t

he e

mer

genc

y Lo

ya J

irga

is c

onve

ned.

S

ome

of th

e us

eful

in

form

atio

n ab

out t

he c

ount

ry is

as

follo

ws:

• C

apita

l

:

Kabu

l

• O

ther

Citi

es

: Ka

ndah

ar, H

eart,

Maz

ar-i-

Shar

if, J

alal

abad

, Kon

duz.

• Lo

catio

n

: So

uthe

rn A

sia

• Ar

ea

:

647,

500

sq k

m

• Bo

rder

Cou

ntrie

s :

Paki

stan

2,

430

km

Iran

93

6

km

Turk

men

ista

n

744

km

Uzb

ekis

tan

13

7

km

Tajik

istan

1,

206

km

Chin

a

76

km

• Cl

imat

e

: Ar

id to

Sem

i Arid

• Te

rrain

: M

ostly

rugg

ed m

ount

ains

; pla

ins

in n

orth

and

sou

thw

est

• Po

pula

tion :

:

26,8

13,0

57 (J

uly

2001

est

)

• Et

hnic

gro

ups

: Pa

shtu

n 38

%, T

ajik

25%

, Haz

ara

19%

, Uzb

ek 6

%, O

thers

12%

• R

elig

ions

:

Mus

lim

99

%

, O

ther

s 1%

• La

ngua

ges

: Pa

shtu

35%

, Afg

han

Pers

ian

50%

, Tur

kic

11%

, oth

er 4

%.

• Ad

min

istra

tive

:

32 p

rovi

nces

• In

depe

nden

ce

: 19

Aug

ust 1

919

(from

UK

cont

rol o

ver A

fgha

n fo

reig

n af

fairs

) 2

.

TO

PO

GR

AP

HY

& E

NV

IRO

NM

EN

T

High

mou

ntai

ns c

over

muc

h of

Afg

hani

stan

, with

abo

ut o

ne-h

alf o

f the

land

ove

r 2,0

00 m

in

elev

atio

n. S

mal

l gla

ciers

and

yea

r-rou

nd s

nowf

ield

s ar

e co

mm

on. T

he h

ighe

st p

eak,

Now

shak

(Nos

haq)

,

rises

7,4

85 m

on

the

north

east

bor

der a

nd is

a lo

wer s

pur o

f the

Tiri

ch M

ir pe

ak in

Pak

istan

. The

Hin

du

Kush

rang

e ex

tend

s ac

ross

the

coun

try in

a s

outh

west

dire

ctio

n fro

m th

e Va

khan

Cor

ridor

alm

ost t

o th

e

Irani

an b

orde

r. Fr

om th

e Hi

ndu

Kush

, oth

er lo

wer

rang

es r

adia

te in

all

dire

ctio

ns. S

ome

of t

he m

ajor

mou

ntai

n sy

stem

s in

clude

the

Pam

irs in

the

uppe

r no

rthea

st o

f the

Vak

han

Corri

dor,

the

Bada

khsh

an

Rang

es in

the

north

east

, the

Par

opam

isus

Rang

e in

the

north

, and

the

Safe

d Ko

h ra

nge,

whi

ch fo

rms

part

of th

e fro

ntie

r bet

ween

Afg

hani

stan

and

Pak

ista

n. L

owlan

d ar

eas

are

conc

entra

ted

in th

e so

uth

and

west

and

inclu

de th

e Tu

rkist

an P

lain

s, th

e He

rat-F

arah

Low

land

s of

the

extre

me

north

west

, the

Sist

an B

asin

and

Hel

man

d R

iver

val

ley

of th

e so

uthw

est,

and

the

Rig

esta

n D

eser

t of t

he s

outh

.

Exce

pt fo

r th

e riv

er v

alley

s an

d a

few

place

s in

the

lowlan

ds w

here

und

ergr

ound

fres

h wa

ter

mak

es ir

rigat

ion

poss

ible

, agr

icultu

re is

diffi

cult.

Onl

y 12

per

cent

of t

he la

nd is

cul

tivat

ed. M

oreo

ver,

a wa

r

with

the

Unio

n of

Sov

iet S

ocia

list R

epub

lics

(USS

R) in

the

1980

s an

d th

e su

bseq

uent

civi

l war

in th

e

1990

s le

ft so

me

of th

at la

nd u

nusa

ble

beca

use

of n

egle

ct, t

he p

lant

ing

of e

xplo

sive

min

es, a

nd o

ther

prob

lem

s. In

gen

eral

, she

ep a

nd g

oat g

razin

g m

ake

up th

e m

ain

agric

ultu

ral l

and

use.

In e

aste

rn a

nd

sout

heas

tern

Afg

hanis

tan,

fore

st la

nds

amou

nted

to 1

.4 m

illion

hec

tare

s (3

.3 m

illion

acr

es),

or 2

per

cent

of

the

coun

try's

land

area

in 2

000.

The

rav

ages

of w

ar, t

he s

carc

ity o

f fue

l, an

d th

e ne

ed fo

r fir

ewoo

d fo

r

cook

ing

and

heat

ing

have

cau

sed

rapi

d de

fore

stat

ion.

Afgh

anis

tan

has

man

y hi

gh m

ount

ains

and

the

pass

es th

roug

h th

em h

ave

been

of p

rofo

und

impo

rtanc

e in

bot

h th

e hi

stor

y of

inva

sion

of th

e co

untry

and

in c

omm

erce

. In

the

320s

BC

Alex

ande

r the

Gre

at in

vade

d th

e co

untry

thro

ugh

the

Kush

an P

ass

(abo

ut 4

,370

m)

in th

e we

st an

d lef

t it t

o th

e ea

st

thro

ugh

the

low

Khyb

er P

ass

(1,0

72 m

) to

inva

de In

dia.

The

se s

ame

pass

es w

ere

used

by

the

Mug

hal

empe

ror B

abur

to c

onqu

er b

oth

Afgh

anist

an a

nd In

dia

in th

e 15

00s.

The

fam

ous

Sala

ng P

ass

(3,8

80 m

)

and

its S

ovie

t-bui

lt tu

nnel

in th

e ce

ntra

l Hin

du K

ush

was

one

of th

e m

ain

rout

es th

e So

viets

use

d to

inva

de

Afgh

anis

tan

in 1

979.

Howe

ver,

the

lega

cy o

f lan

d m

ines

in A

fgha

nist

an is

the

wors

t env

ironm

enta

l nig

htm

are

that

has

been

cre

ated

as

a re

sult

of c

onst

ant w

ar. T

he p

rese

nce

of m

ore

than

ten

milli

on la

nd m

ines

in th

e co

untry

,

mak

es it

the

world

's m

ost d

eadl

y m

ine

field

. The

dai

ly de

ath

toll

due

to th

ese

devic

es is

abo

ut 2

0 to

30

peop

le, m

ostly

chi

ldre

n an

d ci

vilia

ns.

Even

thou

gh A

fgha

nist

an it

self

does

n't h

ave

any

indu

stry

to c

reat

e ai

r pol

luta

nts,

sm

og is

a

com

mon

phe

nom

enon

in m

ost o

f the

urb

an a

reas

. Tra

ns-b

ound

ary

air p

ollu

tion

is an

othe

r con

cern

. Due

to

this,

Afg

hani

stan

rece

ive e

norm

ous

amou

nts

of p

ollu

tant

s or

igin

atin

g fro

m th

e Ar

al s

edim

enta

ry b

asin

, Ira

n,

Turk

men

ista

n, a

nd U

zbek

ista

n's

indu

stria

l par

ks.

3.

EC

ON

OM

Y O

VE

RV

IEW

Afgh

anist

an is

an

extre

mel

y po

or c

ount

ry, h

ighl

y de

pend

ent o

n fa

rmin

g an

d liv

esto

ck r

aisin

g

(she

ep a

nd g

oats

). Ec

onom

ic co

nsid

erat

ions

hav

e pl

ayed

sec

ond

fiddl

e to

pol

itical

and

milit

ary

uphe

aval

s

durin

g tw

o de

cade

s of

war

, in

cludi

ng t

he n

early

10-

year

Sov

iet

milit

ary

occu

patio

n (w

hich

end

ed 1

5

Febr

uary

198

9). D

urin

g th

at c

onflic

t one

-third

of t

he p

opula

tion

fled

the

coun

try, w

ith P

akist

an a

nd Ir

an

shel

terin

g a

com

bine

d pe

ak o

f mor

e th

an 6

milli

on r

efug

ees.

In e

arly

2000

, 2 m

illion

Afg

han

refu

gees

rem

aine

d in

Pak

istan

and

abo

ut 1

.4 m

illion

in Ir

an. G

ross

dom

estic

pro

duct

has

falle

n su

bsta

ntia

lly o

ver

the

past

20

year

s be

caus

e of

the

loss

of l

abor

and

cap

ital a

nd th

e di

srup

tion

of tr

ade

and

trans

port;

sev

ere

drou

ght a

dded

to th

e na

tion's

diff

icultie

s in

199

8-20

00. T

he m

ajor

ity o

f the

pop

ulat

ion

cont

inue

s to

suf

fer

from

insu

fficie

nt fo

od, c

loth

ing,

hou

sing,

and

med

ical c

are.

Infla

tion

rem

ains

a s

erio

us p

robl

em th

roug

hout

the

coun

try. I

nter

natio

nal a

id c

an d

eal w

ith o

nly

a fra

ctio

n of

the

hum

anita

rian

prob

lem

, let

alo

ne p

rom

ote

econ

omic

deve

lopm

ent.

In 1

999-

2000

, int

erna

l civi

l stri

fe c

ontin

ued,

ham

perin

g bo

th d

omes

tic e

cono

mic

polic

ies

and

inte

rnat

iona

l aid

effo

rts.

Num

erica

l dat

a ar

e lik

ely

to b

e ei

ther

una

vaila

ble

or u

nrel

iabl

e.

Afgh

anist

an w

as b

y fa

r the

larg

est p

rodu

cer o

f opi

um p

oppi

es in

200

0, a

nd n

arco

tics

traffic

king

is a

maj

or

sour

ce o

f re

venu

e.

Durin

g th

e 19

60s

and

1970

s th

e pa

ttern

s of

em

ploy

men

t ch

ange

d no

ticea

bly

with

the

econ

omy's

initia

l indu

stria

lizat

ion.

The

sha

re o

f agr

icultu

re in

tota

l em

ploy

men

t dro

pped

from

70

perc

ent i

n

1966

to 5

5 pe

rcen

t in

1982

. Agr

icultu

re d

warfe

d in

dust

ry in

term

s of

em

ploy

men

t, bu

t the

indu

stria

l lab

or

forc

e gr

ew q

uick

ly. T

he n

umbe

r of

peo

ple

enga

ged

in in

dust

ry,

inclu

ding

han

dicr

afts

, app

roxim

atel

y

doub

led

betw

een

1966

and

198

2, a

nd th

is se

ctor

's sh

are

of to

tal e

mpl

oym

ent r

ose

from

abo

ut 0

.5 p

erce

nt

in 1

966

to 1

0 pe

rcen

t in

1982

. Still

, agr

icultu

ral w

orke

rs o

utnu

mbe

red

thei

r ind

ustri

al c

ount

erpa

rts s

ix to

one.

In a

par

adox

ical s

ituat

ion

com

mon

to d

evel

opin

g co

untri

es, A

fgha

nist

an h

ad a

larg

e po

ol o

f

unem

ploy

ed a

nd u

nder

deve

lope

d m

anpo

wer

at th

e sa

me

time

the

econ

omy

suffe

red

from

a c

ontin

uing

and

acut

e sh

orta

ge o

f adm

inist

rato

rs, t

echn

ician

s, a

nd s

kille

d m

anpo

wer.

Afgh

anist

an h

ad tr

aditio

nally

relie

d on

fore

ign

expe

rts to

dire

ct th

e co

untry

's ec

onom

ic de

velo

pmen

t, an

d Am

erica

ns a

nd S

ovie

ts h

ad

been

hea

vily

invo

lved

since

the

end

of W

orld

War

II, a

nd G

erm

ans

befo

re th

em. A

fgha

n civ

il se

rvan

ts

frequ

ently

lack

ed a

dequ

ate

train

ing.

The

war

furth

er e

xace

rbat

ed th

e sh

orta

ge o

f ski

lled

labo

r.

4.

TR

AN

SP

OR

TA

TIO

N D

EM

AN

D

Afgh

anist

an is

a la

ndlo

cked

cou

ntry

and

has

an

estim

ated

pop

ulat

ion

of 2

6 m

illion

peo

ple,

of w

hich

abou

t 3 m

illion

are

livin

g as

ref

ugee

s in

nei

ghbo

ring

Pakis

tan

and

Iran.

It ha

s a

rugg

ed m

ount

aino

us

terra

in w

ith p

lain

s in

the

sou

th a

nd w

est

and

arid

ext

rem

e we

athe

r con

ditio

ns.

Afgh

anist

an i

s ric

h in

unta

pped

nat

ural

reso

urce

s (g

as, p

etro

leum

, coa

l, co

pper

, chr

omite

, tal

c, b

arite

s, s

ulfu

r, le

ad, z

inc,

iron

ore

,

salt,

pre

cious

and

sem

ipre

cious

sto

nes)

. Les

s th

an o

ne th

ird o

f its

arab

le lan

d (1

2 pe

rcen

t of t

he c

ount

ry)

is irr

igat

ed. I

n fa

ct la

rge

porti

ons

of th

e irr

igatio

n sy

stem

are

in d

isuse

due

to d

roug

ht a

nd ra

vage

s of

war

.

Afgh

anist

an e

cono

my,

rel

y on

agr

icultu

re,

horti

cultu

re, s

heep

and

cat

tle h

erds

and

min

eral

s. It

s sm

all

man

ufac

turin

g ba

se h

as b

een

decim

ated

by

war

and

strif

e. Th

e co

untry

is d

ivide

d in

to 3

2 pr

ovin

ces

adm

inist

rativ

ely.

The

maj

or tr

adin

g ce

nter

s ar

e at

Her

at, K

anda

har,

Jala

laba

d, M

azar

-i-Sha

rif a

nd K

abul

,

the

capi

tal.

Man

ufac

turin

g in

dust

ry w

as la

rgel

y un

deve

lope

d, w

ith o

nly

a fe

w pl

ants

est

ablis

hed

(in te

xtile

s,

med

icin

es, c

emen

t, et

c.)

Afg

hani

stan

's ne

twor

ks o

f tra

nspo

rt an

d po

wer-g

ener

atin

g fa

cilitie

s we

re b

uilt

mos

tly a

fter W

orld

War

II.

Befo

re t

he m

ajor

dev

elop

men

t pr

ojec

ts u

nder

Dao

ud,

an o

bser

ver

wrot

e th

at "

the

econ

omic

orga

niza

tion

of A

fgha

nist

an re

sem

bles

a w

ide

sea

dotte

d wi

th is

land

s of

eco

nom

ic ac

tivity

, eac

h on

e m

ore

or le

ss lim

ited

to it

s ow

n lo

cal m

arke

t, pr

imar

ily b

ecau

se o

f ina

dequ

ate

trans

porta

tion.

" The

firs

t mot

orab

le

road

ove

r the

Hin

du K

ush

was

finish

ed o

nly

in 1

933.

The

firs

t two

dev

elop

men

t pla

ns o

f 195

6-66

pre

pare

d

the

basic

grid

of p

aved

, all

weat

her

road

s th

at in

tegr

ated

the

natio

n's e

cono

my

to a

lim

ited

exte

nt. T

he

disp

ersio

n of

the

Afgh

an p

opul

atio

n re

quire

d m

ainl

y lo

w-co

st, l

ow-vo

lum

e ro

ads.

The

phy

sical

feat

ures

of

Afgh

anist

an m

ade

this

diffic

ult b

ecau

se th

e ro

cky,

mou

ntai

nous

terra

in a

nd th

e ha

rsh

clim

ate

raise

d ro

ad

cons

truct

ion

and

mai

nten

ance

cos

ts.

As a

res

ult o

f fo

reign

aids

in

1960

s an

d 19

70s,

the

coun

try

deve

lope

d ma

jor

road

net

work

, as

wel

l as

som

e ot

her

infra

stru

ctur

e in

cludi

ng m

ajor

irri

gatio

n an

d

hydr

oele

ctric

facil

ities.

Thi

s m

ajor

hig

hway

sys

tem

join

s to

geth

er th

e co

untry

's m

ajor

com

mer

cial c

enter

s

and

also

link

ed th

e co

untry

to th

e ou

tsid

e wo

rld; h

owev

er, i

t did

not

ext

end

beyo

nd th

e m

ain

arte

ries

and

urba

n ce

nter

s. S

ocia

l and

oth

er s

ervic

es (

such

as

educ

atio

n an

d he

alth

) we

re la

rgel

y lim

ited

to t

he

rela

tivel

y sm

all u

rban

sec

tor.

5.

RO

AD

S

Mos

t roa

d bu

ildin

g oc

curre

d in

the

1960

s, fu

nded

by

the

U.S.

and

the

Sovie

t Uni

on. T

he tw

o

supe

rpow

ers

built

road

s to

tie

Afgh

anist

an in

to th

eir o

wn re

spec

tive

com

mer

cial a

nd e

cono

mic

sphe

res.

Sovie

t ass

istan

ce c

ompl

eted

a ro

ad lin

king

Jaba

loss

ara

with

Dus

ti on

the

Sovie

t bor

der i

n 19

64. A

long

this

road

was

loca

ted

the

1.7k

m S

alan

g Tu

nnel

at a

n al

titud

e of

ove

r 3,3

00 m

eter

s ab

ove

sea

leve

l. Th

e tu

nnel

elim

inat

ed a

bout

200

kilo

met

ers

from

the

prev

ious

roun

dabo

ut ro

ute

betw

een

the

Sovie

t bor

der a

nd K

abul

.

In 1

965

the

Sovie

ts fin

ished

the

road

bet

ween

Jab

aloss

ara

and

Kabu

l and

com

plete

d th

e hig

hway

joini

ng

the

Sovie

t bor

der t

own

of K

ushk

a wi

th K

anda

har.

By 1

971

the

Sovie

ts h

ad a

lso b

uilt

a ro

ad e

xten

ding

from

Polkh

umri

thro

ugh

Maz

ar-i-

Shar

if to

Sib

irgan

. Whi

le th

e So

viets

wer

e lin

king

Afgh

anist

an w

ith th

eir b

orde

r

town

s, th

e Am

erica

ns p

ut in

road

s to

join

Afgh

anist

an to

Pak

istan

and

Iran

. Two

road

s we

re c

omple

ted

in

1964

and

196

5 ex

tend

ing

from

Pak

istan

up

to K

anda

har a

nd K

abul

. In

1965

the

Amer

icans

also

fini

shed

surfa

cing

the

road

bet

ween

Qan

daha

r an

d Ka

bul.

In 1

967

they

com

plet

ed th

e ro

ad b

etwe

en H

erat

and

Isla

m Q

ala

on th

e Ira

nian

bor

der.

By 1

975,

whe

n al

l the

maj

or ro

ad p

roje

cts

were

com

plet

ed, A

fgha

nist

an

had

23,5

00 k

ilom

eter

s of

road

s, o

f whi

ch th

ere

are

abou

t 2,5

00 k

ilom

eter

s of

pav

ed h

ighw

ays.

Som

e of

the

tradi

tiona

l roa

d ne

twor

k in

dica

tors

suc

h as

per

cent

age

of p

aved

net

work

(of t

otal

),

dens

ity a

nd ro

ad le

ngth

per

100

0 pe

ople

, for

Afg

hani

stan

, are

sum

mar

ized

her

e:

Road

Den

sity

(km

/sq

km)

: 0.

03

Area

ser

ved

by e

ach

km o

f Pav

ed R

oad

: 2,

350

sq k

m

Roa

d le

ngth

per

100

0 pe

ople

: 0.

88 k

m

The

PRIM

ARY

HIGH

WAY

NET

WOR

K is

4499

km

long

out

of w

hich

abo

ut h

alf is

in a

ver

y

poor

con

ditio

n. T

he O

vera

ll ro

ad c

ondi

tion

of th

is

Prim

ary

Net

wor

k is

:

Road

Con

ditio

n :

G

ood

: 14%

, F

air :

24%

,

Poor

15%

,

Very

Poo

r 47%

,

Reha

bilita

tion

COST

Req

uire

d in

milli

on U

S $

= 1,

677.

22

Na

tio

na

l H

igh

wa

y R

oa

d C

on

dit

ion

Go

od

14

%

Fa

ir2

4%

Po

or

15

%

Ve

ry P

oo

r

47

%

Speenbold

ak

Isla

m Q

ala

Hera

tTourk

ham

Tourg

hondi

Hair

ata

nShirkh

an

KA

BU

L

Zar

anj

Th

e Pr

imar

y Hi

ghwa

y Ne

twor

k co

mpr

ise o

f :

a.

Rin

g Ro

ad

(Len

gth

: 235

8 km

)

This

road

com

plet

e a

ring

betw

een

the

prin

cipal

citie

s ce

nter

s, in

the

east

(Ka

bul),

the

sout

h (K

anda

har)

and

the

Wes

t (He

art),

and

the

north

(Maz

ar-i-

Shar

ifh

Road

Con

ditio

n :

G

ood

: 24%

, F

air :

33%

,

Poor

14%

,

Very

Poo

r 29%

,

Reha

bilita

tion

COST

Req

uire

d in

milli

on U

S $

= 71

9.51

b. In

tern

atio

nal R

oad

Link

s

(Len

gth

: 133

5 km

)

Thes

e se

ven

road

s pr

ovid

e im

porta

nt

conn

ectio

ns

betw

een

Ring

Ro

ad

and

inte

rnat

iona

l bo

rder

s wi

th

neig

hbor

ing

coun

tries

, Pa

kist

an(0

2),

Iran(

02),

Turk

men

istan

(01)

, Uzb

ekist

an(0

1), a

nd T

ajiki

stan

(01)

.

Road

Con

ditio

n :

G

ood

: 4%

, F

air :

23%

,

Poor

28%

,

Very

Poo

r 47%

,

Reha

bilita

tion

COST

Req

uire

d in

milli

on U

S $

= 55

4.71

c. H

erat

– K

abul

Roa

d

(Len

gth

: 806

km

)

This

gra

vel r

oad

mak

es a

Wes

t - E

ast

conn

ectio

n of

the

cou

ntry

fro

m H

erat

to

Kabu

l via

Cag

cara

n.

Road

Con

ditio

n :

G

ood

: 0%

, F

air :

0%

,

Poor

0%

,

Very

Poo

r 100

%,

Reha

bilita

tion

COST

Req

uire

d in

milli

on U

S $

= 40

3.00

LOCA

TIO

N PR

IMAR

Y HI

GHW

AY N

ETW

ORK

Sinc

e 19

78 m

ost o

f the

road

net

work

was

det

erio

rate

d sig

nific

antly

as

a re

sult

of w

ar a

nd la

ck o

f

mai

ntena

nce.

The

high

way

syste

m r

equir

es a

lmos

t tot

al re

cons

tructi

on, a

nd t

he re

giona

l roa

ds a

re in

a

stat

e of

disr

epai

r. Si

gnific

ant n

umbe

rs o

f brid

ges

and

othe

r roa

d st

ruct

ures

wer

e da

mag

ed c

ausin

g a

serio

us b

ottle

neck

in th

e flo

w of

traf

fic. T

he e

xten

t to

which

road

s ar

e se

eded

with

land

min

es is

also

uncle

ar.

The

imm

edia

te p

riorit

ies

are

prop

osed

to b

e on

the

mai

n Hi

ghwa

y ne

twor

k as

def

ined

( Ri

ng

Road

and

Inte

rnat

iona

l Bor

der L

inks

). Th

e st

rate

gy is

firs

t of a

ll to

impl

emen

t fas

t tra

ck p

roje

cts

all o

ver

Afgh

anist

an a

imin

g at

rem

ovin

g al

l bot

tlene

cks

(col

laps

ed b

ridge

s, d

isint

egra

ted

pave

men

ts, d

amag

ed

tunn

els)

. The

road

wor

ks w

ould

gen

erat

e em

ploy

men

t thr

ough

ext

ensiv

e su

bcon

tract

ing

and

inclu

sion

of

exte

nsive

dra

inag

e; e

rosio

n pr

otec

tion

and

rout

ine

mai

nten

ance

wor

ks in

the

cont

ract

s to

incr

ease

inpu

t of

man

ual la

bor.

This

will r

esto

re n

orm

al tr

affic

ope

ratio

ns o

n th

e m

ain

road

net

work

and

hel

p to

facil

itate

the

trans

port

mov

emen

ts o

n th

e ke

y im

port/

expo

rt lin

ks a

nd m

ain

corri

dors

whi

le p

repa

ring

for

a br

oade

r

prog

ram

. As

a lo

ng T

erm

prio

rity

the

whol

e of

the

Nat

iona

l Hig

hway

s ne

ed t

o be

reh

abilit

ated

and

upgr

aded

sta

rting

the

inte

rnat

iona

l lin

ks a

s th

e fir

st p

riorit

y.

A de

taile

d an

alys

is of

eac

h se

ctio

n an

d th

e ov

eral

l net

work

of N

atio

nal H

ighw

ays

is at

tach

ed in

Anne

xure

A.

6.

AV

IATIO

N

Th

e tra

nspo

rt ne

twor

k is

supp

orte

d by

2 in

tern

atio

nal

(at

Kabu

l and

Kan

daha

r) an

d ov

er 4

0

dom

estic

airp

orts

or a

irfie

lds.

Mos

t of t

hem

wer

e es

tabl

ished

with

sub

stan

tial S

ovie

t and

Am

erica

n ai

d.

The

larg

est

and

mos

t im

porta

nt a

irpor

t wa

s Ka

bul I

nter

natio

nal A

irpor

t, wh

ere

traffic

dou

bled

to

over

100,

000

pass

enge

rs a

nnua

lly b

etwe

en 1

969

and

1976

. To

pogr

aphi

cal

cond

itions

lim

ited

the

airp

ort's

cap

acity

to h

andl

e wi

de b

odie

d je

ts, a

nd

the

gove

rnm

ent

had

long

wan

ted

an a

ltern

ativ

e

site

for

a la

rge

airp

ort.

The

Sovie

ts u

nder

took

seve

ral

expa

nsio

n pr

ojec

ts a

t th

e Ka

bul

airp

ort

and

also

bu

ilt je

t ai

rstri

ps

at

Maz

ar-i-S

harif

,

Bagr

am, a

nd J

alal

abad

. In

1985

the

gove

rnm

ent

was

enga

ged

in a

pro

gram

to

upgr

ade

Kabu

l

airp

ort f

acilit

ies.

The

runw

ay w

as to

be

leng

then

ed

for u

se b

y lar

ger a

ircra

ft, a

nd a

new

term

inal a

nd

Ba

gra

m

Ka

nd

ah

ar

Hera

t

Ma

za

r-i-

Sh

ari

f

Ku

nd

uz

Sh

ind

an

d

Ja

lala

ba

dK

AB

UL

IN

TE

RN

AT

IO

NA

L A

IR

PO

RT

S

OT

HE

R A

IR

PO

RT

S

Ba

gra

m

Ka

nd

ah

ar

Hera

t

Ma

za

r-i-

Sh

ari

f

Ku

nd

uz

Sh

ind

an

d

Ja

lala

ba

dK

AB

UL

IN

TE

RN

AT

IO

NA

L A

IR

PO

RT

S

OT

HE

R A

IR

PO

RT

S

hang

ars

were

to b

e bu

ilt. P

asse

nger

mov

emen

t ros

e to

127

,000

in 1

982,

up

from

106

,000

in 1

976.

The

Unite

d St

ates

had

hel

ped

build

Afg

hani

stan

's ot

her i

nter

natio

nal a

irpor

t, at

Kan

daha

r, be

ginn

ing

in 1

956.

It

was

initia

lly c

once

ived

as a

refu

elin

g st

op fo

r pist

on e

ngin

e ai

rcra

ft on

the

long

flig

hts

acro

ss S

outh

Asia

and

the

Midd

le Ea

st. T

he in

trodu

ction

of

jet a

ircra

ft, h

owev

er,

quick

ly tu

rned

the

pro

ject

into

a wh

ite

elep

hant

, and

Kar

achi

bec

ame

the

pref

erre

d st

opov

er s

ite. T

he $

15 m

illion

, 3,0

30 m

eter

airs

trip

and

its

airp

ort f

acilit

ies

were

littl

e us

ed a

fter t

heir

com

plet

ion

in 1

963.

Onl

y 6,

000

pass

enge

rs w

ent t

hrou

gh th

e

airp

ort i

n 19

76. T

he K

anda

har

airp

ort w

as o

pera

ted

mai

nly

as a

n alt

erna

tive

to th

e Ka

bul a

irpor

t whe

n

Kabu

l was

fog

or s

now

boun

d. D

urin

g th

e m

id 1

960s

the

Unite

d St

ates

also

com

plet

ed s

mal

ler r

egio

nal

airp

orts

in H

erat

, Maz

ar-i-S

harif

, Kon

duz,

and

Jal

alab

ad. B

y 19

78 s

ever

al s

mal

ler t

owns

loca

ted

far o

ff th

e

mai

n hi

ghw

ay b

elt,

reac

h as

May

man

a an

d Fa

izab

ad, a

lso

had

airp

orts

.

In a

n ef

fort

to p

reclu

de S

ovie

t inf

luen

ce, t

he U

nite

d St

ates

also

pro

vided

tech

nica

l ass

istan

ce

when

Afg

hani

stan

est

ablis

hed

Aria

na A

fgha

n Ai

rline

s in

195

5. In

195

7 th

e Af

ghan

gov

ernm

ent t

ook

a 51

perc

ent s

hare

of t

he c

ompa

ny, w

hile

Pan

Am

erica

n W

orld

Airw

ays

held

49

perc

ent.

The

Unite

d St

ates

Expo

rt Im

port

Bank

late

r hel

ped

Aria

na b

uy tw

o Bo

eing

727

s fo

r its

flig

hts

to W

este

rn E

urop

e. A

fter t

he

Sovie

t inv

asio

n, h

owev

er, A

riana

land

ing

right

s in

Wes

tern

Eur

ope

were

revo

ked.

It th

en fl

ew to

Mos

cow,

Prag

ue, D

ubai,

and

New

Delh

i, bu

t by

late

1985

it e

ither

had

gon

e ou

t of b

usine

ss o

r was

abo

ut to

do

so.

In 1

985

only

two

fore

ign

carri

ers

serv

ed K

abul

Int

erna

tiona

l Airp

ort

Aero

flot

and

Indi

an A

irline

s. A

lso

serv

ing

as a

n in

tern

al c

arrie

r with

in A

fgha

nist

an w

as th

e st

ate

owne

d Ba

khta

r Airl

ines

. It h

ad a

flee

t of t

wo

Anto

nov

24s,

thre

e C

anad

ia T

win

Otte

rs, a

nd tw

o Ya

k 40

s.

Durin

g th

e la

st 2

0 ye

ars

the

Civil

avia

tion

facil

ities

had

been

bad

ly da

mag

ed. T

he a

ir tra

ffic

serv

ices

at m

any

plac

es a

re v

irtua

lly n

on-o

pera

ting.

On

man

y ai

rpor

ts t

he b

asic

civil

work

s (ru

nway

,

taxiw

ay, t

erm

inal

/ope

ratio

nal b

uild

ings

) are

dam

aged

. The

resc

ue fi

re s

ervic

e an

d ru

nway

ligh

ts a

t man

y

airp

orts

are

non

-exis

tent

. Man

powe

r to

oper

ate

and

mai

ntai

n civ

il av

iatio

n fa

cilitie

s is

also

in d

eplo

rabl

e

stat

e. A

fgha

nist

an st

ate

-own

ed A

RIAN

A AI

RLIN

ES m

aint

aine

d a

spor

adic

dom

estic

and

Inte

rnat

iona

l flig

ht

but w

as a

lso

badl

y hi

t in

the

last

dec

ade.

PR

IORI

TY :

The

fis

t pr

iorit

y is

the

reha

bilita

tion

of t

he M

ajor

ai

rpor

ts t

o pe

rmit

deve

lop

inte

rnat

iona

l an

d

dom

estic

link

s. T

he s

econ

d pr

iorit

y sh

ould

be

give

n to

the

reha

bilit

atio

n an

d im

prov

emen

t of r

egio

nal a

nd s

mal

l

airp

orts

to e

xped

ite c

onne

ctio

ns w

ith

cen

ter a

nd re

gion

s.

COST

EST

IMAT

ES :

The

ADB,

UND

P an

d th

e W

orld

Ban

k, p

relim

inar

y Ne

eds

asse

ssm

ent i

ndic

ated

a fi

gure

of

70 m

illion

US

$ ne

eded

to re

habi

litate

8 m

ajor

, 6 re

gion

al a

nd 1

4 sm

alle

r airp

orts

.

(8 m

ajor

airp

orts

& 6

regi

onal

airp

orts

=50

m U

S $,

14

smal

ler a

irpor

ts =

10 m

US$

, Civi

l avia

tion

and

train

ing

cent

er =

10

mUS

$)

Iran

Tu

rkm

en

ista

n

Uzb

ek

ista

nT

aji

kis

tan

Pa

kis

tan

Ch

ina

KE

LE

FT

HA

IRA

TA

NS

HIR

KH

AN

Iran

Tu

rkm

en

ista

n

Uzb

ek

ista

nT

aji

kis

tan

Pa

kis

tan

Ch

ina

KE

LE

FT

HA

IRA

TA

NS

HIR

KH

AN

KE

LE

FT

HA

IRA

TA

NS

HIR

KH

AN

7.

Ferr

y T

ran

spo

rt

Afgh

anist

an's

maj

or r

ivers

are

fed

by

mou

ntai

n st

ream

s. T

he A

mu

Dary

a on

the

nor

ther

n

front

ier r

ecei

ves

wate

r fro

m tw

o m

ain

tribu

tarie

s, th

e Pa

nj a

nd th

e Va

khsh

, whi

ch ri

se in

the

Pam

irs. T

he

Amm

u Da

rya

(Oxu

s) e

vent

ually

em

ptie

s in

to th

e

Aral

Se

a.

The

Harir

ud

Rive

r ris

es

in

cent

ral

Afgh

anist

an a

nd fl

ows

to th

e we

st a

nd n

orth

west

to f

orm

par

t of

the

bor

der

with

Ira

n. T

he l

ong

Helm

and

Rive

r ris

es in

the

cen

tral H

indu

Kus

h,

cros

ses

the

sout

hwes

t of t

he c

ount

ry, a

nd e

nds

in

Iran.

It

is us

ed

exte

nsive

ly fo

r irr

igatio

n an

d

agric

ultu

re, a

lthou

gh in

rece

nt y

ears

its

wate

r has

expe

rienc

ed a

pro

gres

sive

build

up

of m

iner

al

salts

, whi

ch h

as d

ecre

ased

its

usef

ulne

ss. M

ost o

f

the

river

s en

d in

inla

nd s

eas,

swa

mps

, or

sal

t

flats

; the

Kab

ul R

iver i

s an

exc

eptio

n. It

flow

s ea

st

into

Pa

kista

n to

jo

in

the

Indu

s Ri

ver,

which

empt

ies

into

the

Arab

ian

Sea.

The

Amu

Dary

a is

the

only

navig

able

rive

r in

Afg

hani

stan

, tho

ugh

ferry

boa

ts c

an c

ross

the

deep

er a

reas

of o

ther

rive

rs. P

ract

ically

all a

long

the

cour

se o

f the

Am

u Da

rya

up to

Kun

duz

the

extre

mel

y

prec

ipito

us a

nd r

ocky

Rus

sian

bank

lies

hig

her

than

the

Afgh

an b

ank.

Sin

ce 1

955,

the

Russ

ians

hav

e

help

ed th

e Af

ghan

s de

velo

p riv

er p

orts

. Rive

r tra

ffic a

long

the

Amu

Dary

a in

crea

sed

rapi

dly

as tr

ade

expa

nded

bet

ween

the

Sovie

t Uni

on a

nd A

fgha

nist

an. R

iver p

orts

unl

oade

d 21

5 to

ns o

f car

go in

197

5; b

y

1981

the

gov

ernm

ent

gave

a f

igur

e of

ove

r

400,

000

tons

. Ha

irata

n wa

s th

e pr

incipa

l riv

er

port,

han

dling

86

perc

ent

of t

he c

argo

, wi

th

Shirk

han

Band

ar (f

orm

erly

calle

d Q

izil Q

ala

and

Imam

Sah

ib)

and

Kele

ft th

e ot

her

maj

or r

iver

ports

.

Haira

tan

Loc

ated

acr

oss

the

river

from

Ter

miz,

Uzbe

kista

n, th

is po

rt ca

n ha

ndle

up

to 5

00-to

n ca

pacit

y ba

rges

and

inclu

des

som

e 55

0

met

ers

of q

uay

front

age

and

500

met

ers

of im

prov

ed ri

verb

ank

for v

esse

l ber

thin

g. T

he

port

rece

ives

bulk,

con

tain

erize

d, a

nd P

OL

carg

o. M

axim

um c

argo

tran

sfer

red

thro

ugh

the

port

is es

timat

ed a

t 2,8

00 m

t/ da

y, a

lthou

gh th

e po

rt ty

pica

lly h

andl

es o

nly

500-

600

Darya–

ye Halm

and

Dar

ya–y

e

Arg

handab

Dar

ya–ye K

onar

Dary

a–y

e–P

am

ir

Darya–ye–Panj

Fa

rah

Ru

d

Khas

hR

ud

Ha

riru

d

Am

u-D

arya

Riv

er

Kab

ul

Riv

er

Indus

Riv

er

Darya–

ye Halm

and

Dary

a–y

e

Arg

ha

nd

ab

Dar

ya–ye K

onar

Dary

a–y

e–P

am

ir

Darya–ye–Panj

Fa

rah

Ru

d

Khas

hR

ud

Ha

rir

ud

Am

u- D

ar y

aR

i ve

r

Ka

bu

lR

i ve

r

Ind

us

Riv

er

mt/d

ay.

Shir

Kha

n

Loca

ted

abou

t 60

km

s no

rth

of

Kond

uz,

oppo

site

Tajik

istan

, th

e po

rt,

hand

les

com

mer

cial g

oods

and

fuel

shi

pmen

ts.

Facil

ities

inclu

de a

180

met

er q

uay

for v

esse

l

berth

ing

at a

bout

200

met

ers

of ri

verb

ank.

Max

imum

car

go tr

ansf

erab

le th

roug

h th

e po

rt

is e

stim

ated

at 1

,000

mt/d

ay.

Kele

ft (

pres

ently

clo

sed)

The

smal

lest

of t

he th

ree

port

facil

ities,

Kel

eft is

loca

ted

som

e100

kms w

est o

f Hai

rata

n,

oppo

site

Tur

kmen

ista

n. T

he p

ort h

as a

tota

l of o

nly

som

e 17

5 m

eter

s of

rive

rban

k

bein

g sp

ace,

and

max

imum

car

go tr

ansf

erab

le th

roug

h th

e po

rt is

esti

mat

ed a

t only

320

mt/d

ay.

PRIO

RITY

& C

OST

EST

IMAT

E: A

ll th

ree

of th

ese

river

s po

rts (H

aira

tan,

Shir

khan

an

d Ke

lefti

) nee

d to

be

enla

rged

to h

andl

e in

crea

sed

traffi

c. H

owev

er a

sys

tem

atic

revie

w of

wat

er tr

ansp

ort s

yste

m n

eed

to b

e un

derta

ken.

8.

RA

ILR

OA

DS

Af

ghan

istan

's di

fficul

t te

rrain

mad

e th

e co

nstru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

of a

rai

lroad

ext

rem

ely

expe

nsive

. The

dec

ision

to b

uild

a ra

ilroa

d wa

s fu

rther

impe

ded

by th

e pr

oble

m o

f cho

osing

a tr

ack

gaug

e.

The

Sovie

t Un

ion,

Ira

n, a

nd P

akist

an e

ach

oper

ated

rai

lroad

s wi

th d

iffere

nt g

auge

s. D

espi

te t

hese

obst

acle

s th

e Af

ghan

gov

ernm

ent

had

long

wan

ted

to b

uild

a r

ailro

ad b

ecau

se o

f th

e bo

ost

it wo

uld

prov

ide

for t

he e

stab

lishm

ent o

f hea

vy in

dust

ry, e

spec

ially

in th

e m

iner

als

sect

or. T

he s

even

-year

pla

n of

1976

-83

had

envis

ione

d bu

ildin

g a

railro

ad li

nkin

g Ka

bul w

ith b

oth

Iran

and

Pakis

tan.

The

railro

ad w

as to

have

follo

wed

the

mai

n hi

ghwa

y's c

ircul

ar p

ath

with

an

exte

nsio

n to

Islam

Qal

a on

the

Irani

an b

orde

r. Th

e

Sovie

ts,

afte

r th

eir

inte

rven

tion

in A

fgha

nist

an,

bega

n a

new

railro

ad c

apab

le o

f bo

th m

ilitar

y an

d

mer

chan

dise

mov

emen

ts a

cros

s th

e riv

er A

mu

Dary

a. In

198

2 th

ey c

ompl

eted

the

first

road

and

rail b

ridge

over

the

river

at H

aira

tan

on U

zbek

-Afg

han

bord

er.

Pr

esen

tly th

e to

tal le

ngth

of R

ailw

ay L

ine

Netw

ork

(1.5

24 m

bro

ad g

auge

) is

only

24.6

km

, out

of

which

9.6

km

is lo

cate

d f

rom

Gus

hgy

(Tur

kmen

istan

) to

Tow

ragh

ondi

, a

nd 1

5 km

is lo

cate

d f

rom

Term

iz (U

zbek

ista

n) to

Khe

yrab

ad a

t the

tran

sshi

pmen

t poi

nt o

n so

uth

bank

of A

mu

Dar

ya.

PR

IORI

TY &

CO

ST E

STIM

ATE

:

The

seve

n-ye

ar p

lan

of 1

976-

83 n

eed

to b

e ev

alua

ted

and

revis

ed.

AN

NEX

UR

E

A

LIS

T O

F R

EFE

RE

NC

ES

LIS

T O

F R

EFE

RE

NC

ES

1.

Afgh

anist

an P

relim

inar

y Ne

eds

Asse

ssm

ent f

or R

ecov

ery

and

Reco

nstru

ctio

n. A

DB, U

NDP,

WB,

Jan

uary

200

2.

2.

Afgh

anist

an N

atio

nal D

evel

opm

ent F

ram

ewor

k, K

abul

, Apr

il 20

02.

3.

Afgh

anist

an T

rans

itiona

l Sup

port

Stra

tegy

, The

Wor

ld B

ank,

Mar

ch 2

002

4.

Geo

logy

and

Min

eral

Res

ourc

es o

f Afg

hani

stan

, Uni

ted

Natio

ns, 1

995.

5.

Afgh

anist

an R

ehab

ilitat

ion

Stra

tegy

, Ac

tion

Plan

for

Im

med

iate

Reh

abilit

atio

n, V

olum

e

V-In

frast

ruct

ure,

Oct

ober

199

3.

6.

Afgh

anist

an I

nter

natio

nal T

rade

Rel

atio

ns w

ith N

eigh

borin

g Co

untri

es,

UNDP

-Wor

ld B

ank,

June

200

1.

7.

Soci

o-Ec

onom

ic Im

pact

of M

ine

Actio

n in

Afg

hani

stan

, UND

P-W

orld

Ban

k, J

une

2001

.

8.

Brie

f Ove

rvie

w of

Afg

hani

stan

's Ec

onom

y, T

he W

orld

Ban

k, O

ctob

er 2

001.

9.

Reas

sess

men

t St

udy

of T

our

kham

-Jal

alab

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19

93

- 52 -

資料 No.A-1

資料No.A-1 資料名：Report and recommendation of the president to the board of directors on

a proposed loan to The Kingdom of Afghanistan for The Helmand Valley Development

Road Rroject

資料入手先：

資料入手時期： 資料形態：B5、A4、写真、 地図、 CD

資料作成者： Asian Development Bank

資料作成時期：28 march 1973 資料分量：8ページ、 枚、 Mb

資料概要

1. Description of the proposed loan The main features of proposed loan are as follows:

Borrower Kingdom of Afghanistan Executing Agency Ministry of Public Works Amount The equivalent in various currencies of US$14.90million from the Special

Resource of the Bank Purpose To finance the foreign exchange cost for development of a road 266km.

long, with associated facilities, between Yakchal and a point 24 km, beyond Deshu, including provision of consultants’ services for detailed engineering, supervision of preparation of plans for the maintenance of the road

Period of Utilization Up to 31 March 1979 Terms and Amortization 30 years including a grace period of 8 years. Principal, interest and other

charges to be payable semi-annually Interest Rate(including Service Fee) 1-1/2 per cent per annum

2. The Project (1) upgrading of the existing gravel road between Yakchal and Lashkargah(51km) to asphalt surface dressing standard;(2)construction of a two-lane road(215km) from Laskargah to a point 24km beyond Deshu, with asphalt surface dressed paving for the first 52km and gravel surface for the remaining 163km:(3) construction of a two-lane bridge near Deshu(km.242) and a one-lane bridge near Kertaka(km.146), both with spans of about 200 meters across the Helmand River; (4) construction of two feeder roads (totaling 14 km) in the Darweshan land development zone and four feeder roads (totaling about 20km) in the Shamalan zone; and (5) consultants’ services for detailed engineering work, supervision of construction and preparation of plans for maintenance of the road. 3. The total cost of Project estimated at US$20.85 million equivalent, including a foreign component of US$14.90 million. The local currency expenditure of US$5.95 million equivalent foreign will be financed by the Government form its own resources, and the foreign exchange needed for the Project will be financed from the proceeds of the proposed loan from the Bank.